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CHAPTIR 1 0 Tronsfu of H~at and Ju Effttu

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-- The diagram shows two designs for a solar heater used to heat water in a
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swimming pool.
absorbing
absorbing surface
surface
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(he water in a metal pot.
I. A hotplate beats
Sunlight
hotplate
cold water from
Panel design B
Panel design A swimming pool
Which of the following is true?
A Design A is chosen as the tubing in design A has a larger surface area to absorb
In which direction would the water at X move? heat radiation.
B Design A is chosen as the tubing in design A has a greater length to gain heat by
A Upward
B To the left conduction.
C Design B is chosen as the tubing in design B is straight to reduce heat loss by
C Downward
,\}."\\'{\
D to the right convection.
J-'I'\ \'I D Design B is chosen as the tubing in design B is shorter to absorb heat by radiation.
2. Which of the following are applications of radiation? ( )
I Shiny surfaces used for cooking utensils
2 Greenhouse used in cold climates One side of a metal roof is facing the Sun.
3 Double-glazed windows
/ Sunlight
yW
.,Ci\t'·
A I only
B 2 only
vie\' C 1 and 2 only
:1~i D I, 2 and 3
J ~ m e t a l roof
:.tH
)\/1V
aii1
The heat from the Sun is transferred to the Earth by (i) _ _ _ while the heat
travels through the metal roof by (ii) _ __
conduction radiation
radiation conduction
convection radiation
radiation convection
( )
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. They have thick fur that I
• region.
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J CHAPTIR I O Transfer of Heat and Its Effects
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colour. _/ . \ . . _ - thick fur that An experiment is set up to find out which metal is the best conductor of heat.
looks white Four balls are stuck to the rods with wax. The rods are made of different metals.
(Diagram l)
The rods are heated at one end. Some of the balls fall off as the wax melts.
(Diagram 2)
Wl,ich ""' ,1aiem••~ explain boW the thick, white fur ke Diagram 1 Diagram 2
Th• fur traP• a thick layer of air which transfers he the P<>II/ A B C D A B C D
21 Th• fur trap• a thick layer of air which is a poor c a d Y cOJr<,,,ti
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The fur that looks whit• . a good absorber
. on uctor of
of infrared
1 ared.
4 The fur t at ooks wh1te 1s a poor radiator of ·nfr •
h I
A I and 3 Heated end Heated end
B I and 4 Before heating After heating
C 2 and 3
What conclusion can you draw from the experiment? Explain your answer. [2]
D 2 and 4
6. The graph shows how the length of the liquid thread in a liquid-in-
thermometer changes with temperature.
Length I I cm Four metal cans are identical except for the colour and texture of their outer surfaces.
Each of them contains I 00 cm3 of water at 70 °C initially.
ru---
40
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30
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20
/ 0 Black and rough Black and smooth White and rough White and smooth
10 / A B C D
Which can of water will cool the fastest? Explain your answer. [2]
" 40 80 120
What is the change in the length of the liquid thread when the th
transferred from melting ice to steam?
A 20cm
B 25 cm
C 30 cm
D 35cm
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Two materials, P and Q, of the same size are in contact with each other. Heat is
supplied to end A of material P. End C of material Q is placed in ice water.

CHAPTIR 1 0 Tra11Sfer of Heat and Its Effects

9. 1ncr. eases-
Material P Material Q
,_,.ess by which the heat from the warm wat
er pas..,
a Naffl' tbel P'""
. . ,n• the bulb.
bulb to tbe I,qu1d
( ) of the g ass
The graph shows how the temperature changes from end A of material P to end C of
material Q.
mereases.
fxPlain wbY tbe length of the liquid in the thread • Temperature (0 C)
1
90
(b)
80
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ TI _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
I
10
OA..__ _ _ _. ,_B_ _ _ _ _C...__
. Tbc beat fi<>m the bOt water in a metal radiator passes through the
10
spreads around the room.
(a) Name the process by which heat from the hot water travels Which material is a better conductor of heat? Explain. [2]
radiator.
(b) The beat from the radiator then travels around the room by
The diagram shows two types of termite mounds.
terms of density, explain how a convection current is set up.
capped chimney j~\)~penc rumney
fungus farm fungus farm
MoundX MoundY
The termites grow fungi for food. The fungi produces heat through respiration.
On the above diagrams of the two mounds, draw arrows to show the direction of heat
convection inside the mounds. [2]
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t n0wing fire-a bimetallic strip
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(a) A student squeezes each bag to see if it changes shape. State what
. [3 J
observe, using the Kinetic Theory of Matter to explain your answer
Explain how the fire-alarm circuit works when there is a fire.
the same
(b) The student warms each bag to compare their thermal expansion for
of
temperature rise. State what she would observe, using the Kinetic Theory
[3]
Matter to explain your answers.
J
J
[4]
(c) State some effects of heat on objects.
[1]
!IS. (a) (i) Give one similarity between conduction and convection.
(ii) Give one difference between conduction and convection. (I)
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(iii) Give one ' (i) What happens to the density ofthe air surrounding the ice box? Explain your
tra11sfer. answer. [2]
(b) On, cold nigh~ twO c!iil~" place their hands at the same2di
ca111pfire. Child I holds hts bands over the fire while child stance (ii) What happens to the position of the cooled air? Explain your answer. [2]
in front of the fire. hoIda
Child 1's hands
An electric heater supplies 120 W to produce steam at I00 °C. The steam is passed
into a beaker containing I00 g of crushed ice at O°C. The ice is stirred as it melts
and the temperature is measured every 20 s. After 5 minutes, when the temperature
!l!_.
begins to rise above O°C, the flow of steam is stopped. The mass of water in the
beaker is measured.
thennometer
Steam
Child 2's hands ---+
-
stirrer
'
beaker
Namethe process/processes by which heat from the fire reaches eachchild\
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100 g ice at O°C
(a) Why is it important to stir the ice throughout the experiment? [1]
(c) When arefrigerator is switched on for the firsttime, the air surrounding
is cooled.
(b) State what would be observed in the beaker when the thermometer shows
icebox- 1K
temperature rising above O°C. [1]
1-_-__ - - - - - - - - -
(c) Show that the heat supplied by the heater is 36 000 J. [1]
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------------ '
(d) The final mass of water including the melted ice is 112 g. State why the mass
of water is different from the original mass of ice. [1]
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 cNAPTI• 1O r,ansfer of Heat and }IS r:,p--·· ]
(e )Kinet
use the ~ ic Model ofMatter to explain what happens Extension Questions
into crushed ice.
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metal can with a black surface
A metal can with a white surface and another
d in strong sunlight and the
contain the same amount of water. They are place
temperature of water in the cans varies.
(~ Energy supplied by heater = 36 000 J Temperature of water
Energy needed to melt 100 g of ice= 33 499 J CanX
Explain why the two energy values are different?
(i)
CanY
'-- --- --- --- Tu ne
p which would
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(ii) Suggest amodification to the apparatus in the set-u
difference between the two values. the black surface is a better
Metal can (i) - - - is painted black because
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A X absorber of infrared
-,I B X conductor of heat
'°'' C y absorber of infrared
D y conductor of heat
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2. Astudent perfornts an experiment to find out which facto 3. When a house is heated, energy is lost to the surro
undings.
beat loss from a tank of hot water.
lbe Heat lost through roof
water
- 1 -blac k metal water tank
'/~con cret e base
Heat lost through
windows (10%)

0 Heat lost through

---.j,~ -•-wa 11s (35%)
Escape of hot air
The student repeats the experiment with one variable changed in each ex-•-· _
,,,..,....
1-1.....
All other factors are kept constant. .,
\"
\'ariablcs
Heat lost through floor ( 15%)
Surface area of the water tank.
Temperature of the water.
2 Which two statements are true?
Colour and texture of the surface.
3
etals). 1 Less than 10% of the heat is lost through the roof.
The material used for the water tank (metal and non-m n.
4 2 'Escape of hot air' involves heat lost by conductio
radiation.
3 'Heat loss through windows' involves heat lost by
How many of these variables would affect the rate of
heat loss? ifcarpets are fitted on the
4 Less than 15% of heat would be lost through the floors
A 1 floors.
B 2
C 3
A 1 and 3
D 4
B 1 and 4
C 2 and 3 )
(
D 3 and 4 ' .... :
is true?
4. Which statement about heat transfer by convection
A Convection can occur in vacuum.
B Convection cannot occur without gravity.
C Convection can occur in solids, liquids and gases. ( )
D Convection is a slower heat transfer than conduction.
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B N M < > ?
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sSpecific
.~ heat capacity
··1s the amount of heat needed to raise th
\ mass of a substance by a unit degree Celsius.
Three balls of different metals with different specific heat
e temper
a11i
6. [ExtwlonKnowtedj] CHAPTIR 1 0 Transfer of Heal and Its Effects
masses were placed in boiling water for some time until th;apacities b111 The graph shows how the temperature of a fixed amount of ice/water changes with
I
the amount of energy supplied.
temperature. They were then taken out and placed on a blo are at th 1
observed that the ball submerges into the wax· layer at diffierent epth•s.t ,_-~.
c ofdWa~e ,(ll
200
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wax layer I
150
r1 • I
100 Ch lmgin state from water to stci m
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Iron
Copper

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- Temperature / °C
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Which metal has the smallest specific heat capacity and which has the greatea
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specific heat capacity? • ' .
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Al Iron -10
) Copper 0 500
B I 1000 1500 2000 2500
Copper 3000 3500
Iron Energy supplied /J
cl Iron Given:
- Lead
DI Lead Cice = heat needed to increase the temperature of a unit mass of ice by 1 °C
Iron Cwater = heat needed to increase the temperature of a unit mass of liquid
water by I °C
Lr= heat needed to change the state of 1 kg of the substance from solid to liquid state
without a change in temperature
Lv = heat needed to change the state of 1 kg of the substance from liquid to gaseous
state without a change in temperature
(• Based on the graph, which two statements are correct?
1 Cwa~cr is larger than Cice·
2 Cice is larger than Cwa,cr·
3 Lr is larger than Lv.
4 Lv is larger than Lr
A 1 and 3
B 1 and 4
C 2 and 3
D 2 and 4 ( )
Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd
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. The table shows the amount of energy 1 2
received by a m ane1 CNAPTIR I o Transfer of Heat and Its Effecu
7 angles at acertain time of a day. soJar P The following shows the increase in lengths of four different metals when
heated
through the same temperature rise. Each metal initially has the same length.
Metal Increase in length (m)
A panel 0.000 030
ooo· 0.000 020
a
Platinum 0.000 009
angle of tilt Steel 0.000 010
A bimetallic strip is made from two of the metals. When heated, it bends
as shown.
Angle of tilt /0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Energy received r '•
·.,,.
·tt:met alX
metalY
......................._, ,,,,,metal X
by lm2 /
megajoules
26.3 27.7 28.4 28.8 27.4
25.2 I 23.0 I 19.8 11• At room temperature
After heating
'metalY
(a) What process is energy transferred from the Sun to the solar panel? Explain which metals should be chosen for metal X and metal Y, to make
the
bimetallic strip so that it can bend the most.
[2]
~\
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(b) State how the energy received by 1 m2 of the panel changes with the
tilt.
The following shows the structure of copper.
• •
• • •0 free moving
• 0 0 0
electrons
around the
(c) There are IO solar Panels and each Panel has an area of3
'.
m • Cale-~
panels. amount of energy in megajoules that can be receive
maximum 2
~ :
0· 0 • 0· r.-. copper atoms
d by all · •
·0 0 •0 copper atoms
which can
• only vibrate
0 0 0. •• about fixed
•• • • • positions
-
When a copper rod is heated at one end, copper atoms gain more kinetic energy and
vibrate faster while electrons gain more kinetic energy and move from
one place to
another faster.
State how more energetic copper atoms and more energetic free electron
s help to
conduct heat through the copper rod.
[2]
96
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 QIAPfll 1O 1ransfer of Heat and tis r-r-
II B N M < > ? 1 \ 2
\0. '[he diagtam shows acomputer chip with a heat sink made of blac}c
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Heat sink for the heat
dissipation part _ _ black metal fins 11 CHA,01 I O Transfer of Heat and II$ Effecu
Keith uses an electric heater to supply different amounts of heat to J kg of aluminium
• at first and measures its temperature. He repeats the experiment with I kg of water.
Heat supplied .!_o 1 kg o"
_ t substance (i)
Temperature of aluminium {°C) 0 20 40 60 80
D (a)

Temperature of water (0 C)
_ l O ! 5 j 10 l 15 I 20
0 I 25 I 45 I 70 I 95
computer chip Plot, on the same axes, the graphs of temperature (y-axis) versus heat supplied
(x-axis). (4]
silicone resin •:J .. I , I 1I ..• 1
·., ' I : ; · +I,
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The heat sink keeps the computer chip cool. Heat is transferred away fro • I. , .. - •
•
by conduction, convection and radianon. , .. .Ill
, the al• '•, 1
(a) Explain how the features of the heat sink allow thermal energy to be ; • .• I •
easily away from the chip. • 'I .
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(b) In the diagram, there are SJ)aces between points of contacts between th_e
source and heat dissipation Part. Abeat-conducting liquid, silicone restll;I (b) Keith's friend comments that he should take more readings. Do you agree with
used
faster?to fill the spaces, How doe. silicone resin help the chip to cool do,a his friend? Explain. [1)
(c) ~!W
The specific heat capacity of a substance is the heat needed to increase the
temperature of 1 kg of the substance by 1 °C.
(i) How do your graphs show that water has a much higher specific heat capacity
than aluminium? [1)
98
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CHAPTIR 1 0 Transfer of Heat and Its £.ffectJ
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(ii) 110w is t e th tis exposed to the Sun? [3]
Explain how he should plot a graph and analyse his graphical result.
fish in aPond a
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Free Res se QuestiOns.J air.
G A double-glazed window has two sheets of glass separated by a layer of
12. (a) Explain the terms conduction, convection and radiation•
.....- ~ ··--·
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The amounts
Heat is transferred by conduction and convection through the layer of air.
ss of the
of heat transferred through conduction and convection vary with the thickne
layer of air.
Heat tnnsferred
through a
double-glazed window
''
\ Total energy ,
'
(b) With the aid of adiagram, explain how the vacuum flask reduces heat') ..
.
'-, transferred ,,,,'
.
', ....... _____ ,,..
the three methods of beat transfer. r.i
, ..-::::;: :::::::,. Thickness of layer
' 2.5 ., of air (cm)
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
(a) Explain, in terms of molecules.
[I]
(i) how conduction of heat occurs in air
(c) Astudent performs the following experiment to show that a black and dull
is a better emitter of infrared than a white and glossy surface.
(2]
thermometers to record (ii) why air is a poor conductor of heat
the temperature at equa}
time intervai
[2]
(b) Explain how convection in air occurs.
painted glossy white \ -----=....::;..
identical containers With the
same volume of Water at the
same ternl>Crature
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CNAffll 1 O Transfer of Heat and Its Effects
(b) @imai.9J
(i) The rate at which the Sun's heat falls on the Earth is 0.6 wperm2. Given thatthe
surface area of the Earth is 5 x 1014 m2, show that the Earth receives
22
9.5 x 10 J of heat in one decade. [1]
(ii) The double-glazed window is used in cold count -
of the layer of air. Explain your answer. nes • State the (ii) The total mass of the oceans is 1.4 x 1021 kg. Given that 4200 J of energy is
needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 °C, show that it
takes 5.9 x 1024 J of energy to raise the temperature of the oceans by
1 °C. [1]
14.
(a) Given: (iii) Use the values in (i) and (ii) to work out the number of years for the oceans to
.
Energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of ice by 1 °C =21 increase in temperature by 1 °C. [1]
Energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of liquid water by 1
~\
Energy needed to completely melt 1 g of ice at 0 °C = 340 J
Energy needed to vapourise 1 g of water at 100 °C = 225 8 J
(i) Show that 1458 000 J of energy is needed to increase the te
3kg of ice from-10 °C to water at 30 °C. (iv) In reality, temperatures of the oceans have been rising at about 10 times the
rate in (iii). Suggest a reason for this. [1]
(v) 30% of Singapore is below 5 m above sea level. Give one reason why
Singapore needs to build sea walls as temperature of oceans increases.
[1]
(ii) In terms of the Kinetic Model of Matter, give one reason why
needed to vapourise I g of water at I00 •c is larger than the
needed to melt l g of ice at ooc.
102
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