Professional Documents
Culture Documents
اصلاحات کاربردی پزشکان عمومی
اصلاحات کاربردی پزشکان عمومی
1) Osteosarcoma: generally with malignant tumors the examiner will mention parasthesia
if it is affecting area containing a nerve like angle of mandible and L L.A.Nerve.
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16) Sialolithiasis : or salivary gland duct stone or calculus : they will
mention that there is a discomfort in the floor of mouth or the check which moves while
eating
17) Hyperparathyroidism: Multiple fractures, multiple radiolucencies at the angle of
mandible, usually associated with Renal Failure.
18) Acute osteomyelitis: moth eaten appearance.
19) Chronic osteomyelitis: cotton wool appearance or onion peal appearance.
20) Epstein's pearl: -in new born affecting the mid palatine raphe only
-mostly in the connection between the junction of soft and hard palate.
21) Bohn's nodule : remnant of Salivary glands Buccal or lingual mucosa
- if occurring at the hard palate it will not occur in the mid palatine raphe
22) Dental lamina of newborn: at alveolar ridge of new born, which is proliferation
of rest of serres.
23) Congenital epulis of newborn: mostly at maxillary anterior area, it interferes
with feeding or respiration and requires excision and rarely recurrent 8:1 in females.
24) Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor: black-blue discolored rapid growing
swelling, the x-ray shows unilocular radiolucency and displaced tooth bud
Syndromes
1) Ectodermal dysplasia:
- looking old patient,
- with hair loss or faint hair
- and having missing teeth.
2) Cledocranial dysplasia:
- clavicle is missing or underdeveloped leading to shoulders can be bending toward
each other's
- The patient looks smaller than his relatives and shorter than his relatives,
-having supernumery teeth so many impactions,
-open skull sutures and plugging forehead.
3) Gorlin-Goletz (multiple basal cell nevi syndrome):
- a diabetic patient
-with multiple jaw cysts
- nevi on neck and scalp.
4) Albright :
-multiple nevi on neck and head
-multiple bone deformities
5) Sjorgens':
- Dry mouth, and high caries index
-dry eye.
- Usually associated with Rh. Arthritis.
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6) Paget's:
- the patient have high level of potassium sulphate so: he has hypercementosis,
- ankylosis and scattered R.O lines
-and leg bowing with prominent forehead.
7) Treacher Collins :
- deformity in zygoma
,- mandibular Retrognathia , Clift palate & open bite
-eye drop down , ear deformity with hearing loss
-(mentally normal )
8) Van der waund: Same as treacher Collins but associated with
-genetic disorder
-cleft lip with or without cleft palate
-mucous cysts on lower lip
hypodontia or total anodontia.
-normal intelligence
9) Papillion le fever:
- hand and foot keratosis,
-Periodontitis affecting both dentitions, early teeth loss, generalized bone
destruction.
10) Congenital syphilis:
- hearing loss, copper stained lesions
-notched incisors. Bulbous molars
11) Gardener:
-multiple sebaceous glands at the back of the neck and palms,
--osteomas in mandible,
- supernumery teeth and impacted teeth.
12) Reiter's (or Reiter arthritis or reactive arthritis):
-TMJ inflammation
-ophthalmic disease mostly conjunctivitis,
-Git and genital inflammations.
13) Downs:
- low carious index, fluoride application is by varnish,
-inability to learn, some have cerebral palsy.
14) Addison disease : have oral melanosis
15) Osteogensis imperfect : Blue sclera , teeth wear and multiple fractures
16) Erythema multiform disease : the patient will have bulls eye on the
skin and oral ulcers
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Periodontology and diagnosis
1) Healing occurs after scaling & Root planning by long junctional epithelium.
2) Lateral periodontal cyst from rest of serres , while apical periodontal cyst from rest of
malassez.
3) Periodontal ligament fibers in middle third of root is oblique.
4) Best healing after root fracture is interposition of bone and C.T.
(This came to me at the exam and I got full mark perio)
5) Best measurement of periodontitis by attachment level , while tissue response to
oral hygiene detected by less bleeding.
6) Schwartz periotriever To remove broken instrument from gingival sulcus
7) Color complex of calculs in 18 y yellow or purple.
8) With age cementum on root end become thicker & irregular.
9) odontoblast It’s subadjacent to predentine & odontoblastic process.
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10) Cementum in cervical 3 acellular extrinsic fiber, in coronal acellular
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24) Modified stillman used with edematous , inflamed , loss of contour , &
progressive recession .
- Type of brushing bristles works as active part.(bass)
25) Most common method of burshing is Scrub.
26) Charter brushing is recommended after periodontal surgery.
27) Chontraindication of gingivectomy suprabony pdl abscess.
28) Apicectomy surgical removal of apical portion of root , amputation removal of
one or more roots , hemisection root & crown cut length wise.
29) Lava flowing around boulder's is charactrestic to histological feature of type 1
dentin dysplasia.
30) Body defend itself by antibodies from B lymphocytes.
31) PMNL cells present in acute infection , while chronic lymphocytes.
32) Conduction faster in mylinated nerves than unmylinated.
33) Submandibular gland duct is Wharton duct. But parotid is stenssons duct.
34) Punch is the most common oral biopsy.
35) Ranula is associated with sublingual salivary gland & treated by
marsupialization.
36) Cyst acc to WHO recent classification become tumor: Keratocyst.
37) Early change result of radiation therapy of oral mucosa is mucositis.
38) Salivary calculi is the common disease affect submandibular salivary gland.
39) Pleomorphic adenoma is the most benign tumor of salivary gland.
40) Fibroma is The most common benign tumor of oral cavity .
41) Radicular or Periapical cyst is the most common oral cyst.
42) Mucocele The best ttt. is: Excision.
43) Pt. who work in glass factories have silicosis.
44) Herpetic ulcer common in attached mucosa & hard palate , while aphtous ulcer
common in linning mucosa.
45) Tetracycline cause brownish discoloration in all teeth & appear yellowish with
UV light.
46) Syphilis 1st appear as ulcer.
47) The spaces are bilaterally involved in ludwig's angina submental , sublingual ,
& submandibular.
48) Dilantin (phynotoin ) don't give with metronidazole.
49) Isolated pocket in:-
- Vertical root fracture
- Palate gingival groove
- Endo origin lesion
50) Grafts : condyle : post chondral graft
Child for alveolar process: iliac crest
3 wall defects in adult: mixed cortical and cancellous from his own intraoral mixed
with his blood.
51) Auto graft or autogenous: from same person. Allogenous from same species
but another person and treated, xenograft is from povine or any other species.
52) The nerve supply of tongue
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a- Anterior 3 sensation lingual nerve & taste chorda tympani branch from
facial
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b- Posterior 3 sensation & taste glossopharangeal
c- Motor hypoglossal
53) Components of cell:-
a- Mitochondria >>> ATP production
b- Ribosome >>>manufacture of proteins
c- Golgi apparatus >>> sorting of protein
54) Phagocytosis is the process of engulfing particles.
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55) Chemotaxis is attraction of neutrophils to site of local injury.
56) Diapedesis is the movement of polymorphic cells in gaps of intracellular to
blood capillary outside.
57) In diabetic pt. , peridontium affected by neutrophil.
58) Disinfection of HBV :-
-formaldhyde
-sodium hypochloride
-chlorohexidine
-iodophor
59) Metaplasia: an initial change from normal cells to a different cell type (such as
chronic irritation of cigarette smoke causing ciliated pseudo stratified epithelium to
be replaced by squamous epithelium more able to withstand the insult.
60) Dysplasia: an increasing degree of disordered growth or maturation of the
tissue (often thought to precede neoplasia) such as cervical dysplasia as a result of
human papillomavirus infection. Dysplasia is still a reversible process. However, once
the transformation to neoplasia has been made, the process is not reversible.
61) Etiological factors: The study of causes or origins or the branch of medicine
that deals with the causes or origins of disease.
62) A risk factor is any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that
increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. Some examples of the
more important risk factors are underweight, unsafe sex, high blood pressure,
tobacco and alcohol consumption and unsafe water sanitation and hygiene.
63) Epidemiological studies: search for the causes of diseases, based on
associations with various risk factors that are measured in the study. In addition to
the exposures that the study is investigating, there may be other factors that is
associated with the exposure and independently affects the risk of developing the
disease.
64) Confounding factors (variables): is distorting factors if the prevalence of these
other factors differ between groups being compared, they will distort the observed
association between the disease and exposure under study.
65) Hypothetical Example of Confounding factor:
a study of coffee drinking and lung cancer. If coffee drinkers were also more likely to
be cigarette smokers, and the study measured coffee drinking but not smoking, the
results may seem to show that coffee drinking increases the risk of lung cancer,
which may not be true. However, if a confounding factor (in this example, smoking)
is recognized, adjustments can be made in the study design or data analysis so that
the factor does not confound the study results.
66) Epidemiology is the study of the distribution & determinant of disease in man
67) Anticholinergic as atropine used to decrease salivation , antidepressant &
antihistamine, & cardiovascular medications decrease salivation.
68) Bacteria method to form biofilm is called: signaling, and after plaque
accumulation the next step is to colonize, the next step is maturation.
69) Fibroblasts are the cells responsible for remodeling during orthotreatment.
70) Mandible originates from 1st arch but tongue from mandibular arch and
tuberculum Kampar.
71) Blood supply of palate from
a- Greater palatine>>> hard palate
b- Lesser palatine >>> soft palate
c- Long spheno palatine >>> ant. Part of hard palate
72) Condylar growth is by deposition (apposition) endochondreal(long bone) and
skull is by endochondreal and intermembranous deposition & flat bone by
intramembranous. maxilla growth pattern is downward and forward
(intramembranous), and deposition in the tuberosity pushing forward also
,mandible intramembranous & endochondral.
73) Mandibular growth just before maxilla.
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74) Drug used to eliminate angina diltiazem , while prevention by transdermal
nitroglycerin.
75) Tetracycline will be impaired with pencillin.
76) Fluconazole 50 mg treat systemic candida , nystatin treat local , &
amphotrecin treat life threating cases.
77) U- shaped radiopaque at max. 1st molar area is zygomatic process , while
radiolucency in the same area is antrum.
78) The image show disk position & morphology of TMJ bone
MRI.
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AB creation B-lymphocytes
1ry apical periodontitis Polymicrobial or microbial spa
Radiographic
Use
examination
Spect ( photon Emission) Condylar hyperplasia
Arthrography TMj topography and perforation
Submentovertex Base of skull and zygoma analysis
Occipitomental For mid face fractures
Reverse town Condylar and subcondyler area
fractures
Waters view analysis of sinuses & mid face
fractures
Panoramic x-ray For whole teeth analysis
PA view Vertical fracture displacement
Later ceph. Orthodontics
Lateral oblique Horizontal displacement of
fractures and ramus, body of
mandible tumors analysis
MRI Soft tissue and hard tissue but
show soft tissue better , than CT
and CT is better in hard structures
CT Hard tissue study
Sialogram Salivary glands study
AB Mode of action
Penicillin ( b-lactam) : Inhibit cell wall synthesis
Erythromycin ( macrolids) Bacteriostatic ( inhibit bacterial
growth)
Clindamycin and tetracycline Inhibit protein synthesis
Gentamycin ( aminoglycosides ) Bactericidal ( kill bacteria direct)
Sulfonamides Antimetabolites inhibit folic acid and
PABA , but it causes aplastic
anemia to the patient
Surgery
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1) Walsham's forceps: for nasal fracture treatment, and if nasal bone is deviated it will
be straightened by Ach's forceps afterward.
2) Allis forceps : to hold tissues prior to excision
3)Addison forceps: to hold tissues for suturing
4)Stillis forceps:or curved hemostat per wisdom teeth suturing because it is longer
than Addison's forceps.
5)Artery forceps: to ligate ruptured arteries or arteries planned to be removed.
6)Minnesota retractor: retract flap and cheek together.
7) farabeuf retractor the retractor which retract the flap and the cheek together
when doing surgery.
10) intrution:-
A- primary
- Wait & see
- At time of permenant eruption >> extraction of primary
b- permenant
- Wait 2 months
- Apex complete extraction & reimplant with splint 10 days & RCT with calcium
hydroxide 2 weeks.
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-RCT for coronal
b- cold milk
c- milk
14) the choice of local anesthesia depend on local anesthetic agent chemistry , while
technique by bone structure.
16) the mandibular foramen is suiated at a level lower than occlusal plane of 1ry teeth ,
so injection slightly low , in adult at occlusal plane , & in old above occlusal plane.
17)mandibular nerve leave skull from foramen ovale ,while maxillary from rotandum.
18) Ester type of local anathsesia metabolized by:plasma & secreted by kidney.
E(s)ter ...pla(s)ma
23)The vertical fracture of the tooth detected by:( sever pain on biting)
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- Areas denuded from bone.
Operative
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17) Reparative dentin ( 3ry dentin)
-produced by 2ry odontoblast in response to stimuli
-irregular &fast
-found at site of irritation
-in direct pulp capping
-moderete irritation to pulp (caries)
-erosion
18) 2ry dentin
-regular , slow process , & through life time.
-by age
-indirect pulp capping
-with recurrent caries
-occlusal trauma
-attrition in dentin
19) Sclerotic dentin
-due to age
-mild irritation
-slow progressing caries
-harder , denser , less sensitive , & more protective to pulp than 1ry
-has 2 types
a- by age ( physiologic)
b- irritant reactive ( pathologic)
20) Incipient caries surface zone is relatively unaffected.
21) Upper E DL cusp is the sharpest cusp in both dentitions ,and is the largest in
primary
22) Upper 6 ML cusp is the sharpest cusp in permenant dentition and is the largest
BL cusp.
23) Lower 6 MB cusp is the largest MD cusp.
24) Bur least heat generation carbide , while with highest diamond.
25) To plane line angle of promimal cavity by binangled chisel , to form
internal line angles and retentive groove angle former.
26) The most retentive pin is Self threaded
27) Carbide 12 fluted bur used to finish composite , while aluminum oxide disc or
paste used to finish GI.
28) To accelerate zinc oxide cement you add zinc accetete.
29) Mahler scale to measure marginal deterioration.
30) Thermal test
a- Vital pulp >> painful disappear soon after removal of stimulus
b- Inflamed pulp>> lingering painful response
31) Thermal pulp test principle of nerve supply of pulp.
32) Electric pulp test
-For vital similar to contral tooth
-false negative response after trauma.
33) Hydrogen peroxide is ideal bleaching agent
- It bleaches effectively at natural ph
- It bleaches faster than carbamide peroxide
- Protection for sensitive tissues can be incorporated.
34) Copper is added to amalgam to decrease gamma 2 phase while zinc is
added to decrease oxide layer but if zinc increase it will lead to increase moisture
sensitivity and late expansion and pain.
35) Amalgam pain after restoration from 3 – 30 days due to zinc containing
lead to moisture contamination cause expansion.
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36)Caries detection dye composed mainly .propylene glycol.
37)sharping of hand instrument mounted air driven better than unmounted due to fine grift.
39) cement should has high modulus of elasticity ( stiff – decrease flexibility )
a- resin – BISGMA
b- fillers – barium
45) mylar matrix used with composite because it can be light cured.
46) function of primer penetrate into collagen framework & copolymerize with resin &
raise surface free energy (wet ) dentin.
47)Glass ionomer:-
51)Compomer
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Modification of resin by adding polyacrylic acid & fluoride glass.
52)Giomer
53)Cermets
5)Fluoride
preeruptive posteruptive
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12) Provisional restoration tooth colored polycarbonate .
13) The best pontic is hygienic.
14) Pontic give illusion & clearance modified ridge lap.
15) Porcelain with high esthetic impress , while with high strength zircon
(reinforced in ceram).
16) Wax shrinkage due to internal stress.
17) Flux used for :-
- prevent oxygen from contacting alloy
- dissolve oxide
18) Impressions :
A) Polyvinyl siloxane (addition silicone): the best type and of highest accuracy
and the type of choice for inlay and onlays, and can be poured many times.
B) Polyether: the 2nd accuracy after polyvinyl siloxane and it is rigid (stiff) and
having higher dimensional stability than polysulphides but they unfortunately
uptake water and swell (absorb water), cause allergy
C) Polysulphides: of bad tast unacceptable by the patient, they should be poured
within the first 24 hours.
D) Hydrocolloids are 2 types :
-Reversible and Irreversible hydrocolloids (agar agar and alginate) are elastic
impression materials and have the properties of syneresis and imbibition.
-if delay pouring will have dehydration and appear chalky.
-But the difference between them:
Agar agar sets by a physical reaction and this reaction is reversible.
Alginate sets by a chemical reaction and this reaction is irreversible.
Syneresis and imbibition are more in alginate than in agar agar.
Only, agar agar has the property of hysteresis.
-Alginate is the least accurate impression material.
-Alginate has tri sodium phosphate 2% which is retarded for the reaction
(control setting) and the insoluble part of alginate is calcium alginate12%
reactor.
19) Impression material that compatible with epoxy resin polyether
& polyvinyl siloxane.
20) Alter the setting time of alginate by :-
- Alter temperature
- Alter ratio powder water
21) Retention of porcelain venner micromechanical from etching of enamel
& venner.
22) Silane coupling agent used with porcelain to enhance wettability of
bonding ( decrease surface tension) , while in composite act as adhesive between
inert filler & organic matrix.
23) Calcium sulphate is added to gypsum to prevent inhibiting gypsum.
Endo
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1) E.Feacales is the main organism during R.C.T and is killed by MTAD preparation which is
mix of tetracycline and doxycycline.
- • MTAD is more effective than Naocl in killing E. faecalis.
• Naocl is more effective than MTA in killing E. faecalis.
• Also, Chlorhexidine can kill E. faecalis
2) Weeping canal mean that apical part of canal can't be dried properly , so we put
calcium hydroxide for 2 – 3 weeks.
3) Adding of surfactant to irrigation solution during RCT to increase wettability of canal
walls by: lowering surface tension.
4) standardized for intracanal instrument width of tip of the blade.
5) File length: 21. 25, 31 mm.
6) Laser for endo Nd (YAG) , for curing composite Argon/Hallogen led.
7) Reamer is the most flexible .
8) Cross section of files:
- K >>>> square
- H >>>>round
- Protaper >>>> triangle
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- Very toxic contain formaldhyde
- Contain corticosteroid
30) C- shaped canal found in lower 7.
31) Access shape
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13) Clicking on open & close >>> reduction.
14) Shift to one side on open >>> unilateral.
15) Force of removable appliance tipping.
16) soft tissue protrusion in: Class II mod I.
prosthesis
1) Orthognathic mean class 2 , while prognathic mean class 3.
2) Lingual bar is short & thick
- used in wide lingual sulcus & lingual frenum is low
4) posterior palatal seal is distal to line between soft & hard palate
-2nd vibrating line between mobile & non mobile soft palate.
10) removal of thick labial frenum with wide base vestibuloplasty , removal of narrow
frenum called Z plasty.
11) the suture used under immediate denture continuous locked , or intrupted
13) in recording max. mand. Relation best material used without producing pressure is bite
registratig paste (zinc oxide & egenoul)
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14) width of artificial teeth in CD less than natural.
15) relining add acrylic to the base of denture to increase vertical dimension
17) advantages of wrought wire over cast wire flexibility & less irritant to
abutment.
18) pt. with palatal torus between hard & soft palate , the major connector of choice u
shaped (horse shoe)
19) ulcer & inflammation in lower buccal vestibule with wearing complete denture due to
hypertrophic frenum.
21) Maxillofacial prostheses is the art and science of functional, anatomic and
cosmetic reconstruction of missing or defective parts in the maxilla, mandible or face by the use
of non living substances.
22) Congenital defects Cleft palate, cleft lip, missing ear, prognathism.
24) Obturator A prosthesis used to close a congenital or acquired opening in the palate.
25) Splints are appliances used for immobilization of fragments of broken parts of jaw
bones in their original position until repair takes place.
26) Major connecter A rigid part of the partial denture casting that unites the rests and
another part of the prosthesis to the opposite side of the arch.
27) Denture base connecter The part of a removable denture that forms a structure
of metal struts دعاماتthat engages and unites the metal casting with the resin forming the denture
base.
28) Refractory cast To fabricate a removable partial casting requires making a second cast
of high-heat investment material this cast.
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Aker clasp
ring clasp
Back action
Reverse back
Embrasure clasp
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T clasp
Wrought wire
Bedo
1) The most common professional use of flouride in pedo is: Acidualeted phosphate.
2) The most tech. used with child TSD (tell – show – do ).
3) Pacifier habit lead to ant. Open bite & post. Cross bite.
4) tooth cause crowding in lower anterior region if early extracted: Primary mandibular
first molar lower D.
5) Most teeth responsible for crowding is: Lower E & upper D
6) Embedded teeth due to lack of eruptive force , while impacted due to lack of space.
7) Conscious sedative for child benzodiazepines.
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