IŞIK UNIVERSITY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MECH3111 MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION

LABORATORY REPORT

E-(6) (KIRCHHOFF’S LAW)

(07/12/2023)

(215ME2260)-(Ata G. Ataolu)

Grading Quiz (20) Team Work (20) Results (30) Conclusion (20) Format (10) TOTAL

1
Table of Contents
- Report page….……...…..1
- Introduction………..…....3
- Experimental setup…..….4
- Results and discussion..…5
- Conclusion……….……...6

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Introduction

Krichoff has done many experiments and statements but his voltage and current laws
are one of the important ones. They explain the behaviour of voltage and current on a closed
circuit.

Krichoff’s voltage law states that, sum of the voltages

on a closed circuit is always equal to 0. So adding the power
sources voltage and substracting consumption of electrical
components is 0 volts.

For example, on figure 1, supply voltage is 50 volts.

1st resistor consumes 25 volts, 2nt resistor consumes 15 volts
and 3th resistors voltage consumption is unknown. With the
krichoffs voltage law, 50V − 25V − 15V − 𝑉𝑥 = 0, so 𝑉𝑥 is
equal to 10 volts.
figure 1
Krichoff’s current law says that sum of the entering and leaving
currents are 0. As seen in figure 2, there is a node and there are
currents entering and leaving. So ; 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 =
𝐼4 + 𝐼5

To construct test circuits, a breadboard can be used.

Breadboard has holes that are connected to each other in every
row.Such as in figure 3, there are poles on every side and normal
holes on the middle. By arranging the poles we can assign the
Figure 2
electricity flow and make a circuit. On figure 4, we can see the
interior of a breadboard.

figure 3

figure 4

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 Experimental Setup

In the experiment, we were asked to construct a circuit with some resistors and a
power source on a breadboard.

Resistors that we used are 2200 ohm, 500 ohm, 200 ohm and 300 ohm. İn total, we
used 6 resistors.

There were 4 nodes on the

circuit. Supply voltage was 15 volts.

On figure 5, we can see the

circuit we designed. We used variety of
resistors. This image was taken from
Circuit Lab application. Over there a
circuit can be designed and solved.
After the simulation ends, the voltage
and current values can be obtained.
Because connecting the voltmeters gave
a bit cleaner scene than ampmeters,
current values were taken seperately by figure 5
measuring inside the program. Voltage(V) Amphere(mA)
V1 -13,95 I1 -6,354
V2 -1,047 I2 -4,823
On figure 6, we can see the theorical voltage and current values. V3 -0,792 I3 -1,531
They are negative because those values are consumed values. On figure 7, V4 -0,253 I4 -0,84
we can see the closed loops. According to krichoff’s voltage law, sum of V5 -0,126 I5 -0,689
V6 -0,126 I6 -0,689
the voltages on a closed loop must be zero.
figure 6

Since the voltage measurements during

the experiment was unrelaible due to low voltage
values and big multimeter errors, i conducted
the experiment on a virtual scenario.

Figure 7

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 Results and Discussion

Lets validate the krichoff’s voltage law on black and red loops given on figure 7

𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝; 15𝑉 − 13.85𝑉 − 1.047𝑉 = 0,1𝑉

𝑅𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝; 15𝑉 − 13.95𝑉 − 0,792𝑉 − 0,253𝑉 = 0.005𝑉

Blue loop; 15𝑉 − 13,95𝑉 − 0,792𝑉 − 0,126𝑉 − 0,126𝑉 = 0,006𝑉

Magenda loop; 1,047𝑉 − 0,792𝑉 − 0,126𝑉 − 0,126𝑉 = 0,003𝑉

Note that, on 𝑅2 , electrical flow is inverse compared to direction of loop.

Yellow loop; 0,253𝑉 − 0,126𝑉 − 0,126𝑉 = 0,001𝑉

Again, electric flow on 𝑅4 is reverse compared to direction of the loop.

Green loop; 1,047 − 0,792 − 0,253 = 0,002𝑉

These results satisfies the KVL.

Lets see if the circuit satisfies the KCR

On node 1; 6,654 − 4,823 − 1,531 = 0,2𝑚𝐴

On node 2; 1,531 − 0,84 − 0,689 = 0,02mA

Since entering or leaving current on nodes 1 and 2 has a resistor, we can validate the
KCL easier because the outlet or inlet current is equal to the resistors current.

On node 3; 4,823 + 0,689 + 0,84 = 6,352𝑚𝐴 which has 0,002mA difference than
current of 𝑅1 and supply current.

On node 4; 0,840 + 0,689 = 1,529𝑚𝐴

Node 1, 2 and 3 has easily validatable outles. Node 1 and 2 has a resistor on the inlet
or outlet. Note 3 has outlet directly to the power source.

Like i said on experimental setup, measurement errors of the experiment datas were
too big. So i carried the experiment to virtual envoriment. I constructed the same circuit on
internet and used the resistance values obtained from the experiment. On figure 8, we can see
the differences between voltage measurements.
Voltage(V) virtual Voltage(V) experimental
V1 -13,95 -13,75
V2 -1,047 -1,37
V3 -0,792 -1,37
V4 -0,253 -0,004
V5 -0,126 -0,0015
V6 -0,126 -0,002
figure 8

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 Conclusion

Voltage and current values are two most important properties on any circuit design.
They basicly explain the relations between the electrical elements and systems relation to
given energy. To find or validate those values, Krichoff’s laws can be used.

With Krichoff’s laws, we can validate or find an unknown value of voltage or current
easily if enough values are known. We can also find the rates of voltage or current on a
theorical circuit and derive some conclusions accordingly.

Designing electrical systems are almost on every aspect of engineering novadays. To

do this, we must know the basic rules of it. Krichoff’s law is one of them and its key on
designing or checking any complex system.