Cmetic matA A Square matuz AS aid to

e Symcuic ip A-A A-ar;]¢ A-la;] ayo7

g a hh

h b
matuz
a 8ummetuc
L a n a l ilkmerts
ot
Eeal katioal
Eeal,fatioal
anythirg
anthirg9
nmie i.e,
can le any mati A i
auc
A Square
yomeliic -
SkcLo -S Ca

sheik ai r
-b
C

b - mustk,o
elcments of Sta Symmetuc
The diagoral
matix ANd E I
are Summelric
4 and 8
NOTE
then OkA(AA)=E
A
oy numbel kA

d) A+6 is also yrimetic (h+8-A+B

A+8
ti)Ae is Symmetic AA EB Oare commutatiu

A ard B ae Jynmmetiic matiir then AB may

7 () f
n a {e ummetiuc .A is alse sym
may
PAopeAtes SkoSymne
aseSes symmetiic &E i s
ony no
8 T
P
(kA) =KA -EA C:
kA S also Sho Jqmmetric
AB s also Sky Pymmetiie +6) -n r6 ) -A-8 7-(?
93 iS Steus Symmetic mati Gshen EB Anti Co
cute A - 6 ( ) AB = -fA
As Commute
Onvd SumumtuC whun theg Ak6 is
A L odd then " ts .skus Surmetlic matix.
matix.
thcn is gmctuc
isEven ah

mai con be ezpresscd unigely

Evey SquaNe
Stes Summetiic
bymmetuc
as a um mati .e P ad g

iet A e any 9 u a r e
PACo shes ymmetuc
ane ymmitiic
AP+ ->0
Such that
P+
A= P -
con OEO +A- 2P
NO add P- +9)
20

AA
Smi Siubact Og C-A),
ymmettuc and
and
Bymmetuc
mati A a Bum
as
&).Ezpress
wheie A
Stu Symmetuic

P AtAT) P 4 10 14 8 P 5 7
18 Ao
matiir A S
Matiix s - A Juare
Oathcgonal
AAA'A - I
An<A'A =I
ahogeral
o be neM A
collection f all lr Sets A
PCUe < t 3-

,-2
Non hoiual sub: Set
tRoinl Subsel
cantiscan proaud -S,23f 6-a,bG
= rC1,a) (1.b)
C2,02
(3a(3,b)
 A Souase matiir is a dthogerole}

Sm
the u o e s elements in eash rous
cne
to ,

is cqual elmers
Cóespcrding
Stim the plrluct
distirct
Aouws is zec
Colurn
in too ufc fon
aAie doOn
e dthog
can
ase
be dthrg
is said to
Simioly

rati A oeenments eath i) each

Uase
elements
in
The squases of
6m C C).
( ).
to one
One
elomanls
S L9ual
Cotumn coMspordeirg
ploduct
the gno
Sum o Golumn is
ati-
dLstinct aAtthepral matin
two ahpral
in Tianspcie
a
N O T E - S r u v s e
and
is also athogora
athoonal each
each dder
G ède
ae
athogonal
Aand6
NOTE
A8BA ase atheeral

nthen
S.tceso s t n o s athogeral.

-sine Cos coso-Sne

d e t FA=CosO
sino] sino cos
Co
-sise
ne.iosce
sUfO+Cos

2 s athonal

s 2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2 2
&etemine the talues 4 a,6,c cihen.
thogorol
A
26 7 aa

-b
b b b
-C

2C O 2 c 0-D6
a+b+e ab

0-b+C
ab2-c

2 btcIa+b+c=

464 a

matix
ottained by
ottained by
A
mahiz matiux b
matnix by
Gorgatt iotn
elenent a stnaen as
as
c
toon
pyuu
g aole

cach necn
eplacing is
by tA).
conjugote
Comple netd
its
matii
it is
ththot
at

-Caimxn A
A
Coryugpte

PAepertits 1+2 ma
Gonpugate m at
tir.

ci(a) =A

)CA+3) =

matria s
((T) (A) matua
cenjupte
he tanspee a d
dennd
deed
d
is
JE iS
IE
matiix,
ratiie,
cojugpte
tonspse
Called

A
by AoA a
DKeDeieS tOupce ccnjupte. mat

i)CAO)=A

C+B)

)(nE)-
u))-(A9)
(EA= EA
Hermatien mat & Skeuo, Hemituon mat
e
matiix i 6 said t
'2 -
fA 9uaAe,
Hexmition matAir
wY
A
hosmitien mataiz if +3
I-34 9

A- 4
1+3
7 1+3i 7 s/1-3
Hemitton
Hetmition maii
mai
rltments d a
AU the diagona

ane kal matiix A i

matiir - A suase
Skus Hesmitien -A-B
Heamition.
matiir it °
to be Skeus
aid
3
-2+
- m a t iiix
Skcs
Jkas
HEmitton
Hmitton mat Lx

eloments
The diagpral ~maginay
(a)Puitly
maginay.
eio
ase ith
PAoperties Hem tton matii
then
HAmition
matiir ¬ KEC
andB are
A

A C A-A is Hesni not]

i(8)_A°+tC Hemition matuiz)

t+B3
mafiiz
S g s AiG is mition
(A ath cach other
Ae B s commute

anttcemuute cach etther

ut f hE B
i s Skuw He m
 piopettes tå Sheus Humition matae
n e skeuo heimitien matAix and t
S A B
Eis Real then kA is ste he
eC t CEA)- K
-E A i s P.I hen EA is Hemi ma

)(A+6)- - (n+ 6)
commute ns s HAmition.
(AB- e'A° S} AEB
(it)
a e anttcommute eis SHM
BA HEB
matiz then (44O s
SA is any s9uare

(A +A °r(A°)
motrix A iS oid
- A square
unitany. m a t r
AnA
matii tonly
tobe Unitary modulus e d e a
squaies
madullus edeay
the 2

Note- Sum cf (a+ibl-(Ja*+6)

t.
kous is equal.
in each
elenmernis n one Acus
he pioalunt Acw i sQual
Bum
clcmerts in any oher
Cornte of
t o 2 e n e . u n i t a m
i
a
t
+
a
b
t b
+
+
+
+
d
d
=
)
)

-brdd a-ic -b-id

vAS.t A
atiac
b-Ed a +iC
b-id
-b+ida-ie
a-ic
b-id
b-idAA
-7
a-io
PA-atic
b-d a-ic]t-2d aic

lo
lvIPS.T AO 2 CI-AI+A) s unitasy
1+2
+2
lT- T-)
t2
2
 matiiz is 0pin o nita
Sneose a wnitany t8
matiir 6 aid
- A quaKe 12
Namal m a t i
W M

matai iAAfA
nomal
be a A nen
intcerr
ncgative intc
matuix 3
v.P art ww
#0 Aank is
A ( Q i i J m x o 3 ) =O a n d
132
matiir al
iank a
is
mig f9 q
ddc'
dde
'
non-vanshing
i a matiix A q dder
non- sinqulas Unishes
is a
thee Ais availalble
mino
) ALUCn+1) s e d Ddch
h+1[s acaak
A
matuices
a l l Bub bue
Langest
aie s i r q u a ) dde of
matri

Ranh a natiir
the matiir

the
OTE matix e
ergulon
sub

S u b m a t u i r

1Al:o+ahe
 6). e any tod erampts Hermetion g steuw
Heum (ta
Ch6 -644>n6
8 L+4

1-6 I+6
+6 2
6- 24
24 t-6 24

SHM:

A 41 8
-64
t6 12 r6 h2i 24
24J 24
esmetion
matr

S.t A s
-2- 53i
2+
7
5 7 5
5-3i 5 2
534
Hermetion Mali
2 +i 5 3i A A
2-1 5
S+3
(E A
(E A-tA
)-tA
he Mcpety
SHM
Pom

as
matiiz can
Can be Anittetn
be Aitten
kinetion

x)Eey Äcal s ym
mmme
ettiriicc e e
tuhese P is5
Symmeliuc
P+a B&ecs
H is Kcal

and also
matiiz is unitaiy
&PAove that ioen
matLA
given
d khe inuese
mcutiply 8.s byh
Elerntay astumations peatian cmatia
Those elementay isansjöumatcNs apatir
thagEdthangca b
o f a m
matiir ohih do not
kncin as
Rank of a, matix are
a ct da maii
iansjumations
ai cpeialicn
lmerkay
L l o m e n t K

fo
ansf dr
raaf
tittn
Rc
elcmentaiy
aAC thice
here
Ros A Ri Rj
2
)intechange
any e. k ege-ke
zeio
by a
nn
sew A
Multiry any
itco Ato ancthes
hoa

times a
Adding any

ef keg+Rj R?+R
A,
arstbmatiors
can ke applicd fa
stnalarly Same

couunns
motiiz e' abtained
-A
t E . 7dde
dde
o E.7
E a u u v a l a n c e m o t A u z

nu
n urr
iibb
eaa

applying ftndte
encte at
om by rAivalent
to A.}
thenB
aid to be
A AAjialent matiices
is dlercted B BA tqiu0alent
matiies

aye
tuod
tov
B
NOTE-I{ "A and
6.
Rant f Same &der
daid
then Rank ct A Some dd
d dte
h and
a nd
ome

some
have ma
(1) A and 6 ae
Rouualent
mataices

tw0
hank then Amatir
matiix
dtaincd
d t a n c d by

matiir A
&Rmentaiy C o l u n )

w m wY
( AOO
knoena0
eltmentary

Binte is
7 identitu
,matRix

thansl8umat o m a t i o n

lementay motr
 IMP4Rank tf a matii s u r q U e .
kan,
matix sill have a
vo
dden mxn then Aant
Aant mot,
mat
t Amatrir
m i n (m,n)
to R then RVey mna
is qual
S f SA) -
A t (h+1) is 30o.
s nen
n and A
is a matiix dadc
(y) t a
to "
+0) then Aan i s 19ual
6inqulas (ott
mothi e ôden n theh Aani
i s singla
4X4
(v Ron o iacntity matnix ot dide
then ant is 4
Coluummn
Vit) Ranl a ntnnon22O A.ou actð (8)
Ucct ise e
Àthegonal motiix and unitay
2untaany
ix). Ran an
to its dden
m a t i i is RQUal
motiir Ai
.I.chelen (Bm a matniz - A
A ae in oottom
Ehclon fdm iAU ENO
Aows o
Rlkment f ivey. non ze AtuS
hkcading ren 2ero
klemenl5 n
(ii) ve.et genos bebe codira non 2er0
At.
buccesue Aows ane mde than ieceding
i s CQ
NOTENO. Ot non 3eho h o s in Echelen fôum
to AanE O the mati z
the sank matiix A
.Find ea
R,R3 e3.-2R -3
3
R-3R 7

P2/7R2 -3
O
Pa/9> P3 O O
 NO, on 3eiD Aows a e : 2 ' ank =2

- 2 0
Find the sant ol matsx
2 - 0
2 2
3-7
e-26,R 3

R-3,Rg O - 2
103 2
a+R P4

SAuAe
matrin 'A
A
matur

Srwestite matiir - A exist the sa.

the 2.nul
exist
2there
inntitle
id to e l Ae hneÓ as.
and.
such
thatiAB =BA =In
6

incese t A B-A]

(A)-A Rssential
cendition 46i a

and
MOTE-Necessory
is t a t A is
inyextiale

matiir to le
quake
mattiz.

a non singulas invesce

matia haue
unëjue
nen-singlas
7Ey EnNAtiCL matiu
nen ngcta
PMcolul ot tuOy

is iweatible matiices then A-s is

inwntiole
e 3 ae
l x m u e i t i t l e

net
i may
ual
to may

ncertible A+e eo
 uassYodon methool 3,- S A nn-sin

matiix then its invee can le calculated 6

elam,tan
ystem Lincaa equations
2
N nvaJuables/2unind
system efm cquations
ahe q the foum.
an 6
a , + a 2 , +al3 3 ta14 4
2 +a23 3 +0)4 X4 =b
a2 7+a

t Um3l3 *.oma 4 bm
am,X, t Om,,
vaniable .

7, 22
2, m ae
C o n s t a r A e o - ehicierts.
aj aie the lincas Cevatb
stant
gtun
the eaat-
tan
aquatens
e ystem i n c a s
A-cofecent matin
the föm Ax B6
AX = B
777
omnLn

Koution Jke set wmbes Xi 72, 3 - -.

sdution
tohich ottsty all kquattos as known as

the Stystem.

Conslstert s0ution 2 -9 systcm RALatiOn u

the yskem, is sald Ao be tfe
sotution ther
ersistert solution. rot cor
e r i s t

n o sot
ntonsistert stutten 8 - 9 t h e System o
wWM m

has ro solution then Systom s s0id to

inccnsistent

shich s cbtoinea
Augmerted matir : A matiix

he clcments B as the lost

by attaching matir A. is calko

cotuunn
the Coeftcient
by Chle]afn:d
matii is drotco
Acgmented
Auatien
e n e ate
tuo9 types 6ystern t n c a
Hormogencous systom heah Uatcns,
Y
y wY Hom09encus
=0 then AX- is
Ax 6 b
then, AX O.
O
A =n (vasdable () cinknióen). then
Sf Rank o
solution
tiairial solutien
uniNue seluto-
has
en then Ax - o has irynite Stluto-
A =

St Rark o b ~ o then A
b is
-

Sf Ax =b &
tormogeneOus
) AiON y
ren HormerntdUs

Rart (A)
Rart (AIB)
=
S4
Rank (nlB)+Rork

NO 6ctuticn.
Ron)-in
Rank (A.3
):

wniquc
Snirte
ind
ird
xt24t1z-u
.2++ z £6 ; 7+24+370; scsti
sctuuti
ti)undque
to ind
the condt tton (2 i ) ne solution
Aan = 'onk o 3
HiGpiritely many
PA:B) S(A) *D> uique SoL
sdlutions il-o }nftnk Szh
S(A:B)-JA) <n9 Ntrite
2 N o pdautias

tA+0 una ue solutto) (4nloial

soluutin
R) +1(A)
 Neo CA:B) = 6
3
2

R-R,R I 6
P3 RR 24
- -6
C 6
2 24
Lo O 2-3 HO
0 4 = 3 and u + io then Rank d CA:8) #R(A)
2 3
The ystem d Lipeas eA. has re tlution

- 3 -3 ard u =10 then ert q (n:8) = Rank (A)

2
.the System Cira tq. has
intinifely many Sol,
3 and. t +10

Rant o matiz by Keducirg to Ros

a7.Fird te

Echelor fm
35 Ra-P R4, 3 5
2 2 3
2 3 7 13
84
8 4 7 13
8a3-
5
F3-2Ps2A 3

-1014
3 5

P-2 5
7
-0
 5
7

O
-10
-14-
5
PaP4 42e2 |2
1D - o
O

Ran un matiir -2

34 R,
- 4
2 5
 wsse of matr
by uass fodon
8J.Fired the
O
3
3 3
O
4

- 6
7-3 )
R3P3lA 2
3

Rz 2P,i3 -
-10

12
2P-eF 2
P t3*2

27+3y-47 1
7 +7 3.

3
1

I - 2RP 2

:62 3 -4 2 2
3 22
Ox+ 2 7 -
7y-3
+y +2)=-1
-12
#7t34-23 0
7-y-43
+143-0.

t 3 2
2 44 --

14 4

-\ 3
(4)

t4--2)
-2 3
F 3 - R R 3 / 0 , -7
l4-14
O-14 6

-2F2R3

. . Ronl 2

-7t83 0

+7
4 . 3 - 2 3 *o

433-2 =0.

matiix ddler
A is squae
Cignalue - A-1 s knocon as

varatle han
and is a
a
matilx of
A. in aiialble
haacteistich
thoracteristiek,
paynonea
nown as
andlA-2I is
as
Anoin a s
tnoon
vaialble . ard n-a7| -o
AAn taiable
.
cf A in
chahocteaistic equatten
 Roots ())zeLcs (a) Solutiens a chainctoistis e,
ww
values (©)) chanoctenistt
ane knowns a& Eigen
iocts (a)pitpen
talues A
values (a) Katert
an
sign
alue
I A then o
nn
As
Suh that CA-T)x=o that is Ar-2
x+0
ectdX
vectöi A rto eign wlue y
is knowm as ien
. An one PN valurs n of then
nA
mlue.
has sane sien
Ano ae Eigen ualues n
of ths 0se
.I , 22 -. . .

/a,/7. . /2,
values idertity
matiiz isa 'ene'(
.Sipn
diagonal matir
ae irs
is oliogo
oliagori
. Een volues q
entiie&.
nluS matiix n=1 1
T h e pialucdt q elen
its 9ettiminent.

JheJhe sum of Elgn valuts Oamatiir A Ä knon

A thate oA
Lowe Aianqulas () uppei Aa
¥. Ihe Elen values

ase its olfagoral knties.

oeybmilton -very Auaie motiiz Satishies

Aquatior
its oun characteistie
 4
2 5 Find Eien alue Eipn talue
3

canespndirg to tach tipn UCctð.

3 4
-91 [1-3
2- 5

o3-

NOLO 11-2)(2-2)(3-2)- 0

3-2 D
2-0

A2
0.
cctð) (-ar)x
NCCO by the dsiration of Egen
1- 3 4
2- 5

3-2 3

A-AI
take 2
take ) =
- 3 4?.
73
5
3t473 O

+32,t473 O
0.
2+573
27 O
53
3O.

-7,+37, O
5 o) =0
20

ct , 2,
37,

L
3/

L
 1 = a

toke 3
/(-a) (2-3) (3-2)
3

3
Substitute as
=0.
A 6A+11A -6I.
27,t+37,+473 3 4
+573 0 2 S

3 ) ard ):

3 A
 i& cigen bectas cêcspord-
1 Gfrd ien valuues
7 Frd

Hamltor
coch ARN
OCctd also othty toyley
to

-4
2

p-31 2
A-7T1 -D
(8-9)(2-2) +8|*D.
-10 24'*o
-4,6.
Lets 6 ulstituk n(
Aet -4 Substitute in (n-2z)
8-6
8-4 3-4
2
Ccto (A-A IJx-o-
Ean a

J2;l),
2 27,42 o

43,-42 o
2,4-a 0
=

2, -22

7,p
vCctd
-

.. The sigcn
T

CA
cuaticns
sowe h e s t t m of t A l : 2 - 3 + 2 ) - 3( s + 6 ) - ( + 3 )

27+3y-z =0 2(-1)-3(a)-1(4)
=
0
-2z
7- AX =O
+ 3z 0 .
2-21-4
37
33
6c 2 also exs
A+0
A is. .

3
hos anaue sduko
gt
(IATNal Sotutton).
 AX 0
b.s
72
Nous d multiely fA'on

Tabe an augnment I(A:B).

3-2
1-4 2
RP2-2e, O 3
Bos.
I t has nique
37-24+22 =6 3 R 2

27-34 +4Z -0 -3

O24
734t22 =-I| 6-2 a)

ioanh J(A:8)-3
X.=B ' The
=3
&hank of PCA)
3
3 (A:8)=S(A) -n (3 wrbnyya)
-3 . The
A:B
ToBe an auumertdC
Jincan cans ahe o
6 e s6uhey
-2 and houe n
-3
-32 -1Jx

2 3

-%
6
(3
EgP3-3e, 2 -3 4
1 0 0. -1
6
-2
R2 R22
O -1 a
an's
= 3 of
KOnk frug mat c wystom
h e n c e
ti

conustent
olidit haue sdui

&Rotof mat A F . T e

hot

Ronoe#Ronb o A
. t un
ouns

3 2o l Ront d A isn[nsno
X92 3
Knd Sien values E, ti*n uutövs a l t
Hnd
CoyleyHoumilton ale frd inue matii.
2 *Gayly Homulton

a3+2
i g n a u s s(A-71)-o
tet tabe =A
3-2 2 A-3A+2I =o ['*c.H)

(3-)-2 o

3--2 =O
- 3 +2

A - 2 - +
=

2 - 0 ,
( -3
]-
(a-2)-(A-2)=O 2

subst A-i>EuGn vec

ts A-aI)x=o

.c.H is P6U)

*a matiix
27,+272 = O rwcse q
A AI
7,

. Eiin xctd, = «J.

Acts slsti a-2

+272 =0 A
7,-72
7,2722 -,2

a
t 2 3 2 3 2 3
-2-
-2 6 -T
3- - 2 -
-3 3-
tign aluts o n ia a lo anquah mat
is ts diaqro enki
ARn alues ot quen matAO
= , - 2 , -3
substitude I n (n-71)

(-673 )t323
*0
2 2
47,
-36 47,-1273t377 0

- 4 J L73.

4, 9 Y3
Osume 7, = *
-4730
3 0 47 3
2 7 +32 ô

72= 73

.qn -6

uls - 2 n (A-2)

3 ayey Homilton
o

C1-.) (-2-2) (-3-2)=0

37,t272t
t370 6730
27+32+)-o
0
C-3 C6 t
37,+ 27,
-

C1-2) (2+5 t6)-0

7,
245t6-2 57-63
C

- a - 4 a - 7 +6
a+4+a-6 :0
Eqen ctd -d
Act - A
ubs -3 n (A-2T)
At
4A+A-6I =0
3
4 2 23
0-2
2
6
6
lo-b
-2
-3
d 3 + 1 2 - 9

4,t 2 t3 3 2-4-+0
- 1 2 - 18
+0 +0
+673
 6
-30 2

40 +O 2+4+P 3-12-18

A O 24 +90

-27

-27
14
O 27
A+4A+ A -6T =Fo
No
2 3 6. 0 O
-74
-8 24 O6
6 -120 O 6
8 1147 b
2

gruese a matiir

AAT
O
2
6
-3lo

2 3
3

-3

3 A

-3

K R,T23 O

3
Pa-3 4
6
5 8
A A 34
R.R-2R2' 4