Social Psychology Canadian 5Th Edition Aronson Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Social Psychology Canadian 5th
Edition Aronson Test Bank

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1) The introduction to Chapter 6 describes the strange logic manifested by members of
the Solar Temple Cult, who thought the world was about to be destroyed by fire and
that the only salvation was to take a “death voyage” by ritualized suicide to the star
Sirius where they would be reborn. In total, 74 people died in these cult suicides. This
chapter introduction was written to demonstrate that
A) people will often go to extreme lengths to justify their actions or beliefs.
B) scientists, like many of us, are fascinated with the macabre, gruesome aspects
of life.
C) cult members are often brainwashed so that they behave irrationally.
D) cult members usually have a very weak sense of self.
E) pleasant, smart, reasonable people are seldom drawn to cults.
Answer: A
Type: MC Page Ref: 153-154 Skill: Conceptual
2) Most social psychologists concur that attitudes consist of

A) behavioural intentions.
B) cognitions.
C) enduring evaluations.
D) emotions.
E) feelings.
Answer: C
Type: MC Page Ref: 154 Skill: Factual
3) Attitudes are viewed by social psychologists as evaluative, in that they

A) are based on personal feelings and values.
B) are based mostly on environmental data.
C) consist of positive or negative reactions to something.
D) are based on objective facts.
E) reflect fleeting feelings.
Answer: C
Type: MC Page Ref: 154 Skill: Conceptual
4) The _______ component of attitudes is to emotional reactions as the _______

component is to knowledge and beliefs.
A) evaluative; behavioural
B) affective; behavioural
C) cognitive; behavioural
D) affective; cognitive
E) evaluative; cognitive
Answer: D
5) _______ attitudes are based primarily on people’s beliefs about properties of attitude
objects.
A) Cognitively based
B) Emotionally based
C) Evaluatively based
D) Affectively based
E) Intention-based
Answer: A
6) The function of cognitively based attitudes is

A) evaluation.
B) decision-making.
C) object appraisal.
D) the use of logic.
E) emotion-focused.
Answer: C
7) Kenneth believes that Funny-O’s cereal is good because it has no sugar, it contains all
of the recommended vitamins and minerals, and it has no artificial flavors. Kenneth's
attitude toward Funny-O’s is a(n)
A) affectively based attitude.
B) cognitively based attitude.
C) emotionally based attitude.
D) undifferentiated attitude.
E) behaviourally based attitude.
Answer: B
Type: MC Page Ref: 156 Skill: Applied
8) At the new-car dealership, Josh asks the saleswoman a number of questions: “How
good is the gas mileage on this model? What does Consumer Reports say about this
make and model? Does this car hold its resale value?” The _______ component of
Josh’s attitude toward the car was most likely to inform his questions.
A) dissonant
B) affective
C) cognitive
D) behavioural
E) emotional
Answer: C
9) Consider the lyrics to Smokey Robinson’s song, “You’ve Really Got a Hold on Me”:
“I don’t like you, but I love you. Seems that I’m always thinking of you. You treat me
badly, I love you madly. You’ve really got a hold on me.” The sentiments reflected in
these lyrics best capture the _______ component of the singer’s attitude.
A) dissonant
B) behavioural
C) ambivalent
D) affective
E) cognitive
Answer: D
Type: MC Page Ref: 154-155 Skill: Applied
10) It is estimated that one-third of the electorate knows almost nothing about specific
politicians. Nonetheless, these people hold very strong opinions about them. This
pattern of findings suggests that people’s attitudes toward politicians may be largely
A) affectively based.
B) behaviourally based.
C) cognitively based.
D) ambivalent.
E) undifferentiated.
Answer: A
11) André is not at all familiar with a particular candidate’s stand on the issues or with
his proposed policies, but André likes “his” candidate and plans to vote for him
anyway. This example illustrates that people’s attitudes toward politicians are often
A) cognitively based.
B) behaviourally based.
C) affectively based.
D) based on a logical examination of qualifications for office.
E) classically conditioned.
Answer: C
12) Miguel recaptures the freedom of his youth when he test-drives the new Volkswagen
“bug.” He feels 25 years younger and remembers cruising the beaches of California in
his old 1970 bug when he was in college. He decides to purchase that new VW
model. Miguel’s positive attitude toward the car is primarily driven by
A) an affective component.
B) a behavioural component.
C) operant conditioning.
D) a cognitive component.
E) classical conditioning.
Answer: A
13) In all likelihood, attitudes toward _______ are affectively based and stem from
_______.
A) instant coffee; instrumental conditioning
B) the death penalty; people’s values
C) abortion; a logical examination of the facts
D) toilet paper; a logical examination of the facts
E) cleaning products; people’s values
Answer: B
14) Why are affectively based attitudes so resistant to logical persuasive attempts to
change them?
A) Affectively based attitudes are rooted in counterfactual thinking.
B) Affectively based attitudes are acquired by automatic processes.
C) Affectively based attitudes are the result of the same illogical source.
D) Affectively based attitudes are often linked to values, which are difficult to
change.
E) Affectively based attitudes are governed by knowledge of the issues.
Answer: D
15) Although affectively based attitudes can be derived from a number of different
sources, they are alike in that they tend to be
A) based on rational arguments.
B) based on rational examination of relevant information.
C) linked to deeply held values.
D) unrelated to past experience.
E) logically organized.
Answer: C
16) Cognitively based attitude is to _______ as _______ attitude is to emotion.

A) evaluation; value-based
B) appraisal; affectively based
C) evaluation; behaviourally based
D) values; affectively based
E) evaluation; affectively based
Answer: B
17) Daryl Bem’s self-perception theory suggests that we form attitudes about an object
based more on our _______ toward that object than our _______ toward that object.
A) behaviour; thoughts and feelings
B) personal thoughts; public display
C) beliefs; past experience
D) thoughts and feelings; behaviour
E) social group’s behaviour; own behaviour
Answer: A
18) Which of the following is most closely related to the notion of behaviourally based
attitudes?
A) self-perception theory
B) cognitive dissonance theory
C) the elaboration likelihood model
D) the Yale Attitude Change approach
E) self-persuasion theory
Answer: A
19) Self-perception processes are most likely to yield a behaviourally based attitude when
A) initial behaviours are coerced.
B) initial attitudes are ambiguous.
C) there are multiple explanations for a behaviour.
D) initial attitudes are strong.
E) there is not a choice in behaviour.
Answer: B
20) Rachel had never tasted sushi before. After she gladly tried it for the first time, she
discovered that she really liked it, and can’t wait to order it again. Rachel’s attitude
toward sushi is a(n) _______ attitude.
A) cognitively based
B) decision-based
C) value-based
D) behaviourally based
E) affectively based
Answer: D
21) Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) “I’d like to get rid of this car because it’s always in the shop” represents an
affectively based attitude.
B) “I hate all politicians because they represent pure evil” represents a cognitively
based attitude.
C) “I guess I like junk food, because I’m always eating it” represents a
behaviourally based attitude.
D) “I like country music because I always have it on in my car” represents an
affectively based attitude.
E) “I like my toaster because you can toast four pieces of bread at one time”
reflects a behaviourally based attitude.
Answer: C
22) Lisa is studying attitudes towards former Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. She finds
that in general most people have very negative attitudes about Mulroney and she
wants to understand why people hold these attitudes and what can be done about
them. If she wants to know your true attitude towards Mulroney and she can only ask
you one question, which question should she ask?
A) Do you think Brian Mulroney is good-looking?
B) Do most of your friends like or dislike Brian Mulroney?
C) Did Brian Mulroney’s policies agree or disagree with your values?
D) Do you like or dislike Brian Mulroney?
E) How would you feel if Brian Mulroney dated your sister?
Answer: C
23) Explicit attitudes are _________, while implicit attitudes are __________.
A) public statements; private beliefs.
B) in conscious awareness; involuntary and sometimes unconscious.
C) affectively based; usually cognitively based.
D) involuntary; voluntary.
E) behaviourally based; affectively based.
Answer: B
24) Which of the following best illustrates an implicit attitude?

A) when Tracy checks off her opinion on a survey questionnaire
B) when Randi experiences a flash of discomfort around her lesbian friends
C) when Sarah sees Schindler’s List and concludes that it is anti-Semitic
D) when Jodi, who is white, marries Percy, who is black
E) when Taylor thinks about which movie is her favourite
Answer: B
25) Explicit attitudes influence our behaviour when ________, while implicit attitudes
influence our behaviour when ________.
A) we are monitoring our behaviour; we are not monitoring our behaviour.
B) we are not monitoring our behaviour; we are monitoring our behaviour.
C) we make public statements; we consider our private beliefs.
D) our behaviour is nonverbal; our behaviour is verbal.
E) we feel positive; we feel negative.
Answer: A
26) People tend to be less aware of their _________ attitudes, which are more likely to
influence behaviours they are not monitoring.
A) explicit
B) cognitively based
C) implicit
D) self-perceived
E) behaviourally based
Answer: C
27) When are people’s explicit and implicit attitudes positively correlated according to
research by Gawronski & LeBel (2008)?
A) When they are asked to focus on cognition about the attitude.
B) When they are asked to list reasons they prefer and attitude object.
C) When they are asked to reflect on their feelings about an attitude object.
D) When they are asked to think about their childhood.
E) When they are asked to think about recent experiences.
Answer: C
28) Research has found that explicit attitudes are rooted in ________ whereas implicit
attitudes are rooted in ________.
A) emotions; sensations.
B) childhood experience; current events.
C) positive experience; negative experience.
D) negative experience; positive experience.
E) recent experience; childhood experience.
Answer: E
29) It can be difficult to assess implicit attitudes. Nonetheless, a number of techniques
exist, including
A) the Implicit Associations Test (IAT).
B) surveys.
C) structured interviews.
D) observation of controllable behaviours.
E) questionnaires.
Answer: A
30) Complete the following analogy: explicit attitude is to implicit attitude as

A) behaviourally based attitude is to cognitively based attitude.
B) controlled behaviour is to unconscious behaviour.
C) affect is to evaluation.
D) self-perception theory is to the IAT.
E) affectively based attitude is to behaviourally based attitude.
Answer: B
31) Complete the following analogy about attitudes: implicit is to ________ as explicit is
to ________.
A) childhood; present.
B) current; future.
C) controlled; cognitive.
D) automatic; non-conscious.
E) voluntary; involuntary.
Answer: A
32) In the 1930s, when anti-Asian prejudice was commonplace in the United States,
Richard LaPiere (1934) had no trouble finding pleasant accommodations for himself
and his Chinese traveling companions. Surprised, LaPiere later sent letters to the
establishments they visited, asking whether Chinese visitors would be welcome. More
than 90% of those who responded replied that they definitely would not accommodate
Chinese. This study is noteworthy because it suggested that
A) contact with people against whom we are prejudiced can actually reduce
prejudice.
B) the link between attitudes and behaviours is often tenuous.
C) reports of prejudice in the United States were largely incorrect.
D) hypocrisy is more common than many of us would like to think.
E) rational persuasive appeals reduce prejudice.
Answer: B
33) In the 1930s, when anti-Asian prejudice was commonplace in the United States,
Richard LaPiere (1934) had no trouble finding pleasant accommodations for himself
and his Chinese traveling companions. Surprised, LaPiere later sent letters to the
establishments they visited, asking whether Chinese visitors would be welcome. More
than 90% of those who responded replied that they definitely would not accommodate
Chinese. Although LaPiere’s study suggests that there is a weak link between
attitudes and behaviour, his results should be interpreted with caution. Why?
A) LaPiere’s sample of proprietors was not randomly selected.
B) LaPiere did not control for extraneous variables.
C) More systematic research later revealed that there is generally a strong relation
between attitudes and behaviour.
D) Proprietors’ attitudes might have changed between LaPiere’s visit and the time
he sent the letters.
E) Prejudice has generally declined in the United States since the 1930s.
Answer: D
34) According to the theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980), the best
predictor of riding a roller coaster would be
A) one’s intention to ride the roller coaster.
B) one’s fear of heights.
C) the number of other people waiting in line.
D) one’s attitude toward amusement parks.
E) what one has heard about the ride from people who have already been on it.
Answer: A
35) The _______ holds that the best predictors of deliberate behaviours are the person’s
attitudes toward those specific behaviours, subjective norms, and perceived
behavioural control.
A) heuristic-systematic model
B) self-presentation model
C) Yale persuasion approach
D) elaboration likelihood model
E) theory of planned behaviour
Answer: E
36) Your best friend Nina may or may not visit New York this weekend. According to
Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein’s (1980) theory of planned behaviour, what
information would be most useful in helping you predict whether Nina will actually
travel to New York?
A) Nina’s past travel behaviour
B) Nina’s intention to visit New York
C) Nina’s intention to get away this weekend
D) Nina’s attitude about traveling
E) Nina’s attitude toward New York
Answer: B
37) According to Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein’s (1980) theory of planned behaviour,
the best predictor of people’s behaviour is
A) their assumption about how others will evaluate their behaviour.
B) their intention to behave in a certain way.
C) whether the behaviour is spontaneous or planned.
D) the social situation.
E) whether the behaviour has been performed in the past.
Answer: B
38) According to the text, attitudes only indirectly predict behaviours. That is, attitudes
predict _______, which in turn predict behaviours.
A) accessibility
B) emotion
C) perceived control
D) subjective norms
E) intentions
Answer: E
39) According to Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein’s (1980) theory of reasoned action, the
best predictors of behavioural intentions are
A) past behaviour and cognitive beliefs.
B) emotional evaluations and cognitive beliefs.
C) attitudes towards behavioural norms, beliefs about the behaviour, and
perceived behavioural control.
D) attitudes towards the behaviour, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural
control.
E) attitudes towards the situation, subjective perceptions, and perceived
behavioural norms.
Answer: D
40) Andrew Davidson and James Jaccard (1979) studied the relation between women’s
attitudes and their use of the birth control pill. These researchers found that the best
predictor of whether women were using the birth control pill two years after reporting
their attitudes was their
A) belief about their partners’ attitudes towards the pill.
B) attitudes towards adoption.
C) attitudes towards abortion.
D) attitude towards using birth control pills during the two-year period.
E) attitude towards unwanted pregnancy.
Answer: D
41) Richard LaPiere (1934) found a discrepancy between proprietors’ reported attitudes
towards accommodating Chinese and their willingness to provide services to a
Chinese couple who accompanied him on his travels. The discrepancy between
proprietors’ attitudes and actual behaviours might have been reduced had LaPiere
written and asked them,
A) “Would you serve dinner to a Chinese couple accompanied by an American
professor?”
B) “Would you say that you have a positive attitude toward Asian visitors to the
United States?”
C) “How many Asian employees work at your establishment?”
D) “On a 1-to-5 scale, how do you feel about Chinese visitors to the United
States?”
E) “Would you let members of the Chinese race eat at your restaurant?”
Answer: A
42) Even though Mario dislikes roller coasters, he may decide to take a ride because his
best friend really wants him to ride the new Tidal Wave. This example shows the
importance of _______ on our behavioural decisions.
A) the situation
B) the reciprocity norm
C) altruism
D) subjective norms
E) persuasive communication
Answer: D
43) The concept of subjective norms refers to people’s

A) evaluations of the reasonableness of their attitudes.
B) evaluations of the attitudes of others.
C) intentions to use their attitudes to guide their behaviours.
D) perceptions of the rules or expectations that guide social behaviour.
E) beliefs about what important others will think of their behaviour.
Answer: E
44) The concept of _______ refers to people’s beliefs about how those they care about
will view a behaviour in question.
A) judgmental norms
B) social convention
C) normative evaluations
D) reciprocity norms
E) subjective norms
Answer: E
45) Why are subjective norms important determinants of people’s behavioural intentions?
A) Many of our behaviours have social consequences.
B) Subjective norms provide additional important information.
C) Subjective construals are more important than objective characteristics of the
situation.
D) Subjective norms dictate which specific attitudes are accessible.
E) Many of our behaviours are guided by social rules and guidelines.
Answer: A
46) Before Jane schedules an appointment to undergo plastic surgery, she asks herself,
“What will my husband Ted think about me getting a breast enlargement?” This
example reflects the power of _______ to influence intentions and behaviours.
A) subjective norms
B) deliberations
C) specific attitudes
D) hindsight analysis
E) perspective-taking
Answer: A
47) The concept of _______ refers to the ease with which people believe that they can
perform a behaviour in question.
A) illusions of invulnerability
B) illusory correlations
C) subjective norms
D) behavioural intentions
E) perceived behavioural control
Answer: E
48) Eva’s friends and her husband think that it’s important that she get a mammogram at
her next annual check-up. Eva believes that it will be relatively easy for her to make
time in her schedule for that extra procedure. Thus, Eva has every intention of getting
a mammogram as part of her annual check-up. This example best reflects the power
of _______ and _______ respectively, to influence behavioural intentions and
subsequent behaviours.
A) subjective norms; affectively based attitudes
B) subjective norms; perceived behavioural control
C) specific attitudes; deliberative attitudes
D) deliberative attitudes; subjective norms
E) specific attitudes; perceived behavioural control
Answer: B
49) Based on the theory of planned behaviour, who is most likely to follow through on
the intention to buy new tires?
A) Bob, whose friends think it is important for his safety
B) Richie, whose parents put safety first and who will lend him the money
C) Gill, who has just received a raise and has been advised to buy them by a
coworker
D) Nora, who holds a positive attitude toward Goodyear
E) Michelle, who is confident that she can afford them
Answer: B
50) You will be more likely to go to law school if the people you care most about think
that you should. This is an example of
A) the influence of subjective experience on attitude strength.
B) the influence of subjective norms on behavioural intentions.
C) the influence of perceived control on attitude strength.
D) the influence of attitude specificity on intentions.
E) the influence of perceived control on behaviour.
Answer: B
51) Norman and colleagues (2010) used the theory of planned behaviour to predict
subjects’ behavioural intentions towards those with mental illness. They examined
two components of the theory only. Their results provided support for the theory of
planned behaviour when they found that ________ predicted subjects behavioural
intentions.
A) both specific attitudes and emotional responses
B) both subjective norms and emotional responses
C) both specific attitudes and subjective norms
D) both subjective norms and expectations
E) both expectations and emotional responses
Answer: C
52) Hosking and colleagues (2009) examined cultural differences in predictors of

behavioural intentions to quit smoking. The factor that was more predictive of
Westerners’ intentions than Southeast Asians’ intentions was
A) personal attitudes towards smoking.
B) social norms about smoking.
C) perceived control.
D) internal affect.
E) cultural attitudes towards self-improvement.
Answer: A
53) Sometimes people don’t use condoms because they are too embarrassed to buy them
at the drug store. According to the text, this is an example of the influence of
A) perceived behavioural control.
B) behavioural intentions.
C) attitude accessibility.
D) subjective norms.
E) situational constraints.
Answer: A
54) One night Emily meets Don in a bar and they decide to go back to his place and have
sex. Emily has a condom in her purse and wants to ask Don to use it, but is afraid that
if she does he will think she is promiscuous (easy). According to the text, this is an
example of the influence of
A) subjective experience.
B) subjective norms.
C) perceived behavioural control.
D) intentions.
E) social stigma.
Answer: B
55) Many young people have a positive attitude towards condom use, yet fail to use them.
A theory that can help sort out the factors that influence this discrepancy between
attitudes and behaviour is called the
A) elaboration likelihood model.
B) attitude strength model.
C) theory of planned behaviour.
D) Yale attitude change approach.
E) peripheral route persuasion model.
Answer: C
56) Attitudes are an individual internal phenomenon, yet they are of tremendous interest
to social psychologists. Why?
A) Attitudes are the most powerful predictor of social behaviours.
B) Attitude change is often a social phenomenon.
C) Many attitudes are shared by groups of people.
D) Attitude change can be used to maintain self-esteem.
E) Attitude change is often self-serving.
Answer: B
57) The Yale Attitude Change approach focused on a number of factors that influence the
success of a persuasive message. Which of the following best exemplifies source
variables as one of those factors?
A) one-sided versus two-sided messages
B) high versus low quality argument
C) visual versus auditory messages
D) expert versus novice speakers
E) long versus short appeals
Answer: D
58) According to the Yale Attitude Change approach, _______ speakers are more
persuasive than their opposites.
A) extroverted
B) friendly
C) attractive
D) novice
E) young
Answer: C
59) Persuasion from the perspective of “who says what to whom” is best associated with
the
A) self-perception model.
B) Yale attitude change approach.
C) elaboration likelihood model.
D) heuristic-systematic model of persuasion.
E) use of the central route to persuasion.
Answer: B
60) When people listen carefully to a persuasive communication and think about the
arguments, they are using the _______ route to persuasion.
A) direct
B) heuristic
C) peripheral
D) indirect
E) central
Answer: E
Type: MC Page Ref: 164-165 Skill: Factual
61) When people don’t attend carefully to the substance of a persuasive communication,
but instead pay attention to irrelevant cues, they are using the _______ route to
persuasion.
A) central
B) indirect
C) peripheral
D) direct
E) systematic
Answer: C
62) The central route to persuasion is to _______ as the peripheral route is to _______.
A) heuristic processing; systematic processing
B) logical arguments; surface characteristics
C) attractiveness of the speaker; argument quality
D) attitude change; no attitude change
E) ability; motivation
Answer: B
63) According to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, people who _______
are most likely to take the _______ route to persuasion.
A) are not interested in the issue; central
B) are motivated to pay attention; central
C) do not pay close attention; central
D) are motivated to pay attention; peripheral
E) do not care about the issue; central
Answer: B
64) What do Shelly Chaiken’s (1987) heuristic-systematic model of persuasion and

Richard Petty and John Cacioppo’s (1986) elaboration likelihood model of persuasion
have in common?
A) Both models have yielded findings that directly contradict results of the Yale
persuasion studies.
B) Both models specify when people will be influenced by the quality of
argument as opposed to irrelevant factors.
C) Both models view attitude change in response to persuasion attempts as self-
serving.
D) Both models predict that people will be most influenced by such peripheral or
superficial factors as speaker attractiveness.
E) Both models predict that situational variables are the only determining factor in
attitude change.
Answer: B
65) When people have both the motivation and ability to attend to a persuasive
communication, they are more likely to use the _______ route to persuasion.
A) relevant
B) direct
C) central
D) heuristic
E) peripheral
Answer: C
66) Who is more likely to use the central route to persuasion when attending to a
communication about health insurance reform?
A) Raúl, who has little interest in public policy issues
B) Tammy, who is doing her homework as she watches Meet The Press
C) Rachel, who has never had any health problems
D) James, who is undergoing extensive treatments after his auto accident
E) Justé, who can only just hear the communication because of noise in the room
Answer: D
67) According to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, you are more likely to
be influenced by the central route when you are
A) impressed with the speaker’s credentials and manner.
B) not invested in the topic at hand.
C) not interested in the topic at hand.
D) willing and able to give your full attention to the message.
E) preoccupied with other matters.
Answer: D
68) Imagine that you are listening to a political candidate. Which of the following
scenarios would result in the most attitude change in the direction of the candidate’s
position?
A) The arguments are strong, but you don’t regard the candidate as expert in the
area, which is also not particularly relevant to you.
B) You care deeply about the issue and the speaker is very attractive, but he
presents a superficial argument.
C) The topic is not very important to you and you are captivated by the
candidate’s dazzling smile.
D) You find the candidate unattractive and the arguments are weak, but the topic
is highly relevant to you.
E) The arguments are low in quality, but there are a lot of them, and the issue is
one about which you care deeply.
Answer: C
69) A cigarette company wants to create a positive image by launching a campaign to

decrease smoking among the young. This kind of tactic, termed ‘hypocritical’ by
your text, will be most effective if the audience for the campaign is
A) smoking.
B) among the older generation
C) processing the information systematically
D) familiar with that particular cigarette company
E) under cognitive load.
Answer: E
70) People who base their attitudes on careful analysis of the arguments rather than the
characteristics of the person delivering the argument, are
A) more likely to maintain the attitude over time, but less likely to behave
consistently with this attitude.
B) more like to maintain the attitude over time and more likely to behave
consistently with this attitude.
C) no more likely to maintain the attitude over time or behave consistently with
this attitude.
D) likely to change their minds over time.
E) sensitive to counter-persuasion.
Answer: B
71) “Don’t bother me with the so-called facts,” asserts your Uncle Joe. “If it’s good
enough for Stephen Harper, it’s good enough for me.” Which of the following
statements about your Uncle Joe is most likely true?
A) He will use central route processing when listening to Harper speak.
B) He will process Harper’s messages systematically.
C) He will note inconsistencies in Harper’s arguments.
D) He will continue to hold enduring attitudes toward Harper policies.
E) He will pay less attention to what Harper says and more attention to how he
says it.
Answer: E
72) As a persuasive communicator, your goal is to influence the opinions of your

audience. You are most likely to benefit from an audience that is slightly distracted
when
A) you are not an acknowledged expert on the topic.
B) your arguments are strong.
C) your arguments are rather weak.
D) your audience holds a weak attitude toward the issue.
E) you have a cold.
Answer: C
73) Who is most likely to remember the prominent writer of an editorial advocating the
abolishment of mandatory minimum sentencing for drug offenses, but to forget the
arguments in that editorial?
A) Bob, who is a lawyer representing drug offenders
B) Jane, who is in jail for a drug charge
C) Orrin, who has jetlag from his quick trip back and forth from Vancouver
D) Harvey, who smokes marijuana
E) Linda, who organizes drug education in schools
Answer: C
74) You have agreed to make a speech in front of the Student Union building to convince
students of the necessity of tuition increases. You haven’t had a lot of time to rehearse
your arguments, and you know if you had another two days you could construct and
deliver a more logical, well-reasoned persuasive message. In order to increase the
odds that the audience will be persuaded by your less-than-ideal speech, you should
_______ to ensure that the audience processes your message _______.
A) convince them that the issue is relevant to them; peripherally.
B) persuade your friends to move through the crowd, heckling to distract them;
centrally.
C) convince them of what they stand to gain if tuition increases are enacted;
heuristically.
D) speak on the side of the building where noisy construction is underway;
peripherally.
E) be sure to speak clearly and make sure that they can focus on you; centrally.
Answer: D
75) Public service ads often try to raise fear in an audience to induce people to change
unhealthy behaviours. If fear appeals are used, it is crucial to provide the audience
with _______ to increase the likelihood of behaviour change.
A) mortality and morbidity statistics
B) real world examples
C) specific recommendations for how to reduce the unhealthy behaviour
D) specific information about the consequences of continuing the unhealthy
behaviour
E) as much fear-evoking information as possible
Answer: C
76) Fear-arousing communications are most likely to result in attitude change when
A) they are sufficiently strong to induce perceptions of threat.
B) people think that attending to a message will reduce the fear.
C) people process fear appeals peripherally.
D) the messages are found to be shocking.
E) people are in a good mood and the message takes them by surprise.
Answer: B
77) Fear-arousing persuasive messages are targeted to the _______ basis of attitudes.
A) cognitive
B) peripheral
C) central
D) affective
E) causal
Answer: D
78) Howard Leventhal and his colleagues (1967) showed one group of smokers a film
depicting the ravages of lung cancer, gave another group of smokers a pamphlet with
instructions on how to quit smoking, and exposed a third group to both the film and
the pamphlets. People in the last group reduced their smoking significantly more than
people in the other two groups because
A) they were relatively light smokers.
B) fear was aroused and they were provided with a means to reduce that fear.
C) prior to the study they reported more failed attempts to quit.
D) they were given more information on the health risks of smoking.
E) the combination increased their confidence in their ability to quit.
Answer: B
79) Howard Leventhal and his colleagues (Leventhal, Watts, & Pagano, 1967) showed
some smokers a graphic film about lung cancer and gave them a pamphlet with
instructions on how to quit. Other smokers received either the pamphlet alone or
watched only the film. After three months, those smokers who received only the
pamphlet with instructions were smoking significantly more than those who both saw
the film and received the pamphlet. Why?
A) Fear, like other negative moods, encourages people to pay attention to the
message.
B) Fear alone is not sufficient if people don't know how to reduce it.
C) Information alone is not sufficient if people are not motivated to use it.
D) The pamphlet did not induce enough fear.
E) A message must be relevant to people if they are to pay attention to it.
Answer: C
80) For those who are most threatened by a fear-arousing message, the addition of
________ can be effective in creating attitude change and preventing an audience
from turning their attention away.
A) real-life examples
B) frightening and graphic images
C) soothing music
D) humour
E) attractive and colourful images
Answer: D
81) You’ve just learned that your younger brother has begun having sex. You are
concerned about his health and the health of his partner and, because abstinence
doesn’t seem reasonable to expect, you have decided to have a serious talk with him.
What is the best thing to do?
A) Instill enough fear into him to get his attention and then explain where to get
condoms and how to use them.
B) Describe in vivid detail the ravages of AIDS and other sexually transmitted
diseases to scare him into safe sex practices.
C) Instill enough fear in him to get his attention and then give him a condom.
D) Talk to him about the odds that he will contract the disease and discuss
national statistics about AIDS.
E) Buy him a book about responsible sex at the local bookstore and mark the
appropriate pages with a condom.
Answer: A
82) “I like sex, but not enough to die for it,” says a young woman in an ad designed to
persuade people to use condoms if they are sexually active. Why might this approach
be ineffective?
A) If people are in a bad mood when they see the ad, they won't pay attention.
B) If people are sexually active, the ad will be low in personal relevance.
C) If people are too frightened, they won't think rationally about the issue.
D) If people are not sexually active, they will think the ad does not directly apply
to them.
E) If people are not sexually active, the ad will put them in a bad mood.
Answer: C
83) Which of the following represents the utilitarian aspect of an attitude object, such as a
consumer product?
A) the image portrayed in a perfume ad
B) who the spokesperson is for a home grill
C) the humor contained in a greeting card
D) the flattering appearance of a pair of jeans
E) the gas mileage of a car
Answer: E
84) According to research by Sharon Shavitt (1990), consumers’ attitudes toward social
identity products are _______ based because they are informed by _______.
A) cognitively; logical appraisals of the product.
B) affectively; values and the self-concept.
C) behaviourally; past product purchases.
D) cognitively; social identity concerns.
E) behviourally; values.
Answer: B
85) Advertisers will be most successful in influencing our attitudes and behaviours if they
A) can ensure that consumers will pay attention to their ads.
B) present logical arguments in support of their products.
C) tailor their strategies to the basis of consumers’ attitudes.
D) distract consumers to encourage peripheral processing.
E) utilize subliminal messages.
Answer: C
86) According to research by Sang-pil Han and Sharon Shavitt (1994), are there cultural
differences in the kinds of attitudes people hold about the same consumer product?
A) Yes. Ads that focus on individuality and self-improvement work better in
Western cultures than in Asian cultures.
B) Yes. Ads that focus on emotions and values work better in Asian cultures than
in the United States.
C) No. There are no significant cultural differences.
D) Yes. People in Asian cultures are less consumer-oriented than people in the
United States.
E) Yes. People in Asian cultures are more receptive to ads for utilitarian products.
Answer: A
87) Which of the following ad slogans for an automobile would be more effective in
Tokyo than in Toronto?
A) The Penguin: Be Unique
B) The Mystic: Comfort for Your Family
C) The Cobra: They’ll Eat Your Dust
D) The Lyric: Drive to a Different Tune
E) The Astor: A Sign That You've Made It
Answer: B
88) Sang-pil Han and Sharon Shavitt showed Americans and Koreans advertisements that
stressed either independence or interdependence. They found that _______ were
persuaded most by ads that stressed _______.
A) Koreans; logical arguments.
B) Americans; interdependence.
C) Americans; independence.
D) Americans; emotional appeals.
E) Koreans; independence.
Answer: C
89) A recent meta-analysis of the effectiveness of anti-substance-abuse campaigns found

that
A) the most effective medium for displaying ads was print (newspapers and
magazines).
B) the most effective medium for displaying ads was broadcast (radio and
television).
C) the most effective medium for displaying ads was electronic (Internet and
wireless).
D) the most effective medium for displaying ads was street settings (billboards
and automobiles).
E) none of the media were effective in changing attitudes.
Answer: B
90) _______ refers to words or pictures that are not consciously perceived, but that
allegedly influence judgments, attitudes, and behaviours.
A) Subconscious perception
B) Paranormal stimuli
C) Subliminal messages
D) Subnormal priming
E) Subcortical messages
Answer: C
91) Why should we be skeptical about advertisers’ claims that subliminal advertisements
work?
A) People often see or hear so-called subliminal messages that aren't there.
B) Subliminal advertisements only work on a small segment of the population.
C) Advertisers seldom, if ever, use controlled studies to support their claims.
D) Advertisers rely more on people’s self-reports than on their actual purchasing
patterns.
E) Many auditory and visual stimuli are not subliminal at all and can be
consciously perceived.
Answer: C
92) Anthony Greenwald and his colleagues (1991) provided participants with audiotapes
that contained subliminal messages to improve memory or to raise self-esteem. After
participants had listened to the tapes, the researchers assessed their memory or self-
esteem. Greenwald and his colleagues found that subliminal messages
A) did nothing more than relax participants, improving their performance on
memory tasks.
B) increased memory, and this increase in memory lead to increases in self-
esteem.
C) did nothing to enhance memory or increase self-esteem.
D) increased self-esteem, but did not improve memory.
E) worked to enhance memory or self-esteem only when participants thought
they worked.
Answer: C
93) _______ is the process of making people resistant or immune to attempts to change
their attitudes by exposing them to small doses of arguments against their position.
A) Counter-attitudinal priming
B) Subliminal priming
C) Attitude inoculation
D) Psychological reactance
E) Preemptive exposure
Answer: C
94) Attitude inoculation is the process of making people immune to persuasion attempts
by
A) exposing them to arguments against their position.
B) encouraging them to feel positive about the position that they hold.
C) exposing them to arguments in support of their position.
D) encouraging them to pay attention to the quality of the persuasion attempts.
E) encouraging them to keep an open mind.
Answer: A
95) Politicians often preface their remarks with such statements as “I know that my
opponent will try to tell you that I'm weak on crime.” This strategy is an example of
A) use of the peripheral route to persuasion.
B) use of the central route to persuasion.
C) attitude inoculation.
D) low self-esteem.
E) fear-based persuasion.
Answer: C
96) Attitude inoculation is a way to

A) increase resistance to attitude change.
B) make fear-arousing messages more persuasive.
C) ensure audience attention.
D) bring attitudes into line with values.
E) induce people to use heuristic processing.
Answer: A
97) You want to have a talk with your younger sister about the dangers of drugs. You
begin the discussion by saying, “Now, your friends are probably going to tell you that
only people with problems to begin with get into trouble with drugs and that you’re a
chicken if you don’t get high with them, but....” You have just used _______ to
persuade her to avoid experimenting with drugs.
A) a fear-based appeal
B) attitude accessibility
C) a peripheral route argument
D) a one-sided argument
E) attitude inoculation
Answer: E
98) A public service ad on television shows a young boy resisting the attempts of
someone off camera to persuade him to accept drugs. The boy resists each and every
enticement (e.g., “It’ll make you fly!” or “Come on, this one’s free!”). The camera
then pans back and the boy’s father hugs him and says, “Good job, son!” This ad
illustrates the use of _______ to increase resistance to attitude change.
A) psychological reactance
B) two-sided arguments
C) one-sided arguments
D) attitude inoculation
E) fear appeals
Answer: D
99) Hai has been taking expensive beta-carotene supplements for years, because he
believes they will reduce his risk of cancer. Hai has just learned that a well-controlled
study published in the prestigious New England Journal of Medicine showed that
beta-carotene supplements do not reduce cancer risk. Hai is probably experiencing
A) the rationalization trap.
B) cognitive dissonance.
C) self-discrepancy.
D) self-delusion.
E) self-affirmation.
Answer: B
100) Susan carefully rinses her mouth with an unpleasant-tasting mouthwash every day.
One day, Susan reads an article reporting credible dental research that suggests that
mouthwash is completely ineffective and that mouthwash may even be related to
tooth decay. The discomfort that Susan experiences in response to this article is
called
A) self-deception.
B) insufficient justification.
C) self-justification.
D) cognitive dissonance.
E) self-discrepancy.
Answer: D
101) Steven has a diet high in saturated fats and cholesterol. Assume that he has read that
new scientific evidence confirms that a diet high in fat and cholesterol leads to heart
disease and colon cancer. If Steven were to reduce cognitive dissonance by adding
new cognitions in support of his behaviour, he would think,
A) “I think I will add salad to my diet.”
B) “I eat what my grandpa ate, and he lived to be 87!”
C) “Gee, I think next week I’ll stick to fish and chicken.”
D) “I bet they didn’t use a true experiment and a random sample.”
E) “Like everyone else, scientists are slaves to what’s fashionable.”
Answer: B
102) Individuals can reduce cognitive dissonance by

A) ignoring negative cognitions.
B) pretending they did not perform a particular behaviour.
C) adding new cognitions that are consistent with their behaviour.
D) decreasing their arousal.
E) reducing their total number of cognitions.
Answer: C
103) “Live fast and die young, that’s what I always say,” Rosie pronounces, as she stuffs
down three more Ding-Dong snack cakes and opens another pint of high-fat ice
cream. Rosie knows that her diet is unhealthy and harmful, of course. To reduce her
dissonance, Rosie is
A) adding a cognition that is consonant with her problem behaviour.
B) changing a problem cognition to make it more consonant with her behaviour.
C) engaging in binge eating to distract her from the knowledge her diet is
unhealthy.
D) engaging in self-affirmation to combat cognitive dissonance.
E) changing her behaviour to bring it in line with her cognitions.
Answer: A
104) You’ve recently learned that eating avocados, which you love, is bad for your
health. To reduce the dissonance you experience after reading this news, you would
most likely
A) reread the article more carefully.
B) consume a larger quantity of avocados.
C) question the validity of the research and the integrity of the scientists.
D) look for more articles on avocados.
E) tell all of your friends about the findings.
Answer: C
105) Imagine you really enjoy lying out in the sun to get a deep, dark tan. If you heard
arguments both for and against tanning, you would probably remember _______
arguments for tanning, and _______ arguments against tanning.
A) plausible; implausible
B) implausible; plausible
C) short; long
D) short; plausible
E) long; short
Answer: A
106) Who would be least likely to remember sound and well-founded arguments against
smoking?
A) a person who has no desire to quit smoking
B) a person who keeps trying to quit smoking without success
C) a person who has never smoked
D) a person who has finally quit smoking after repeated attempts
E) a person who has a friend trying to quit smoking
Answer: A
107) Many years ago, Time magazine ran a cover story entitled “Is God Dead?” Who
would be most likely to remember that cover of Time?
A) an atheist
B) a Catholic priest
C) a practicing Christian
D) a practicing Jew
E) a Christian minister
Answer: A
108) According to the authors, every time we make a decision, we experience some
amount of dissonance. Why?
A) The rejected alternative is seldom completely positive.
B) After people invest effort, they are motivated to second-guess themselves.
C) People seldom seek out objective information before decision-making.
D) People often make the wrong decision.
E) The chosen alternative is seldom completely positive.
Answer: E
109) _______ refers to the dissonance aroused after we have chosen between two or more
alternatives.
A) Decisional anxiety
B) Justification of effort
C) Post-decision dissonance
D) Decisional regret
E) Insufficient justification
Answer: C
110) Chloe debated for a long time about whether to take a psychology or a sociology
course, both of which looked interesting. She finally chose the psychology course.
Now, because she is experiencing _______, she raves about the psychology course
to her friends.
A) a justification of effort
B) a threat to self-evaluation maintenance
C) a threat to self-esteem
D) post-decision dissonance
E) insufficient justification
Answer: D
111) Ying just purchased a rather expensive wrist watch. She had debated for weeks
about the merits of two different styles before making her final decision. It’s now
likely that Ying will
A) wish that she purchased the other watch.
B) emphasize all of the positive aspects of the chosen watch.
C) continue to check the newspaper to monitor sales for the watch she opted not
to buy.
D) return the chosen watch and exchange it for the other watch.
E) continue looking at other styles of watches in case she can find one she likes
better.
Answer: B
112) When your grandmother admonished you, “Never look a gift horse in the mouth,”
she was reminding you to be appropriately grateful for the gifts you receive. Were a
dissonance theorist to remind you never to look a gift horse in the mouth, he or she
would be giving you advice on how to
A) avoid cognitive dissonance.
B) prevent insufficient justification.
C) prevent consonance in your cognitions.
D) graciously accept the gift of a horse.
E) avoid things that might be costly.
Answer: A
113) Jack Brehm (1956) asked women to rate the desirability of a number of appliances
and then allowed them to choose one of those appliances as a gift. Twenty minutes
later, all women re-rated the same appliances, including the one they chose. Women
tended to rate the alternatives they rejected lower than they had originally, and to
rate their chosen appliance more positively. These results suggest that people
A) experience more dissonance when their decisions implicate their self-concepts
as rational and reasonable.
B) reduce dissonance by overestimating differences between chosen and
unchosen alternatives.
C) are more likely to experience cognitive dissonance when decisions are
irrevocable.
D) are irrational in their evaluations.
E) seldom collect enough information before making decisions.
Answer: B
114) Jack Brehm (1956) asked women to rate the desirability of a number of appliances
and then allowed them to choose one of those appliances as a gift. Twenty minutes
later, all women re-rated the same appliances, including the one they chose.
According to his findings, which of the following (fictitious) participants would rate
the toaster lower than she had originally?
A) Beth, who was originally unsure which appliance to choose, but eventually
chose the toaster
B) Maude, who rated the toaster lowest at the outset
C) Edith, who loves toast and jelly, and chose the toaster
D) June, who chose the waffle iron instead
E) Donna, who felt pressured to select the iron
Answer: D
115) Maria is on a limited budget and can only afford one CD. She really likes two in
particular: Frank Sinatra’s Greatest Hits and the soundtrack from the musical Rent.
When she gets home and listens to the Frank Sinatra CD, she cannot imagine why
she ever considered the Rent CD. This is because
A) Frank Sinatra music reminds Maria of her childhood
B) she really enjoys the Frank Sinatra CD
C) Maria has to justify buying a CD, given her limited budget
D) Maria was motivated to reduce her post-decision dissonance
E) Maria wasn’t sure about the store’s return policy
Answer: D
116) Why do people often experience post decision dissonance?

A) Almost every alternative has both an upside and a downside, and this makes
people feel uncomfortable.
B) People fear that indecision will be evaluated negatively by others.
C) People tend to find most decisions difficult.
D) People are motivated to believe in a just world.
E) It’s easier to value an option we’ve chosen than to disparage an option we've
rejected.
Answer: A
117) Anita spent two months trying to decide whether to buy a PC or a MaC) She finally
decided on a Mac. Now Anita most likely
A) tries to convince all her friends to buy PCs.
B) asks her friends how they feel about PCs.
C) wishes she'd bought the PC.
D) is certain she made the right decision.
E) still thinks PCs and Macs are equally good computers.
Answer: D
118) In general, the more _______ a decision between alternatives, the _______ the post-
decision dissonance.
A) difficult; less
B) permanent; greater
C) freer; less
D) revocable; greater
E) trivial; greater
Answer: B
119) All things being equal, it would generate the most dissonance to decide which of
two
A) computers to buy.
B) apartments to rent.
C) people to marry.
D) classes to take.
E) desserts to order.
Answer: C
120) Why would a race track of all places be an excellent place to conduct research on
post-decision dissonance?
A) The odds are against inexperienced bettors, but experienced bettors are more
likely to win money than to lose it.
B) It's a place where the consequences of both revocable and irrevocable
decisions can be systematically studied.
C) Trainers, owners, and jockeys have invested a lot of time and effort to breed
and train a winner.
D) A lot of people go to watch the races, but not everyone believes that betting is
moral.
E) It is a large random sample of people.
Answer: B
121) Researchers (Knox & Inkster, 1968) visited a race track and interviewed people
betting on the horses, both before and after they had placed their bets. They found
that _______ were more confident in their betting decisions because _______.
A) people who were waiting to place large bets; they reported more experience.
B) people who were waiting to place small bets; they stood to lose less.
C) people who had already placed their bets; their bets changed the odds.
D) people who had placed small $2 bets; they stood to lose less.
E) people who had already placed their bets; they couldn’t change their minds.
Answer: E
122) People who had already placed their $2 bets were more confident than people who
were waiting in line to place their bets (Knox & Inkster, 1968). These findings
suggest that decisions that are _______ generate more cognitive dissonance than
decisions that are not.
A) irrevocable
B) trivial
C) coerced
D) difficult
E) important
Answer: A
123) After filing your ballot for an election, you are more convinced than you were
before filing the ballot that you voted for the best candidate. This example illustrates
the idea that when decisions are _______ individuals engage in a greater amount of
dissonance reduction.
A) irrevocable
B) ambiguous
C) imminent
D) difficult
E) simple
Answer: A
124) Jill is a devout Catholic who believes that the use of birth control is wrong.
However, Jill becomes involved in a relationship and together she and her partner
decide to practice birth control. Jill will probably
A) now hold a more negative attitude toward birth control.
B) denounce the Pope and leave the Catholic church.
C) feel motivated to leave the relationship.
D) now hold a more positive attitude toward birth control.
E) exhibit no change in her attitude toward birth control.
Answer: D
125) According to results of dissonance studies, who is more likely to believe that lying
is truly a heinous, unconscionable, and unforgivable act?
A) Mark, who was tempted to lie, but told the truth instead
B) Julius, who knew he should tell the truth, but lied instead
C) Francis, who lies on occasion, but feels he can justify it
D) Dan, who has always told the truth
E) Bill, who lies quite often
Answer: A
126) Based on information from the authors of your text about cognitive dissonance and
immoral behaviour, which of the following people would be most likely to be
lenient in judging those who have an extramarital affair?
A) Sarah, who is not married
B) Jessie, who cheated on her husband long ago, but didn’t get caught
C) Laura, who is faithful to her husband
D) Candy, who is engaged to be married but has had many boyfriends
E) Elinor, who is highly religious
Answer: B
127) Judson Mills (1958) had elementary school children compete for attractive prizes.
The children could cheat to win the prizes, but they didn’t know that the
experimenter would be assured of detecting the cheaters. Some children cheated,
and others did not. The next day,
A) those who didn’t cheat earlier became more lenient in their attitudes about
cheating.
B) when they were offered a large inducement to cheat, most students cheated.
C) those who had cheated earlier became more lenient in their attitudes about
cheating.
D) none of the students endorsed cheating as acceptable.
E) almost all of the students felt that cheating was acceptable in this situation.
Answer: C
128) Viswesvaran and Deshpande (1996) studied mid-level business managers in India.
Some of these business managers were struggling with the question of whether to
make unethical business decisions. Based on laboratory research on the effects of
deciding to behave immorally, it is reasonable to predict that those managers who
________ would be most lenient about unethical practices a year later.
A) made unethical decisions
B) made ethical decisions
C) felt forced to make unethical decisions
D) deliberated longer about their situation
E) had family members who had behaved unethically
Answer: A
129) Research in which participants’ brains were scanned with MRIs while doing a
dissonance-producing task showed that when people encounter dissonance the
_________ areas of the brain decrease in activity, and when dissonance is resolved
the __________ areas of the brain “light up.”
A) emotion; reasoning
B) reasoning; memory
C) memory; emotion
D) reasoning; emotion
E) memory; reasoning
Answer: D
130) Based on MRI research on people who experienced and later resolved cognitive
dissonance, what would you expect to happen to Mary, who just reduced her
dissonant feelings about visiting the tanning salon by telling herself that she isn’t
genetically predisposed to skin cancer, so it won’t affect her?
A) She will next experience nervousness.
B) She will experience pleasant feelings.
C) She will be able to think critically about other things.
D) She will be unable to encode new memories for up to ten minutes.
E) She will experience cognitive overload.
Answer: B
131) The authors of the text assert that research demonstrating that other animals
experience dissonance and that it has a biological basis supports the idea that
cognitive dissonance may have a(n) _________ origin.
A) cultural
B) ethnographic
C) personality
D) evolutionary
E) learned
Answer: D
132) The authors of your text present a study by Egan and his colleagues in which
monkeys were given a choice between different colours of M&Ms. Later their
preference for different colours of M&Ms was re-assesseD) The researchers found
that
A) the monkeys couldn’t remember what they picked.
B) the monkeys selected colours only at random.
C) the monkeys showed post-decision dissonance.
D) the monkeys couldn’t see the colours.
E) the monkeys preferred M&Ms that had a different colour from those they had
originally chosen.
Answer: C
133) _______ refers to the tendency for people to increase their liking for something they
have worked hard to attain.
A) Post-decision dissonance
B) Post-effort justification
C) Insufficient justification
D) Justification of effort
E) Minimal justification
Answer: D
134) Elliot Aronson and Judson Mills (1959) performed an experiment in which college
women were invited to join a discussion group about sex. In order to join the group,
participants had to undergo either a severe initiation, a mild initiation, or no
initiation. Which of the following best describes this study's findings? Women who
underwent _______ initiation enjoyed the discussion the _______.
A) a severe; most.
B) a mild; most.
C) more than one; least.
D) no; most.
E) a severe; least.
Answer: A
135) You have worked extremely hard to attain a goal, but soon realize that the goal is
not as exciting as you expected. You will probably
A) exaggerate the positive qualities of the goal in order to justify your effort.
B) carefully analyze the reasons why you worked so hard to attain the goal.
C) exaggerate the negative qualities of the goal in order to attain sympathy.
D) warn others that the goal is not a very attractive one.
E) deny that you ever believed that the goal was exciting.
Answer: A
136) You have just undergone a three-week initiation process to become a member of a
fraternity. During the initiation, you were made to do such things as shave your
head, run naked through the cafeteria, and sing obnoxious fraternity songs during
your classes. You now consider the fraternity the best thing that’s ever happened to
you and are convinced that your fraternity brothers are friends for lifE) Your
attitude toward your fraternity is probably the result of
A) justification of effort.
B) post-decision dissonance.
C) the overjustification effect.
D) insufficient punishment.
E) flawed cognitions.
Answer: A
137) Who is most likely to enjoy a boring and lackluster rock-n-roll concert performed by
washed-up 50-something “has beens”?
A) Rod, who used to work as a soundman for the band
B) Paul, who won the tickets in a radio trivia quiz
C) Keith, who got the tickets for his birthday from his Aunt Bertha
D) Mick, who waited in line all night for tickets
E) John, who has never seen the band perform live before
Answer: D
138) Janis has just volunteered to undergo treatment for drug addiction. After she leaves
the clinic, she is _______ to stay off drugs because her recovery at the clinic was
_______.
A) not likely; a very difficult ordeal.
B) likely; a very difficult ordeal.
C) not likely; voluntary.
D) likely; a very easy experience.
E) not likely; part of a mandatory sentencing program.
Answer: B
139) In the aftermath of dissonant behaviour, people often cite something outside
themselves as a reason or explanation for engaging in that behaviour. This kind of
explanation is known as
A) the overjustification effect.
B) post-decision regret.
C) external justification.
D) post-decision justification
E) internal justification.
Answer: C
140) Your friend Jamie shows you the gift she bought for her mother’s birthday. It’s an
atrociously ugly fake marble statue of an angel, with the saccharine words “My
Mother’s An Angel” sloppily lettered on the bottom. Jamie asks you what you think,
and because her feelings are easily hurt, to spare her, you say, “It’s wonderful!
Maybe I’ll get one for my mom!” In this case, you _______ experience dissonance
because there is _______ justification for your action.
A) will not; sufficient internal
B) will; sufficient external
C) will; not
D) will not; sufficient external
E) will; sufficient internal
Answer: D
141) When our behaviours are inconsistent with our values or beliefs, we are not likely to
experience cognitive dissonance if
A) the values are important to us.
B) we engaged in the behaviour voluntarily.
C) the beliefs are integral to our self-concepts.
D) we can point to external justifications for our behaviour.
E) no one observed the inconsistent behaviour.
Answer: D
142) In the aftermath of dissonant behaviour, people often change something about
themselves as a means of reducing cognitive dissonance. This is known as
A) external justification.
B) behaviour modification.
C) internal justification.
D) postdecision regret.
E) the overjustification effect.
Answer: C
143) According to the tenets of dissonance theory, when we cannot find sufficient
external justification for acts such as saying something we don’t truly believe, we
will most likely
A) seek out dissonance.
B) increase the number of dishonest deeds we do.
C) deny what we said.
D) stop thinking about what we said.
E) seek internal justifications.
Answer: E
144) Which of the following social psychology concepts is most closely related to the
expression, “Saying is believing”?
A) counter-attitudinal advocacy
B) post-decision regret
C) anchoring and adjusting
D) justification of effort
E) illusion of choice
Answer: A
145) Which of the following people is using an internal justification to reduce

dissonance?
A) Justin, who identifies a large reward as the cause of his behaviour
B) Christiane, who changes her attitude to bring it in line with an undesirable
behaviour
C) Denise, who reconciles herself to the discomfort that dissonance produces
D) Michelle, who points to the fact that she was coerced into an undesirable
behaviour
E) Blaine, who views his boss as the cause of his behaviour
Answer: B
146) When people state publicly an opinion that is at odds with their own private
attitudes, they are engaging in
A) justification of effort.
B) seeking external justifications.
C) counter-attitudinal advocacy.
D) seeking situational justifications.
E) dissonance reduction.
Answer: C
147) Two weeks after making a public statement at odds with his previous positions,
which politician is most likely to report that he sticks by his most recent
(contradictory) statement?
A) a candidate who was far behind in the polls and had to shift tactics
B) a candidate who couldn’t quite figure out why he contradicted himself
C) a candidate who was “cornered” by demonstrators
D) a candidate who had to fall in line with the views of his political party
E) a candidate who spoke at a $1,000 a plate fund-raiser
Answer: B
148) People are unlikely to change their attitude after saying something they don’t truly
believe if there is _______ for the lie.
A) insufficient justification
B) a small cash reward
C) insufficient rationalization
D) internal justification
E) external justification
Answer: E
149) Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959) paid participants either $1 or $20 to
tell another person that a boring, tedious task was really fun and interesting. The
results of their experiment demonstrated that
A) most people will not lie regardless of the reward.
B) minimal external justification can lead to attitude change.
C) people often refuse to say in public what they privately believe.
D) the decision to engage in attitude-discrepant acts must be voluntary.
E) when people experience dissonance, they work to justify their effort.
Answer: D
150) Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959) paid participants either $1 or $20 to
tell someone else that a tedious, boring task was really interesting. Participants paid
_______ modified their original attitudes because they had _______ for lying.
A) $20; minimal external justification
B) $20; little internal justification
C) $20; an abundance of external justification
D) $1; little external justification
E) $1; little internal justification
Answer: D
151) Vera is offered $50 to write an essay about the downsides of affirmative action,
whereas Carol is offered only $2 to write a similar essay. After writing the essays and
receiving their payments, both women are asked to report their attitudes toward
affirmative action. Assuming that their attitudes were similarly positive at the outset,
which of the following results would you expect?
A) both women would be somewhat less opposed to affirmative action
B) both women would be strongly opposed to affirmative action
C) Carol would be more favourable than Vera toward affirmative action
D) Carol and Vera would be equally favourable toward affirmative action
E) Vera would be more favourable than Carol toward affirmative action
Answer: E
152) Recall that in experiments conducted by Mike Leippe and Donna Eisenstadt (1994,
1998), white college students agreed to write essays in favor of doubling funds for
minority student scholarships, even though that policy would reduce funds available
for majority students. What happened?
A) Participants who were initially prejudiced did not change their attitudes, but
non-prejudiced participants did.
B) Participants convinced themselves that they supported the policy of expanding
aid to minority students.
C) Participants changed their attitudes about the policy, but not about minority
students.
D) Participants who were prejudiced refused to write the essays.
E) Participants showed increased prejudice towards minority students.
Answer: B
153) In experiments conducted by Leippe and Eisenstadt (1994, 1998), when white
participants experienced dissonance after writing essays in favor of doubling
scholarship funds for minority students, how did many of them relieve the
dissonance?
A) by showing support of racist organizations
B) by showing lower prejudicial attitudes
C) by later telling the experimenter they didn’t really believe in what they’d
written
D) by seeking to befriend and date minorities
E) by denying that they had ever written the essays
Answer: B
154) Elliot Aronson and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1963) designed experiments to measure
cognitive dissonance in preschoolers. The researchers presented the children with an
attractive toy and then threatened them with either mild punishment or severe
punishment if they played with the toy. Their results suggest that
A) preschoolers are too young to experience cognitive dissonance.
B) the children in the severe punishment condition found the toy less attractive
than the children in the mild punishment condition.
C) the children did not differ in their attraction to the forbidden toy.
D) cognitive dissonance theory is useless to shape children’s attitudes and
behaviours.
E) the children in the mild punishment condition found the toy less attractive than
the children in the severe punishment condition.
Answer: E
155) Assume that in experiments conducted by Elliot Aronson and his colleagues (1991,
1993), Sally was randomly assigned to write and deliver a pro-condom speech to be
shown to high school students. She also listed all the times she found it awkward or
impossible to use condoms in her sexual encounters. After completing these tasks,
Sally reduced her dissonance by reporting a greater willingness to use condoms in
her future sexual activities. Why?
A) She felt a threat to her self-esteem and it was the only way to engage in self-
verification.
B) She changed her attitude to convince the experimenters to destroy her
videotape.
C) She was embarrassed by the tasks and wanted to please the experimenters.
D) She had more information about the risks of unprotected sex.
E) She felt like a hypocrite and changed her attitudes to reduce the dissonance.
Answer: E
156) Elliot Aronson and his colleagues (1991, 1993) asked college students either to
compose a persuasive message advocating the use of condoms, or to compose and
deliver their message in front of a video camera. In addition, half of the participants
in each group were made mindful of the times that they didn’t use condoms. After
completing these tasks, participants were allowed to purchase condoms at a low
price. What is the significance of their findings from this experiment?
A) They demonstrated that although dissonance can bring about attitude change,
behaviours are not affected.
B) They demonstrated that in some conditions, fear and anxiety can actually
encourage condom use.
C) They demonstrated that dissonance may not have a strong impact on attitude
change, but behaviours may still be affected.
D) They demonstrated that before people will use condoms, they must experience
dissonance.
E) They demonstrated that dissonance created by feelings of hypocrisy can
change both attitudes and behaviours.
Answer: E
157) According to the authors of your text, the arousal of dissonance by having
individuals make statements that run against their behaviours and then reminding
them of this inconsistency is
A) cognitive dissonance.
B) effort justification.
C) rationalization.
D) hypocrisy induction.
E) internal justification.
Answer: D
158) In an experiment by Takaku (2006) on road rage, when drivers went through a
driving simulation in which they accidentally cut off another driver, then were cut
off themselves, they were quicker to
A) become angry.
B) lay on the horn.
C) forgive the other driver.
D) distract themselves.
E) leave the scene.
Answer: C
159) In a study by Peterson, Haynes, and Olson (2008), smokers were asked to create an
anti-smoking video to be shown to high school students, invoking dissonance in the
smokers. These smokers, who particularly felt like hypocrites, were most likely to
A) feel a sudden urge to smoke.
B) increase intentions to quit smoking.
C) change the topic of conversation to something more comfortable.
D) use denial.
E) feel anger towards the experimenter.
Answer: B
160) In a study by Peterson, Haynes, and Olson (2008), smokers with __________ were
particularly likely to respond to hypocrisy induction by actually quitting smoking.
A) fewer years of smoking
B) fewer health problems
C) low self-esteem
D) greater dislike of cigarettes
E) high self-esteem
Answer: E
161) According to your authors, threats of severe punishment ultimately teach people
A) to avoid getting caught.
B) to distrust authority.
C) that crime doesn't pay.
D) to obey the rules.
E) that severe punishment is the best way to modify behaviour.
Answer: A
162) According to dissonance theorists, what is the problem with severe punishment to
control behaviours?
A) Severe punishment models inappropriate behaviour that is then learned.
B) Severe punishment serves as an external justification for behaviour change.
C) Severe punishment is difficult to administer.
D) Severe punishment undermines intrinsic motivation.
E) Severe punishment leads to frustration.
Answer: B
163) According to the principle of insufficient punishment, which of the following

parental techniques should be most effective in changing a child’s behaviour
permanently (i.e., even behaviour that occurs in the absence of the parent)?
A) threat of severe punishment
B) threat of mild punishment
C) occasional mild punishment
D) ignoring the child’s troublesome behaviour
E) severe punishment
Answer: B
164) According to dissonance theorists, the practice of threatening mild punishment
works because it arouses _______ cognitive dissonance and therefore causes
_______.
A) little; a change in attitude toward the forbidden act
B) much; a change in attitude toward the forbidden act
C) no; little if any frustration
D) no; avoidance of the punishment
E) much; avoidance of the punishment
Answer: B
165) The potential for dissonance reduction to produce a succession of self-justifications

that ultimately result in a chain of stupid or immoral actions is called a(n)
A) guilty trap.
B) rationalization trap.
C) self-affirmation theory.
D) counter-attitudinal advocacy.
E) uncertainty conundrum.
Answer: B
166) Self-affirmation theory posits that

A) people will reduce the impact of a dissonance-arousing threat by focusing on
their competence on a dimension unrelated to the threat.
B) people will reduce the impact of a dissonance-arousing threat by engaging in
self-justifications.
C) people will reduce the impact of a dissonance-arousing threat by focusing on
their competence pertaining to the threat.
D) people will reduce the impact of a dissonance-arousing threat by ignoring the
threat.
E) people will reduce the impact of a dissonance-arousing threat by carefully
considering their options.
Answer: A
167) Participants in an experiment conducted by Keith Davis and E.E. Jones (1960) were
induced to provide hurtful feedback to another person (actually a confederate, of
course). After providing such mean assessments of his performance, participants
then evaluated him privately. After providing an unsolicited criticism, these
participants' evaluations of the confederate were _______ because the _______.
A) more negative; victim did not stand up for himself after the insults.
B) more positive; participants regretted having hurt an innocent victim.
C) more positive; participants wanted to assuage their guilty feelings.
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"Oh, yes," said May; "but I suppose I may look at that boy when I go to
the school for the singing!"
In a few days, Ralph received the following answer from Mr. Mordan:
"DEAR SIR,—"
"I know nothing more of the late Frederick Garland than

the facts with which, from your letter, I suppose you to be
already acquainted. Thirteen or fourteen years ago, he
saved my son's life, the ship in which they had taken
passages for Canada being wrecked off the coast of
Ireland. My son did not go to Canada at all, and therefore
saw nothing of Garland until I became the senior, and he
the junior partner of our firm, and then he begged of me
to find a situation for this young man, as he had
ascertained that he had not got on well in America.
Garland came to Bordeaux at once; but as he was no
accountant, though evidently an educated man, I could
give him nothing better than a place as what you call a
storekeeper, which he filled for eight years, giving every
satisfaction as to honesty and general good character. I
know nothing more of him, and my son, who is at present
absent, travelling in the East, does not, to the best of my
belief, know anything that could assist you in your search
for his relatives. The girl he married here was an orphan,
and had no relatives living. Garland stated to me that he
hoped to remain in England with his father; but he said no
more than this. He left no debts here, nor is there
anything due to him; but I always fancied he was saving
money, as, though in receipt of a good salary, he lived in
a very economical way. He must have had some drain
upon his income of which I am ignorant."
"I remain,"
"Your obedient servant,"
"OLIVER MORDAN,
Senior."
And the advertisement in the Times was put in again and again, till it
had cost quite a little fortune, and yet it never was answered. Ruth and
Ollie seemed to be abandoned by all the world, except poor "crusty"
Ralph Trulock, who at first grudged every sixpence they cost him. But
Ruth had crept into his heart, and Ollie was such a bright, innocent,
creature—the more he saw of them, the more he loved them. And they
loved him, which was not wonderful, as every little pleasure they
enjoyed that summer came from him. The Sunday dinner party became
quite an institution: first came church, then dinner, then a long walk in
the Forest.
Ruth worked hard all the week, but as Ollie got his dinner at school, and
many a little present came from Ralph, she got on very well. Her black
calico wore out, and she did not replace it, but wore a coloured dress;
quietly remarking that "Father would not mind, because he knew she
loved him as well as ever." Ralph said something about her father "not
knowing," but Ruth, after a little distressed thought, smiled and
answered,—
"Would not the angels tell him? You know they come and go still, though
we cannot see them; and he would be sure to ask questions about Ollie
and me. They will have told him that although we could not find our
grandfather, God has given us a good friend."
The rector came home presently, and then Mr. Cloudesley had a
holiday, and went away for awhile. Mr. Barton had a great deal to do,
and was not a great visitor; and seeing Ralph in church every Sunday,
he was quite satisfied about him.
CHAPTER VII.
RALPH'S NURSE.
SO passed the summer months, and autumn, too, glided by swiftly. Yet,
in spite of all her hard work and all her care, Ruth had been obliged to
spend part of the money she had hoped to keep for winter use. Ollie
wanted shoes, and then she herself required a new pair; and though she
put off getting them as long as she could, she had to get them at last.
Mrs. Cricklade, too, who had at first refused to take rent from her, now,
seeing that Ralph Trulock had "taken them up," as she put it, made her
pay a shilling a week for her attic—though the old woman seemed half
ashamed of herself, too, for taking it. She advised Ruth to tell Mr.
Trulock, knowing that he could pay it. But Ruth never told him; she
thought it would be like asking for further help; and from his way of living
she believed him to be very poor, and therefore felt the more grateful to
him for the help he already gave her, particularly that fourpence a week
for Ollie. For of course Ollie soon discovered the truth about this
payment, and at once told Ruth.
So the few pounds she had had in store had begun to melt away; and
Ruth, to Ralph's dismay, began to look pale and thin. When really cold
weather came, he found that the girl never lighted her tiny fire until Ollie
was coming home from school; and though she was well and warmly
dressed, she seemed to suffer terribly from the cold.
Poor Ralph! he already spent upon these children more than the portion
of his savings which he had supposed would satisfy his conscience; and
yet his conscience was not satisfied, and his very heart ached for Ruth.
He thought of applying to the Cloudesleys for help for the children; but
Mr. Cloudesley had made it very plain that he considered the little
Garlands as being under Ralph's special care; besides, the Cloudesleys
were not rich, and he was ashamed to go to them after what had passed
between himself and May. The rector had been obliged to go abroad
again for the winter; there was no one to help the children but Ralph
himself.
Often, when Ruth tidied up his place on Sunday afternoon, while Ollie
chattered away to him, he thought how pleasant it would be to bring
them home to live with him. He had a right to have some one to keep
house for him, and could easily get leave to keep, Ollie; for, as I have
said, the rules at Lady Mabel's Rest were very few, and were framed for
the express purpose of making the inmates comfortable. But if he did
this, he must give up his idea of saving; and that meant that he must lie
under an obligation to Arnott and the rest for ever. Nay, that he must feel
grateful to them; for a feeling of fair dealing made him certain that if he
accepted the kindness, it would be his duty to be grateful. Grateful!
Thankful to Arnott and the rest for their charity! And all that he might
support a couple of children who had no claim upon him. No; he could
not and he would not, and that was the end of the matter. But the matter
would not be ended! Ralph could get no peace of mind, and he
sometimes almost hated sweet May Cloudesley for having said the
words which had caused him all this worry.
It was an early winter, and snow fell in October, which is not common
even in Fairford—though Fairford is a cold place. Ralph, stinting himself
more than ever in his vain attempt to walk two ways at once, found
himself one morning unable to rise from his bed. A sudden, severe
attack of rheumatism, such as he had suffered from once before, had
seized him, and there he lay, groaning and helpless. When the milk-boy
clattered his can against the hall door, Ralph succeeded in making him
hear his shouts; and desired him to tell the warden that he was ill, and
could not stir. But the boy, a lazy, stupid fellow, contented himself with
telling Mrs. Short, to whose house he went next. And Mrs. Short,
delighted at the opportunity of prying into Ralph's affairs, not only did not
tell any one else, but having eaten an excellent breakfast, went to pay a
visit to her sick neighbour.
Ralph's door was open, thanks to the milk-boy, and the keen frosty wind
rushing into the house made it very cold indeed. Mrs. Short shivered,
and almost thought she would turn back and send word to the warden;
but curiosity—no, no, not curiosity, for she murmured to herself, "I'm that
good-natured, I must see the poor feller—" prevailed, and shutting the
door, she went upstairs. Ralph had heard the sounds of her approach,
and was very glad to have his door shut, for the cold was excessive. But
when at the door of his bare little room appeared the squat form and
round face of his inquisitive neighbour, the old man positively groaned.
For her part, Mrs. Short no sooner saw how ill he looked, than she
squeaked dismally, and exclaimed:
"For my sake, Mr. Trulock, don't tell me you've got anything infectagious!
Seeing your door wide open, and no signs of you about, I made bold to
come and see if you was poorly; for as my poor Matthew, that's dead
and buried, poor man, used to say, I'm that good-natured that I always
want to know what's the matter with my neighbours, and what I can do
for 'em. But there, good-nater is one thing, and infectagious diseases is
another, and is my dread all my days. Can't you even speak? Oh la! I
doubt he's dying. Oh, Mr. Trulock, are you actially a-past speaking?"
"No!" thundered Ralph. "If you will give me time, Mrs. Short, I will speak,
never you fear."
"And is it infectagious?" inquired Mrs. Short, earnestly. "Infectagious"

was the word she used; and without ever having followed "Alice"
through the looking-glass, she had made this portmanteau word for
herself, by mingling together infectious and contagious.
Had Ralph been wary, he would have abstained from replying, and her
fears might have got the better of her "good-nater;" but he was in such
pain, and was besides so annoyed at her presence, that he incautiously
replied:
"No! I never heard that rheumatism was catching, ma'am."
"Rheumatism! Now what a mercy, neighbour that it is no worse; and that

it was Martha Short, and no other woman, that came to you! For my
poor Matthew was that martyr to rheumatism, that I've heard him say
more than once, that between his bones and my clack, he wished he
was dead; which dead he is now, poor dear man, and so I hope he's
satisfied. As to his saying that about my clack, it was only because he
was ill, you know; for when in 'ealth, my Matthew loved to hear me
speak, and I often wished for his sake that I was more inclined that way
than I ever was. For I'm a silent woman, and that's the truth," she
concluded, with a sound between a titter and a sigh, expressive of
modesty and merit combined. "And you've had no breakfast, I'll be
bound," she added.
"I don't want any," growled Ralph. "If you'll kindly let the warden know
that I am ill, and should be glad to see the doctor, that's all I shall trouble
you to do for me."
"Trouble! Did any one ever know Martha Short to name trouble when a
neighbour wanted her in his house? And what could Mr. Hingston do for
you; or the doctor either, honest man? Doctors ain't no use for
rheumatism, not a bit. Warmth and a good nuss—and you shall see
what a nuss my Matthew lost in me when he died!"
Ill as he was, Ralph was tickled by this very extraordinary notion, and
gave utterance to a short, cross-sounding laugh. Mrs. Short beamed
upon him.
"Why, there now! that's right, you're in better sperrits a'ready. Now I'll go
down and bring up some coal, and I'll light you a fire; and then I'll boil a
kettle and make you a stiff glass of punch, and you'll get a good heat
and be all right again before, night."
Ralph looked serious enough now.
"Mrs. Short," said he, "I will not have a fire, thank you; and there are no
spirits in the house."
Mrs. Short had a store of spirits in her own house, and yet, strange to
say, her good-nature did not prompt her to offer him any.
"A cup of tea, then," said she, "that's next best;" and she bustled
downstairs before he could speak. What Ralph endured, lying there
helpless, and listening to that woman fussing about downstairs,
ransacking cupboards and tumbling out the contents of drawers—no
one will ever know. She brought up coal, in spite of him, and lighted a
blazing fire. Then she made some tea, and insisted upon his drinking it
too; nay, when she found that he could not hold the cup to his lips, she
actually fed him with it. It got very cold in the process, and was besides
so strong that it made him feverish. Then she piled more coal on the fire,
and went home to see after her dinner. She had never been silent all
this time for five seconds together, so her departure was a great relief.
It was on the third day of Ralph's illness that Ruth Garland, getting
alarmed about him, because it was so long since he had been to see
her, actually laid aside her work, put on her warm jacket, and ran down
the hill to Lady Mabel's Rest, to see after her kind friend. She met Mr.
Hingston, the warden, in the gate. Hingston knew her, having often seen
her with Ralph, and stopped to speak to her.
"Well, Miss Garland, I suppose you have come to inquire for Mr. Trulock.
He'll be all right again soon—Mrs. Short told me so last night."
"Oh, sir, has he been ill, then?"
"He has been very poorly, but Mrs. Short has been taking good care of
him, and he refused to see me or have the doctor."
"I wish I had known," said Ruth.
"Well, knowing how fond the old man is of you and your little brother, I
wanted to let you know, but he sent me word not to do so, as he would
rather not have you coming to him. He said he wanted no one but Mrs.
Short."
Ruth looked at him with a startled air.
"No one but Mrs. Short! Oh, Mr. Hingston, did you hear him say that?"
"No; I tell you, he won't see me. He is a very old fellow, you know."
Ruth was young, and out-spoken, as young people are apt to be.
"I don't believe he did say it," said she, "and I will see him;" and she
marched on towards his house.
Mrs. Short, who was on the watch, darted out upon her. Now I must
explain that Mrs. Short, for reasons which will soon become evident,
was rather weary of her self-imposed task, and therefore not sorry to
see Ruth, though for appearance sake she pounced upon her,
screaming—
"Stop, Ruth Golong!" For thus, and in no other fashion, did she
pronounce the name, declaring that she had it from Olivia before he
learned to say it in English. "You can't go to see Mr. Trulock; he's ill in
bed."
"I must see him, ma'am," said Ruth, firmly.
"Well, if he's angry, don't blame me, that's all. You'll find he has a fancy
in his head about you; I don't know where he got it from. I never
mentioned your name but once, to ask should I send for you; but you
mustn't mind that, sick folk has fancies. My Matthew, that's dead, was
full of 'em. Well, go if you will go. He's the miserablest old; there's not a
peck of coal nor a grain of tea nor anything whatever left in the house,
and he won't give me a penny to get things for him."
Ruth went on without replying; she opened the door and went in, turning
the key in the lock to keep Mrs. Short out. Her light step on the stairs
was heard by the poor old man, and it was with a look of hopeful
expectation that his stern old face was turned towards the door.
"What, Ruth!" he said: "you have come at last."
"Mr. Trulock! Oh, I would have been here before—I did not know that
you were ill. I am sure that woman told you that she had sent for me;
didn't she now?"
"She did; and that you would not come because you were very busy and
knew nothing of nursing; but I did not believe her, Ruth."
"Nor did I believe that you refused to see me, and the warden and the
doctor, but wished to have Mrs. Short and no one else! Oh, Mr. Trulock,
she's a dreadful woman."
"How did you get leave to come in, Ruth? I heard her voice outside."
"I did not ask leave. She said there was nothing left in the house; and
that you would not give her money to buy things for you. I suppose you
have no money just now; but never mind, I have some, you know."
"I succeeded then!" cried Ralph in triumph. "When I found that she
would come, and would not let any one else come, I made up my mind
to starve her out, and I have!"
"But you look as if you have starved yourself, too," answered Ruth,
looking anxiously at him.
"Now you will let me manage for you, won't you? Please do. I will go out
and get some things; and may I bring Ollie here when he comes home
from school, that he may not be lonely?"
"Certainly; and, Ruth, give me that box, and I will give you money to buy
what we want."
Ruth opened the box with a key which he gave her, and in it she saw a
sovereign and a few shillings. "Is this all you have?" she asked.
"All I have in the house," he answered, and did not perceive that she
understood him to mean that he had no more until his next payment
came in. He gave it all to her and said,—
"Make it go as far as you can, my child."
Ruth ran home (Mrs. Short kept out of sight), and left a message for
Ollie; then, with her needlework in a basket, she went out again and
made several purchases for Ralph. Followed by a man with a cart, in
which a bag of coal and her little parcels made a rather poor show, she
returned to the Rest. She stopped at the gate to tell the warden that
there had been some mistake, and that she hoped the doctor would
come to see Mr. Trulock; and then she set to work in earnest. But how
different were her neat-handed, quiet proceedings, to Mrs. Short's
incessant fuss and chatter! Ralph fell asleep and dreamed that his Annie
had come back to him.
CHAPTER VIII.
MRS. CRICKLADE.
RALPH TRULOCK'S illness proved a very tedious one, but he never

was in any actual danger, and he was right well cared for after little Ruth
came to him. Every morning, as soon as Ollie had left home for school,
Ruth took her work and ran down the hill to the Rest, and Ollie there
after school hours. They went back to Cricklade's every night, leaving
Ralph made thoroughly comfortable, with a tiny fire to keep him
company until he fell asleep. Since Annie died Ralph had never been so
happy, and he dreamed every night either that she was still alive or that
Ruth was Annie grown young again; and every day he became more
convinced that Ruth really was like Annie, which he thought very
curious, as he did not think there could be any relationship to account
for it.
Once or twice, while he was still very ill, Ralph asked the child if his
money were not all gone; but until the day came round when the
pensions of the inmates of the Rest were paid, Ruth always said that
she had enough. If he had not been ill, and rather dull and sleepy, he
would have known that no money ever yet held out as this did, but he
was too stupid just then to reason. When the pensioners were paid, the
warden brought Ralph's to the house and paid him a visit, giving the
money into his own hand, as he was bound to do. And thus Ruth knew
nothing of the amount he received; but she took money from him next
day for his own use.
At last, he was really better, quite well, the doctor said, and only needing
to get up his strength again. The doctor desired him to take a glass of
"good sound wine" every day, for that he really required it. Ruth was
present when this was said, and the next day when she was going out to
the shops, she said,—
"What wine shall I ask for, Mr. Trulock?"

"None, child; none. I can't afford it," said Ralph, his face getting back
something of the old uneasy expression which had of late been passing
away.
"Oh, Mr. Trulock! Could you not get even one bottle? Now it is because
you have helped us that you cannot afford it, and that makes me so
unhappy."
"No, Ruth; not for that reason, my dear. I—I have a claim upon my
income,—I am not free to spend it as I choose."
"Why, that's what father used to say!" cried Ruth wonderingly. "But, Mr.
Trulock, let me go to the doctor, or to Mr. Cloudesley; either of them
would help you."
"I cannot, Ruthie. I could not take charity, I am a proud man—I fear too
proud. Even now I would rather die than accept charity."
Ruth considered for a moment in her grave, childlike wisdom; and then
with her usual directness, she said,—
"I think we ought to take help, though, when we really want it. You know
the rich are told to help the poor, and so I suppose the poor ought to
take the help when they are willing to give it."
"There are plenty to take it," said Ralph.
"I took your help," she answered simply; "but I know you didn't mean it in
that way. You mean that idle, extravagant poor people will get money,
and not work for themselves; but then it seems a pity that the good poor
people should not get some of it; don't you think so? Particularly when
they want it as badly as you do."
"I cannot do it, dear. I cannot explain why, but ought not to want help;
and I will not take it."
Ruth said no more, but tied on her hat and trotted off with her basket on
her arm. Once out of the house, she paused thoughtfully.
"I don't know what wine to get," she murmured, "nor what the price
ought to be, nor even where to get it. I must ask some one. Not Mrs.
Short—and Mrs. Cloudesley would offer to send him some. But I can go
to Miss Jones; she won't scold me, I hope, as she scolds poor Maria
Freak."
Maria Freak was Miss Jones's last new girl, and a few days ago she had
complained sorely to Ruth of her mistress's continual fault-finding. While
waiting at the door, Ruth heard voices, and could distinguish Miss
Jones's own monotonous thin tones, going on, and on, and on, in a very
exasperating style.
"If you allow yourself to acquire such slovenly ways, Maria—or to

continue them, I should say, for you don't need to acquire them, having
them by nature—you'll never make a parlour-maid, so don't think it.
You'd better turn your mind to being a kitchen or scullery-maid, and to
stay so all your life, and—"
"There's a knock at the door, miss," said Maria.
"Why don't you go to it, then? Don't I tell you often never to keep any
one waiting?"
"How could I go, and you jawing of me?" inquired Maria sulkily.
"Say ma'am, not miss, Maria,—and speaking, not jawing. You're the
most hopeless girl I ever trained yet. Go to the door, child."
"Is that you, Ruth Garland?" cried Maria. "And did you hear her? Did you
ever hear the like?"
"Does she always go on so?" said Ruth.
Maria grinned. "Oh no—only when I do something she don't like. I used
to think I must run away home; but, bless you, she's real kind except
with her tongue. Was it to see me you came?"
"No; but because I want Miss Jones to help me. I want to know
something."
"She's your woman then, for she knows everything, and she'd go round
the gravel road of the Rest barefoot to help you, and scold all the time,
so that you'd think she hated you," replied Maria.
"Miss Jones," she called aloud, "Ruth Garland wants to speak to you."
Miss Jones came up the passage, looking particularly grim. Ruth

explained her errand; Miss Jones replied by putting on her bonnet and
going with her—leaving Maria, as she sadly remarked, to spoil a nice
dinner in the cooking.
"But you see, Ruth, the best wine in Fairford is to be had at Hawes's, of
the Blue Bear; and that is no place for a girl like you to go to alone."
The wine was purchased—three bottles. Miss Jones made a good

bargain with Hawes, and then lectured Ruth well for wearing her hat
thrown back too much, which, Miss Jones averred, gave her a bold-
faced look. She advised her to cut her curls shorter, or to brush her hair
straight and pin it up tight to her head; and then she bought half a pound
of sweets for Ollie, because Ruth, passing the shop, said she wished
she had a penny to spare, for Ollie was so fond of sweet things. Then
they went home—or rather, Miss Jones went home, and Ruth returned
to Mr. Trulock.
Presently she appeared at his side with a glass of wine and a biscuit on
a little tray.
"Please, Mr. Trulock, wouldn't this be the best time to take your wine? I
bought three bottles, and that will last a long time. I used some of the
money I had been keeping up; and you know, sir, you have spent more
than that on us, and it would not be right that you should want this wine
while we have money lying by. So you must not be angry, please."
Ralph's face was worth looking at. Angry he was not; but he was both
touched and troubled.
"Ruthie," he said, "you should not have done this."
"Oh, indeed, indeed I ought! What do I not owe to you, sir? If you only
knew how lonely and frightened I felt before I had you; and then you are
so poor, and yet you helped us!"
"Well, give me the wine, Ruthie; as to the money, I will settle that with
you when I am well again."
Ralph got better quickly now; but a fresh misfortune occurred before he
was quite well again. Ollie came from school one day, heavy and sick
(not to say cross); Ruth took him home to put him to bed, and ran down
to the Rest in the morning to say that "Ollie was out in measles."
"So I cannot come any more to you just now, sir; but what a comfort it is
that you are so nearly well! May I ask Miss Jones to come in and see
you? she would do your shopping for you."
"No, thank you, dear, I am quite able to get out now, and I shall soon be
creeping up the hill to see after you and Ollie. Has the doctor seen him
yet?"
"No; nor am I going to send for him. I had them myself last year, and
father never had a doctor to see me, because he said I was not bad,
and neither is Ollie. I must keep him warm and take good care of him."
She lingered for a minute. All her little store was gone, and attending on
Ralph had left her but little time for needlework. But she could not bring
herself to speak. He was old, and poor, and suffering, and how could
she ask him for money? It would have been like asking for the price of
the wine back again. So she went home, and, by Mrs. Cricklade's
advice, she took some of her father's clothes to a pawn-shop, and asked
the man there what he would give her for them. The pawnbroker was
very civil, and explained the system to her very clearly; but poor
innocent Ruth telling him her reason for wanting money, he made a
great favour of giving her a mere trifle for the good clothes, because he
said he must keep them separate, coming as they did from an infected
house. So with five shillings for her poor father's best suit, Ruth went
home, spending the greater part of it on the way; for she must have coal
to keep Ollie warm.
Ralph had hoped to see the children the next day, but it snowed, and he
was afraid to go so far. Then followed a sharp frost, and he was laid up
again for some days; so altogether some time had passed before he
succeeded in creeping up the hill as far as Mrs. Cricklade's shop. He
went early, and to his horror found the shop closed, and the neighbours
told him that they had not seen Mrs. Cricklade that morning.
"She was a sad drinker," the woman next door told him, "and lately she
has seldom been quite sober, and her bread is so bad that she has lost
all her custom; and often has she said to me that she'd run off in the
night before quarter-day came round again, for that she had nothing laid
by to pay her rent. And I asked her where she'd go, and she said she
didn't know, and didn't care. So yesterday the shop didn't open—that
was nothing new, for often it was closed for the best part of the day
lately—but I am surprised that she hasn't opened it yet; at least I should
be, only I am sure she has run off."
"And the children!" cried Ralph, turning pale. "Ruth and Ollie—where are
they?"
"Oh, she said they had a friend somewhere in Fairford that would take
them in, and you may be sure that she sent them off yesterday. Only the
boy was sick in bed, to be sure."
"I am their only friend here, and they did not come to me. Are you sure
Mrs. Cricklade is gone?"
"Indeed, sir, I am not sure of anything about her. She and I were friends
once, but of late 'twas borrow, borrow, with her, and I was obliged to
keep her at a distance. And then they had the measles, you know; that
is, Ollie had, and I didn't want my children to get them. I have not seen
Ruth, oh, I don't know when."
Ralph turned away in despair, and to his great delight he saw Mr. and
Mrs. Cloudesley coming down the street. May spied him instantly.
"Why, Mr. Trulock, I'm glad to see you so far from home, for I suppose
you are quite well again," she began blithely; but perceiving his troubled
looks, she said quickly, in quite a different tone:
"What is the matter; see, Gilbert."

"I hope there is nothing really wrong, madam," said poor Ralph, trying to
smile. "But I am startled. Ruth has not been with me for a long time (the
boy was ill, you know), and this good woman tells me that the shop here
was closed all yesterday, and that she thinks Mrs. Cricklade has run
away; and—where can the children be?"
Mr. Cloudesley asked several questions, and made himself master of

the state of affairs, as far as any one knew them. Then he said:
"You had better go home, May, and we'll have our walk later. You've
never had measles, and I don't want you to catch them. And we may
have to get into this house."
May turned and went home at once, like the sensible little woman she
was, causing no delay by objecting.
"Who is the owner of the house?" Mr. Cloudesley asked the friendly
neighbour.
"I don't know, sir; but Mr. Gambit, he collects the rents."
"Gambit, who lives in Rest View Cottage? Then we had better go there
at once, Trulock. He may know all about it."
To Mr. Gambit they accordingly went, but he did not know all about it,
nor, in fact, did he know anything. But he had plenty to say, for all that.
"A drunken creature she was becoming, sir, and getting worse every
time I saw her. I daresay the people are right, and that she has run off.
Very likely she has murdered the poor children in her drunken fit, and
then just cut her stick."
Mr. Gambit was one of those people who like to anticipate the worst, in
order that no one may imagine them taken by surprise; but poor Ralph,
not being aware of this peculiarity, was horribly frightened.
Mr. Gambit came with them now, but before they reached the house a
messenger came after him, and he was obliged to run home again,
some one having called on business. Ralph and Mr. Cloudesley
returned to Hill Street, where they found a small crowd collected to stare
at the shutters of the little shop.
"We must get in," said Mr. Cloudesley.
"Must you, sir?" said a man among the crowd; "rather you nor me, sir.
Once afore she didn't open, and we took fright and busted in, and how
she did jaw us, to be sure!"
"That must be borne," said Mr. Cloudesley. "We must see about the
children; but we had better knock first."
And knock they did, both loud and long, but no sound was heard in the
shut-up house. The party was now reinforced by a policeman, who
promptly climbed the next door neighbour's wall, dropped into the yard,
and presently opened the shop door.
"Come in, reverend sir, and you, Mr. Trulock," said he; and when they
had squeezed through the half-opened door, he shut it fast, to the
infinite disgust of the crowd.
"I have seen nobody, sir; there does not seem to be any one in the
house. I called up the stairs and got no answer. I hardly expect to find
the children here."
"My children!" cried Ralph, and rushed up the little creaking stairs with
all the speed of fear; his rheumatism actually frightened away for the
time. The others followed him as he went swiftly up to the attics. But he
reached the children's room first.
"Ruth!" he gasped, "Ruthie! Answer me, child, for Heaven's sake."
"Oh!" cried a small voice, "is that you, Mr. Trulock? Oh, thank God! I
have been praying so hard that it might be you ever since I heard the
knocking. Ruthie is here lying over me, and I can't get her to move. Oh,
do come and see what's the matter with Ruthie."
On the bed, his pretty face wild with fear, lay Ollie, and over him, face
downward, lay Ruth; and when Ralph lifted her, he thought for one
dreadful moment that she was dead. But Mr. Cloudesley saw that she
breathed, though faintly, and taking her from the old man, he carried her
to the window, which he opened wide.
"Water," said he. There was none in the room, but the policeman
tramped downstairs to get some. Ruth opened her eyes and saw Ralph
Trulock.
"Was it all a dream? Can dreams be so dreadful?" she said in a whisper.

"Oh, Mr. Trulock, have I been asleep and dreamed it all?"
She sat up and looked round.
"No," she said, "I'm afraid it's true. Oh, poor thing, poor thing; it is too
dreadful!" And with a cry of horror she fainted again.
"What is it, Ollie?" asked Mr. Cloudesley, while he bathed the girl's face
and rubbed her hands—such poor little, thin, cold hands!
"I don't know, sir," Ollie said, dismally. "Ruth said she must go down
again, even if Mrs. Cricklade beat her, for we had nothing in the room,
not even water. And so she went, but in a moment she came running
back, and fell down on the bed, and never said a word until you came."
"Was it long before we came?" said Ralph.
"Hours and hours!" said poor Ollie. It had not really been very long, but it
had truly seemed so to the terrified and helpless child. "I couldn't move,
because Ruth fell upon me; and oh, but I am hungry and thirsty, and
frightened too. Ruth was so dead, you know."
Ruth was again recovering consciousness.
"Sit down on the bed, Trulock, and hold her in your arms—do. Let her
see only you and Ollie. Peters wants me to go with him, and he will find
out what frightened her. Here, Ollie, drink this water, and I will bring you
something better as soon as I can."
Peters, who had been standing at the door, beckoning incessantly for
Mr. Cloudesley to follow him, now led the way to the next floor. There,
on the narrow landing-stage, he stopped short.
"I don't wonder the child was scared well-nigh to death, sir," said he. "I
don't know yet whether it's 'visitation of Providence,' or 'feller-deasy,' but
whatever it is the old woman is lying dead in her bed!"
"Dead!" exclaimed Mr. Cloudesley. "The poor old creature! But are you
sure she is dead? Let us go and see, for we ought to send for the doctor
if not."
"It's the coroner she wants, poor soul, not the doctor," remarked Peters,
as he followed him into the room.
A moment's inspection satisfied Mr. Cloudesley that the poor old woman
was indeed dead, and had been dead for some hours. On a little table
near the bed lay a candlestick with a burned-out candle in it, a quart
bottle of whisky, nearly empty, and a breakfast-cup.
"Do you think it's 'feller-deasy,' sir?" inquired Peters.
"Not intentional, but a case of murder, Peters, and there stands the
murderer," pointing to the bottle.
"True for you, reverend sir; and not the first murder he's committed—not
by many. Pity as he can't be hanged for it! But you see, sir, she is surely
dead; and I must lock the door now, and keep things as they are for the
coroner. If you'd take my advice, sir, you'd remove the children; the girl
will have to appear at the inquest, but she'd be best out of the house
now."
"You're quite right there, Peters, if she is fit to be moved, but such a
shock may have made her really ill. I can be of no use here, so I shall
leave you to do your duty, and see to the children. I must run first to the
Blue Bear, and beg for a little soup for the boy."
"Don't you let any one in, sir, and send some one to the station for the
sergeant, and I will keep the people out until you get the children off.
Any of the boys out there will run to the station for you."
Any of the boys! No, but all the boys; for when Mr. Cloudesley made it
plain that he really did not mean to admit any of them to the mysterious
house, the next best thing, in the estimation of the youth of Fairford, was
to run to the police station in a long, straggling, vociferating procession.
Every boy there had his own private theory as to what had happened,
and every boy roared out that theory at the policemen as loud as he
could yell. And consequently the whole available police force of Fairford
(consisting of two men, and the wife and baby of the absent Peters)
rushed up the hill to the scene of action, under the impression that Mrs.
Cricklade had poisoned Ruth and Oliver Garland, stuck a knife into old
Mr. Trulock and Peters the policeman, and driven Mr. Cloudesley from
the house in terror of his life!
Meantime Mr. Cloudesley had procured a fine bowl of good soup from
good-natured Mrs. Hawes, and had returned to the children's attic. He
found Ruth much recovered, though still faint and weak. A few spoonfuls
of soup they persuaded her to swallow, but she shivered and seemed
hardly able to do so. What did her far more good was to watch Ollie—
who was quite "over" the measles, and very hungry—absorbing the
good soup with much satisfaction.
"I like a soup," said the little Frenchman.
"Come here, Trulock; I want a word with you. Ruth will sit there and
watch her big baby. Trulock, the poor child has had a terrible shock. Mrs.
Cricklade is dead, must have died some hours ago, and Ruth must have
gone to her room, and found her lying there. Peters says that Ruth will
be better out of the house until the inquest, for everybody would be
questioning her. What shall we do with the children?"
"I will take them home, sir. Ollie has been telling me that they have been
in sore want. I didn't know it, you may be sure, but I am to blame all the
same. The poor child, sir, she has had no work, for of course they
couldn't employ her while the boy had measles; and I thought she had
money laid by, but it seems it had been spent by degrees. Any way, I'll
take them home for the present."
"Very good. Then I will go to the Cottage Hospital, and ask Mrs. Francis
if we can have their old cab; and if so, I will bring it to the door at once.
Ollie ought to be well wrapped up. Have him ready, for we shall not be
able to keep the neighbours out much longer. And don't ask Ruth any
questions as yet; let her tell you of herself. Don't let Mrs. Short get at
her, Trulock," added Mr. Cloudesley with a smile.

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Social Psychology Canadian 5th

Edition Aronson Test Bank

2) Most social psychologists concur that attitudes consist of

3) Attitudes are viewed by social psychologists as evaluative, in that they

4) The _______ component of attitudes is to emotional reactions as the _______

6) The function of cognitively based attitudes is

16) Cognitively based attitude is to _______ as _______ attitude is to emotion.

24) Which of the following best illustrates an implicit attitude?

30) Complete the following analogy: explicit attitude is to implicit attitude as

43) The concept of subjective norms refers to people’s

52) Hosking and colleagues (2009) examined cultural differences in predictors of

64) What do Shelly Chaiken’s (1987) heuristic-systematic model of persuasion and

69) A cigarette company wants to create a positive image by launching a campaign to

72) As a persuasive communicator, your goal is to influence the opinions of your

89) A recent meta-analysis of the effectiveness of anti-substance-abuse campaigns found

96) Attitude inoculation is a way to

102) Individuals can reduce cognitive dissonance by

116) Why do people often experience post decision dissonance?

145) Which of the following people is using an internal justification to reduce

163) According to the principle of insufficient punishment, which of the following

165) The potential for dissonance reduction to produce a succession of self-justifications

166) Self-affirmation theory posits that

"I know nothing more of the late Frederick Garland than

"And is it infectagious?" inquired Mrs. Short, earnestly. "Infectagious"

"No! I never heard that rheumatism was catching, ma'am."

"Rheumatism! Now what a mercy, neighbour that it is no worse; and that

Ralph looked serious enough now.

"Oh, sir, has he been ill, then?"

"I wish I had known," said Ruth.

Ruth looked at him with a startled air.

"I must see him, ma'am," said Ruth, firmly.

"What, Ruth!" he said: "you have come at last."

"Make it go as far as you can, my child."

RALPH TRULOCK'S illness proved a very tedious one, but he never

"What wine shall I ask for, Mr. Trulock?"

"There are plenty to take it," said Ralph.

"If you allow yourself to acquire such slovenly ways, Maria—or to

"There's a knock at the door, miss," said Maria.

"Does she always go on so?" said Ruth.

Miss Jones came up the passage, looking particularly grim. Ruth

The wine was purchased—three bottles. Miss Jones made a good

"Ruthie," he said, "you should not have done this."

"What is the matter; see, Gilbert."

Mr. Cloudesley asked several questions, and made himself master of

"We must get in," said Mr. Cloudesley.

"Ruth!" he gasped, "Ruthie! Answer me, child, for Heaven's sake."

"Was it all a dream? Can dreams be so dreadful?" she said in a whisper.

She sat up and looked round.

"Was it long before we came?" said Ralph.

Ruth was again recovering consciousness.

"Do you think it's 'feller-deasy,' sir?" inquired Peters.

"I like a soup," said the little Frenchman.

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4) The _ component of attitudes is to emotional reactions as the _

16) Cognitively based attitude is to _ as _ attitude is to emotion.