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Society The Basics Canadian 6Th Edition Macionis Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF
Society The Basics Canadian 6Th Edition Macionis Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF
Although poverty is a reality in Canada and other nations, the greatest social inequality is not
within nations but between them. Global stratification refers to patterns of social inequality in
the world as a whole.
B. Dependency Theory
Dependency theory is a model of economic and social development that explains
global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of low-income societies by
high-income ones.
1. Historical perspective
The economic success of many high-income nations was achieved at the
expense of low-income countries.
2. The importance of colonialism
Formal colonialism has almost disappeared from the world, but
neocolonialism is at the heart of the capitalist world economy and
perpetuates economic relationships shaped under colonialism.
Chapter Objectives
Essay Topics
1. What accounts for severe and extensive poverty throughout much of the world?
2. Discuss relative and absolute poverty in relation to high-income and low-income countries.
5. Which theory do you think best addresses the issue of alleviating the problem of world
hunger? Why?
6. Summarize the stages of modernization, citing examples for each stage in your discussion.
7. What role does modernization theory and dependency theory assign to rich nations?
8. What role can Canadian citizens play in attempting to ease the problems of global poverty?
How would the answer of a modernization theorist to this question differ from the answer
that might be given by a dependency theorist?
9. What are the weaknesses of modernization theory and dependency theory in solving global
hunger?
_____________________________________________________________________________
Supplemental Lecture Material
I. Born Oppressed: Women in low- income countries
Source
Anderson, John Ward and Molly Moore. “Born Oppressed,” Washington Post, February 14,
1993.
Discussion Question
1) What approaches do you think would be most effective in improving the living standards
of women in the developing nations? What role could Canada play in this process?
Officially, foreigners are forbidden to visit the diamond mines of Congo, the former Zaire.
Nonetheless, two journalists recently managed to get a look at a mining camp in the jungle of
eastern Congo. No wonder the government doesn’t tolerate outsiders, since conditions at the
mine are not only extremely harsh, but amount to debt bondage, a form of slavery as explained in
the textbook.
Here, about 120 miners dig from dawn to dusk at the bottom of sweltering pits in the thick rain
forest. Young men wield shovels, the only tools available, to dig their individual plots, risking
the occasional cave-in due to lack of equipment. And why? Because though the mine is privately
owned, each man pays a small fee for the right to dig a plot of his own and whatever small
diamonds he extracts from the sand are his to keep. Should he be so lucky as to find a large one,
he will have to share the profit of its sale with the owner of the mine. Such a find is the stuff
dreams are made of, but it is rare.
In fact, everything around them seems to conspire to rob the miners of hope for more stable
work. Just traveling to the regional center to sell their small diamonds is hazardous. “Nearly
all the men have stories about how the fruit of many months’ toil was seized at gunpoint by
laughing soldiers.” Even if they get to the center, the pay for the usual small diamonds is
barely enough to buy food and clothes, trapping the miners in an endless cycle of digging
and sifting until they are worn out with work and age.
Expanding the investigation of worker exploitation, Kevin Bales has found that a “new
slavery” has been produced by modern day demographics and global capitalism. Mr. Bales, a
sociologist at the London campus of the University of Surrey, defines global slavery as “a
relationship in which one person is completely controlled by another person through violence
or the threat of violence for the purpose of economic exploitation.” He believes that our
understanding of slavery is “muddied” by the obsolete notion of “people as property.”
Mr. Bales describes sex slavery that thrives in Thailand for cultural and economic
reasons, slavery in India, Pakistan’s lucrative manufacturing industries and a variety of debt
bondage in India.
In spite of the extent of the problem, Bales is optimistic that governments, corporations,
and individuals can fight the problem. To attack overpopulation, he suggests improving
education and fighting extreme poverty. To remove violence as a means of exploitation, he urges
political leaders to enact and enforce civil protection. And to disable slavery’s profit engine, he
calls on consumers and investors to support international watchdog groups and to sever their
links
to the slave trade. This means lobbying for economic sanctions against offending countries,
divesting from mutual and pension funds that won’t promise to shun slave labour, and buying
products certified to be slavery free (e.g., the Rugmark campaign aimed as South Asian Carpet
makers).
Sources
Kristof, Nicholas D., “Mine Labour in Congo Dims Luster in Diamonds.” New York Times
(June
1, 1997): 9.
Miller, D. W. “Citing Research 7 Morality, Sociologist Depicts New Slavery.” The Chronicle
of
Higher Education (May 7, 1999): A21-22.
Discussion Questions
1) How does this example typify the dilemma of poverty in low-income countries? What is
the solution to a problem such as this?
2) Discuss how slavery and debt bondage are explained differently by modernization theory
versus dependence theory? How might a combination of both address this issue?
Language: French
L’ŒUVRE
DE
HENRI POINCARÉ
PAR
émile PICARD
PARIS,
GAUTHIER-VILLARS, IMPRIMEUR-LIBRAIRE
DU BUREAU DES LONGITUDES, DE L’ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE,
Quai des Grands-Augustins, 55.
1913
Extrait des Annales de l'École Normale supérieure, 3e série, t.
XXX, p. 463 (1913).
L’ŒUVRE
de
HENRI POINCARÉ
Quelqu’un demandait un jour à J.-B. Dumas, à propos de Claude
Bernard: «Que pensez-vous de ce grand physiologiste?», et Dumas
répondit: «Ce n’est pas un grand physiologiste, c’est la Physiologie
elle-même.» On pourrait dire pareillement de Henri Poincaré qu’il ne
fut pas seulement un grand mathématicien, mais la Mathématique
elle-même. Dans l’histoire des Sciences mathématiques, peu de
mathématiciens ont eu, comme lui, la force de faire rendre à l’esprit
mathématique tout ce qu’il était à chaque instant capable de donner.
En Mathématiques pures sa puissance d’invention fut prodigieuse, et
l’on reste confondu devant la maîtrise avec laquelle il savait forger
l’outil le mieux approprié dans toutes les questions qu’il attaquait.
Poincaré ne fut étranger à aucune des sciences parvenues à un
stade assez avancé pour être susceptible de prendre, au moins
dans certaines de leurs parties, une forme mathématique. Il a été en
particulier un grand critique des théories de la Physique moderne,
habile à les comparer et à mettre en évidence leur véritable origine,
aimant aussi à signaler leurs points faibles et leurs contradictions.
Sa réputation, comme philosophe, fut considérable. Toute
conception philosophique est de sa nature controversable; mais,
quelque opinion qu’on puisse avoir sur certaines idées de Poincaré,
l’admiration n’en est pas moins vive pour le noble penseur, le
dialecticien subtil et l’écrivain au style personnel où rivalisent l’esprit
géométrique et l’esprit de finesse. A défaut d’une étude détaillée qui
demanderait un long travail, je vais essayer de tracer une esquisse
de l’œuvre du grand géomètre dont la disparition fut, l’an dernier,
une perte irréparable pour la Science.
I.
Ce qui caractérise le génie mathématique de Poincaré, c’est sa
puissance à embrasser d’emblée les questions dans toute leur
généralité et à créer de toutes pièces l’instrument analytique
permettant l’étude des problèmes posés. D’autres, et c’est ainsi
qu’opèrent la majorité des chercheurs, commencent par s’enquérir
de ce qui a été fait dans la voie qu’ils veulent explorer; la
documentation est pour eux un travail préliminaire. Poincaré
s’attarde rarement à étudier les travaux antérieurs. Tout au plus,
parcourt-il rapidement quelques-uns d’entre eux; de vagues
indications lui permettent de retrouver des Chapitres entiers d’une
théorie. Au fond, les questions d’attribution lui furent souverainement
indifférentes, et le détail de l’histoire des sciences l’intéressait très
peu.
La théorie des groupes fuchsiens et des fonctions fuchsiennes, qui
illustra son nom presque au début de sa carrière scientifique, fournit
des exemples à l’appui de ces remarques. Quand Poincaré
commença ses études sur les groupes fuchsiens, c’est-à-dire sur les
groupes discontinus de la forme qui transforment