Aerobic Respiration vee) Stages ih aerobic respiration. o| Gy oksis a} Krebs dyeld o| eléctoh transport} chain —( Tan) types SF reaction in cellular vespivation © | Oxidation) —> hydngen is removed (dehydrogenation) @ | DedavborylAtoh + vemoval of C0, Gly coly sis ~> Energy released > aip g Nani >| Ddurslin | cytoplasm bf prokavyotes & Cukavyotes KH Glyoksis is neither aevobic or anaerobic > Divided tnto(thyee ) stages «| Plophorylptioh of Sugar my activate sugar ( reaction t) a) WSS) ae Suga, Co C2 a | Dehyarogenativn => 2 NADH prduced. > First (© eps > cnevay investment phase (ATP used fov phosphorylation) N@xt 5 steps = onorgy- payoff phase ( ATP prdwed — substrate level NADH produced > oxidation ) K) Glycolysis is the Souvce of Ate 4 NADH —>| one glucose 4 2/ATP) 2 NapH|d a pytevate K No lo is released:Starch gly Lo gen hyanly sis glucose gly logenowy sic ATP App: hexokinase glucose- & + phosphate spho glu caiisomer4 se ? Fructose- b- phosph ate ATP. Ap phosph ofuchikingse fructose-l 6-biphosphat2 laid olase dihydvoxy acetone) Phosph ate (pHAe) ly ceva dehy de - 3- phosphate(a3p) a Na ispmet ase, 0 Nap? +Ht phospho gly caval dehyde dehydrogenase gly evate - (,3- bi phosphate @nidts link Yeaction ——— ATP. phosphogiycevo kinase ape. a cevate -3- phosphate phospho glycevomat ase ay @vate - 2- phosphate a7 | enrlase phospho eno] pyruvate ate pyruvate kinase app pyruvatelink Reaction outer membrane tT ¥ inner eo + > Pymvate undergoes oxidative decavbyxy| atioy ( ean a Cinvee) veactions Ouuy when (pyruvate —> acetyl CA (in link veactioh) Q: Importance sf aetyl- wa? > Deliver aetyl grup to citic acid cycle to be oxidised for enevey Production > Becomes a primary Wactaut of tye Krebs cycle. Q1 What lonverts acetate ty acetyl CoA? 7 Ace - 04 syhthetase O° er ut 7) Ceo I ° ~ @ Acety|- CoA coehayine, Coe a ~7| Produces | 2 (2. 4 acetyl|-log ./a reduced | NAD ny # l c \ oH pyruvateKrebs aycle | Occurs) in) mitochon dhial) Matix 7 produe 2Atr (substrate level phosphorylatith ) Glycolysis r— | Pyruvate Nap* (oeuzyme A) tags He et ith : aalyl OA (20) fragment a link 4 Reaction CoA - SH conden|s ADH + He oxaloacetate + NAD: malate Krebs A @ (ycle fumavate succinyl CoA NADH + Ut (oA -SH GTP QDPtPi K Mar pathway for +2 generation OF >, Mads, Paviid GIP.Electron Transport Chain | Oduvs) in| innev| Membrane & Electron Carviey ave ambed ded in the inney membyvanes of Gnd| the plasma tembvane of aenbic Procavyotes @ulk >| Energy used tr |dvive |the) symthesis| of, Ate. > Electron chain membranes « |flavopyotein (flavin Monpnud ide) (Emn) enryme QR (a lipid) ulphur pro o| ubiquinone / ¢ al io «| (tochvomes | pritein wntaining) irom ) *| Seve — OY is the final electron acceptor Q! What happens when there is no wygen available 7 —> Last cytochvome in the chain is filled with Clectrons , each acceptor molecule iS filled With elections and the Ontive Chain is blovkedail the Bay back ft NADH. = No tuvthuy ATP, are produced aud the organism cannot live long —> The ATP produced ly gycsis alone is aot Sufficient to sustain life. Chamois mosis > Wher alectons pass down te clectron transport chain, Some energy Is, used tp move protons ([H+)| across tHe inndy mitochondtid| memblane —> \ntermembrane space- ty Spare betdeen +e inner e “Ty ||| outer mitodhondria| membrane —r The guummulation of Pivions im the tmuer membrane space creates a} Prot gradient) with a f wulentration of protons (intermembrane sprce) and q | concentration of protons (matrix) of mitpckdhctrjon ) Q: What lowers the PH of the inner mitochondrial space? = The high concetration of Protos in the intermembrane Space. Q. What Ueates the piolon gradient for chem osmosis? —> The difference in proton (H+) (oncentyaton . | intevopmbyane spacel —7| [nw pA mjathx + Higher pH. #*& The flow of pobins Haugh] ATA S¥Hnase provides enevgy for dip syuthesis) from ADP and Fjarp yield pey glucose A livev alts Podue %F 417. muse Cells and neurones produce 2% 4ip_ Qt why Ares muscle ells and nuerons Only Produce sb ATP? —> Because the ) Molecules of NAP} produced during glycolysis in muscle alls and neurons do vo} Cuter the electron transport ¢ directly but though other cavievs whith tansfey the electron Oud byAwgen ions ty the cytrchromes. > THus, > KADY Will Only plnduce & 47 instead of 6 ate uih Total vield of ATP when 1 glucose is completely oxidised Sour | Atp| Po ters of an [hel GNuolysis Prepawby phase “2 Glycolysis pay-off phase 4 | Ws aryl atov AN4DH| & | 2x dative ph vrYlaton Link reaction anapn | & | 0x dative | phosphobylaction GTP | a | Substvate - osphotyl atom krebs cycle ENA pal te | oxidative phbspkbry (axon 2FADH,| 4 | Oxi dative | phosphorylation Total Yield 38 %&) Ucevon transport chain > 34 arpEffects of Cyanide and carbon monoxide on vespiyation 2 jmhibits the hovmal activity of the a Wanide binds tightly the last cytochrome in the electron transport chain @ electrons Cannot be transport to oxygen. This blocks the passage of Uetons aud stops ATP Production eS Combines with haemoglobin ty form carboxy - haemoglobin in the blood. This prevent the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin . teducing the amunt of ofygen IM +he blood. leading +o (x oxygen) @ Haemoglobin has a higher affinity for carbon monoxide Wmpared fe onygen. Altevhahve @nergy Sources prtein glycogen stave, Lipid glucose | amino aud glycerol fatty aid r ayaa, glycetal dehyde deavination -3- phosphate Tl transamination pyruvate acetyl Coq |_—— ac keto aad Tec ey bet OK da: Tay toyAnaewbic respiration = Daurs in the = odaurs in A does hot involve the mitochon Avion | Alcoholic Fermentation —> Pyruvate does ho Cuter the mitrchondria. (First converted 40 by decarboxylation . CHs (ooh ———> Halo + Cos @® iS then reduced by +> tym CHO Cts cH, OW Nagata? | Napt ® dvevall. weaction CoHaDdg ————> CH, cH,o + dw. If fevmentation ocuvs in the alcohol pinduced aumbaal ates in the medium lati] it vises t a leye Where fithuy fermentation is Prevented, @ Ethanol cannot be Linken own Awdhuv ty Yield energy — Produce Ox, the cells of higher plants undergo alcoholic fevmontation ihLactate Fermentation ~| pyray = Lartate can be bnten down to velease Onerqy should Ky 90 1s vedued by 1 tv fovm CHs COLOOK ———— sco Loo pyruvate VIN lactate Kao + Hapt lbcate . be made Available again dud the vemaining energy is vel eased. > Lactate can be esyntve eu! mn ed wt) Cavbobydvate ov exwveted. {S Cam out lactate fevmentation duving sternuous exevcice. when aerobic Yespivation does mor provide 2dequate energy > produce ad ATP > Latiate auumulatio Gan cause Mull High acidity in > After lactate atiumulaton . the org nism accumulates a pt <7 WOlumes of extva oxygen Ungumed aber exewise. Lactate —+ , + Water ONG Daal Ours in cytoplasm Gy topl asim A mitochondyi a Produce ATP gluse is Aunbic Uses glucose Anachobiv Ompletery Yespivation as substance vespivation oxidised genevate 36 lwvolves genevates dATP ATP pet glucose gyalysis Per gluse mol cule molecule cvamps 29 muscle alls gluse in Tnvompletely] oni disedApgticatio of Anaerbic tespivation in fod industry OD Mating Bread ( Moholic {evmentation) 9 [Sa Ccharo my ces sive (Yoash) uses, glucose to produce Os from the fermentation Press. = Os forms Small bubbles whivr ave tapped in the dough. and helps raise the dough. = when baking, the bubbles exc giving the bread a Soft fextuve. @ Kneading the cough traps air within the dough and allows Adyobjr respivation - The Alco.| produced duving anaewobic Vespivation evaporates during baking. lactobatillus bulg avicas @ Named aftey Bulgawia [| tescavchea @ mating yoghurt | lavhi cid) Th datlesdp hotwaen longouity of = Bactevia like Lactobacillus Adalbruockit subse bulgavis and hep mophillus ( twisted kernal / heat ) ave Used b Mate Yoghurt . Bulgarians 3 treiv donsamption of Yogurt = These bacteria ave added to Milk And inbated ot “7° and the pH of the milk Wi be reduced tr about 4. © Cooling prevents fithwy fevymentation. — The toyme lactose from the bacteria ads oh the hilk Carbohydvate, factvie to prduce lacie avd. @ The [ace aid (urdles the milk and gives it q Souy taste . Lb gives it a Svlid | fextuve. Steptoe Ut