CHEMISTRY

LECTURE / PPT AND HANDOUT BASE

DILUTION Colligative Properties
 The process in which more solvent is
added to a solution in order to lower its  Depend only on the relative amounts of
concentration. solute and solvent of a solution.

Types of solution according to concentration  Depend only pn the number of solute

1. Dilute Solution particles in solution and not on the
nature of the solute particles.
 Contains a relatively small amount of
solute. Types of solutions according to electrical
conductivity
2. Concentrated Solution 1. Electrolyte
 Contains a relatively large amount of  Solution that conducts electricity.
solute.
2. Non-electrolyte
FORMULA
 Solution that does not conduct
C1V1=C2V2
electricity.
Where:
Colligative properties of Non- Electrolyte
C1 - Concentration of the concentrated stock Solution
solution.  Vapor-Pressure Reduction
C2 - Concentration of the diluted stock  Boiling Point Elevation
solution.
 Freezing Point Depression
V1 - Volume of the concentrated stock
 Osmotic Pressure
solution.
VAPORIZATION
V2 - Volume of the diluted stock solution.
 Gas vs Vapor
HENRY’S LAW
Gas
 William Henry (1774-1836) English
Chemist  A substance that is normally In the
gaseous state at ordinary temperatures
 The solubility of a gas in a liquid is
and pressure.
directly proportional to the partial
pressure of the gas above the solution. Vapor
FORMULA  A substance that is the gaseous form of
C = kP any substance that is liquid or a solid at
normal temperatures and pressures.
Where:
Vaporization
C - Molar concentration of the gas in the
solution phase  Phase transition where a substance
changes its phase from liquid to gas.
k - Henry’s Law Constant
 VAPORIZATION
P - Partial pressure of the gas over the
solution (Evaporation vs. Boiling)
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF Evaporation
SOLUTIONS
 Colligative Properties of Non-  Vaporization of a liquid below its
Electrolyte Solution boiling point.

 Colligative Properties of Electrolyte  Takes place at the surface of the liquid.

Solution
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LECTURE / PPT AND HANDOUT BASE
 Occurs when the liquid particles at the Psol’n = Xsolvent Psolvent
surface of the liquid have enough KE
to overcome the attractive forces and
escape into the atmosphere.
* Bubbles cannot form since the vapor
pressure is less than atmospheric pressure.
Boiling
 Vaporization of a liquid at its boiling
point.
 Takes place beneath the surface of the
liquid.
 Occurs when the gas particles (bubbles)
have great pressure to resist the
pressure of the surrounding water.
VAPOR PRESSURE

 The pressure exhibited by vapor

present above a liquid surface.
 The pressure exerted when the
molecules leave the surface at the same
rate as they return.

The Effect of Vapor Pressure Reduction

or Boiling Point Elevation
 The temperature at which the vapor
pressure equate the external
atmospheric pressure.
 The presence of the nonvolatile solute
lowers the vapor pressure of the
 The lowering of the vapor pressure of solution.
the liquid solvent in a solution.
 The lower the vapor pressure the higher
the boiling point since more heat is
applied.
 Defines as the boiling point of the
solution (Tb Solution) minus the boiling
point of the pure solvent (Tb Solvent).
Tb = Tb Solution - Tb Solvent

Raoult’s Law Tb = Kbm

 The vapor pressure of the solution,

Psol'n is equal to the product of the APPLICATIONS OF BOILING POINT
mole fraction of the solvent, Xsolvent, ELEVATION
and the vapor pressure of the pure
solvent, Psolvent 1. Engine Coolant
CHEMISTRY
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2. Cooking
3. Sugar refining
FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION
 The freezing point of a substance is
identical ti its melting point.
 They only differ in the direction from
which the people change is approached.
 The temperature at which the substance
freezes.
 (similarity with the boiling point) the
vapor pressure of the solution also
affects the boiling freezing point.
 The pressure of the nonvolatile solute
lowers the vapor pressure of the
solution and causes it to freeze at
lower temperature.
= Tf Solvent - Tf Solution
= Kfm
T

APPLICATIONS OF BOILING POINT

ELEVATION
1. Engine Coolant
2. Dirty Ice cream
3. Icy roads
4. Vodka