Fundamentals of Statistics 5Th Edition Sullivan Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Fundamentals of Statistics 5th Edition
Sullivan Test Bank

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Classify the following random variable according to whether it is discrete or continuous.

1) the number of bottles of juice sold in a cafeteria during lunch
A) discrete B) continuous
Answer: A
2) the heights of the bookcases in a school library

Answer: B
3) the cost of a road atlas

A) continuous B) discrete
Answer: B
4) the pressure of water coming out of a fire hose

Answer: B
5) the temperature in degrees Celsius on January 1st in Fargo, North Dakota

Answer: A
6) the number of goals scored in a hockey game

Answer: B
7) the speed of a car on a New York tollway during rush hour traffic
Answer: B
8) the number of emails received on any given day

Answer: A
9) the age of the oldest dog in a kennel

Answer: B
10) the number of pills in an aspirin bottle

Answer: A
1
Provide an appropriate response.
11) The peak shopping time at home improvement store is between 8:00am-11:00 am on Saturday mornings.
Management at the home improvement store randomly selected 160 customers last Saturday morning and
decided to observe their shopping habits. They recorded the number of items that each of the customers
purchased as well as the total time the customers spent in the store. Identify the types of variables recorded by
the home improvement store.
A) number of items - continuous; total time - discrete
B) number of items - continuous; total time - continuous
C) number of items - discrete; total time - continuous
D) number of items - discrete; total time - discrete
Answer: C
12) The number of violent crimes committed in a day possesses a distribution with a mean of 1.2 crimes per day and
a standard deviation of four crimes per day. A random sample of 110 days was observed, and the sample mean
number of crimes for the sample was calculated. The data that was collected in this experiment could be
measured with a __________ random variable.
Answer: B
13) A random variable is

A) generated by a random number table.
B) a qualitative attribute of a population.
C) a numerical measure of the outcome of a probability experiment.
D) the variable for which an algebraic equation is solved.
Answer: C
14) Given the table of probabilities for the random variable x, does this form a probability distribution? Answer
Yes or No.
x 5 10 15 20
P(x) 0.10 -0.30 0.50 0.70
A) Yes B) No
Answer: B
15) Given the table of probabilities for the random variable x, does this form a probability distribution? Answer
Yes or No.
x 0 1 2 3 4
P(x) 0.02 0.07 0.22 0.27 0.42
A) No B) Yes
Answer: B
16) Consider the discrete probability distribution to the right when answering the following question. Find the
probability that x equals 4.
x 2 4 6 9
P(x) 0.12 ? 0.15 0.03
A) 1.2 B) 0.3 C) 2.8 D) 0.7
Answer: D
2
17) Consider the discrete probability distribution to the right when answering the following question. Find the
probability that x exceeds 5.
x 3 5 6 8
P(x) 0.22 ? 0.18 0.33
A) 0.78 B) 0.27 C) 0.51 D) 0.49
Answer: C
18) An Apple Pie Company knows that the number of pies sold each day varies from day to day. The owner
believes that on 50% of the days she sells 100 pies. On another 25% of the days she sells 150 pies, and she sells
200 pies on the remaining 25% of the days. To make sure she has enough product, the owner bakes 200 pies
each day at a cost of $2 each. Assume any pies that go unsold are thrown out at the end of the day. If she sells
the pies for $5 each, find the probability distribution for her daily profit.
A) B) C) D)
Profit P(profit) Profit P(profit) Profit P(profit) Profit P(profit)
$100 0.5 $500 0.5 $300 0.5 $300 0.5
$350 0.25 $750 0.25 $450 0.25 $550 0.25
$600 0.25 $1000 0.25 $600 0.25 $800 0.25
Answer: A
19) The sum of the probabilities of a discrete probability distribution must be

A) greater than one. B) less than or equal to zero.
C) equal to one. D) between zero and one.
Answer: C
3
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
20) The random variable x represents the number of boys in a family of three children. Assuming that boys and
girls are equally likely, (a) construct a probability distribution, and (b) graph the probability distribution.
Answer: (a)
x P(x)
1
0
8
3
1
8
3
2
8
1
3
8
(b)
4
21) The random variable x represents the number of tests that a pet entering an animal shelter will have along with
the corresponding probabilities. Graph the probability distribution.
x P(x)
3
0
17
5
1
17
6
2
17
2
3
17
1
4
17
Answer:
5
22) The random variable x represents the number of credit cards that students have along with the corresponding
probabilities. Graph the probability distribution.
x P(x)
0 0.49
1 0.05
2 0.32
3 0.07
4 0.07
Answer:
23) In an Italian cafe, the following probability distribution was obtained. The random variable x represents the
number of toppings for a large pizza. Graph the probability distribution.
x P(x)
0 0.30
1 0.40
2 0.20
3 0.06
4 0.04
Answer:
6
24) Use the frequency distribution to (a) construct a probability distribution for the random variable x which
represents the number of cars per family in a town of 1000 families, and (b) graph the probability distribution.
Cars Families
0 125
1 428
2 256
3 108
4 83
Answer: (a)
x P(x)
0 0.125
1 0.428
2 0.256
3 0.108
4 0.083
(b)
25) Calculate the mean for the discrete probability distribution shown here.
x 2 5 9 11
P(x) 0.01 0.06 0.24 0.69
A) 6.75 B) 2.5175 C) 10.07 D) 27
Answer: C
7
26) A lab orders a shipment of 100 rats a week, 52 weeks a year, from a rat supplier for experiments that the lab
conducts. Prices for each weekly shipment of rats follow the distribution below:
Price $10.00 $12.50 $15.00
Probability 0.35 0.3 0.35
Suppose the mean cost of the rats turned out to be $12.50 per week. Interpret this value.
A) The average cost for all weekly rat purchases is $12.50.
B) The median cost for the distribution of rat costs is $12.50.
C) The rat cost that occurs more often than any other is $12.50.
D) Most of the weeks resulted in rat costs of $12.50.
Answer: A
27) Calculate the mean for the discrete probability distribution shown here.
x 2 6 10 14
P(x) 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2
Answer: μ = ∑x ∙ p(x) = 2(0.2) + 6(0.3) + 10(0.3) + 14(0.2)
=8
28) A baseball player is asked to swing at pitches in sets of four. The player swings at 100 sets of 4 pitches. The
probability distribution for making a particular number of hits is given below. Determine the mean for this
discrete probability distribution.
x 0 1 2 3 4
P(x) 0.02 0.07 0.22 0.27 0.42
A) 4 B) 3 C) 2 D) 3.5
Answer: B
29) The produce manager at a farmer's market was interested in determining how many oranges a person buys
when they buy oranges. He asked the cashiers over a weekend to count how many oranges a person bought
when they bought oranges and record this number for analysis at a later time. The data is given below in the
table. The random variable x represents the number of oranges purchased and P(x) represents the probability
that a customer will buy x apples. Determine the mean number of oranges purchased by a customer.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
P(x) 0.05 0.19 0.20 0.25 0.12 0.10 0 0.08 0 0.01
A) 3.97 B) 5.50 C) 4 D) 3
Answer: A
8
30) A random number generator is set to generate single digits between 0 and 9. One hundred and fifty random
numbers are generated. The probability distribution for this random number generator is given below. What is
the mean of this distribution?
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
P(x) 0.09 0.12 0.11 0.08 0.09 0.13 0.10 0.07 0.10 0.11
A) 4.5 B) 7 C) 5 D) 6.6
Answer: A
31) A seed company has a test plot in which it is testing the germination of a hybrid seed. They plant 50 rows of 40
seeds per row. After a two-week period, the researchers count how many seed per row have sprouted. They
noted that least number of seeds to germinate was 33 and some rows had all 40 germinate. The germination
data is given below in the table. The random variable x represents the number of seed in a row that germinated
and P(x) represents the probability of selecting a row with that number of seed germinating. Determine the
mean number of seeds per row that germinated.
x 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
P(x) 0.02 0.06 0.10 0.20 0.24 0.26 0.10 0.02
A) 36 B) 36.5 C) 0.13 D) 36.9

Answer: D
32) A manager asked her employees how many times they had given blood in the last year. The results of the
survey are given below. The random variable x represents the number of times a person gave blood and P(x)
represents the probability of selecting an employee who had given blood that percent of the time. What is the
mean number of times a person gave blood based on this survey?
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(x) 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.12 0.07 0.04 0.02
A) 3.0 B) 1.6 C) 2.0 D) 0.14

Answer: B
33) The random variable x represents the number of girls in a family of three children. Assuming that boys and girls
are equally likely, find the mean and standard deviation for the random variable x.
A) mean: 1.50; standard deviation: 0.87 B) mean: 2.25; standard deviation: 0.76
C) mean: 2.25; standard deviation: 0.87 D) mean: 1.50; standard deviation: 0.76
Answer: A
9
34) The random variable x represents the number of tests that a patient entering a clinic will have along with the
corresponding probabilities. Find the mean and standard deviation for the random variable x.
x P(x)
3
0
17
5
1
17
6
2
17
2
3
17
1
4
17
Answer: D
35) The random variable x represents the number of computers that families have along with the corresponding
probabilities. Find the mean and standard deviation for the random variable x.
x P(x)
0 0.49
1 0.05
2 0.32
3 0.07
4 0.07
Answer: A
36) In a sandwich shop, the following probability distribution was obtained. The random variable x represents the
number of condiments used for a hamburger. Find the mean and standard deviation for the random variable x.
x P(x)
0 0.30
1 0.40
2 0.20
3 0.06
4 0.04
Answer: A
10
37) From the probability distribution, find the mean and standard deviation for the random variable x, which
represents the number of bicycles per household in a town of 1000 households.
x P(x)
0 0.125
1 0.428
2 0.256
3 0.108
4 0.083
Answer: μ = 1.596; σ = 1.098
38) A baseball player is asked to swing at pitches in sets of four. The player swings at 100 sets of 4 pitches. The
probability distribution for hitting a particular number of pitches is given below. Determine the standard
deviation for this discrete probability distribution.
x 0 1 2 3 4
P(x) 0.02 0.07 0.22 0.27 0.42
A) 1.10 B) 1.05 C) 0.28 D) 1.21

Answer: B
39) The owner of a farmer's market was interested in determining how many oranges a person buys when they buy
oranges. He asked the cashiers over a weekend to count how many oranges a person bought when they bought
oranges and record this number for analysis at a later time. The data is given below in the table. The random
variable x represents the number of oranges purchased and P(x) represents the probability that a customer will
buy x oranges. Determine the variance of the number of oranges purchased by a customer.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
P(x) 0.05 0.19 0.20 0.25 0.12 0.10 0 0.08 0 0.01
A) 0.56 B) 1.95 C) 3.97 D) 3.57

Answer: D
40) A manager at a local company asked his employees how many times they had given blood in the last year. The
results of the survey are given below. The random variable x represents the number of times a person gave
blood and P(x) represents the probability of selecting an employee who had given blood that percent of the
time. What is the standard deviation for the number of times a person gave blood based on this survey?
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(x) 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.12 0.07 0.04 0.02
A) 1.16 B) 1.54 C) 1.82 D) 2.23

Answer: B
11
41) A seed company has a test plot in which it is testing the germination of a hybrid seed. They plant 50 rows of 40
seeds per row. After a two-week period, the researchers count how many seed per row have sprouted. They
noted that least number of seeds to germinate was 33 and some rows had all 40 germinate. The germination
data is given below in the table. The random variable x represents the number of seed in a row that germinated
and P(x) represents the probability of selecting a row with that number of seed germinating. Determine the
standard deviation of the number of seeds per row that germinated.
x 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
P(x) 0.02 0.06 0.10 0.20 0.24 0.26 0.10 0.02
A) 7.13 B) 1.51 C) 36.86 D) 6.07

Answer: B
42) A lab orders a shipment of 100 rats a week, 52 weeks a year, from a rat supplier for experiments that the lab
conducts. Prices for each weekly shipment of rats follow the distribution below:
Price $10.00 $12.50 $15.00
Probability 0.4 0.25 0.35
How much should the lab budget for next year's rat orders assuming this distribution does not change. (Hint:
find the expected price.)
A) $643.50 B) $1238.00 C) $3,346,200.00 D) $12.38
Answer: A
43) Mamma Temte bakes six pies a day that cost $2 each to produce. On 33% of the days she sells only two pies. On
31% of the days, she sells 4 pies, and on the remaining 36% of the days, she sells all six pies. If Mama Temte sells
her pies for $5 each, what is her expected profit for a day's worth of pies? [Assume that any leftover pies are
given away.]
A) -$7.94 B) -$7.00 C) $20.30 D) $8.30
Answer: D
44) A local bakery has determined a probability distribution for the number of cheesecakes that they sell in a given
day. The distribution is as follows:
Number sold in a day 0 5 10 15 20
Prob (Number sold) 0.08 0.05 0.25 0.22 0.4
Find the number of cheesecakes that this local bakery expects to sell in a day.
A) 14.13 B) 14.05 C) 14.45 D) 10
Answer: B
45) A dice game involves throwing three dice and betting on one of the six numbers that are on the dice. The game
costs $11 to play, and you win if the number you bet appears on any of the dice. The distribution for the
outcomes of the game (including the profit) is shown below:
Number of dice with your number Profit Probability of Observing
0 -$11 125/216
1 $11 75/216
2 $13 15/216
3 $33 1/216
Find your expected profit from playing this game.
A) $11.20 B) -$1.53 C) $5.96 D) $0.50
Answer: B
12
46) A legendary football coach was known for his winning seasons. He consistently won nine or more games per
season. Suppose x equals the number of games won up to the halfway mark (six games) in a 12-game season. If
this coach and his team had a probability p = 0.65 of winning any one game (and the winning or losing of one
game was independent of another), then the probability distribution of the number x of winning games in a
series of six games is:
x P(x)
0 0.001838
1 0.020484
2 0.095102
3 0.235491
4 0.328005
5 0.243661
6 0.075419
Find the expected number of winning games in the first half of the season for this coach's football teams.
Answer: μ = ∑xp(x) ≈ 3.9
47) On one busy holiday weekend, a national airline has many requests for standby flights at half of the usual
one-way air fare. However, past experience has shown that these passengers have only about a 1 in 5 chance of
getting on the standby flight. When they fail to get on a flight as a standby, their only other choice is to fly first
class on the next flight out. Suppose that the usual one-way air fare to a certain city is $146 and the cost of flying
first class is $480. Should a passenger who wishes to fly to this city opt to fly as a standby? [Hint: Find the
expected cost of the trip for a person flying standby.]
Answer: Let x = cost of fare paid by passenger. The probability distribution for x is:
x $73 $480
x(p) 1/5 4/5
1 4
The expected cost is E(x) = μ = ∑x ∙ p(x) = $73 + $480 = $398.60
5 5
Since the expected cost is more than the usual one-way air fare, the passenger should not opt to fly as a
standby.
13
48) An automobile insurance company estimates the following loss probabilities for the next year on a $25,000
sports car:
Total loss: 0.001
50% loss: 0.01
25% loss: 0.05
10% loss: 0.10
Assuming the company will sell only a $500 deductible policy for this model (i.e., the owner covers the first
$500 damage), how much annual premium should the company charge in order to average $410 profit per
policy sold?
Answer: To determine the premium, the insurance agency must first determine the average loss paid on the sports
car. Let x = amount paid on the sports car loss. The probability distribution for x is:
x $24,500 $12,000 $5,750 $2,000 -$500

p(x) 0.001 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.839
Note: These losses paid have already considered the $500 deductible paid by the owner.
The expected loss paid is:

μ = ∑x ∙ p(x) = $24,500(0.001) + $12,000(0.01) + $5,750(0.05) + $2,000(0.10) - $500(0.839)
= $212.50
In order to average $410 profit per policy sold, the insurance company must charge an annual premium
of $212.50 + $410 = $622.50.
49) True or False: The expected value of a discrete probability distribution may be negative.
A) True B) False
Answer: A
50) In a carnival game, a person wagers $2 on the roll of two dice. If the total of the two dice is 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 then
the person gets $4 (the $2 wager and $2 winnings). If the total of the two dice is 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 then the
person gets nothing (loses $2). If the total of the two dice is 7, the person gets $0.75 back (loses $0.25). What is
the expected value of playing the game once?
A) -$0.42 B) $2.00 C) $0.00 D) -$0.04
Answer: D
51) In the American version of the Game Roulette, a wheel has 18 black slots, 8 red slots and 2 green slots. All slots
are the same size. In a carnival game, a person wagers $2 on the roll of two dice. A person can wager on either
red or black. Green is reserved for the house. If a player wagers $5 on either red or black and that color comes
up, they win $10 otherwise they lose their wager. What is the expected value of playing the game once?
A) -$0.26 B) $0.26 C) $0.50 D) -$0.50
Answer: A
52) Decide whether the experiment is a binomial experiment. If it is not, explain why. You observe the gender of the
next 950 babies born at a local hospital. The random variable represents the number of boys.
Answer: binomial experiment
14
53) Decide whether the experiment is a binomial experiment. If it is not, explain why. You draw a marble 550 times
from a bag with three colors of marbles. The random variable represents the color of marble that is drawn.
Answer: Not a binomial experiment. There are more than two outcomes.
54) Decide whether the experiment is a binomial experiment. If it is not, explain why. In a game you spin a wheel
that has 15 different letters 50 times. The random variable represents the selected letter on each spin of the
wheel.
55) Decide whether the experiment is a binomial experiment. If it is not, explain why. Testing a cough suppressant
using 500 people to determine if it is effective. The random variable represents the number of people who find
the cough suppressant to be effective.
Answer: binomial experiment.
56) Decide whether the experiment is a binomial experiment. If it is not, explain why. Survey 100 investors to see
how many different stocks they own. The random variable represents the number of different stocks owned by
each investor.
57) Decide whether the experiment is a binomial experiment. If it is not, explain why. Survey 500 college students
see whether they are enrolled as a new student. The random variable represents the number of students
enrolled as new students.
58) Decide whether the experiment is a binomial experiment. If it is not, explain why. Each week, a man attends a
club meeting in which he has a 20% chance of meeting a new member. The random variable is the number of
times he meets a new member in 100 weeks.
59) Decide whether the experiment is a binomial experiment. If it is not, explain why. You test four flu medicines.
The random variable represents the flue medicine that is most effective.
60) Decide whether the experiment is a binomial experiment. If it is not, explain why. Each week, a gambler plays
blackjack at the local casino. The random variable is the number of times per week the player wins.
61) Decide whether the experiment is a binomial experiment. If it is not, explain why. Selecting five cards, one at a
time without replacement, from a standard deck of cards. The random variable is the number of picture cards
obtained.
Answer: Not a binomial experiment. The probability of success is not the same for each trial.
62) True or False: The trials of a binomial experiment must be mutually exclusive of each other.
A) True B) False
Answer: B
15
63) Which of the below is not a requirement for binomial experiment?
A) For each trial there are two mutually exclusive outcomes.
B) The experiment is performed a fixed number of times.
C) The probability of success is fixed for each trial of the experiment.
D) The trials are mutually exclusive.
Answer: D
64) If p is the probability of success of a binomial experiment, then the probability of failure is
x n
A) B) C) 1 - p D) -p
n x
Answer: C
65) Assume that male and female births are equally likely and that the birth of any child does not affect the
probability of the gender of any other children. Find the probability of exactly five girls in ten births.
A) 7.875 B) 0.05 C) 0.246 D) 0.5
Answer: C
66) In a recent survey, 70% of the community favored building a health center in their neighborhood. If 14 citizens
are chosen, find the probability that exactly 9 of them favor the building of the health center.
A) 0.196 B) 0.007 C) 0.700 D) 0.643
Answer: A
67) The probability that an individual has 20-20 vision is 0.13. In a class of 16 students, what is the probability of
finding five people with 20-20 vision?
A) 0.313 B) 0.000 C) 0.13 D) 0.035
Answer: D
68) According to insurance records a car with a certain protection system will be recovered 94% of the time. Find
the probability that 3 of 6 stolen cars will be recovered.
A) 0.94 B) 0.06 C) 0.004 D) 0.500
Answer: C
69) The probability that a football game will go into overtime is 17%. What is the probability that two of three
football games will go to into overtime?
A) 0.0289 B) 0.17 C) 0.351 D) 0.072
Answer: D
70) Fifty percent of the people that use the Internet order something online. Find the probability that only two of 9
Internet users will order something online.
A) 0.070 B) 0.002 C) 9.000 D) 0.222
Answer: A
71) The probability that a house in an urban area will develop a leak is 6%. If 24 houses are randomly selected, what
is the probability that none of the houses will develop a leak?
A) 0.003 B) 0.227 C) 0.060 D) 0.000
Answer: B
16
72) Sixty-five percent of men consider themselves knowledgeable soccer fans. If 12 men are randomly selected, find
the probability that exactly four of them will consider themselves knowledgeable fans.
A) 0.333 B) 0.65 C) 0.237 D) 0.020
Answer: D
probability of the gender of any other children. Find the probability of at most three girls in ten births.
A) 0.333 B) 0.003 C) 0.300 D) 0.172
Answer: D
74) A quiz consists of 10 true or false questions. To pass the quiz a student must answer at least eight questions
correctly. If the student guesses on each question, what is the probability that the student will pass the quiz?
A) 0.20 B) 0.08 C) 0.8 D) 0.055
Answer: D
75) A quiz consists of 10 multiple choice questions, each with five possible answers, one of which is correct. To pass
the quiz a student must get 60% or better on the quiz. If a student randomly guesses, what is the probability that
the student will pass the quiz?
A) 0.205 B) 0.006 C) 0.377 D) 0.060
Answer: B
76) A recent survey found that 70% of all adults over 50 wear sunglasses for driving. In a random sample of 10
adults over 50, what is the probability that at least six wear sunglasses?
A) 0.006 B) 0.850 C) 0.200 D) 0.700
Answer: B
77) According to government data, the probability that an adult was never in a museum is 15%. In a random survey
of 10 adults, what is the probability that two or fewer were never in a museum?
A) 0.800 B) 0.200 C) 0.002 D) 0.820
Answer: D
of 10 adults, what is the probability that at least eight were in a museum?
A) 0.800 B) 0.200 C) 0.820 D) 0.002
Answer: C
79) According to the Federal Communications Commission, 70% of all U.S. households have vcrs. In a random
sample of 15 households, what is the probability that exactly 10 have vcrs?
A) 0.7939 B) 0.7 C) 0.5 D) 0.2061
Answer: D
80) According to the Federal Communications Commission, 70% of all U.S. households have vcrs. In a random
sample of 15 households, what is the probability that the number of households with vcrs is between 10 and 12,
inclusive?
A) 0.4053 B) 0.5947 C) 0.7 D) 0.2061
Answer: B
17
81) A motel has a policy of booking as many as 150 guests in a building that holds 140. Past studies indicate that
only 85% of booked guests show up for their room. Find the probability that if the motel books 150 guests, not
enough seats will be available.
Answer: 0.0005
82) We believe that 95% of the population of all Calculus I students consider calculus an exciting subject. Suppose
we randomly and independently selected 20 students from the population. If the true percentage is really 95%,
find the probability of observing 19 or more of the students who consider calculus to be an exciting subject in
our sample of 20.
A) 0.735840 B) 0.377354 C) 0.358486 D) 0.264160
Answer: A
83) A psychic network received telephone calls last year from over 1.5 million people. A recent article attempts to
shed some light onto the credibility of the psychic network. One of the psychic network's psychics agreed to
take part in the following experiment. Five different cards are shuffled, and one is chosen at random. The
psychic will then try to identify which card was drawn without seeing it. Assume that the experiment was
repeated 25 times and that the results of any two experiments are independent of one another. If we assume that
the psychic is a fake (i.e., they are merely guessing at the cards and have no psychic powers), find the
probability that they guess at least three correctly.
A) 0.090669 B) 0.901775 C) 0.070835 D) 0.135768
Answer: B
84) A history professor decides to give a 12-question true-false quiz. She wants to choose the passing grade such
that the probability of passing a student who guesses on every question is less than 0.10. What score should be
set as the lowest passing grade?
A) 9 B) 10 C) 7 D) 8
Answer: A
85) A recent article in the paper claims that government ethics are at an all-time low. Reporting on a recent sample,
the paper claims that 39% of all constituents believe their representative possesses low ethical standards.
Assume that responses were randomly and independently collected. A representative of a district with 1,000
people does not believe the paper's claim applies to her. If the claim is true, how many of the representative's
constituents believe the representative possesses low ethical standards?
A) 961 B) 610 C) 390 D) 39
Answer: C
86) A recent article in the paper claims that government ethics are at an all-time low. Reporting on a recent sample,
the paper claims that 34% of all constituents believe their representative possesses low ethical standards.
Suppose 20 of a representative's constituents are randomly and independently sampled. Assuming the paper's
claim is correct, find the probability that more than eight but fewer than 12 of the 20 constituents sampled
believe their representative possesses low ethical standards.
A) 0.261917 B) 0.357678 C) 0.133574 D) 0.193391
Answer: D
18
probability of the gender of any other children. Suppose that 500 couples each have a baby; find the mean and
standard deviation for the number of boys in the 500 babies.
Answer: μ = np = 500(0.5) = 250; σ = npq = 500(0.5)(0.5) = 11.18
88) A quiz consists of 30 true or false questions. If the student guesses on each question, what is the mean number of
correct answers?
A) 0 B) 30 C) 6 D) 15
Answer: D
89) A quiz consists of 20 true or false questions. If the student guesses on each question, what is the standard
deviation of the number of correct answers?
A) 3.16227766 B) 2.23606798 C) 0 D) 2
Answer: B
90) A quiz consists of 60 multiple choice questions, each with five possible answers, only one of which is correct. If a
student guesses on each question, what is the mean and standard deviation of the number of correct answers?
A) mean: 12; standard deviation: 3.46410162 B) mean: 30; standard deviation: 5.47722558
C) mean: 30; standard deviation: 3.09838668 D) mean: 12; standard deviation: 3.09838668
Answer: D
91) The probability that an individual has 20-20 vision is 0.13. In a class of 90 students, what is the mean and
standard deviation of the number with 20-20 vision in the class?
A) mean: 90; standard deviation: 3.19045451 B) mean: 11.7; standard deviation: 3.19045451
C) mean: 90; standard deviation: 3.42052628 D) mean: 11.7; standard deviation: 3.42052628
Answer: B
92) A recent survey found that 73% of all adults over 50 wear sunglasses for driving. In a random sample of 20
adults over 50, what is the mean and standard deviation of those that wear sunglasses?
Answer: C
of 20 adults, what is the mean and standard deviation of the number that were never in a museum?
C) mean: 17.4; standard deviation: 1.50399468 D) mean: 17.4 standard deviation: 1.61245155
Answer: A
94) According to insurance records, a car with a certain protection system will be recovered 93% of the time. If 800
stolen cars are randomly selected, what is the mean and standard deviation of the number of cars recovered
after being stolen?
A) mean: -5656: standard deviation: 7.21664742 B) mean: -5656: standard deviation: 52.08
C) mean: 744; standard deviation: 52.08 D) mean: 744; standard deviation: 7.21664742
Answer: D
19
95) The probability that a football game will go into overtime is 10%. In 80 randomly selected football games, what
is the mean and the standard deviation of the number that went into overtime?
A) mean: 8; standard deviation: 2.82842712 B) mean: 7.2; standard deviation: 2.68328157
C) mean: 8; standard deviation: 2.68328157 D) mean: 7.2; standard deviation: 2.82842712
Answer: C
are chosen, what is the mean number favoring the health center?
A) 12 B) 10 C) 15 D) 8
Answer: A
are chosen, what is the standard deviation of the number favoring the health center?
A) 2.40 B) 0.55 C) 0.98 D) 1.55
Answer: D
98) The probability that a house in an urban area will develop a leak is 5%. If 20 houses are randomly selected, what
is the mean of the number of houses that developed leaks?
A) 1.5 B) 0.5 C) 1 D) 2
Answer: C
99) A psychic network received telephone calls last year from over 1.5 million people. A recent article attempts to
shed some light onto the credibility of the psychic network. One of the psychic network's psychics agreed to
take part in the following experiment. Five different cards are shuffled, and one is chosen at random. The
psychic will then try to identify which card was drawn without seeing it. Assume that the experiment was
repeated 50 times and that the results of any two experiments are independent of one another. If we assume that
the psychic is a fake (i.e., they are merely guessing at the cards and have no psychic powers), how many of the
50 cards do we expect the psychic to guess correctly?
A) 5 B) 0 C) 9 D) 10
Answer: D
20
100) Draw the probability graph and label the mean for n = 6 and p = 0.4
Answer:
Answer:
21
Answer:
Answer:
22
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Almighty in what they were about to do; then they went forth
heartened and emboldened by the conviction that the coming battle
was the Lords, and to fall therein would be a sure passport to
heaven. It would be untrue to say that all the Africanders were of this
belief and practice, but undoubtedly the majority of them so believed
and so acted.
Many of the whites quarreled with their ministers because they

persisted in teaching Christianity to the people held to be accursed—
by their masters. The Dutch term Zendeling, originally signifying
“missionary,” was turned into an epithet of reproach, bearing the new
interpretation of a petty artisan and pedlar, who, under pretense of
instructing the natives, wandered [127]about prosecuting a secular
business for gain—a man to be despised and shunned.
Instances are not wanting in the records of this period to show that
the spirit and practice of some Africanders were as set forth above.
Mr. Holden, in the appendix to his “History of Natal,” quotes from a
friend of the enslaved blacks as follows:
“As to slavery, in spite of the treaty with the Assistant Commissioner, two
Kaffir boys have this very week been sold here—the one for a hundred rix-
dollars to a Boer, and the other for a hundred and fifty rix-dollars to a
dealer at Rustenburg. Last month, also, two were sold to Messrs. S. and
G. Maritz, traders of Natal, and were immediately ‘booked’ (ingeboekt)
with the Landdrost of Potchefstroom for twenty-five years each! Is this
according to treaty? If not, why does not Governor Cathcart interfere by
force, if reasoning be unavailing? For, without some force, I see little
prospect of the natives being saved from utter and universal slavery.”
Mr. Holden also quotes from the “Grahamstown Journal” of

September 24, 1853, the following significant incident:
“We are credibly informed that, in a private interview with Sir G. R. Clark,
one of the most [128]respectable and loyal Boers, resident on a
confiscated farm in the most disaffected district, ‘inter alias res,’ plainly
told Sir George that he had some twenty or thirty Bushman children on his
place; and that if government withdrew he must sell them, as, if he did not
do so, other persons would come and take them, and sell them. The reply,
as stated to us, was to the effect, ‘You have been too long a good subject
to lead me to think you would do such a thing now.’ To this the answer
was, ‘I have been a good subject; but if government will make me a rascal,
I cannot help it’ ”
These testimonies coming from separate and widely distant sources,

and giving the particulars of direct and positive slavery practiced
under another name, leave no reasonable doubt that the spirit of the
compact between the British government and the Africanders was
being violated.
It has been thought that the account of the same matter given by Mr.
Theal, in his “South Africa,” puts an entirely different aspect on the
practice of “apprenticeship.”
“At this time,” he writes (1857), “complaints were beginning to be heard

that the practice of transferring apprentices, or selling indentures, was
becoming frequent. It was rumored also [129]that several lawless
individuals were engaged in obtaining black children from neighboring
tribes, and disposing of them under the name of apprentices. How many
such cases occurred cannot be stated with any pretension to accuracy,
but the number was not great. The condition of the country made it almost
impossible to detain any one capable of performing service longer than he
chose to remain with a white master, so that even if the farmers in general
had been inclined to become slaveholders, they could not carry such
inclinations into practice. The acts of a few of the most unruly individuals
in the country might, however, endanger the peace and even the
independence of the republic. The president, therefore, on the 29th of
September, 1857, issued a proclamation pointing out that the sale or
barter of black children was forbidden by the recently adopted constitution,
and prohibiting transfers of apprenticeships, except when made before
landdrosts.”
Treating of a later period (1864–65), he returns to this matter, saying:
“A subject that was much discussed in Europe, as well as in South Africa,

during this period was the existence of slavery in the republic. Charges
against the burghers of reducing [130]weak and helpless blacks to a
condition of servitude were numerous and boldly stated on one side, and
were indignantly denied on the other. That the laws were clearly against
slavery goes for nothing, because in a time of anarchy law is a dead letter.
There is overwhelming evidence that blacks were transferred openly from
one individual to another, and there are the strongest assertions from men
of undoubted integrity that there was no slavery. To people in Europe it
seemed impossible that both should be true, and the opinion was
generally held that the farmers of the interior of South Africa were certainly
slave-holders.
“Since 1877 much concerning this matter that was previously doubtful has
been set at rest. On the 12th of April of that year the South African
republic was proclaimed British territory, and when, soon afterward,
investigation was made, not a single slave was set free, because there
was not one in the country. In the very heart of the territory kraals of
blacks were found in as prosperous a condition as in any part of South
Africa. It was ascertained that these blacks had always lived in peace with
the white inhabitants, and that they had no complaints to make. Quite as
strong was the evidence afforded by the number [131]of the Bantu. In 1877
there were, at the lowest estimate, six times as many black people living in
a state of semi-independence within the borders of the South African
Republic as there had been on the same ground forty years before. Surely
these people would not have moved in if the character of the burghers
was such as most Englishmen believed it to be. A statement of actual
facts is thus much more likely now to gain credence abroad than would
have been the case in 1864.
“The individuals who were termed slaves by the missionary party were
termed apprentices by the farmers. The great majority—probably nineteen
out of every twenty—were children who had been made prisoners in the
wars which the tribes were continually waging with each other. In olden
days it had been the custom for the conquering tribe to put all the
conquered to death, except the girls and a few boys who could be made
useful as carriers. More recently they had become less inhuman, from
having found out that for smaller children they could obtain beads and
other merchandise.
“With a number of tribes bordering on the republic ready to sell their

captives, with the Betshuana everywhere prepared to dispose of the
[132]children of their hereditary slaves, a few adventurous Europeans were
found willing to embark in the odious traffic. Wagon loads of children were
brought into the republic, where they were apprenticed for a term of years
to the first holder, and the deeds of apprenticeship could afterward be
transferred before a landdrost. This was the slavery of the South African
Republic. Its equivalent was to be found a few years earlier in the Cape
colony, when negroes taken in slave-ships were apprenticed to
individuals. There would have been danger in the system if the demand
for apprentices had been greater. In that case the tribes might have
attacked each other purposely to obtain captives for sale. But the demand
was very limited, for the service of a raw black apprentice was of no great
value. A herd boy might be worth something more than his food, clothing,
and a few head of cattle which were given him when his apprenticeship
expired; but no other class of raw native was.
“It is an open question whether it was better that these children should
remain with the destroyers of their parents, and according to chance grow
up either as slaves or as adopted members of the conquering tribe; or that
they should serve ten or fifteen years as apprentices to white people,
[133]acquire some of the habits of European life, and then settle down as
freemen with a little property. It was answered in 1864, and will be
answered to-day according to the bias of the individual.”
After all, Mr. Theal’s account of it does not materially change the
aspect of the system of enforced servitude that prevailed in the
Africander communities after they became independent. These
bond-children were either captured or bought from dealers in
children; they were held under bill of sale and indenture; and they
were sold from master to master by legal transfer of indenture before
a magistrate.
Mr. Theal’s low estimate of the value of the services that could be
rendered by raw black children, and of the limited demand for them,
is not in harmony with his own statement that such children were
brought into the republic in wagon loads, nor with the testimony,
quoted by Mr. Holden, covering two specific cases wherein one Kaffir
boy was sold for one hundred, and another for one hundred and fifty
rix-dollars. And his averment that in 1877 the British authorities could
not find a single slave to liberate in all the territory of the South
African Republic is simply amusing when viewed in the light of what
he states on the next page—that this system of enforced
[134]servitude under indentures that were legally merchantable “was
the slavery of the South African Republic.” Undoubtedly; and, so far
as is known, no other form of slavery was ever seriously charged
against the Africanders after their independence was established. It
is matter of surprise, however, that the British conscience of this
period was not able to scent the malodor of slavery under the new
form and title of “apprenticeship” which covered a marketable
property-right in the human chattel. [135]
[Contents]
CHAPTER IX.
THIRD CONTACT OF AFRICANDER AND BRITON—IN THE
ORANGE FREE STATE.
The “Great Trek” of 1836 and 1838 removed from the old colony at the Cape an
element in the population which, however worthy in some regards, was unrestful
and disaffected, leaving abundant room for a new immigration from Europe. It was
some years, however, before there was any considerable influx from continental
Europe. Judged by the grim rumors that were afloat everywhere, South Africa was a
dangerous country to live in because of the warlike and merciless Kaffirs; and the
trend of British emigration was yet towards America.
About 1845 the tide of fortune-seeking people was turned towards Cape Colony.
The British government of this time stimulated immigration to that field so liberally
that in five years between four and five thousand loyal subjects from the mother
country removed to the Cape. Later, [136]a considerable number of disbanded
German soldiers who had served under the British colors in the Crimean war were
sent there as citizens, and in 1858 over two thousand German civilians of the
peasant order were settled along the south coast on lands once occupied by the
Kaffirs.
GENERAL JOUBERT.
Industries natural to the climate and soil were slowly but steadily developed. Sheep
and cattle raising, and agriculture to a limited extent, became sources of wealth,
and correspondingly expanded the export trade. Public finances were gradually
restored to a healthy state, churches and schools sprang up, and there was no
serious drawback to the progress of the colony but the frequent Kaffir invasions
across the eastern border. These cost much loss of life and property to the raided
settlements, but the expense of the resulting wars was borne by the home
government. Under British rule the population had increased from 26,000
Europeans in 1806 to 182,000 in 1865.
With the growth of population there came changes in the form of government. The
earlier governors exercised almost autocratic power, fearing nothing but a possible
appeal against their acts to the Colonial Office in London. It should be stated,
however, that the colonists [137]found as frequent cause to complain of the home
government as of their governors. The occasional irritation which broke out into
open protest was caused, for the most part, by difficulties with the natives. The
Europeans, dwelling among an inferior race, naturally looked upon the natives as
existing for their benefit, and bitterly resented the disposition of both the imperial
authorities and the governors to give equal civil rights and protection to the blacks.
The missionaries were the special objects of this resentment, because they held
themselves bound by their sacred office to denounce the wrongs inflicted on the
Kaffirs, and to even defend their conduct in rebelling against oppression.
These unfortunate dissensions had the effect of uniting the English and the Dutch
colonists in questions of policy and government regarding the natives. After various
attempts to satisfy the people with a governor appointed by the crown and a
Legislative Council constituted by the governor’s nomination and imperial
appointment, the home authorities, in 1854, yielded to the public demand for
representative institutions.
A legislature, consisting of a Legislative Council and a House of Assembly, was

established, both to be elected on a franchise wide [138]enough to include people of
any race or color holding the reasonable property qualification. The sole check upon
the colonial legislature retained by the imperial government was the right of the
British crown to disallow any of its acts considered objectionable, on constitutional
or other grounds, by her Majesty’s ministers. The executive power remained, for a
time, with the governor and his council, who were appointed by the crown and in no
way responsible to the colonial houses. Later, the executive power was taken from
the governors and vested in a cabinet of ministers responsible to the colonial
legislature and holding office during its pleasure.
The range of industries followed by the people of Cape Colony was not enlarged
until the discovery of diamonds in 1869. This brought in a sudden rush of population
from Europe and America and so inflated trade that the colonial revenue was more
than doubled in the next five years. Then began that unparalleled development of
mineral resources in South Africa which created immense wealth and furnished the
elements of a political situation whose outcome the wisest cannot foresee.
With this general view of the condition of Cape Colony in the three decades
succeeding the [139]Great Trek of the Africanders, we turn again to the special study
proposed and consider the chain of events that led up to the third unfriendly contact
between Boer and Briton—this time beginning in the Orange Free State.
By the conventions of 1852 and 1854 Great Britain formally relinquished all claim to
that part of the interior of South Africa lying to the north of Cape Colony, and
recognized the republics of the Orange Free State and the Transvaal. There can be
no doubt of the sincerity of the British government in taking this action. The
prevailing desires actuating both the parliament and the executive were to be rid of
the responsibility and expense of governing these regions, and to leave the two new
Africander republics to work out their own destiny in their own way.
For a few years the relations of the Cape government and its northern neighbors
were friendly. The first occurrence that disturbed the welcome peace and harmony
was a serious war which broke out in 1858 between the Basutos under Moshesh
and the Orange Free State. The Basutos laid claim to certain farms, held under
English titles, in Harrismith, Wynberg and Smithfield districts. These were taken
possession [140]of by the petty Basuto captains, and when attempts were made to
eject the intruders, Moshesh, the paramount chief, and his eldest son Letsie,
assumed the right to interfere. This episode, together with other unfriendly acts on
the part of the Basutos, brought on a condition which, it became evident, nothing
but war could remedy. Accordingly, the Volksraad of the Orange Free State
authorized the President, Mr. Boshof, to take any steps necessary to prevent
intrusion upon the territory of the State. After much and very insincere diplomatic
correspondence, the time of which was used by the Free State government in
collecting the forces of its western and northern divisions, and by the Basutos in
assembling their warriors, petty raids began the conflict and led on to hostilities on a
larger scale near the end of March, 1858.
By the 26th of April Mr. Boshof became convinced that the Free State could not
hold its own against the Basutos, and that the salvation of the country from being
overrun by its enemies depended upon obtaining aid from some quarter. Acting on
this conviction, on the 24th of April Mr. Boshof wrote Sir George Grey, governor of
Cape Colony, informing him of the critical condition of the Free State, and imploring
his mediation. [141]Sir George, after obtaining the sanction of the House Assembly
to such a course, immediately tendered his services as mediator to Mr. Boshof and
Moshesh, and was unconditionally and cordially accepted by both. Thereupon a
cessation of hostilities was agreed to pending the arrangement of final terms of
peace by Sir George.
In the meantime, the Free State was being ravaged on its western border by petty
chiefs, who saw in the struggle between the whites and the powerful Basutos a
favorable opportunity to enrich themselves with spoil. In the distress occasioned by
these forays the Free State was aided by a force of burghers from the Transvaal
Republic, under Commandant Paul Kruger.
Out of this friendly act there grew up a desire and even a proposition to unite the
two republics in one. President Pretorius, Commandant Paul Kruger, and about
twenty other representatives from the Transvaal visited Bloemfontein to confer with
the Free State Volksraad on the matter of union—a measure considered by many
the only means of saving the country from its savage foes.
While the conference on union was in progress there arrived, on the 11th of June, a
letter [142]from Sir George Grey announcing that in case an agreement to unite the
two republics were concluded, the conventions of 1852 and 1854—guaranteeing
their separate independence—would no longer be considered binding by Great
Britain. Undoubtedly this action evinced a desire, not to say a determination, that
the Free State should find safety not by union with the sister republic to the north,
but by coming again under British sovereignty and forming one of a group of
colonies to be united in a great British Dominion in South Africa. The negotiations
for union were dropped on the receipt of Sir George’s letter, and both parties
resolved to appoint commissioners to confer with him after peace with the Basutos
should be arranged.
It was not until the 20th of August that Sir George Grey arrived at Bloemfontein to
act as mediator between Moshesh and the Free State. While preliminaries were
being discussed the governor received urgent dispatches from London ordering him
to send all available troops to India, where the Sepoy rebellion was raging. It
became, therefore, a matter of supreme importance to establish peace between the
Free State and the Basutos at once—for not a soldier could safely be spared until
that was accomplished. [143]On the 29th of September the treaty was completed
and signed. It settled a new frontier for the Free State next to Basutoland, and
bound Moshesh to either punish marauders of his people himself, or consent that
the Free State authorities should do so.
This peace lasted only seven years. In 1865 new troubles arose leading to a
renewal of war between the Free State and Moshesh. Again the governor of Cape
Colony acted as mediator, but his decisions were rejected by the Basutos, and new
hostilities began. This time, by a heroic effort made in 1868, the whites defeated
and scattered the Basutos with great slaughter, and were at the point of utterly
breaking their power, when the always politic Moshesh appealed to the British High
Commissioner at the Cape to take his people under British protection.
The commissioner doubtless considered the interests of Cape Colony which, in the
event of a dispersion of the Basutos, might be overrun by the fugitives, and suffer
injury thereby. And it is evident that he was unwilling that the Free State should
strengthen itself, beyond the necessity of ever seeking readmission to the British
dominions, by the annexation of Basutoland. So, looking to the safety of the old
colony, and to the [144]hope of some day adding thereto the Orange Free State, the
commissioner took the defeated Basutos under the wing of the imperial government
and declared them British subjects.
The Free State was allowed to retain a considerable area of good land which it had
conquered on the north side of the Caledon River, but the adjustment reached was
anything but satisfactory. The British had now established their authority to the
south of the republic all the way from Cape Colony to Natal, and, thus, had
extinguished a second time the persistent Africander hope of extending their
territory to the sea. Thus, in 1869, recommenced the British advance toward the
interior.
Another momentous step towards enlarging the sphere of British influence was
taken almost immediately. Diamonds were discovered in 1869, in a district lying
between the Modder and the Vaal rivers, where the present town of Kimberley
stands. Within a few months thousands of diggers and speculators from all parts of
South Africa, Europe, America, and from some parts of Asia, thronged into the
region and transformed it into a place of surpassing value and interest. The
question of ownership was raised at once. The Orange Free State claimed it. The
Transvaal [145]Republic claimed it. It was claimed by Nicholas Waterboer, a Griqua
captain, son of old Andries Waterboer; his claim being based on an abortive treaty
made with the elder Waterboer in 1834, when, at Doctor Philip’s suggestion, the
attempt was made to interpose between the old colony and the northern
populations a line of three native states under British protection. And it was claimed
by a native Batlapin chief.
Three of these claimant—the Transvaal Republic, Nicholas Waterboer for the

Griquas, and the Batlapin chief for his clan—agreed to settle the conflict by
arbitration, naming the governor of Natal as arbitrator. The governor promptly
awarded the disputed ownership to Nicholas Waterboer the Griqua, who as
promptly placed himself under the British government, which, with equal
promptitude, constituted the district a crown colony under the name of Griqualand.
The Orange Free State, not having been a party to the arbitration, protested, and
was afterwards sustained by the decision of a British court, which found that
Waterboer’s claim to the territory was null and void. But the colony had been
constituted and the British flag unfurled over it before the finding of the court could
stay proceedings. [146]
Without admitting or denying the Free State’s contention, the British government
obtained a quitclaim title for a money consideration. It was represented that a
district so difficult to keep in order, because of the transient and turbulent character
of the population, should be under the control of a more vigorous government than
that of the Free State. Finally, the British offered and the Free State authorities
accepted, £90,000 in settlement of any claim the republic might have to the territory
of Griqualand.
The incident closed with the payment and acceptance, in 1876, of the price agreed
upon. But the Africanders of the Free State had the feeling at the time—and it never
ceased to rankle in their breasts—that they had been made the victims of sharp
practice; that the diamond-bearing territory had been rushed into the possession of
the British and made a crown colony without giving them a fair opportunity to prove
their claim to it; and that, while the price offered and paid was a tacit recognition of
the validity of their claim, it was so infinitesimal in proportion to the rights conveyed
as to imply that in British practice not only is possession nine points in ten of the law
but that it also justifies the holder in keeping back nine parts out of ten of the value.
[147]
Nor was this the only British grievance complained of at this time by the Free State.
The project of uniting the two republics for greater strength and mutual safety had
been vetoed for no apparent reason than to keep them weak so that they might the
sooner become willing to re-enter the British dominions in South Africa. And the
British High Commissioner at the Cape had taken the vanquished Basutos and their
territory under imperial protection at the moment when the victorious Free State
was about to reduce them to permanent submission, and to extend its territory to
the sea—again interposing the arm of Great Britain to prevent the strengthening of
the republic by its proposed acquisition of Basutoland and the gaining of a seaport
at the mouth of the St. John River.
Nevertheless, the Orange Free State accepted the situation philosophically and,
outwardly, continued on friendly terms with the British government until the outbreak
of war between that power and the Africanders of the Transvaal in 1899. [148]
[Contents]
CHAPTER X.
THIRD CONTACT OF AFRICANDER AND BRITON—IN THE
TRANSVAAL.
The aggressive policy of the British, which had served to widen and deepen the
breach between them and the Africanders of the Free State, was felt in the
Transvaal Republic, also, and led to an open rupture in 1880. It will be
necessary to trace somewhat carefully the conditions and events which brought
on that conflict.
The Africanders who had settled beyond the Vaal River were of a ruder sort than
their brethren of the Orange River district. Moreover, the reckless, unprincipled,
and even criminal classes were attracted to the Transvaal from various parts of
South Africa, seeking freedom from the restraints experienced under the stricter
government prevailing in the British colonies. These occasioned much scandal,
and provoked many conflicts with the Kaffirs by their lawlessness and violence
along the border and in the wilder districts of the territory. [149]
The farmers of the Vaal in a general way considered themselves one people, but
had become grouped in several districts separated by considerable distances.
Thus, in 1852, there were four separate communities—Potchefstroom, Utrecht,
Lyndenburg, and Zoutspansberg, each having its volksraad and president.
There was no co-ordinate action of the whole for internal administration and
public improvement, but for defense against the natives there was a sort of
federative union—more a matter of mutual understanding and consent than of
loyalty to a formal written document. That there was occasional independent
action by a single community in reference to outside matters is evident from the
invasion of the Orange Free State by the people of the Potchefstroom district in
1857, under the leadership of Mr. Pretorius. The object was to conquer the Free
State, and was abandoned only when it was found that the young sister republic
was disposed and prepared to defend itself. This invasion resulted in a treaty by
which the independence, boundaries and mutual obligations of the two republics
were fully defined and recognized.
In 1858 a single volksraad was chosen for all the four districts north of the Vaal,
and the [150]“Grondwet” on Fundamental Law—an instrument in the nature of a
federal constitution—was prepared by delegates specially elected for that
purpose. This was adopted at once by Potchefstroom and Zoutspansberg. In
1860 Lyndenburg and Utrecht followed their example. Although it has been
contended that the “Grondwet” is not to be regarded as a fixed constitution, like
that of the United States of America, the people of the Transvaal have looked
upon it as a sufficient federative bond for the union of the four semi-independent
districts in one nationality. The practical union of all was delayed, however, by a
civil war which broke out in 1862, and had a most disastrous influence on the
future of the country.
This internal strife grew out of the election of the president of the Transvaal
Republic, the younger Pretorius, to the presidency of the Orange Free State. It
was hoped by his partisans in both republics that the dual presidency would help
to bring about the desired union of the Free State and the Transvaal under one
government. While Mr. Pretorius was absent in the Free State, on a six months’
leave granted by the volksraad of the Transvaal, a faction hostile to him began
to protest against this double dignity [151]being enjoyed by any one man, and to
argue that the advantages of union would be largely with the Free State.
Hostility to Mr. Pretorius grew apace until it was strong enough to get a
resolution passed in the volksraad forbidding him to perform any executive act
north of the Vaal during the six months of his stay in the Free State, and
requiring him to give an account of his proceedings at the expiration of his leave.
On the 10th of September, 1860, Mr. Pretorius appeared before the volksraad of
the Transvaal, accompanied by a commission from the Free State appointed to
ask for a further leave of absence for the president, and to further the interests
of union. When Pretorius offered to give an account of his proceedings as
president of the Free State, the opposition raised the point that it was manifestly
illegal for any one to be president of the Transvaal Republic and of the Orange
Free State at the same time, for it was provided in their constitution that during
his term of office the president should follow no other occupation, and Mr.
Pretorius was pressed to resign one office or the other.
Pretorius at once resigned the presidency of the Transvaal; but his partisans
held a mass meeting at Potchefstroom, on the 8th and 9th of [152]October, at
which revolutionary proceedings were taken. It was resolved, almost
unanimously, that the volksraad no longer enjoyed the confidence of the people
they represented and must be held as having ceased to exist; that Mr. Pretorius
should remain president of the Transvaal Republic and have a year’s leave of
absence to bring about union with the Free State, Mr. Stephanas Schoeman—
instead of Mr. Grobbelear—to be acting president during his absence; and that
before the return of Mr. Pretorius to resume his duties a new volksraad should
be elected.
PIETERMARITZBURG.
The new election was so manipulated that only a thousand burghers voted, and
of these more than seven hundred declared in favor of the resolutions of the
Potchefstroom meeting. The committee that effected this clever political strategy
was composed of Messrs. D. Steyn, Preller, Lombard, Spruyt, and Bodenstein.
The new acting president, Mr. Schoeman, assumed official duty immediately.
With amazing inconsistency—for he was thought to be a loyal friend of Mr.

Pretorius—Schoeman called a meeting of the old volksraad that had been
dissolved by the revolution. He held his office from the same authority that had
declared this body to have forfeited confidence, [153]and to be non-existent, and
yet he acknowledged its legal existence. The old volksraad met on the 14th of
January, 1861, and after a session of two hours the majority of the members
resigned, being convinced of the general antagonism of the people. Not content
to let matters rest in a peaceful acquiescence in the revolution, Mr. Schoeman
called the old volksraad together a second time, under armed protection, and
procured an order for legal proceedings to be instituted against the committee
that had carried out the Potchefstroom resolutions. A court consisting of two
landdrosts—one of whom was Cornelius Potgieter, their bitterest political enemy
—tried the committee for sedition, on the 14th of February, found them guilty and
sentenced each to pay a fine of £100, except Mr. Bodenstein, whose fine was
only £15.
These proceedings led to great disturbances throughout the republic, and,

finally, to war. Schoeman assembled an armed force to support his authority.
Thereupon, Commandant Paul Kruger, of Rustenburg, called out the burghers of
his district and marched to Pretoria for the purpose of driving out Schoeman and
establishing a better government.
Among the expedients resorted to to prevent [154]bloodshed, a new volksraad

was elected, a new acting president was appointed, and for several months
there were two rival governments in the Transvaal. Acting President Schoeman,
supported by a strong party, persisted in endeavors to rule the country. So
grievous a state of anarchy prevailed that Kruger resolved to put an end to it by
the strong hand. Schoeman and his partisans retreated from Pretoria to
Potchefstroom, where he was besieged by the burgher force under Kruger. The
loss of life in the bombardment, and one sortie by the garrison, was not great;
but Schoeman became disheartened and fled, on the night of the 9th of October,
into the Free State, accompanied by his principal adherents.
A few days later, Kruger having moved his force to Klip River, Schoeman re-
entered Potchefstroom, rallied some eight hundred men around him, and Kruger
returned to give him battle. At this critical point President Pretorius interposed as
mediator, and an agreement was reached by which immediate hostilities were
prevented. Schoeman, however, continued to agitate.
Under the terms of agreement new elections were held by which W. C. Janse
Van Rensburg [155]was chosen president over Mr. Pretorius, and Paul Kruger
was made Commandant-General.
But the tribulations of the Transvaal were by no means over. On the pretense
that the ballot papers had been tampered with the standard of revolt was again
raised—this time by Jan Viljoen. The first encounter was against Kruger, who
had underestimated the strength of the new rebellion. Later, on the 5th of
January, 1864, a battle was fought in which Viljoen was defeated and compelled
to retreat to a fortified camp on the Limpopo.

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Fundamentals of Statistics 5th Edition

Sullivan Test Bank

Classify the following random variable according to whether it is discrete or continuous.

2) the heights of the bookcases in a school library

3) the cost of a road atlas

4) the pressure of water coming out of a fire hose

5) the temperature in degrees Celsius on January 1st in Fargo, North Dakota

6) the number of goals scored in a hockey game

8) the number of emails received on any given day

9) the age of the oldest dog in a kennel

10) the number of pills in an aspirin bottle

13) A random variable is

19) The sum of the probabilities of a discrete probability distribution must be

A) 36 B) 36.5 C) 0.13 D) 36.9

A) 3.0 B) 1.6 C) 2.0 D) 0.14

A) 1.10 B) 1.05 C) 0.28 D) 1.21

A) 0.56 B) 1.95 C) 3.97 D) 3.57

A) 1.16 B) 1.54 C) 1.82 D) 2.23

A) 7.13 B) 1.51 C) 36.86 D) 6.07

x $24,500 $12,000 $5,750 $2,000 -$500

The expected loss paid is:

Many of the whites quarreled with their ministers because they

Mr. Holden also quotes from the “Grahamstown Journal” of

These testimonies coming from separate and widely distant sources,

“At this time,” he writes (1857), “complaints were beginning to be heard

“A subject that was much discussed in Europe, as well as in South Africa,

“With a number of tribes bordering on the republic ready to sell their

A legislature, consisting of a Legislative Council and a House of Assembly, was

Three of these claimant—the Transvaal Republic, Nicholas Waterboer for the

With amazing inconsistency—for he was thought to be a loyal friend of Mr.

These proceedings led to great disturbances throughout the republic, and,

Among the expedients resorted to to prevent [154]bloodshed, a new volksraad

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