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Part V
The Classical Period
1. Classicism, as a stylistic period in Western music, roughly encompassed the years ______.
A. 1450-1600
B. 1600-1750
C. 1750-1820
D. 1820-1900
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize European culture in the classical era
Topic: Classicism

Feedback: The Classical period lasted from 1750-1820.

2. The preclassical period roughly encompassed the years ______.


A. 1600-1750
B. 1730-1770
C. 1770-1820
D. 1820-1900
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize European culture in the classical era
Topic: Classicism

Feedback: In music history, the transition from the baroque style to the full flowering of the classical is called the preclassical
period; it extends from roughly 1730 to 1770.

3. The fully developed classical style in music flourished during the period ______.
A. 1600-1750
B. 1730-1770
C. 1770-1820
D. 1820-1900
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize European culture in the classical era
Topic: Classicism

Feedback: The fully developed classical style in music flourished from about 1770 to 1820.

4. Which of the following statements is not true of the classical period?


A. Philosophers and writers in the classical period believed that custom and tradition, rather than reason, were the best guides to
human conduct.
B. During the early eighteenth century, the heavy, monumental baroque style gave way to the more intimate rococo style, with its
light colors, curved lines, and graceful ornaments.
C. By the late eighteenth century, the rococo style had been superseded by the neoclassical style, which attempted to recapture
the "noble simplicity and calm grandeur" of ancient Greek and Roman art.
D. Philosophers and writers in the classical period saw their time as a great turning point in history and called it the "age of
enlightenment."
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Summarize European culture in the classical era
Topic: Classicism

Feedback: Philosophers and writers—especially Voltaire (1694–1778) and Denis Diderot (1713–1784)—saw their time as a
turning point in history and referred to it as the “age of enlightenment.” They believed in progress, holding that reason, not
custom or tradition, was the best guide for human conduct.

5. Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach and _____ were two of the more important preclassical composers.
A. Jean Honoré Fragonard
B. Johann Christian Bach

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C. Johann Sebastian Bach
D. Joseph Haydn
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the important trends in European music from 1750 to 1820
Topic: Classical music

Feedback: Among the important pioneers in this new style were Carl Philipp Emanuel and Johann Christian, both sons of Johann
Sebastian Bach.

6. Which of the following composers is not considered a master of the classical period?
A. Johann Christian Bach
B. Ludwig van Beethoven
C. Wolfgang A. Mozart
D. Joseph Haydn
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the important trends in European music from 1750 to 1820
Topic: Classical music

Feedback: Although Johann Christian Bach was an important early pioneer of the classical style, he is not considered a master of
the period.

7. Which of the following statements is not true?


A. In the classical period, composers were influenced by folk and popular music.
B. While a late baroque musical composition may convey a single emotion, a classical composition will fluctuate in mood.
C. Composers in the classical period continued to use terraced dynamics in their compositions.
D. The basso continuo was gradually abandoned during the classical period.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the important trends in European music from 1750 to 1820
Topic: Dynamics

Feedback: Classical composers’ interest in expressing shades of emotion led to the widespread use of gradual dynamic change—
crescendo and decrescendo. These composers did not restrict themselves to the terraced dynamics (abrupt shifts from loud to
soft) characteristic of baroque music.

8. Which of the following characteristics is not typical of the music of the classical period?
A. Classical melodies are tuneful and easy to remember.
B. Classical compositions fluctuate in mood.
C. A classical composition has a wealth of rhythmic patterns.
D. Classical music is basically polyphonic.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the important trends in European music from 1750 to 1820
Topic: Texture

Feedback: Music in the classical period generally avoided dense polyphony, favoring homophonic textures.

9. Which of the following statements is not true of the music of the classical period?
A. Classical composers stressed balance and clarity of structure.
B. The standard orchestra, comprised of four sections, evolved during the classical period.
C. The basso continuo was the nucleus of the instrumental ensemble.
D. Classical melodies are among the most tuneful and easy to remember.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the important trends in European music from 1750 to 1820
Topic: Classical music

Feedback: The basso continuo was a characteristic feature of baroque music and was eventually abandoned by classical
composers.

10. What did the typical orchestra of the classical period consist of?
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A. A loose ensemble of available instruments
B. Strings, woodwinds, horns, trumpets, and timpani
C. Strings with harpsichord continuo
D. Woodwinds, trombones, drums, and strings
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: List the instruments of the orchestra in the classical era
Topic: Classical music

Feedback: A typical orchestra in the classical period might consist of:


Strings: 1st violins, 2nd violins, violas, cellos, double basses
Woodwinds: 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons
Brass: 2 French horns, 2 trumpets
Percussion: 2 timpani

11. Which of the following instruments were not normally included in the classical orchestra?
A. Horns
B. Trombones
C. Timpani
D. Trumpets
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: List the instruments of the orchestra in the classical era
Topic: Instrument families

Feedback: Trombones were used by Haydn and Mozart, but only in opera and church music, not in solely instrumental works.
There use became more common later, in Romantic-era music.

12. What is a symphony?


A. A sonata for orchestra
B. A work for solo instrument
C. A work for chorus and orchestra
D. A work for piano solo
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Describe the major forms of instrumental music in the classical era
Topic: Symphony

Feedback: Recall that the term sonata originally described a composition in several movements for one to eight instruments. In
the classical period, the amount of instruments grew into a larger orchestra, and the sonata became a symphony.

13. What was social mobility like during the classical period?
A. A limited sociological factor
B. Ruthlessly stamped out by the aristocracy
C. Promoted and encouraged by the church
D. An important factor in the rise of the middle class
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize European culture in the classical era
Topic: Classical music

Feedback: As the eighteenth century advanced, more people made more money, increasing social mobility. Merchants, doctors,
and government officials could afford larger homes, finer clothes, and better food, giving rise to a prospering middle class. In
fact, during the classical period, the middle class had a great influence on music.

14. Political and economic power shifted to the middle class from the aristocracy and the ______.
A. church
B. military
C. colonial powers
D. military-industrial complex
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember

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Learning Objective: Summarize European culture in the classical era
Topic: Classical music

Feedback: With the rise of a prosperous middle class, the aristocracy, nobility, and the church lost some of their influence in
people's lives.

15. In the classical period, serious composition was flavored by ______.


A. folk and popular music
B. heroic and mythological plots
C. elaborately ornamented improvisational melodies
D. All answers are correct.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the important trends in European music from 1750 to 1820
Topic: Classical music

Feedback: In the classical period, serious composition was flavored by folk and popular music. The classical masters sometimes
used familiar tunes as themes for symphonies and variations.

16. The prospering middle class in the classical period sought aristocratic luxuries such as ______.
A. theater
B. literature
C. music
D. All answers are correct.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize European culture in the classical era
Topic: Classical music

Feedback: The prospering middle class sought aristocratic luxuries like theater, literature, and music.

17. Public concerts presented by the Concert des Amateurs in Paris in the 1770s were conducted by ______.
A. Ludwig van Beethoven
B. Joseph Haydn
C. the Chevalier de Saint-Georges
D. Johann Christian Bach
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize European culture in the classical era
Topic: Classical music

Feedback: In Paris, a concert organization called the Concert des Amateurs assembled a large orchestra, conducted during the
1770s by the Chevalier de Saint-Georges (1739–1799), a black composer and violinist.

18. Which of the following statements is not true?


A. Political and economic power shifted during the classical period from the middle class to the aristocracy and the church.
B. Joseph Haydn's contract of employment shows that he was considered a skilled servant, like a gardener or gamekeeper.
C. Townspeople organized public concerts where, for the price of admission, they could hear the latest symphonies and
concertos.
D. Comic operas in the classical period treated middle-class subjects, had folklike tunes, and sometimes even ridiculed the
aristocracy.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Summarize European culture in the classical era
Topic: Classical music

Feedback: In the classical era, political and economic power shifted away from the aristocracy and the church and towards the
middle class.

19. Joseph Haydn was content to spend most of his life as what?
A. An independently wealthy composer
B. A professional free-lance musician
C. An employee of a wealthy aristocratic family

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D. A church musician and organist
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Recall the biography of Franz Joseph Haydn
Topic: Franz Joseph Haydn

Feedback: For almost thirty years, starting when he was twenty-nine, Haydn entered the service of the Esterházys, the richest and
most powerful of the Hungarian noble families.

20. Haydn's contract of employment shows that he was considered ______.


A. a skilled servant
B. a freelance musician
C. a visiting guest composer
D. an equal by his employer
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Recall the biography of Franz Joseph Haydn
Topic: Franz Joseph Haydn

Feedback: As a highly skilled servant, Haydn was to compose all the music requested by his patron, conduct the orchestra, coach
singers, and oversee the instruments and the music library.

21. Vienna, when Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven were active, ______.
A. was the fourth-largest city in Europe
B. was the seat of the Holy Roman Empire
C. had a population of almost 250,000
D. All answers are correct.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Evaluate the importance of Vienna in the musical life of the classical era
Topic: Franz Joseph Haydn
Topic: Ludwig van Beethoven
Topic: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Feedback: During the classical era, Vienna was a nexus of artistic, intellectual, and political life. As the seat of the Holy Roman
Empire, it was a bustling cultural and commercial center with a cosmopolitan character. Its population of almost 250,000 (in
1800) made Vienna the fourth largest city in Europe.

22. Composers in the classical period took middle-class tastes into account by doing what?
A. Flavoring their serious compositions with folk and popular music
B. Writing comic operas that sometimes ridiculed the aristocracy
C. Writing dance music for public balls
D. All answers are correct.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the important trends in European music from 1750 to 1820
Topic: Classical music

Feedback: Composers in the classical period took middle-class tastes into account, writing pieces that were easy for amateur
musicians to play and understand. They turned from serious to comic opera and incorporated folk melodies and dance rhythms
into their serious works. Often, they would hold performances of their works in public halls and theaters.

23. In the classical period, comic operas sometimes ______.


A. were based on the Old Testament
B. ridiculed the aristocracy
C. were in Latin
D. All answers are correct.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the important trends in European music from 1750 to 1820
Topic: Classical music

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of McGraw-Hill Education.
Feedback: Comic operas of the classical period appealed to middle-class subjects and used folklike tunes, sometimes even
ridiculing the aristocracy. They rarely included religious subjects and most of the operas were written in either French, Italian, or
German.

24. In Vienna, Haydn and Mozart ______.


A. avoided each other
B. became close friends
C. were jealous of each other
D. never met
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Evaluate the importance of Vienna in the musical life of the classical era
Topic: Franz Joseph Haydn
Topic: Ludwig van Beethoven
Topic: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Feedback: In Vienna, Haydn and Mozart became close friends and influenced each other’s musical style.

25. Sonata form is used frequently as the form for the ________ movement of a multimovement work.
A. first
B. slow
C. final fast
D. All answers are correct.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the structure of sonata (sonata-allegro) form
Topic: Sonata form

Feedback: The sonata form is flexible and can be used for the first (usually allegro), slow second, or final fast movements of a
multimovement work. It is not generally used for the third movement, which is usually based on a dance.

26. Which of the following is not part of a sonata form movement?


A. Recapitulation
B. Exposition
C. Development
D. Rondo
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the structure of sonata (sonata-allegro) form
Topic: Sonata form

Feedback: Rondo is its own form, featuring a tuneful main theme (A) which returns several times in alternation with other
themes. It is not a part of sonata form.

27. Sonata form consists of three main sections: exposition, development, and ______.
A. introduction
B. recapitulation
C. motives
D. transition
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the structure of sonata (sonata-allegro) form
Topic: Sonata form

Feedback: A sonata-form movement consists of three main sections: the exposition, where the themes are presented; the
development, where themes are treated in new ways; and the recapitulation, where the themes return.

28. In the exposition of a sonata-form movement, what happens?


A. The closing theme is in the tonic key.
B. A new theme is always presented in the bridge.
C. The second theme is in a new key.
D. A new meter enters with the second theme.

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Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the structure of sonata (sonata-allegro) form
Topic: Sonata form

Feedback: In the exposition section of a sonata form, the first theme is presented in the tonic (home) key, the bridge contains
modulation from the home key to new key, leading into a second theme in the new key . The closing section is in the key of the
second theme.

29. In the recapitulation of a sonata-form movement, what happens?


A. The closing section is in the tonic key.
B. A new theme is presented in the bridge.
C. The second theme is in a new key.
D. There is no second theme.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the structure of sonata (sonata-allegro) form
Topic: Sonata form

Feedback: In the recapitulation section of a sonata form, the closing section returns to the tonic key, giving the entire form a
sense of balance and symmetry.

30. At the end of a classical exposition there usually is a ______.


A. new tempo indication
B. new time signature
C. repeat sign
D. coda sign
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the structure of sonata (sonata-allegro) form
Topic: Sonata form

Feedback: At the end of a classical exposition there is usually a repeat sign to indicate that the whole exposition is to be played
again.

31. Which of the following statements is not true?


A. The development section of a sonata form almost always takes the main thematic material through several different keys.
B. The second theme returns in the recapitulation of a sonata form movement in an exact repetition of its statement in the
exposition.
C. The coda of a sonata form movement rounds off the movement by repeating themes or developing them further.
D. A fast movement in sonata form is sometimes preceded by a slow introduction that creates a strong feeling of expectancy.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the structure of sonata (sonata-allegro) form
Topic: Sonata form

Feedback: In the recapitulation, the first theme, bridge, second theme, and concluding section are presented more or less as they
were in the exposition, with one crucial difference: all the principal material is now in the tonic key. In the exposition, the second
them is presented in a new key.

32. A transitional passage that leads to a contrasting section is called a ______.


A. coda
B. theme
C. bridge
D. motive
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the structure of sonata (sonata-allegro) form
Topic: Sonata form

Feedback: A bridge, or transition, leads to new, contrasting material, usually in the form of a second theme.

33. A modulation from the home key to a new key in the exposition of a sonata form movement takes place in the ______.

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A. coda
B. theme
C. bridge
D. motive
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the structure of sonata (sonata-allegro) form
Topic: Sonata form

Feedback: The bridge in the exposition section of a sonata movement is used to modulate from the first theme in the tonic key to
a second theme in a new key.

34. A feeling of harmonic tension and forward motion is created in the exposition of a sonata form movement by ______.
A. the conflict of tonalities between the first and second themes
B. the introduction of a new theme in the bridge
C. retaining the same tonality for both themes
D. changing the meter of the second theme
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the structure of sonata (sonata-allegro) form
Topic: Sonata form

Feedback: In the exposition, the modulation from the home key to a new key creates a feeling of harmonic tension and forward
motion.

35. Short musical ideas or fragments of themes that are developed within a composition are called ______.
A. codas
B. rides
C. melodies
D. motives
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the structure of sonata (sonata-allegro) form
Topic: Sonata form

Feedback: Motives are short musical ideas developed within a composition. A motive can sound very different depending on how
it is treated; it can be taken through changes of melody, rhythm, or dynamics.

36. The three main sections of a sonata-form movement are often followed by a concluding section known as the ______.
A. coda
B. theme
C. bridge
D. motive
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the structure of sonata (sonata-allegro) form
Topic: Sonata form

Feedback: A composer can give a sonata movement a powerful feeling of conclusion by following the recapitulation with a coda.
A coda rounds off a movement by repeating themes or developing them further. It always ends in the tonic key.

37. How should the sonata form be viewed as?


A. A rigid mold into which musical ideas are poured
B. Another term for the symphony
C. A set of principles that serve to shape and unify contrasts of theme and key
D. A set of variations on a theme
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the structure of sonata (sonata-allegro) form
Topic: Sonata form

Feedback: The sonata form is a flexible structure and set of principles that allow composers to shape material through contrasts of
themes and keys.
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38. Each successive variation in a theme with variations ______.
A. retains some elements of the theme
B. is usually in a new key
C. is usually in the same key
D. presents a new melodic idea
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the structure of a theme and variations movement
Topic: Theme and variations

Feedback: In a theme-and-variations form, each variation is usually about the same length as the theme. However, each variation
has its own identity, created through changes of melody, rhythm, harmony, accompaniment, dynamics, or tone color. The core
melody may appear in the bass, or it may be repeated in a minor key instead of a major key.

39. Theme-and-variations form may be schematically outlined as ______.


A. AABB
B. AA'A''A'''A''''
C. ABA
D. ABACADA
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the structure of a theme and variations movement
Topic: Theme and variations

Feedback: In a theme and variations, a basic musical idea—the theme—is repeated over and over and is changed each time. This
form may be outlined as theme (A)—variation 1 (A )— variation 2 (A )—variation 3 (A ), and so on.

40. Which of the following statements is not true?


A. Each variation in a theme-and-variations form is unique and may differ in mood from the theme.
B. The form called theme and variations is widely used in the classical period, either as an independent piece or as one movement
of a symphony, sonata, or string quartet.
C. The recapitulation section is an important way for a composer to develop variations in a theme-andvariations form.
D. In a theme-and-variations movement, a basic musical idea is repeated over and over and is changed each time.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the structure of a theme and variations movement
Topic: Theme and variations

Feedback: A theme and variations does not contain a recapitulation section; that appears only in sonata form.

41. Which of the following elements is usually not changed in varying the theme in theme-and-variations form?
A. Melody
B. Harmony
C. Length
D. Rhythm
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the structure of a theme and variations movement
Topic: Theme and variations

Feedback: Changes of melody, rhythm, harmony, accompaniment, dynamics, or tone color may be used to give a variation its
own identity, but the length of each variation is roughly the same.

42. The _________ movement of Haydn's Surprise Symphony is in theme-and-variations form.


A. first
B. second
C. third
D. fourth
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Learning Objective: Recall the biography of Franz Joseph Haydn
Topic: Franz Joseph Haydn

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Feedback: The second movement (andante) of Haydn’s Symphony No. 94 in G Major (Surprise Symphony) is a theme and
variations.

43. The minuet-and-trio movement of a classical symphony, string quartet, or other work, is in ____________ form.
A. ABA
B. AABB
C. AA'A''A'''A''''
D. ABACABA
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the structural pattern of a minuet and trio
Topic: Minuet and trio

Feedback: The minuet and trio is in ternary form (A B A): minuet (A), trio (B), minuet (A).

44. The movement of a symphony that is often patterned after a dance is the ______.
A. first
B. second
C. third
D. fourth
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the structural pattern of a minuet and trio
Topic: Minuet and trio

Feedback: The minuet and trio, or minuet, is often used as the third movement of classical symphonies, string quartets, and other
works. Like the movements of the baroque suite, the minuet originated as a dance. Sometimes, a scherzo was used instead of a
minuet.

45. The minuet first appeared around 1650 as a(n) ______.


A. instrumental composition for concert performance
B. prayer in Germany at the end of the Thirty Years War
C. dance at the court of Louis XIV of France
D. country dance in England
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the structural pattern of a minuet and trio
Topic: Minuet and trio

Feedback: The minuet first appeared at the court of Louis XIV of France around 1650 and was danced by aristocrats throughout
the eighteenth century.

46. The character of the minuet is best described as ______.


A. brisk and lively
B. quiet and relaxed
C. heavy and ponderous
D. stately and dignified
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the structural pattern of a minuet and trio
Topic: Minuet and trio

Feedback: The minuet was a stately, dignified dance in which the dancing couple exchanged curtsies and bows.

47. The minuet is in _______ meter.


A. duple
B. triple
C. quadruple
D. common
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember

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of McGraw-Hill Education.
Learning Objective: Know the structural pattern of a minuet and trio
Topic: Minuet and trio

Feedback: The minuet is a waltz-type dance, in triple meter.

48. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the minuet?


A. Triple meter
B. Moderate tempo
C. Quick, lively tempo
D. ABA form
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the structural pattern of a minuet and trio
Topic: Minuet and trio

Feedback: The minuet was written in ABA form, in triple meter, and at a moderate tempo. If the tempo was too quick or lively,
the audience would have difficulty dancing in a stately, dignified manner.

49. Which of the following statements is not true?


A. The minuet movement of a symphony or string quartet is almost always the last movement.
B. The character of the minuet is best described as brisk and lively.
C. In many of Beethoven's compositions, the third movement is not a minuet but a related form in triple meter called a scherzo.
D. The scherzo differs from the minuet in that it moves more quickly, generating energy, rhythmic drive, and rough humor.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the structural pattern of a minuet and trio
Topic: Minuet and trio

Feedback: The character of a minuet is stately and dignified, not brisk or lively (that description is more appropriate for a scherzo
or allegro movement).

50. In many of Beethoven's works, there is a _______ movement instead of the minuet.
A. presto
B. scherzo
C. fugato
D. ritornello
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the structural pattern of a minuet and trio
Topic: Ludwig van Beethoven
Topic: Minuet and trio

Feedback: In many of Beethoven’s compositions, the third movement is not a minuet but a related form called a scherzo. Like a
minuet, a scherzo is usually in ABA form and triple meter, but it moves more quickly, generating energy, rhythmic drive, and
rough humor. (Scherzo is Italian for joke.)

51. The scherzo differs from the minuet in that it ______.


A. moves more quickly
B. has a different form
C. has a different meter
D. All answers are correct.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the structural pattern of a minuet and trio
Topic: Minuet and trio

Feedback: Similar to a minuet, a scherzo is usually in A B A form and triple meter, but it moves more quickly, generating energy,
rhythmic drive, and rough humor.

52. A _____________ is a musical composition that is usually light in mood, and meant for evening entertainment.
A. minuet and trio
B. aubade
C. serenade

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D. rondo
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the important trends in European music from 1750 to 1820
Topic: Classical music

Feedback: A serenade is a work that’s usually light in mood, meant for evening entertainment.

53. The double bass in the classical orchestra, as in Mozart's Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, often does what?
A. Has a separate and distinct bass part
B. Doubles the cello part in the same register
C. Doubles the cello part an octave lower
D. Plays only accents on stressed beats
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the important trends in European music from 1750 to 1820
Topic: Classical music

Feedback: The double bass, in the context of an orchestra, often doubles the cello part an octave lower, to reinforce the
fundamental tones of the harmony.

54. When performers encounter the phrase, da capo, they ______.


A. play extremely quietly
B. look at the conductor
C. play the written part an octave higher
D. return to the beginning of the piece and repeat the music
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the important trends in European music from 1750 to 1820
Topic: Classical music

Feedback: Da capo means "from the beginning," indicating that the performer should return to the beginning of the piece and
repeat the music until further direction.

55. The rondo may be schematically outlined as _______.


A. ABACABA
B. AABB
C. ABBABC
D. ABA
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the structural pattern of a rondo
Topic: Rondo

Feedback: A rondo form establishes a main theme that returns often, alternating with contrasting sections. Common rondo
patterns are ABACA and ABACABA.

56. The main theme in a rondo movement is usually ______.


A. lively, pleasing, and simple to remember
B. stately and dignified
C. extremely fast
D. slow, grave, and mournful
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the structural pattern of a rondo
Topic: Rondo

Feedback: In a rondo, the main theme is usually lively, pleasing, and simple to remember, so that the listener can easily recognize
its return.

57. Which of the following is not true about the rondo?


A. Its use ended in the classical period.
B. The main theme is usually lively, pleasing, and simple to remember.
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C. It features alternating and contrasting sections.
D. It was often combined with elements of sonata form.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the structural pattern of a rondo
Topic: Rondo

Feedback: The popularity of the rondo did not end with the classical period. It was used by twentieth-century composers such as
Igor Stravinsky and Arnold Schoenberg.

58. The return of the main theme in rondo form is all the more welcome because it is usually ______.
A. in a contrasting key
B. in the tonic key
C. slow and dignified
D. in varied form
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the structural pattern of a rondo
Topic: Rondo

Feedback: The return of the main theme is usually stated in the tonic key, making it welcome after contrasting sections.

59. The sonata-rondo ______.


A. may be outlined as ABA-development section-ABA
B. combines rondo form with elements of sonata form
C. usually has a lively, pleasing, and simple to remember theme
D. All answers are correct.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the structural pattern of a rondo
Topic: Rondo

Feedback: A sonata-rondo combines elements of a rondo, such as a lively, pleasing, simple theme with those of a sonata, such as
a development section.

60. The main theme of the rondo does what?


A. Returns only once in the movement
B. Is usually slow and dignified
C. Seldom ends the movement
D. Is usually in the tonic key
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the structural pattern of a rondo
Topic: Rondo

Feedback: The main theme of a rondo, is usually in the tonic key, is lively, returns frequently throughout the movement, and
closes the movement.

61. Because of its character, the rondo most often serves as a ______.
A. slow movement
B. first movement
C. set of variations
D. finale
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the structural pattern of a rondo
Topic: Rondo

Feedback: A rondo often serves as a finale, because its liveliness, regularity, and buoyancy bring a happy sense of conclusion.

62. The rondo was used ______.


A. only in the classical symphony and quartet
B. only as an independent composition
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C. as late as the twentieth century
D. exclusively in the classical period
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the structural pattern of a rondo
Topic: Rondo

Feedback: The rondo was used either as an independent piece or as one movement of a symphony, string quartet, or sonata. Its
popularity lasted through to the twentieth century, used by composers such as Igor Stravinsky and Arnold Schoenberg.

63. Which of the following statements is not true?


A. A rondo movement features a tuneful main theme which returns several times in alternation with other themes.
B. The rondo as a musical form was not used in musical compositions after the classical period.
C. A common rondo pattern is ABACABA.
D. Rondo form is often combined with elements of sonata form to produce the sonata-rondo.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the structural pattern of a rondo
Topic: Rondo

Feedback: The popularity of the rondo did not end with the classical period. It was used by twentieth-century composers such as
Igor Stravinsky and Arnold Schoenberg.

64. What is a symphony?


A. A musical composition for orchestra, usually in four movements
B. A work typically lasting between 20 and 45 minutes
C. An extended, ambitious composition exploiting the expanded range of tone color and dynamics of the classical orchestra
D. All answers are correct.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the pattern of movements in a symphony of the classical era
Topic: Symphony

Feedback: A symphony is an extended, ambitious composition typically lasting between 20 and 45 minutes, exploiting the
expanded range of tone color and dynamics of the classical orchestra. A classical symphony usually consists of four movements
which evoke a wide range of emotions through contrasts of tempo and mood.

65. The usual order of movements in a classical symphony is ______.


A. fast, dance-related, slow, fast
B. fast, slow, dance-related, fast
C. fast, slow, fast, slow
D. slow, fast, slow, fast
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the pattern of movements in a symphony of the classical era
Topic: Symphony

Feedback: A typical sequence is (1) a vigorous, dramatic fast movement; (2) a lyrical slow movement; (3) a dancelike movement
(minuet or scherzo); and (4) a brilliant or heroic fast movement.

66. The first movement of a classical symphony is almost always fast, and in _____ form.
A. sonata
B. rondo
C. minuet
D. ABA
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the pattern of movements in a symphony of the classical era
Topic: Symphony

Feedback: Classical composers almost always wrote the first movement of a symphony is sonata form.

67. Which of the following is not true of the symphony?


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of McGraw-Hill Education.
A. It is a musical composition for orchestra, usually in four movements.
B. It is a sonata for orchestra.
C. It is an extended, ambitious composition exploiting the expanded range of the color and dynamics of the classical orchestra.
D. It is a musical composition for solo instrument and orchestra.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the pattern of movements in a symphony of the classical era
Topic: Symphony

Feedback: A symphony can be thought of as a sonata for orchestra. It is an extended, ambitious composition that is usually in
four movements. A composition for solo instrument and orchestra is known as a concerto.

68. The slow movement of a symphony is usually not ______.


A. the second movement
B. likely to feature broad, songlike melodies
C. in the tonic key
D. All answers are correct.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the pattern of movements in a symphony of the classical era
Topic: Symphony

Feedback: Unlike the other movements in the symphony, the slow movement is generally not in the tonic key.

69. Which of the following statements is not true?


A. In most classical symphonies, each movement is a self-contained composition with its own themes.
B. Beethoven's concluding movement of a symphony tends to be triumphant and heroic in character and sometimes is meant as
the climax of the whole symphony.
C. The opening movement of a classical symphony is almost always slow and in ABA form.
D. A classical symphony usually consists of four movements that evoke a wide range of emotions through contrasts of tempo and
mood.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the pattern of movements in a symphony of the classical era
Topic: Symphony

Feedback: The opening movement of a classical symphony is usually quick and lively and in sonata form.

70. The lyrical slow movement of a symphony is most often the ______.
A. first
B. second
C. third
D. fourth
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the pattern of movements in a symphony of the classical era
Topic: Symphony

Feedback: The slow movement of a symphony is most often the second.

71. The slow movement of a classical symphony ______.


A. is usually in theme and variations form
B. is generally not in the tonic key
C. tends to be more heroic and triumphant in character
D. All answers are correct.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the pattern of movements in a symphony of the classical era
Topic: Symphony

Feedback: The second movement of a symphony is mostly used to provide contrast and is rarely in the tonic key. It is generally
slow and can be in a variety of forms, such as sonata, rondo, or theme and variations.

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72. The last movement of a classical symphony ______.
A. is most often in sonata or sonata-rondo form
B. is usually fast, lively, and brilliant, but somewhat lighter in mood than the opening movement
C. is always in the tonic key of the symphony
D. All answers are correct.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the pattern of movements in a symphony of the classical era
Topic: Symphony

Feedback: The fourth, concluding movement of a classical symphony is usually fast, lively, and brilliant. It is always in the tonic
key and in sonata or sonata-rondo form.

73. One way that unity is often achieved in the classical symphony is by the use of the same ______.
A. key in three of its four movements
B. theme in each of its four movements
C. key in all four movements
D. rhythm in all four movements
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the pattern of movements in a symphony of the classical era
Topic: Symphony

Feedback: In most classical symphonies, each movement is a self-contained composition with its own set of themes. A theme in
one movement will only rarely reappear in a later movement. But a symphony is unified partly by the use of the same key in
three of its movements.

74. A classical concerto usually lasts around _______.


A. 5 minutes
B. 20 to 45 minutes
C. an hour
D. 10 to 20 minutes
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the movements and characteristics of a concerto of the classical era
Topic: Concerto

Feedback: Like symphonies, concertos can last anywhere from twenty minutes to forty-five minutes.

75. A classical concerto is a three-movement work for ______.


A. instrumental soloist and orchestra
B. symphonic orchestra
C. instrumental soloist and piano
D. vocal soloist and orchestra
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the movements and characteristics of a concerto of the classical era
Topic: Concerto

Feedback: A classical concerto is a three-movement work for an instrumental soloist and orchestra. It combines the soloist’s
virtuosity and interpretive abilities with the orchestra’s wide range of tone color and dynamics.

76. Which of the following statements is not true?


A. A classical concerto combines the virtuosity and interpretive abilities of a soloist with the wide range of tone color and
dynamics of the orchestra.
B. Cadenzas in a classical concerto were indicated in the score by a fermata, and the soloist was expected to improvise, there
being no music in the score at that point.
C. A typical sequence of movements in a classical concerto is fast, slow, dance-related, fast.
D. The first movement of a classical concerto is in sonata form, but has two expositions, one for the orchestra and one for the
soloist.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand

5-16
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of McGraw-Hill Education.
Learning Objective: Know the movements and characteristics of a concerto of the classical era
Topic: Concerto

Feedback: In contrast to a symphony’s four movements, a classical concerto has three: (1) fast, (2) slow, and (3) fast. A concerto
has no dance-related movement.

77. The favored solo instrument in the classical concerto was the ______.
A. harpsichord
B. cello
C. piano
D. clarinet
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the movements and characteristics of a concerto of the classical era
Topic: Concerto

Feedback: Although classical concertos featured different solo instruments (violin, cello, horn, trumpet, clarinet, and bassoon) the
piano was the most favored and featured instrumental soloist.

78. What is the essence of a classical concerto?


A. Development of a single theme over the course of the work
B. Dance-related third movement
C. Use of fugal techniques
D. Interplay between a soloist and the orchestra
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the movements and characteristics of a concerto of the classical era
Topic: Concerto

Feedback: The main purpose of a concerto is to display the interplay, or dialogue, between a soloist and the orchestra.

79. A typical sequence of movements in a classical concerto is ______.


A. fast, slow, fast
B. slow, fast, slow
C. fast, dance-related, fast
D. fast, slow, dance-related, fast
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the movements and characteristics of a concerto of the classical era
Topic: Concerto

Feedback: A classical concerto is typically in three movements: fast, slow, fast.

80. The first movement of a classical concerto ______.


A. is in the same form as a classical symphony
B. has two expositions
C. is usually a long cadenza
D. does not have a development section
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the movements and characteristics of a concerto of the classical era
Topic: Concerto

Feedback: A classical concerto begins with a movement in sonata form, containing two expositions. The first is played by the
orchestra, which presents several themes in the home key. The second exposition begins with the soloist’s first notes.

81. The classical concerto differs from the symphony in that it does not have a ___________ movement.
A. sonata form
B. slow
C. minuet or scherzo
D. rondo finale
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand

5-17
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of McGraw-Hill Education.
Learning Objective: Know the movements and characteristics of a concerto of the classical era
Topic: Concerto

Feedback: A classical concerto has no dance-related movement, such as a minuet or scherzo.

82. A classical concerto greatly relies on a soloist's ______.


A. education
B. independence
C. virtuosity
D. ability to conduct
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the movements and characteristics of a concerto of the classical era
Topic: Concerto

Feedback: Concertos have many sections that require a soloist to have a certain level of virtuosity; they are often showpieces for
a soloist, especially the cadenza section.

83. A brilliant solo section in a concerto designed to display the performer's virtuosity is called ______.
A. a cadenza
B. a fermata
C. a pause
D. da capo
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the movements and characteristics of a concerto of the classical era
Topic: Concerto

Feedback: In the first movement and sometimes in the last movement, there is a special unaccompanied showpiece for the soloist,
the cadenza (Italian for cadence).

84. A pause in the score of a concerto, preceding a cadenza, is indicated by a ______.


A. signal from the soloist
B. signal from the concertmaster
C. signal from the conductor
D. fermata
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the movements and characteristics of a concerto of the classical era
Topic: Concerto

Feedback: The pause before a cadenza is indicated in the score by a fermata, which is placed over a suspenseful chord. The
suspense leads into the entry of the soloist’s cadenza.

85. Classical chamber music is designed ______.


A. to display the virtuosity of the players
B. for the intimate setting of a small room
C. exclusively for performance by paid professional musicians
D. to be conducted by experienced orchestral directors
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the characteristics of classical chamber music
Topic: Chamber music

Feedback: Classical chamber music is designed for the intimate setting of a room (chamber) in a home or palace, rather than for a
public concert hall. Chamber music was often written for nonprofessional musicians of the aristocracy or middle class.

86. The most important form of classical chamber music is the ______.
A. piano trio
B. string quintet
C. string quartet
D. violin and piano sonata

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Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the characteristics of classical chamber music
Topic: Chamber music

Feedback: The most important form in classical chamber music is the string quartet, written for two violins, a viola, and a cello.
Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven wrote some of their most important music in this form.

87. A major factor that distinguishes chamber music from the symphony or concerto is that chamber music ______.
A. does not use sonata form
B. is performed in concert halls
C. does not have difficult parts
D. is performed by one player per part
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the characteristics of classical chamber music
Topic: Chamber music

Feedback: Chamber music is performed by a small group of two to nine musicians, with one player to a part.

88. The string quartet ______.


A. usually consists of four movements
B. is the most important form in classical chamber music
C. is written for two violins, viola, and cello
D. All answers are correct.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the characteristics of classical chamber music
Topic: Chamber music

Feedback: The string quartet is the most important form in classical chamber music. It is written for two violins, a viola, and a
cello and usually consists of four movements.

89. The classical string quartet is a musical composition for ______.


A. violin, viola, cello, and bass
B. two violins, viola, and cello
C. violin, guitar, viola, and cello
D. All answers are correct.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the characteristics of classical chamber music
Topic: Chamber music

Feedback: The instrumentation for a string quartet is: two violins, viola, and cello. This provides the most flexibility and range
for musical ideas.

90. Which of the following statements is not true?


A. Classical chamber music does not need a conductor.
B. The piano trio is a musical composition for three pianos.
C. Chamber music is subtle and intimate, intended to please the performer as much as the listener.
D. String quartet is the most important form of chamber music.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the characteristics of classical chamber music
Topic: Chamber music

Feedback: The piano trio is a chamber piece written for violin, cello, and piano.

91. The usual order of movements in a classical string quartet is ______.


A. fast, slow, minuet or scherzo, fast
B. fast, slow, fast, slow
C. slow, fast, slow, fast
D. fast, rondo, fast

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Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the characteristics of classical chamber music
Topic: Chamber music

Feedback: A string quartet is similar to a symphony in the way its four movements unfold: (1) fast, (2) slow, (3) minuet or
scherzo, (4) fast.

92. The piano trio is a musical composition for ______.


A. three pianos
B. violin, piano, and continuo
C. violin, cello, and piano
D. piano and two violins
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the characteristics of classical chamber music
Topic: Chamber music

Feedback: The piano trio was written for violin, cello, and piano.

93. Haydn was fortunate in having a long and fruitful, as well as financially stable, relationship with the noble Hungarian family
of ______.
A. Esterházy
B. Stefanházy
C. Liszt
D. Kadar
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Recall the biography of Franz Joseph Haydn
Topic: Franz Joseph Haydn

Feedback: For almost thirty years, Haydn composed most of his music for performance in the palaces of the Esterházys, the
family who employed him.

94. Which of the following was not one of Haydn's duties while in the service of the Esterházys?
A. Composing all the music requested by his patron
B. Conducting the orchestra
C. Coaching the singers for operatic performances
D. Writing a cantata each week for Sunday services.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Recall the biography of Franz Joseph Haydn
Topic: Franz Joseph Haydn

Feedback: Although Haydn's duties for the Esterházys included composing all the music requested by his patron, conducting the
orchestra, coaching singers, and overseeing the instruments and the music library, it did not include writing cantatas for church
services every Sunday.

95. Haydn's contract of employment shows that he was considered ______.


A. a skilled servant
B. a freelance musician
C. a visiting guest composer
D. an equal by his employer
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Recall the biography of Franz Joseph Haydn
Topic: Franz Joseph Haydn

Feedback: Although greatly respected and admired, Haydn was still subservient to his employers; he was a highly-skilled servant.

96. Although Haydn spent most of his time in Hungary, he often traveled to ________, where his music was performed often and
greatly admired.
A. Paris

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of McGraw-Hill Education.
B. Venice
C. Florence
D. London
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize the musical works of Franz Joseph Haydn
Topic: Franz Joseph Haydn

Feedback: Haydn traveled frequently to London, which welcomed him with open arms. His works were performed often there
and he became a celebrity there.

97. Haydn's two popular oratorios are entitled The Seasons and ______.
A. The Creation
B. The Magic Flute
C. Judas Maccabaeus
D. Elijah
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize the musical works of Franz Joseph Haydn
Topic: Franz Joseph Haydn

Feedback: In his late sixties, Haydn composed two oratorios, The Creation (1798) and The Seasons (1801). They were so popular
that choruses and orchestras were formed for the sole purpose of performing them.

98. Haydn was a prolific composer, as demonstrated in part by his 68 string quartets and 104 ______.
A. operas
B. serenades
C. songs
D. symphonies
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize the musical works of Franz Joseph Haydn
Topic: Franz Joseph Haydn

Feedback: Haydn, a master of the symphony, wrote 104 of them.

99. Which of the following is not a characteristic of Haydn's music?


A. The music is robust and direct, radiating a healthy optimism.
B. The minuets often romp and stomp rather than bow and curtsy.
C. It is mostly static, showing few changes in texture and orchestration.
D. Many works have a folk flavor, due to the use of actual peasant tunes and original melodies in folklike style.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Summarize the musical works of Franz Joseph Haydn
Topic: Franz Joseph Haydn

Feedback: Haydn’s music, like his personality, is robust and direct; it radiates a healthy optimism. Much of it has a folk flavor
(due to his use of actual folk melodies) and has great contrasts in texture, dynamics, and orchestration.

100. Along with his symphonies, Haydn's ___________ are considered his most important works.
A. operas
B. string quartets
C. baryton trios
D. serenades
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize the musical works of Franz Joseph Haydn
Topic: Franz Joseph Haydn

Feedback: Haydn's sixty-eight string quartets are among the most important of his vast output. He was a pioneer of the form
(some scholars believe that Haydn actually invented it).

101. Mozart was born in ______.


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of McGraw-Hill Education.
A. Salzburg, Austria
B. Eisenach, Germany
C. Bonn, Germany
D. Rohrau, Austria
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Recall the biography of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Topic: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Feedback: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791), was born in Salzburg, Austria.

102. By the age of six, Mozart could ______.


A. play the harpsichord and violin
B. improvise fugues and write minuets
C. read music perfectly at sight
D. All answers are correct.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Recall the biography of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Topic: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Feedback: A child prodigy, by the time Mozart was six, he could play the harpsichord and violin, improvise fugues, write
minuets, and read music perfectly at first sight.

103. Which of the following statements is not true?


A. Mozart wrote masterpieces in all the musical forms of his time.
B. Between the ages of six and fifteen, Mozart was continually on tour in England and Europe.
C. In his later years, Mozart was financially well off, widely acclaimed, and sought after by an adoring public.
D. Mozart's trips to Italy enabled him to study and master the current operatic style.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Recall the biography of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Topic: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Feedback: As celebrated as Mozart was in his early life, his later years were a struggle and he died heavily in debt at only thirty-
six.

104. Between the ages of six and fifteen, Mozart ______.


A. received an excellent formal education in Salzburg
B. went to Vienna to study with Haydn
C. was continually on tour in England and Europe
D. played in the archbishop's orchestra in Salzburg
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Recall the biography of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Topic: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Feedback: As a child prodigy, Mozart was warmly welcomed all around Europe. Between the ages of six and fifteen he was
continually on tour. He played for Empress Maria Theresa in Vienna, Louis XV at Versailles, George III in London, and
innumerable aristocrats along the way. On his trips to Italy he was able to master the current operatic style, which he later put to
superb use.

105. Mozart tried to find fame and fortune by moving to _________, at the age of twenty-five.
A. Vienna
B. Salzburg
C. London
D. Paris
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Recall the biography of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Topic: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

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of McGraw-Hill Education.
Feedback: When he was twenty-five, Mozart left provincial Salzburg and traveled to Vienna, intending to achieve success as a
freelance musician.

106. Mozart composed his Requiem ______.


A. for his own funeral
B. as an exercise for his composition teacher
C. on commission from a stranger
D. to help his pupil Süssmayr
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize the musical works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Topic: Requiem
Topic: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Feedback: While working on his opera, Die Zauberflöte (The Magic Flute), Mozart was visited by a stranger who carried an
anonymous letter commissioning a requiem, a mass for the dead.

107. Mozart's Requiem was ______.


A. composed by a nobleman using Mozart's name
B. a high point in his career
C. an early work
D. finished by one of his pupils
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize the musical works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Topic: Requiem
Topic: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Feedback: Mozart died before finishing his Requiem. Afterwards, it was completed by his friend and pupil Franz Süssmayer.

108. Which of the following is not one of Mozart's three masterpieces of Italian opera?
A. Così fan tutte
B. The Marriage of Figaro
C. Orfeo
D. Don Giovanni
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize the musical works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Topic: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Feedback: All of the above were Mozart operas, except for Orfeo, which was written by Claudio Monteverdi.

109. Why did Mozart's music fall out of favor with Vienna audiences towards the end of this life?
A. The Viennese thought that it was too complicated and contained too many dissonances.
B. The nobility prohibited performances of his music because of his politics.
C. Many people thought that his music was old-fashioned.
D. The Viennese were very musically intelligent and thought Mozart's music was not well crafted.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Summarize the musical works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Topic: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Feedback: Mozart wrote music that was very complex and, as a result, many average listeners found it hard to follow and too
demanding. They also thought that he used too many dissonances, giving his music a dark quality.

110. Don Giovanni, in Mozart's opera of that name, is _____.


A. a despotic Italian nobleman
B. the legendary Spanish lover
C. Sir John Falstaff
D. the servant to Leporello
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize the musical works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

5-23
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent
of McGraw-Hill Education.
Topic: Opera
Topic: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Feedback: Don Giovanni is based on the tales of Don Juan, the legendary Spanish lover.

111. Mozart's Symphony No. 40 ______.


A. is in G major
B. has only three movements
C. featured an emotional intensity uncommon for the time
D. All answers are correct.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Summarize the musical works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Topic: Symphony
Topic: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Feedback: Mozart's Symphony No. 40 was in G minor and consisted of four movements, typical of a classical symphony.
Unusual for its time, the work was full of passion and intense emotional energy, foreshadowing the coming Romantic period.

112. The Third Symphony of Beethoven was originally composed to commemorate the deeds of _________ as the embodiment
of heroism and democratic ideals.
A. George Washington
B. Napoleon Bonaparte
C. the Marquis de Lafayette
D. the Duke of Wellington
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize the musical works of Ludwig van Beethoven
Topic: Ludwig van Beethoven
Topic: Symphony

Feedback: In 1803 Beethoven composed the gigantic Third Symphony, the Eroica, in honor of Napoleon. When he learned,
however, that Napoleon had proclaimed himself emperor of the French, Beethoven crossed out the dedication and later wrote on
the title page “Heroic Symphony composed to celebrate the memory of a great man.”

113. Beethoven ______.


A. was a brilliant pianist
B. was self-educated and had read widely, but was weak in elementary arithmetic
C. began to feel the first symptoms of deafness in his twenty-ninth year
D. All answers are correct.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Recall the biography of Ludwig van Beethoven
Topic: Ludwig van Beethoven

Feedback: Beethoven was a brilliant and virtuosic pianist, earning him much acclaim. Although self-educated, he was
intellectual, curious and read widely (although was poor in mathematics). Tragically, he began to grow deaf when he was only
twenty-nine years old.

114. Which of the following statements is not true?


A. The finale of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony is based on Schiller's poem about human brotherhood, Ode to Joy.
B. Beethoven opened new realms of musical expression that profoundly influenced composers throughout the nineteenth century.
C. Like Haydn and many other composers of the classical period, Beethoven depended on the aristocracy for his financial well-
being.
D. In the finale of his Ninth Symphony, Beethoven took the unprecedented step of using a chorus and four solo vocalists.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Recall the biography of Ludwig van Beethoven
Topic: Ludwig van Beethoven

Feedback: Beethoven was a pioneer and innovator in music, as well as in business. Unlike many of his predecessors and even
contemporaries, Beethoven made his living independently of aristocratic support, solely through freelance means.

5-24
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent
of McGraw-Hill Education.
115. We have a record of Beethoven's struggle with his musical material because he did what?
A. Described his struggles in letters to friends
B. Showed his workflow in musical sketchbooks
C. Told his troubles to his biographer
D. Kept a diary
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Recall the biography of Ludwig van Beethoven
Topic: Ludwig van Beethoven

Feedback: Beethoven struggled greatly with his compositions. He carried music sketchbooks everywhere, jotting down new
ideas, revising and refining old ones. The final versions of his works were often hammered out through great labor.

116. Beethoven's late works, composed after he was totally deaf, include ______.
A. Missa solemnis
B. String quartets
C. The Ninth Symphony
D. All answers are correct.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize the musical works of Ludwig van Beethoven
Topic: Ludwig van Beethoven

Feedback: Despite his deafness, Beethoven had a creative outburst after 1818 that produced some of his greatest works: the late
piano sonatas and string quartets, the Missa solemnis, and the Ninth Symphony.

117. What following technique did Beethoven use more extensively in his late works?
A. Fugal counterpoint
B. Monophony
C. Operatic form
D. Basso continuo
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize the musical works of Ludwig van Beethoven
Topic: Ludwig van Beethoven

Feedback: During his later works, Beethoven often used the fugue to express new musical concepts.

118. Beethoven's sixteen __________ are generally considered among the greatest music ever composed.
A. piano concertos
B. string quartets
C. piano sonatas
D. symphonies
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize the musical works of Ludwig van Beethoven
Topic: Ludwig van Beethoven

Feedback: The sixteen string quartets are considered to be among the greatest music composed, containing an incredible marriage
of technique and inspired creativity.

119. Beethoven is often credited as being ______.


A. the pioneer of light classical music
B. the bridge between the classical and romantic periods
C. the inventor of the symphony
D. the first musician to incorporate folk tunes into serious compositions
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Recall the biography of Ludwig van Beethoven
Topic: Ludwig van Beethoven

Feedback: Beethoven's music, especially his later pieces, combined classical structures and form with the emotional intensity that
would become the hallmark of romantic music. He is therefore often thought of as the bridge between the two styles.
5-25
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent
of McGraw-Hill Education.
120. Beethoven's only opera is entitled ______.
A. The Magic Flute
B. Madame Butterfly
C. Don Giovanni
D. Fidelio
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize the musical works of Ludwig van Beethoven
Topic: Ludwig van Beethoven
Topic: Opera

Feedback: Beethoven only wrote one opera, Fidelio.

121. The opening motive of Beethoven's Symphony No. 5 has a ____________ rhythm.
A. short-long-short
B. short-short-short-long
C. long-long-short
D. short-short-long
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Summarize the musical works of Ludwig van Beethoven
Topic: Ludwig van Beethoven
Topic: Symphony

Feedback: The Fifth Symphony opens with one of the most famous rhythmic ideas in all music, a short-short-short-long motive.
Beethoven reportedly explained this four-note motive as “fate knocking at the door.”

122. Beethoven, in comparison with earlier composers, was far more extensive and explicit in marking __________ in his scores.
A. dynamics
B. expressive indications
C. tempos
D. all of these
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Summarize the musical works of Ludwig van Beethoven
Topic: Ludwig van Beethoven

Feedback: Beethoven was one of the first composers to explicitly mark his intentions in the score. Tempo, dynamic, and
expressive indications are marked far more extensively in his scores than in those of earlier composers. Directions such as,
“Somewhat lively and with deepest feeling,” would never have appeared previously.

123. Beethoven greatly expanded the _____________ section of the sonata-form movement and made it more dramatic.
A. introduction
B. exposition
C. development
D. recapitulation
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Summarize the musical works of Ludwig van Beethoven
Topic: Ludwig van Beethoven
Topic: Sonata form

Feedback: Always the innovator, Beethoven greatly expanded a sonata's development section, making it even more dramatic. It
often contains a powerful crescendo that leads to a climactic return of the first theme at the start of the recapitulation.

Category # of Questions
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 123
Bloom's: Apply 1
Bloom's: Remember 79
Bloom's: Understand 43
Learning Objective: Describe the major forms of instrumental music in the classical era 1
Learning Objective: Evaluate the importance of Vienna in the musical life of the classical era 2

5-26
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent
of McGraw-Hill Education.
Learning Objective: Know the characteristics of classical chamber music 8
Learning Objective: Know the important trends in European music from 1750 to 1820 11
Learning Objective: Know the movements and characteristics of a concerto of the classical era 11
Learning Objective: Know the pattern of movements in a symphony of the classical era 10
Learning Objective: Know the structural pattern of a minuet and trio 9
Learning Objective: Know the structural pattern of a rondo 9
Learning Objective: Know the structure of a theme and variations movement 4
Learning Objective: Know the structure of sonata (sonata-allegro) form 13
Learning Objective: List the instruments of the orchestra in the classical era 2
Learning Objective: Recall the biography of Franz Joseph Haydn 6
Learning Objective: Recall the biography of Ludwig van Beethoven 4
Learning Objective: Recall the biography of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 5
Learning Objective: Summarize European culture in the classical era 9
Learning Objective: Summarize the musical works of Franz Joseph Haydn 5
Learning Objective: Summarize the musical works of Ludwig van Beethoven 8
Learning Objective: Summarize the musical works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 6
Topic: Chamber music 8
Topic: Classical music 15
Topic: Classicism 4
Topic: Concerto 11
Topic: Dynamics 1
Topic: Franz Joseph Haydn 13
Topic: Instrument families 1
Topic: Ludwig van Beethoven 15
Topic: Minuet and trio 9
Topic: Opera 2
Topic: Requiem 2
Topic: Rondo 9
Topic: Sonata form 14
Topic: Symphony 14
Topic: Texture 1
Topic: Theme and variations 4
Topic: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 13

5-27
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent
of McGraw-Hill Education.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Non sono certo «La guerra delle classi» e «Il tallone di ferro» le
opere più interessanti del London, dal punto di vista dell’arte, ma
esse aiutano, meglio di tutte le altre, a capire l’anima dell’eterno
vagabondo e le crisi ch’egli patì, al punto di abbandonare gli uomini
per gli animali, e a rappresentarli con così tremendo realismo.
Questi libri di Jack London, come quelli di Upton Sinclair, di
Giuseppe Conrad, di Bernardo Combette, di H. G. Wells e di Israele
Zangwill, appartengono ad una letteratura d’eccezione, sono i libri di
una generazione tormentata, che ha vissuto la grande tragedia degli
uomini oppressi e schiacciati dall’attuale ordinamento — o disordine
— economico che ci condusse alla guerra mondiale.
Tuttavia, essi non scrivono per odio di classe, ma per indomabile
amore di questa travagliata Umanità che vorrebbero vedere libera da
tanti mali e da tante ingiustizie, riunita in una sola famiglia laboriosa,
generosa, tollerante, concorde!
GIAN DÀULI.
Rapallo, aprile 1924.
CAPITOLO I.
VERSO LA VITA PRIMITIVA.

I desiderî nòmadi ed atàvici


Squassano la catena sociale;
Nuovamente, dal suo sonno letàrgico,
Si risveglia la bestia primordiale.

Buck non leggeva i giornali; altrimenti avrebbe saputo che


maturavano guai, non soltanto per lui, ma per tutti i cani da guardia
dai muscoli forti e dal pelo lungo e soffice; da Puget Sound a San
Diego. Perchè uomini brancolanti nelle tenebre artiche avevano
trovato un metallo giallo, e perchè compagnie di navigazione e di
trasporti, propagavano con gran rumore la scoperta, migliaia di
uomini si precipitavano in Northland, la terra del Nord. Questi uomini
avevano bisogno di cani, e occorrevano cani grossi, dai muscoli
robusti, con i quali faticare e dal pelo lanoso per proteggerli dal gelo.
Buck abitava in una grande casa della soleggiata Valle di Santa
Clara. La chiamavano la tenuta del Giudice Miller, ed era lontana
dalla strada, mezza nascosta dagli alberi, attraverso ai quali poteva
scorgersi la fresca veranda che si stendeva intorno ai quattro lati. Si
giungeva colà per viali cosparsi di ghiaia minuta; viali che
serpeggiavano per prati ben tenuti e sotto i rami intrecciati d’alti
pioppi. Dietro, le cose erano s’una scala ancor più spaziosa che sul
davanti. V’erano ampie scuderie con una dozzina di staffieri e
ragazzi, file di casette inghirlandate di viti, per la servitù, e uno
spiegamento ordinato, senza fine, di rimesse e tettoie, di pergolati
lunghi, di pascoli verdi di frutteti e cespugli di more. Vi erano poi le
macchine per il pozzo artesiano e la grande vasca di cemento dove i
figli del giudice Miller si tuffavano ogni mattina e si rinfrescavano nei
pomeriggi caldi.
E sopra questo grande dominio, Buck regnava. Là, esso era nato e
là, aveva trascorso i quattro anni della sua vita. Esistevano, è vero,
altri cani: non era possibile, infatti, che non vi fossero altri cani in una
tenuta così vasta; ma essi non contavano. Venivano e andavano,
risiedevano nei popolosi canili o vivevano oscuramente nei recessi
della casa, secondo il costume di Toots, il botolo giapponese, o di
Isabella, la messicana senza pelo — strane creature che raramente
mettevano il naso fuori di casa o i piedi a terra. Poi v’erano i fox-
terriers, almeno una ventina, che latravano in atto di spaventosa
minaccia contro Toots e Isabella, che li guardavano dalle finestre,
protetti da una legione di cameriere annate di scope e scopette.
Ma Buck non era nè cane da casa nè cane da canile: era padrone di
tutto il reame. Si tuffava con i figli del giudice nella vasca o andava
con loro a caccia; scortava Mollie e Alice, le figlie del giudice, in
lunghe passeggiate, al tramonto o al mattino, per tempo; nelle sere
invernali si stendeva ai piedi del giudice, davanti al gran fuoco
avvampante della libreria; portava sulla schiena i nipotini del giudice
o li rotolava sull’erba, e vigilava i loro passi attraverso straordinarie
avventure sino alla fontana nel cortile della scuderia, e persino più
lontano, dov’erano i recinti dei cavalli e i cespugli di more. Tra i
terriers camminava maestosamente: e pareva che Tools e Isabella
non esistessero, agli occhi suoi, chè egli era re — re di tutti gli esseri
striscianti, camminanti o volanti della tenuta del giudice Miller,
compresi gli umani.
Suo padre, Elmo, un enorme Sambernardo, era stato il compagno
inseparabile del giudice, e Buck prometteva di seguire in tutto e per
tutto la carriera del padre. Non era tanto grosso — pesava soltanto
sessantatrè chili — perchè sua madre, Step, era una cagna da
pastori, scozzese. Tuttavia, sessantatrè chili, ai quali andava
aggiunta la dignità che viene dal viver bene e dal rispetto universale,
gli davano la possibilità di assumere una perfetta aria regale.
Durante quattr’anni, dacchè era cucciolo, aveva vissuto una vita da
sazio aristocratico; era orgoglioso di sè, sempre un po’ egoistico,
come divengono talvolta i signori di campagna, a causa del loro
isolamento. Ma s’era salvato dal pericolo di divenire un semplice
cane di casa viziato. La caccia e simili divertimenti all’aria aperta
avevano impedito il grasso e induriti i suoi muscoli; e, per lui, come
per tutte le razze dal bagno freddo alla mattina, l’amore dell’acqua
era stato un tonico e un conservatore della salute.
Questa razza di cane era Buck, alla fine del 1897, quando la
scoperta di un giacimento aurifero a Klondike attirava uomini da tutte
le parti del mondo nel gelato Nord. Ma Buck non leggeva i giornali, e
non sapeva che Manuele, aiuto-giardiniere, era uomo non
desiderabile. Manuele aveva una passione prepotente; adorava il
gioco alla lotteria cinese. Inoltre, nella sua passione pel giuoco,
aveva una debolezza dominante, la fede in un sistema; il che
rendeva sicura la sua dannazione. Giacchè, per giocare secondo un
sistema occorre danaro, mentre il salario di un aiuto-giardiniere
basta appena a soddisfare i bisogni di una moglie e di una numerosa
progenie.
Nella memorabile notte del tradimento di Manuele, il giudice
partecipava ad una riunione dell’Associazione dei Viticultori, e i
ragazzi erano affaccendati ad organizzare un club atletico. Nessuno
lo vide, e Buck se ne andò attraverso il frutteto a fare quella che
credeva una semplice passeggiata. E nessuno, tranne un solo
uomo, li vide arrivare alla fermata facoltativa di College Park.
Quest’uomo parlò con Manuele; del danaro passò fra loro.
— Dovreste almeno avvolgere la merce prima di consegnarla, —
osservò rudemente lo sconosciuto, e Manuele passò una grossa
corda, doppia, intorno al collo di Buck, sotto al collare.
— Non avrete che a torcerla per strangolarlo, quando vorrete, —
disse Manuele, e lo sconosciuto brontolò affermativamente.
Buck aveva accettato la corda con tranquilla dignità. Certamente,
non era cosa gradevole; ma aveva imparato ad avere fiducia negli
uomini che conosceva e a riconoscere loro una saggezza superiore
alla sua.
Senonchè, quando i capi della corda passarono nelle mani dello
sconosciuto, egli ringhiò minacciosamente. Aveva soltanto espresso
il suo scontento, credendo, nel suo orgoglio, che esprimere
significasse comandare. Ma, con sua grande sorpresa, la corda si
strinse intorno al suo collo, togliendogli il respiro. In un impeto di
rabbia, si lanciò sull’uomo, il quale, però, lo fermò a mezzo, l’afferrò
per la gola, e con abile giro di mano se lo gettò sulla schiena. Allora
la corda si strinse senza pietà, mentre Buck si dibatteva furibondo,
con la lingua a penzoloni dalla bocca e il largo petto ansante, invano.
Mai in tutta la sua vita, egli era stato trattato così vilmente, e mai, in
vita sua, era stato così arrabbiato. Ma la forza gli venne meno, gli si
offuscarono gli occhi e perse la conoscenza, quando arrivò il treno e
i due uomini lo gettarono nel bagagliaio.
Ritornato in sè, si rese confusamente conto che gli faceva male la
gola e che veniva trasportato in una specie di convoglio che lo
faceva trabalzare. Il rauco strido di un fischio di locomotiva ad un
passaggio a livello gli fece capire dov’era, avendo viaggiato troppo
spesso col giudice per non conoscere la sensazione del viaggiare in
un bagagliaio. Aprì gli occhi, nei quali fiammeggiò l’irrefrenabile
collera di un re rapito. L’uomo si lanciò per afferrarlo alla gola, ma
Buck, ch’era sin troppo agile per lui, gli addentò una mano e non la
lasciò andare fino a che non gli fecero perdere i sensi un’altra volta.
— Sì, soffre di spasimi, — fece l’uomo, nascondendo la mano
morsicata al bagagliere accorso al rumore della colluttazione. — Lo
conduco, per incarico del mio padrone, a San Francisco, dov’è un
medico per i cani, molto celebre, che lo curerà.
Circa quel viaggio notturno, l’uomo parlò nella maniera più
eloquente, a proprio vantaggio, in un piccolo ricovero dietro una
taverna, sul molo di San Francisco.
— Non prendo altro che cinquanta, — borbottò, — e non rifarei il
viaggio neppure se me ne dessero mille in contanti sonanti.
Aveva la mano avvolta in un fazzoletto insanguinato, e un calzone
stracciato, sulla gamba destra, dal ginocchio alla caviglia.
— Quanto ha preso l’altro? — chiese il padrone della taverna.
— Cento, — fu la risposta. — Non volle neppure un soldo di meno,
che il diavolo mi porti.
— Sono centocinquanta, — calcolò il taverniere, — e li vale, se non
sono un idiota.
Il rapitore sciolse la benda insanguinata e si guardò la mano
morsicata.
— Se non divento idrofobo...
— Sarà perchè sei nato per essere impiccato. — disse il taverniere,
ridendo. — Su, dammi una mano prima di prendere i soldi, —
aggiunse.
Stordito, con un dolore intollerabile alla gola e alla lingua, mezzo
strangolato, Buck tentò di tener testa ai suoi aguzzini. Ma fu gettato
per terra e ripetutamente preso per la gola, fino a che riuscirono a
limare e a togliergli dal collo il pesante collare d’ottone. Allora gli
sciolsero la corda e lo lanciarono in una specie di gabbia.
Là rimase per il resto della penosa notte a covar rabbia ed orgoglio
ferito. Non poteva capire che significasse tutto ciò. Che cosa
volevano da lui, quegli strani uomini? Perchè lo tenevano chiuso in
quella angusta gabbia? Egli non ne sapeva la ragione, ma si sentiva
oppresso da un vago senso di sciagura imminente. Parecchie volte,
durante la notte, balzò in piedi, allorchè la porta della rimessa si
spalancava rumorosamente, attendendosi di rivedere il giudice o
almeno i ragazzi. Ma ogni volta era la faccia gonfia del taverniere
che veniva a spiarlo alla luce di una candela di sego; e allora
l’abbaiare gioioso che tremava nella gola di Buck si mutava in un
ringhiare feroce.
Ma il taverniere lo lasciò stare; al mattino, entrarono quattro uomini e
presero su la gabbia. Altri tormentatori, pensò Buck, giacchè erano
brutti ceffi, stracciati e sporchi; ed egli s’agitò e ringhiò contro di loro
attraverso le sbarre. Essi ridevano e lo punzecchiavano con dei
bastoni, che egli prontamente afferrava coi denti fino a quando si
rese conto di far, così, piacere a quella gente. Allora s’accucciò
tristemente, e lasciò che la gabbia fosse sollevata s’un carro. Da
quel momento egli, e la gabbia in cui era prigioniero, incominciarono
un viaggio attraverso molte mani. Impiegati dell’agenzia dei trasporti
lo presero in consegna; fu portato in giro s’un altro carro; un carrello
se lo portò, con un assortimento dì scatole e di pacchi, s’un
vaporetto; dal vaporetto passò nuovamente s’un carrello, sino ad un
grande deposito ferroviario, e finalmente fu posato in un bagagliaio,
in coda a sbuffanti locomotive; e per due giorni e due notti Buck non
mangiò nè bevve. Nella sua rabbia, egli aveva accolto, da principio,
con ringhi l’interesse dei conduttori del treno, i quali lo avevano
contraccambiato col prenderlo in giro. Quando si lanciava contro le
sbarre della gabbia, tremante e con la bava alla bocca, essi ridevano
e lo beffeggiavano. Ringhiavano e abbaiavano come detestabili cani,
miagolavano, sbattevano le braccia come ali e si sgolavano a far
chicchirichì. Era molto stupida quella commedia, lo sapeva; ma,
perciò, di maggiore oltraggio alla sua dignità; e la sua rabbia
aumentava. Non gli importava molto della fame, ma la mancanza
d’acqua gli causava una grande sofferenza e gli accresceva la
rabbia sino allo stato febbrile. E, in realtà, animoso e delicatamente
sensitivo com’era, il cattivo trattamento gli aveva dato subito una
gran febbre, alimentata dall’arsura della gola e della lingua gonfia.
Di una cosa era contento: di non avere più la corda al collo. La corda
aveva dato loro un vantaggio non giusto; ma ora che non l’aveva più,
avrebbe mostrato loro chi era. Non sarebbero più riusciti a mettergli
un’altra corda al collo. A ciò era deciso e risoluto. Per due giorni e
per due notti, non mangiò nè bevve, e durante i due giorni e le due
notti di tormento, accumulò tale provvista di rabbia da non
promettere nulla di buono a colui che gli capitasse fra le zampe per
primo. I suoi occhi iniettati di sangue lo facevano parere un diavolo
infuriato. Egli era così mutato che lo stesso giudice non lo avrebbe
riconosciuto; così che i bagagliari mandarono un respiro di sollievo
quando lo scaricarono in fretta a Seattle.
Quattro uomini trasportarono delicatamente la gabbia dal carro in un
piccolo cortile interno circondato d’alte mura. Un uomo grasso, in
maglia rossa, generosamente larga intorno al collo, uscì fuori a
firmare il libro per il conducente.
Buck indovinò in quell’uomo il nuovo aguzzino, e si lanciò
furiosamente contro le sbarre. L’uomo sorrise con una brutta smorfia
e andò a prendere un’accetta e una mazza.
— Non lo tirerete mica fuori adesso? — domandò il conducente il
carro.
— Certamente. — rispose l’uomo, inserendo l’accetta tra le sbarre
della gabbia per far leva ed aprirla.
Immediatamente, avvenne un fuggi fuggi dei quattro uomini che
avevano portata la gabbia; i quali da sicuri osservatori, in cima al
muro, si prepararono ad assistere allo spettacolo.
Buck si lanciò contro il legno che si fendeva, affondandovi i denti,
battagliando con esso. In qualunque punto cadesse l’accetta al di
fuori, egli era pronto dentro, ad affrontarla, ringhiando e digrignando i
denti, altrettanto furiosamente ansioso di uscir fuori quanto l’uomo
dalla maglia rossa era premuroso di dargli modo di uscire.
— Eccoti, diavolo dagli occhi rossi, — diss’egli, quand’ebbe fatto
un’apertura sufficiente per il passaggio del corpo di Buck.
Contemporaneamente, lasciò cadere l’accetta e passò la mazza
nella mano destra.
E Buck pareva davvero un diavolo dagli occhi rossi, mentre si
raccoglieva tutto per lanciarsi, il pelo irto, la bocca bavosa, con un
luccichìo furioso negli occhi pieni di sangue. Egli lanciò dritti
sull’uomo i suoi sessantatrè chili di furia, accresciuti dalla repressa
rabbia di due giorni e due notti, ma a mezz’aria, quando le sue
mascelle stavano per chiudersi sull’uomo, egli ricevette un colpo che
arrestò lo slancio del corpo e gli fece stringere i denti in uno spasimo
d’agonia. Volteggiò nell’aria e toccò terra con la schiena e col fianco.
Non era mai stato battuto con una mazza, in tutta la sua vita, e non
comprendeva. Con un ringhio che era in parte abbaiare e più ancora
lamento, fu di nuovo in piedi e ancora una volta si lanciò nell’aria. E
ancora una volta gli toccò un nuovo colpo che lo abbattè per terra,
annientato. Questa volta si rese conto della mazza; ma la sua rabbia
non conosceva cautele. Egli tornò all’assalto una dozzina di volte e
altrettante volte la mazza ruppe l’assalto abbattendolo al suolo.
Dopo un colpo particolarmente terribile, egli si trascinò sui piedi,
troppo stordito per lanciarsi. Andò qua e là, barcollando e
zoppicante, col sangue che gli colava dal naso, dalla bocca e dalle
orecchie, il magnifico manto spruzzato e macchiato di bava
sanguigna. Allora l’uomo gli si avvicinò e, deliberatamente, gli
assestò un terribile colpo sul naso. Tutta la pena che aveva già
sofferto fu niente al paragone della raffinata tortura di questa.
Con un ruggito che pareva, nella sua ferocia, quasi leonino, egli si
lanciò ancora una volta sull’uomo. Ma l’uomo, passando la mazza
dalla destra alla sinistra, l’afferrò freddamente per la mascella
inferiore, torcendola indietro e in giù. Buck descrisse un intero circolo
e mezzo nell’aria, poi s’abbattè per terra, sulla testa e sul petto.
Per l’ultima volta si slanciò. Allora l’uomo gli assestò il colpo di
grazia, che aveva appositamente trattenuto a lungo, e Buck cadde
privo di sensi.
— Non è certo lento a domar cani, dico io! — gridò con entusiasmo
uno degli uomini sul muro.
— Preferirei domare, piuttosto di una bestia simile, un lupo ogni
giorno e due volte la domenica, — rispose il conducente mentre
saliva sul carro e avviava i cavalli.
Buck ricuperò i sensi, ma non le forze. Giaceva dov’era caduto, e di
là osservava l’uomo dalla maglia rossa.
— Risponde al nome di Buck, — diceva l’uomo, ad alta voce, da
solo, citando dalla lettera del taverniere che aveva annunciato la
consegna della gabbia e del suo contenuto.
— Ebbene, Buck, mio caro, — continuò allegramente, — abbiamo
avuto una piccola disputa, e ora la miglior cosa da fare è di
considerare la cosa una cosa finita. Tu hai imparato qual è il tuo
posto ed io conosco il mio. Sii un buon cane e tutto andrà bene.
Capisci?
E mentre parlava, accarezzava senza paura la testa battuta
implacabilmente, e benchè il pelo di Buck divenisse irsuto al tocco
della mano, la sopportava senza protestare. Allorchè l’uomo gli portò
dell’acqua, il cane la bevve avidamente, e più tardi prese a volo un
generoso pasto di carne cruda, pezzo per pezzo, dalla mano
dell’uomo.
Egli era vinto (lo sapeva); ma non fiaccato. Vide, una volta per
sempre, ch’egli non aveva alcuna probabilità di vincere contro un
uomo armato di mazza. Aveva imparato una lezione, che non
dimenticò più per il resto della vita. Quella mazza era una
rivelazione. Era la sua presentazione nel regno della legge primitiva,
e s’avanzò ad incontrarla a mezza via. I fatti della vita assumevano,
ora, un aspetto terribile; ma, affrontando quel nuovo aspetto,
indomito, egli l’affrontava con tutta la penetrazione viva della sua
natura risvegliata. Col passar dei giorni, arrivarono altri cani, in
gabbia o al guinzaglio, alcuni docili e altri, ringhiando e digrignando i
denti, come era capitato a lui; e li vide tutti passare sotto il dominio
dell’uomo dalla maglia rossa. E ogni volta che assisteva a quello
spettacolo brutale, Buck ripensava alla sua lezione: un uomo con
una mazza era uno che dettava legge, un padrone da ubbidire,
benchè non fosse necessario, riconciliarsi con lui. E a questo
riguardo, Buck non fu mai colpevole; benchè avesse visto dei cani
bastonati divenire servili con l’uomo, e agitar la coda e leccargli le
mani. Vide pure un cane, che non voleva nè conciliarsi nè obbedire,
essere alla fine ucciso nella lotta di sopraffazione.
Di tanto in tanto venivano degli uomini sconosciuti, che parlavano
concitatamente, pieni di moine, e in vario modo con l’uomo dalla
maglia rossa. E allorchè del danaro passava tra loro, gli sconosciuti
conducevano via uno o più cani. Buck almanaccava dove potessero
andare, perchè non tornavano più indietro; ma aveva un gran timore
dell’avvenire, ed era soddisfatto, ogni volta, di non essere prescelto.
Ma infine giunse il suo turno, col presentarsi di un omino aggrinzito
che parlava un inglese scorretto e vomitava molte strane e pazze
esclamazioni che Buck non poteva comprendere.
— Sacredam! — esclamò l’omino, allorchè i suoi occhi si posarono
su Buck. — Quel diavolo di cane là! Eh! Quanto?
— Trecento, e un regalo in più, — fu la pronta risposta dell’uomo
dalla maglia rossa. — E giacchè il danaro è del Governo, non
avremo da questionare, eh, Perrault?
Perrault fece una smorfia. Considerato che il prezzo di cani era stato
oltremodo elevato dalle numerose richieste, non era quella una
somma esagerata per un animale così bello. Il Governo Canadese
non ci avrebbe perduto, nè avrebbero i suoi messaggi viaggiato più
lentamente, per ciò. Perrault, che se ne intendeva di cani, quando
aveva visto Buck s’era accorto che quella era una bestia che si
distingueva tra mille. — Uno tra diecimila. — pensò mentalmente.
Buck vide del danaro tra i due, e non fu sorpreso allorchè Curly, una
piacevole terranova, e lui furono condotti via dall’omino aggrinzito.
Quella fu l’ultima volta che vide l’uomo dalla maglia rossa; e fu
l’ultima volta anche che vide, mentre Curly e lui guardavano Seattle
che s’allontanava, dal ponte del Narwhal, la calda Terra del Sud.
Curly e lui furono condotti giù da Perrault e consegnati a un gigante
chiamato François. Perrault era un francese del Canadà, abbronzato
dal sole; ma François era un francese del Canadà, di sangue misto,
e doppiamente abbronzato dal sole. Essi costituivano una nuova
specie d’uomini agli occhi di Buck (che era destinato a vederne molti
altri ancora); cosicchè mentre egli non nutrì alcuna affezione per
loro, tuttavia finì per onestamente rispettarli. Egli conobbe
rapidamente che Perrault e François erano uomini giusti, calmi e
imparziali nell’amministrare giustizia, e tanto saputi di tutto quanto
riguardava i cani, da non poter essere ingannati da cani.
Sul secondo ponte del Narwhal, Buck e Curly s’unirono ad altri due
cani. Uno di essi era un grosso cane bianco come la neve dello
Spitzbergen, condotto via da un capitano di nave, per la pesca delle
balene; e aveva ultimamente accompagnato un’Esplorazione
Geologica nelle Barrens. Egli era amichevole, ma in certo modo
traditore, e sorrideva in faccia mentre meditava qualche tiro
nascosto, come, ad esempio, allorchè rubò il cibo di Buck, il primo
pasto. Mentre Buck si lanciava per punirlo, sibilò nell’aria la frusta di
François, che raggiungeva prima il colpevole; e a Buck non rimase
altro che ricuperare l’osso. François era stato giusto, pensò Buck, e
l’uomo dal sangue misto crebbe nella stima del cane.
L’altro cane non dava confidenza, e non ne riceveva; non tentava
neppure di rubare ai nuovi venuti. Era un triste e malinconico cane di
pessimo umore, il quale fece capire chiaramente a Curly che
desiderava di essere lasciato solo; altrimenti sarebbero guai. Era
chiamato «Dave», e mangiava e dormiva, o sbadigliava negli
intervalli, e non prendeva interesse a nulla, neppure quando il
Narwhal attraversò lo stretto della Regina Carlotta e rullò e
beccheggiò come se fosse stregato. Quando Buck e Curly divennero
agitati, mezzi pazzi per la paura, egli alzò la testa, come se fosse
annoiato, li degnò di uno sguardo non curioso, sbadigliò, e si
riaddormentò.
Giorno e notte, il bastimento vibrava scosso dal pulsare instancabile
dell’elica; e benchè i giorni s’assomigliassero, era chiaro per Buck
che la stagione diveniva rapidamente più fredda. Finalmente, una
mattina, l’elica si fermò, e il Narwhal fu pervaso da un’atmosfera di
agitazione. Egli lo sentiva, come lo sentivano gli altri cani, e sapeva
che un cambiamento era prossimo. François pose loro il guinzaglio e
li condusse sul ponte. Al primo passo sulla fredda superficie, i piedi
di Buck sprofondarono in una specie di muschio bianco, molto simile
al fango. Balzò indietro con uno starnuto; ma altra roba bianca della
stessa specie cadeva dal cielo. Egli si scrollò, ma ne vide ancora
cadere su di lui. L’annusò, curioso, e poi ne leccò un po’; bruciava
come fuoco, e là per là svaniva. Ciò gli sembrava assai strano.
Riprovò, con lo stesso risultato. Gli spettatori risero rumorosamente,
ed egli ebbe vergogna; non sapeva perchè, giacchè conosceva per
la prima volta la neve.
CAPITOLO II.
LA LEGGE DELLA MAZZA E DEI DENTI

Il primo giorno che Buck passò sulla spiaggia di Dyea fu come un


incubo. Tutte le ore erano piene di mutamenti e di sorprese. Egli era
stato improvvisamente strappato dal cuore della civiltà e gettato nel
cuore delle cose primordiali. Non era questa una vita pigra baciata
dal sole, senz’altro da fare che bighellonare e annoiarsi. Qui non vi
era nè pace, nè riposo, nè un momento di sicurezza, ma tutto era
confusione ed azione, e ogni momento la vita e le estremità del
corpo erano in pericolo. Vi era la necessità continua e imperativa
d’essere sempre vigile; chè quegli uomini e quei cani non erano
uomini e cani di città, ma esseri selvaggi, tutti, che non conoscevano
altra legge se non quella della mazza e dei denti.
Non aveva mai visto dei cani combattere come combattevano quelle
creature simili a lupi: e la prima esperienza gli servì da lezione
indimenticabile; chè se non fosse stata lezione per lui, non avrebbe
certo vissuto per avvantaggiarsene. Curly ne fu la vittima. Erano
accampati vicino al magazzino di legnami, ed essa, con quella sua
maniera amichevole, cercò di entrare in relazione con un rude cane
dalla taglia di un grosso lupo, che però non era neppure la metà di
essa. Non vi fu alcun preavviso, ma solo un salto in avanti, come un
lampo, un colpo metallico di denti, un altro salto altrettanto rapido
indietro, e il muso di Curly apparve squarciato, dall’occhio alla
mascella.
Era quella la maniera di combattere del lupo, che colpiva e saltava
indietro; ma la cosa non finì lì. Trenta o quaranta di quei cagnacci
corsero sul luogo e circondarono i combattenti, in cerchio intento e
silenzioso. Buck non comprendeva quella attenzione silenziosa; nè
l’avidità con cui si leccavano le zampe. Curly si lanciò sul suo
antagonista, il quale colpì di nuovo e di nuovo saltò indietro. Esso
arrestò un altro assalto di Curly col petto, in una maniera speciale
che le fece perdere l’equilibrio stendendola ruzzoloni a terra. Non si
rialzò più: gli altri cani, che parevano attendere quell’avvenimento, si
lanciarono su di essa mugolando e latrando, ed essa fu sepolta,
urlante di terrore, sotto la massa dei corpi irsuti.
La cosa era accaduta così improvvisamente e inaspettatamente, che
Buck rimase stordito. Vide Spitz tirar fuori la sua lingua scarlatta
come se ridesse, e François, lanciarsi nella confusione dei cani,
agitando una scure. Tre uomini con mazze l’aiutarono a disperdere i
cani. Non ci misero molto. Due minuti dopo che Curly era caduta,
l’ultimo dei suoi assalitori era cacciato via a mazzate. Ma essa
giaceva inerte nel sangue, quasi sbranata, a pezzi: e il bruno
meticcio stava chinato su lei bestemmiando spaventevolmente. La
scena ritornò spesso a turbare i sonni di Buck. Quella era dunque la
maniera; e gli appariva ingiusta. Una volta a terra, era la fine.
Ebbene, sarebbe stato attento a non andare mai a terra. Spitz tirò
fuori la lingua e rise di nuovo: e da quel momento Buck l’odiò di un
odio amaro e mortale.
Prima ancora che si fosse riavuto dal colpo risentito per la morte
tragica di Curly, ricevette un altro colpo. François gli legò addosso
una combinazione di cinghie e di fibbie. Erano dei finimenti, come
quelli che aveva visto mettere dagli staffieri addosso ai cavalli,
quand’era a casa. E come i cavalli che aveva visto lavorare, così era
messo egli stesso a lavorare, per trascinare François s’una slitta alla
foresta, nella valle, e ritornare con un carico di legna da ardere.
Benchè la sua dignità fosse dolorosamente ferita dal fatto di essere
così ridotto ad un animale da tiro, egli era troppo saggio per
ribellarsi. Si curvò risoluto e fece del suo meglio, benchè tutto ciò
fosse nuovo e strano. François era rigido, reclamava ubbidienza
immediata, e per virtù della frusta otteneva immediata ubbidienza;
mentre Dave, che era un tiratore esperto, morsicava i fianchi di Buck
quando sbagliava, Spitz era alla testa, pure egli esperto, e non
potendo sempre afferrare Buck, ringhiava di tempo in tempo brevi
ammonimenti, o abilmente gettava il suo peso sui tiranti per
costringere Buck ad andare a modo. Buck imparò facilmente, e sotto
la guida dei suoi due compagni e di François, fece notevoli
progressi. Quando ritornò all’accampamento, sapeva già che doveva
fermarsi ad ogni «ho» e correre ad ogni «mush», e girare largo nelle
curve, e tenersi fuori dal percorso degli strisci quando la slitta,
carica, scivolava come una freccia alle loro calcagna.
— Sono dei buoni, — disse François a Perrault. — Quel Buck tira
come un diavolo, e impara presto, come niente fosse.
Nel pomeriggio, Perrault, che aveva fretta di mettersi in cammino
con i suoi dispacci, ritornò con altri due cani. Li chiamava «Billee» e
«Joe», due fratelli, e dei veri huskies entrambi. Benchè figli della
stessa madre, erano differenti come il giorno e la notte. Il difetto di
Billee era d’essere di eccessiva bontà, mentre Joe era tutto
l’opposto; acre e chiuso, con un perpetuo ringhio e un occhio
maligno. Buck li ricevette con cameratismo. Dave non li guardò
neppure; mentre Spitz incominciava a battere prima l’uno e poi
l’altro. Billee agitò la coda per pacificarlo, e poi scappò via quando
s’accorse che ogni tentativo di pacificazione era sprecato, e strillò
(ancora col tono di chi vuol essere amico) allorchè gli acuti denti di
Spitz gli penetrarono nella coscia. Ma per quanto Spitz girasse, Joe
girava pure sui suoi piedi, per tenergli testa, con il pelo irto, le labbra
convulse e ringhiose, le mascelle che battevano insieme il più
rapidamente possibile per minacciare morsi, e gli occhi
diabolicamente luminosi — incarnazione della paura belligerante. Il
suo aspetto era così terribile, che Spitz fu costretto a rinunciare a
disciplinarlo; ma per coprire la sua sconfitta si rivolse contro
l’inoffensivo e gemente Billee rincorrendolo sino ai confini
dell’accampamento.
Prima di sera, Perrault si assicurò un altro cane, un vecchio
cagnaccio, lungo, magro e mal nutrito, col volto pieno di cicatrici e un
occhio solo, che lanciò una minaccia e un avvertimento di persona
che non teme nulla. Si chiamava Sol-leks, che vuol dire il Collerico.
Come Dave, non chiedeva nulla, non dava nulla, non s’attendeva
nulla; e quando camminò lentamente e deliberatamente in mezzo a
loro, persino Spitz lo lasciò stare. Egli aveva una particolarità, che
Buck ebbe la sfortuna di scoprire: non gli piaceva di essere
avvicinato dalla parte dell’occhio cieco. Di questa offesa Buck si rese
stupidamente colpevole: e si accorse della sua indiscrezione
soltanto quando Solleks gli fu sopra e gli squarciò la spalla sino
all’osso per tre pollici di lunghezza. Da allora in poi, Buck evitò il lato
dov’era l’occhio cieco, e sino alla fine della loro vita in comune i due
non ebbero più guai tra loro. La sua sola ambizione, pareva che
fosse quella di Dave, di essere lasciato in pace: però Buck doveva
apprendere in seguito, che ciascuno dei due possedeva un’altra, e
ancor più vitale, ambizione.
Quella notte, Buck si trovò a dover risolvere il gran problema di
dormire. La tenda, alla luce di una candela, appariva luminosa e
calda nel mezzo della bianca pianura; senonchè, quand’egli vi entrò,
naturalmente, tanto Perrault che François lo bombardarono con
bestemmie e utensili di cucina, fino a che egli, riavutosi della sua
costernazione, non fu costretto a fuggire ignominiosamente, nel
freddo. Soffiava un vento gelato che lo pizzicava acutamente e gli
mordeva con speciale veemenza la spalla ferita. Si sdraiò sulla neve
e tentò di dormire, ma il gelo lo costrinse ben presto ad alzarsi tutto
tremante. Misero e sconsolato allora, andò vagando tra le molte
tende, per constatare nient’altro che un luogo era freddo quanto un
altro. Qua e là, dei cani selvaggi si lanciavano contro di lui, ma egli
arruffava il pelo del collo e ringhiava (come aveva imparato
rapidamente), e quelli lo lasciavano andare senza molestie.
Alla fine, gli venne un’idea. Sarebbe ritornato a vedere come i suoi
compagni s’accomodavano. Con sua grande sorpresa, trovò che
erano spariti. Ritornò a vagare per tutto l’ampio accampamento,
cercandoli, e ancora una volta ritornò sui suoi passi. Erano forse
nella tenda? No, non poteva essere; altrimenti, non ne sarebbe stato
scacciato. Ma dove dunque potevano essere? Con la coda
penzoloni e il corpo tremante, davvero smarrito, girò senza meta
intorno alla tenda. Improvvisamente, la neve cedette sotto le sue
quattro gambe e si sprofondò. Indietreggiò con un salto, irsuto e
ringhioso, spaventato dall’imprevisto e dall’ignoto. Ma un sommesso
amichevole latrato l’assicurò, ed egli ritornò ad investigare. Un soffio
d’aria calda salì alle sue narici, e là, vide, arrotolato su se stesso
come una perfetta palla, Billee che giaceva sotto la neve. Billee
mugolò amichevolmente, s’agitò tutto per mostrare la sua buona
volontà e le sue buone intenzioni, ed osò persino, come offerta di
pace, di leccare il muso di Buck, con la sua lingua calda ed umida.
Un’altra lezione. Dunque, così facevano? Buck, fiducioso, scelse un
punto e dopo un grande affaccendarsi e spreco di sforzi scavò una
buca per sè. In un momento, il calore del suo corpo riempì lo spazio
angusto della buca ed egli s’addormentò. Poichè la giornata era
stata lunga ed ardua, egli dormì intensamente e comodamente,
ancorchè ringhiasse e abbaiasse agitato da cattivi sogni.
Nè aprì i suoi occhi finchè non fu svegliato dai rumori
dell’accampamento che si destava. Al primo momento, non sapeva
più dove fosse. Aveva nevicato durante la notte ed egli era
completamente sepolto. La neve lo chiudeva da tutte le parti, e un
grande brivido di paura lo scosse — la paura della creatura
selvaggia che teme la trappola. Era un segno, quello, ch’egli
riandava attraverso la sua vita alla vita dei suoi progenitori; poichè
egli era un cane incivilito, ma non bene incivilito, e per esperienza
personale non conosceva alcuna trappola, e così non poteva
pensare d’averne paura. I muscoli di tutto il corpo gli si contrassero
spasmodicamente e istintivamente, il pelo del collo e della schiena
divenne irsuto: con un feroce ringhio, egli si lanciò diritto nel pieno
giorno acciecante, con la neve che gli volava intorno come una nube
piena di raggi. Cadde sulle quattro zampe; vide il bianco
accampamento stendersi innanzi a lui e ricordò dov’era e tutto quello
che era accaduto dal momento che era uscito per una breve corsa
con Manuele, al momento che s’era scavato la buca, la notte
innanzi.
Un grido di François salutò il suo apparire. «Che avevo detto?»
esclamò il conducente di cani a Perrault. «Che Buck impara
rapidamente qualunque cosa».
Perrault acconsentì col capo gravemente. Quale corriere del
Governo Canadese, poichè recava dispacci importanti, egli era
desideroso dei migliori cani, e perciò particolarmente soddisfatto di
possedere Buck.
Altri tre cani furono aggiunti al tiro, nel termine di un’ora; in
complesso nove; e prima che fosse passato un altro quarto d’ora,
essi erano attaccati alla slitta e in cammino verso Dyea Cañon. Buck
era contento d’essere partito, e benchè il lavoro fosse duro, non ne
risentiva alcun peso o dispiacere. Era sorpreso della intensa volontà
che animava l’intero tiro, volontà che gli si comunicò; ma ancora più
sorprendente era il mutamento avvenuto in Dave e Sol-leks.
Sembravano degli altri cani, trasformati dai finimenti. Ogni loro
passività e disinteresse era caduto. Si mostravano, ora, attenti ed
attivi, ansiosi che il lavoro procedesse bene, e terribilmente irritabili
per qualsiasi incidente, ritardo o confusione che ritardasse il loro
lavoro. Il tiro della slitta sembrava la suprema espressione del loro
essere, la ragione della loro vita, e la sola cosa in cui prendessero
piacere.
Dave era il cane di stanga o cane di slitta, davanti a lui tirava Buck,
poi veniva Sol-leks; il resto del tiro si stendeva lungo una fila sino
alla guida di testa, ch’era Spitz.
Buck era stato appositamente posto tra Dave e Sol-leks perchè
potesse ricevere istruzione. E se ottimo scolaro egli era, quelli erano
parimenti ottimi maestri, che non lo lasciavano a lungo nell’errore e
imponevano il loro insegnamento, con i denti acuti. Dave era giusto
e molto saggio. Egli non l’addentava mai senza ragione, ma non
mancava mai di addentarlo se ce n’era bisogno. E siccome la frusta
di François coadiuvava, Buck trovò più conveniente emendare i
propri difetti anzichè rispondere. Una volta, durante una breve sosta,
allorchè s’ingarbugliò nei tiranti e ritardò la partenza, tanto Dave che
Sol-leks si lanciarono su lui e lo malmenarono alquanto. Si accrebbe
il garbuglio; ma da quella volta Buck ebbe gran cura di tenere
separati i tiranti; e prima che il giorno fosse finito, egli aveva
imparato così bene il suo lavoro, che i suoi compagni cessarono di
premerlo. La frusta di François schioccò meno di frequente, e
Perrault onorò perfino Buck sollevandogli le zampe ed esaminandole
accuratamente.
Era una corsa di un giorno, molto dura, su per il Cañon, attraverso
Sheep Camp, oltre le Scales e la linea delle foreste, attraverso
ghiacciai e giacimenti di neve profondi centinaia di piedi, e al disopra
del grande Chilcoot Divide, che elevasi tra l’acqua salata e l’acqua
dolce e vigila paurosamente il triste e solitario Nord. Andarono molto
in fretta giù per la catena dei laghi che riempiono i crateri di vulcani
spenti, e quella sera entrarono tardi nell’immenso accampamento al
capo del lago Bennet, dove migliaia di cercatori d’oro stavano
costruendo barche per la primavera, quando il ghiaccio si sarebbe
spezzato. Buck scavò la sua brava buca nella neve e dormì il sonno
dell’esausto giusto: che durò breve tempo, perchè presto egli fu
tratto dalle fredde tenebre e attaccato con i suoi compagni alla slitta.
Quel giorno percorsero quaranta miglia, essendo il solco battuto; ma
il giorno dopo, e per molti giorni ancora, dovettero aprirai un varco,
lavorando più duramente e progredendo molto meno. Di solito,
Perrault precedeva la slitta, battendo la neve con le sue scarpe
munite di racchetta, per facilitare l’avanzare dei cani. François che
guidava la slitta dal timone di destra, cambiava posto con lui, ma non
molto spesso. Perrault aveva fretta, e si vantava di una grande
conoscenza del ghiaccio, conoscenza che era indispensabile,
perchè il ghiaccio autunnale era molto sottile, e dov’era dell’acqua
corrente non si formava ghiaccio.
Così, un giorno dopo l’altro, per giorni senza fine, Buck faticava ai
tiranti. Sempre, levavano il campo quando faceva buio, e i primi
albori li trovavano che battevano il sentiero percorrendo nuove
miglia, segnate vagamente dal loro passaggio. E sempre
s’accampavano dopo che la notte era già scesa; mangiavano il loro
pezzo di pesce e s’accovacciavano a dormire nella neve. Buck era

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