9th

Russell C. Hibbeler

Chapter 2: Strain
✓ Understand the concept of normal and shear
strain
✓ Apply the concept to determine the strains for
various types of problems

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 Deformation
 When a force is applied to a body, it
will change the body’s shape and size.
 These changes are called
deformations.
Note the before and after positions of 3
line segments where the material is
subjected to tension.

Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 8th Edition
© 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 +ε ➔line
Strain elongate
-ε ➔line
contracts
Normal Strain
 The elongation/contraction of a line
segment per unit of length is referred
to as normal strain.
 Average normal strain is defined as
s'−s l f − lo l f lo l f
 avg = = = − = −1
s lo lo lo lo

 If the normal strain is known, then the

s'  (1 +  )s  l f = (1 +  )lo
approximate final length is
Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 8th Edition
© 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Strain
Units
 Normal strain is a dimensionless
quantity since it is a ratio of two
lengths.

Shear Strain
 Change in angle between 2 line
segments that were perpendicular to
one another refers to shear strain.
 θ<90 ➔+shear
 nt = − lim '
2 B → A along n strain
Chapter 1: Stress C → A along t
Mechanics of Material 8th Edition θ>90 ➔-shear strain
© 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 CARTESIAN STRAIN COMPONENTS
• The approximate lengths of the sides
of the parallelepiped are
(1 +  x )x (1 +  )y (1 +  )z
y z

• The approximate angles between sides, again originally

defined by the sides Δ x, Δ y and Δ z are
  
−  xy −  yz −  xz
2 2 2
• Notice that the normal strains cause a change in
volume of rectangular element, whereas the shear strain
cause a change in shape

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 8th Edition
© 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 CARTESIAN STRAIN (cont)

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 8th Edition
© 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 8th Edition
© 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 8th Edition
© 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 8th Edition
© 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 EXAMPLE 2.3
Due to a loading, the plate is deformed into the dashed shape
shown in Fig. 2–6a. Determine (a) the average normal strain
along the side AB, and (b) the average shear strain in the plate
at A relative to the x and y axes.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 8th Edition
© 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 EXAMPLE 2.3 (cont)
Solutions
Part (a)
• Line AB, coincident with the y axis, becomes line after deformation, thus
the length of this line is

AB ' = (250 − 2)2 + 32 = 248 .018 mm

• The average normal strain for AB is therefore

( AB )avg = AB'− AB = 248.018 − 250 = −7.93(10−3 ) mm/mm (Ans)

AB 250

• The negative sign indicates the strain causes a contraction of AB.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 8th Edition
© 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 EXAMPLE 2.3 (cont)
Solutions
Part (b)
• As noted, the once 90° angle BAC between the sides of the plate,
referenced from the x, y axes, changes to θ’ due to the displacement of
B to B’.

Since  xy = −  ' then  xy is the angle shown in the figure.


• 2

• Thus,
 3 
 xy = tan −1   = 0.121 rad (Ans)
 250 − 2 

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 8th Edition
© 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 8th Edition
© 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 8th Edition
© 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Attempt the following problems
Chapter # 2:
2-4, 2-13, 2-20, 2-21, 2-30