Challenge of Democracy 12th Edition

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CHAPTER 10: Interest Groups

Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

1. Please define the following term.

interest group

2. Please define the following term.

lobby

3. Please define the following term.

lobbyist
4. Please define the following term.

agenda building

5. Please define the following term.

program monitoring

6. Please define the following term.

interest group entrepreneur

7. Please define the following term.

free-rider problem

8. Please define the following term.

trade association

9. Please define the following term.

political action committee (PAC)

10. Please define the following term.

direct lobbying

11. Please define the following term.

grassroots lobbying

12. Please define the following term.

information campaign
13. Please define the following term.

coalition building

14. Please define the following term.

citizen group

15. A key issue that motivates Internet companies such as Facebook to lobby in Washington is
A. policymakers’ growing concern about privacy on the Internet.
B. obtaining federal subsidies to new technology startups.
C. protecting favorable treatment for Facebook’s international affiliates.
D. opposing the creation of a federal NetID.
E. All of the above is true.

16. Technology companies Microsoft and Google

A. prefer to engage in grassroots lobbying than in direct lobbying.
B. originally invested in grassroots lobbying, but have now switched to direct lobbying.
C. both still do not have political action committees.
D. initially paid little attention to Washington, and had to play catch up as the government enacted policies they
found objectionable.
E. Options A and C are true.
17. The primary goal of interest groups is to
A. educate the public about issues.
B. sponsor candidates for elections.
C. fight corruption in government.
D. influence public policy.
E. provide campaign donations.

18. Alexis de Tocqueville believed that the American tendency to join associations
A. would decline as the country grew.
B. was a threat to democracy.
C. reflected a strong democratic culture.
D. could lead to factionalism.
E. would cause increased protests.

19. Who argued that when it comes down to any decision to restrict the liberties of interest groups, that “Liberty
is to faction what air is to fire”?
A. Alexis de Tocqueville
B. Thomas Jefferson
C. David Easton
D. Cesar Chavez
E. James Madison

20. James Madison made all but which of the following arguments in his essay, Federalist No. 10?
A. The development of differences between interest groups is inevitable.
B. The fundamental causes of faction are sown into man’s nature.
C. In a democratic republic, government can mediate among opposing factions.
D. Factions can be eliminated without removing Americans’ freedoms.
E. The size and diversity of the nation is an important factor restraining majority factions.

21. Individual lobbies spend vast sums as they try to influence legislation and recent filings with the Congress
listed at _________ in annual spending through lobbying.
A. $100 million
B. $500 million
C. $750 million
D. $1 billion
E. more than $3 billion
22. Which of the following is not an argument made by the authors for why interest groups benefit our political
system?
A. Interest groups represent people before government.
B. Interest groups always form when the corresponding need for them develops.
C. Interest groups are vehicles for political participation.
D. Interest groups educate their members, the public at large and government officials.
E. Interest groups bring new issues into the political limelight.

23. What role do interest groups play in educating policymakers about political issues?
A. Interest groups are never considered a valid source of information because they are so biased.
B. So few people are members of interest groups that any communication policymakers receive from such
groups is considered insignificant.
C. They are an important source of political information.
D. They tend to confuse policymakers and often alienate them.
E. They serve to overwhelm policymakers with too much information.

24. Today the largest sector of unionized workers is

A. auto workers.
B. university employees.
C. agricultural workers.
D. municipal government employees.
E. pipefitters and plumbers.

25. An environmental group publishes scientifically-documented lapses in Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA) oversight of toxic-waste-dump monitoring. Which function is the environmental group performing?
A. Education
B. Program monitoring
C. Agenda building
D. Representation
E. Issue definition

26. _________ believe that interest groups further democracy by broadening representation within the system.
A. Majoritarians
B. Elitists
C. Oligarchs
D. Humanitarians
E. Pluralists
27. Which political scientist wrote a classic explanation of the pluralist approach in American politics?
A. David Truman
B. Glendon Schubert
C. David Mayhew
D. Richard Neustadt
E. V.O. Key

28. According to David Truman’s theory, interest groups form when

A. groups use direct-mail solicitations.
B. disturbances occur that disrupt the equilibrium among groups.
C. a stable social and economic environment is achieved.
D. interest group entrepreneurs seek new members.
E. biases in the way government operates are revealed.

29. An important idea of pluralist theory is that

A. most interest groups work for the good of the majority.
B. the institutions of government will ignore interest groups regardless of their orientation.
C. interest groups will ultimately fade from the political scene.
D. new interest groups naturally form when the need arises.
E. people join groups for benefits, regardless of current circumstances.

30. The issue of urban renewal in Boston’s West End illustrates the point that
A. mass-based interest groups can effectively block government policy.
B. government policies are designed to maintain a political equilibrium.
C. groups faced with policies harmful to their interests often lack the leadership and resources to organize.
D. interest groups will arise whenever there is a need.
E. minority groups, even when organized, often fail.

31. Cesar Chavez’s work to organize California workers into the United Farm Workers makes him an example
of a(n)
A. primary mover.
B. policy maintainer.
C. interest group entrepreneur.
D. monitoring agent.
E. public proponent.
32. Cesar Chavez was supported by __________ after using such nonviolent tactics as marches, boycotts, and
fasting that led to the United Farm Workers union being allowed to collectively bargain with the growers for
wages and better working conditions.
A. the California Farm Bureau
B. the Catholic clergy
C. Ronald Reagan
D. the Teamsters union
E. None of the above is true.

33. Which of the following potential interest groups would likely be the most difficult to organize for political
action?
A. Social welfare recipients
B. Certified public accountants
C. Alumni of a prestigious college
D. Employees of a manufacturing company
E. Retired social security recipients

34. Which influential Washington interest group has a membership of 40 million?

A. Sierra Club
B. Catholic Charities
C. Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association
D. American Association of Retired Persons (AARP)
E. The Masons

35. Which of the following groups has the most difficult challenge holding on to its members?
A. Citizen groups
B. Business associations
C. Professional associations
D. Labor associations
E. All of the above have equal difficulty in holding on to its members.

36. Which of the following have an advantage of being able to use institutional financial resources to support
their lobbying and do not need to rely on voluntary contributions?
A. Environmental groups
B. Citizens groups
C. Labor unions
D. Big individual corporations
E. Options A and B are true.
37. The key to attracting new members to a group through direct mail solicitation is
A. to concentrate on a carefully targeted audience.
B. to undertake a massive mailing to every conceivable membership prospect.
C. to show potential members that both members and nonmembers will benefit if the group is successful.
D. not to play on the reader’s emotions.
E. to provide a specific example of a personal benefit that will result from joining the group.

38. Which of the following groups is most dependent on the Internet to gain new supporters?
A. Business associations
B. Labor associations
C. Professional associations
D. Political parties
E. Ideological citizen groups

39. When the air you breathe is made cleaner as a result of lobbying done by an interest group to which you do
not belong, you are an example of
A. a program monitor.
B. an interest group entrepreneur.
C. the PAC problem.
D. a freeloader.
E. a free rider.

40. Large interest groups are often difficult to organize because

A. many of their potential members prefer to let someone else shoulder the interest groups’ financial burden.
B. as they grow in size, they attract more unfavorable publicity.
C. they usually suffer from diseconomies of scale.
D. the Internet has not made it easier to convince individuals to join.
E. Options C and D are true.

41. __________ make sure that people in government know what their members want and that their
organizations know what the government is doing.
A. Cabinet officials
B. Federal agency administrators
C. Lobbyists
D. Governors
E. Political parties
42. Expert, well-connected lobbyist Karen Ignagni, a key negotiator for America’s Health Insurance Plans
during the Obama administration’s health reform proposal, is paid __________ a year.
A. $300,000
B. $750,000
C. $1 million
D. $1.6 million
E. $3 million

43. A recent study of seventy-seven members of Congress who were defeated for re-election or left voluntarily
found that more than __________ of them took jobs with firms that lobby.
A. 10 percent
B. 25 percent
C. 40 percent
D. 60 percent
E. 75 percent

44. The lobbyist’s primary job involves

A. passing information on to their employers and to policymakers.
B. assisting campaigns.
C. trading on favors.
D. mobilizing campaign contributors.
E. exchanging goods for services.

45. Under current federal law, the amount that the PAC you belong to can donate to its favored candidate
running for the U.S. Senate is
A. unlimited.
B. $2,000 a month during the election cycle.
C. $5,000 per election.
D. $27,500 per year.
E. equal to a percentage of the group’s membership.

46. There were an estimated __________ PACs contributing to congressional candidates during the 2009–2010
campaign cycle.
A. 4,000
B. 10,000
C. 25,000
D. 250,000
E. one million
47. Which of the following PACs contributed the most during the 2009–2010 campaign cycle?
A. AT&T
B. National Beer Wholesalers
C. International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers
D. American Bankers Association
E. National Association of Realtors

48. The primary mission of the “China Lobby” between 1949 and 1972 was to
A. pressure the United States not to establish friendly relationships with Communist China.
B. open United States markets to Chinese exports.
C. keep selling United States munitions to the Chinese army.
D. initiate a declared war between the United States and China.
E. lobby for human rights within China.

49. Close to nine out of every ten dollars that unions give goes to
A. Democrats.
B. Republicans.
C. conservatives.
D. independents.
E. challengers.

50. With regard to PAC contributions and congressional votes, political scientists
A. have found a very strong correlation between the two.
B. have not been able to document any consistent link between the two.
C. have found that contributions have a greater impact on votes in the Senate.
D. have found that contributions have a greater impact on votes in the House of Representatives.
E. have found that votes are determined by contributions when members are up for reelection.

51. Some sophisticated research has shown that PAC donations

A. can have a greater influence within congressional committees than on affecting floor votes.
B. are influential based on an exponential scale of the actual amount given.
C. have been declining in effectiveness over the past 15 years.
D. influence the behavior of the executive bureaucracy more than Congress.
E. All of the above are true.
52. Nonconnected PACs are highly ideological and tend to give
A. to liberal Democrats.
B. to conservative Republicans.
C. to well-connected incumbent politicians of any ideological stripe.
D. to presidential candidates but not to congressional ones.
E. either to conservatives or to liberals, but not both.

53. A strategy that relies on a group representative’s personal contact with policymakers is
A. grassroots lobbying.
B. coalition building.
C. information campaigns.
D. direct lobbying.
E. insider lobbying.

54. Most lobbyists believe that public testimony before congressional committees
A. is the most effective way of influencing legislation.
B. should be televised so that all citizens have access to this information.
C. should be discontinued.
D. is less important than are private one-on-one meetings.
E. should be a matter of public record.

55. Which of the following involves an interest group’s rank-and-file membership as well as outreach to
ordinary people outside the organization?
A. Direct lobbying
B. Grassroots lobbying
C. Information campaigns
D. Coalition building
E. Shotgun marketing

56. Grassroots lobbying is designed to influence policy by

A. persuading legislators of the critical importance of farm issues.
B. reminding legislators of the values and beliefs they held when they first entered politics.
C. convincing large numbers of citizens to contact political leaders by letters, telegrams, e-mail, faxes, and
phone calls.
D. persuading legislators that a correct vote on an upcoming bill will produce campaign contributions.
E. money contributed to campaigns by members.
57. Recently anti-immigration groups have taken to holding public protests on April 15, the day taxes are due,
to emphasize economic consequences of illegal immigration. Your textbook might describe this as an example
of
A. agenda building.
B. program monitoring.
C. grassroots lobbying.
D. direct lobbying.
E. coalition building.

58. The most common form of grassroots lobbying involves

A. telephone calls.
B. picketing.
C. marching.
D. letter writing.
E. web page building.

59. After the Ohio State Legislature passed a bill restricting the collective bargaining rights of
municipal unions,
A. the unions protested but ultimately did nothing to overturn the law.
B. the unions created an initiative repealing the law, but the voters sided with the legislature.
C. the unions created an initiative repealing the law, and the voters agreed and reversed the legislature’s
decision.
D. union activism replaced twelve members of the legislature in the next election, and the law was repealed.
E. None of the above is true.

60. The main drawback of protest activity as a tool in influencing the policymaking process is that
A. it is basically a short-term tool, whereas policymaking is a long-term process.
B. it almost always generates more opposition than support.
C. no one pays attention to protest.
D. it is illegal.
E. it often results in the arrest of interest group members.

61. The __________ defied conventional wisdom regarding political change through a broad and sustained
series of protests and unconventional actions.
A. antinuclear movement
B. antilobbying association
C. civil rights movement
D. gun control faction
E. right-to-life association
62. Organizing public relations campaigns and sponsoring research are examples of
A. coalition building.
B. information campaigns.
C. grassroots lobbying.
D. direct lobbying.
E. marketing strategies.

63. In interest group lobbying, coalitions are often

A. informal arrangements.
B. temporary.
C. formed only for the purpose of lobbying on a single issue.
D. Options A, B, and C are true.
E. None of the above is true.

64. The recent effort by AT&T to take over T-Mobile shows that
A. direct lobbying campaigns work best when combined with PR campaigns.
B. United States courts can be lobbied as effectively as the U.S. Congress.
C. public opinion and grassroots campaigns can be easily manufactured by well-funded corporate interests.
D. large corporations do not achieve all their desired ends in Washington D.C.
E. Congress typically accedes to the wishes of a well-organized lobby, if no opposing lobbies swiftly
counter-mobilize.

65. If the great advantage of majoritarianism is that it is built around the most elemental notion of fairness, the
great advantage of pluralism is that it is based on
A. the dominance of elites.
B. the influence of ideology.
C. swift decision making.
D. representation of all major interests.
E. a balancing of economic forces.

66. Which of the following is not necessary for the pluralist model of interest groups to be fair?
A. All significant interests in the population should be represented by groups.
B. Government should listen to the views of all major interests.
C. Lawmakers should attempt to balance perfectly the views of all competing interests.
D. Lawmakers should pay attention to the concerns of lobbyists.
E. The majoritarian model’s emphasis on competitive elections should be viewed as compatible with pluralism.
67. A group that has as its purpose issues unrelated to its members’ vocations is a(n)
A. grassroots coalition.
B. interest collaboration.
C. targeted partnership.
D. professional interest group.
E. citizens group.

68. Interest groups that lobby for poor people often gain key financial support from
A. philanthropic foundations.
B. government grants.
C. corporations.
D. wealthy individuals.
E. All of the above are true.

69. The vast increase in the number of business lobbies in Washington during the 1970s was in large part a
response to the
A. increasingly cynical view of government that developed among the American public in the 1960s and 1970s.
B. growing threat posed by New Right lobbyists.
C. favorable congressional legislation.
D. civil rights and anti-Vietnam War activism of the 1960s.
E. expanded scope of federal regulatory activities and the growing influence of the liberal citizens groups.

70. One of the fastest-growing lobbying sectors during the Obama administration, with now over 3,000
registered lobbyists in Washington D.C., is
A. immigration.
B. health care.
C. energy.
D. abortion.
E. agriculture.

71. A critical thing to remember when considering the overrepresentation of business interests in Washington is
that they
A. are frequently divided and mobilize to lobby against each other.
B. are generally concerned about the public welfare.
C. cannot engage in many forms of lobbying during election years.
D. rarely have an influence on legislation except as it affects their narrow interests.
E. lose a considerable amount of resources during election years.
72. The formation of so-called Super PACs was facilitated by the Supreme Court ruling in
A. Bowers v. Mason.
B. Garcia v. Clinton.
C. the FEC Cases.
D. Northridge Fruit Company v. Holder.
E. the Citizens United case.

73. The money from PAC donations comes disproportionately from

A. religious or ethnic organizations.
B. public interest and consumer groups.
C. labor unions.
D. business and professional interests.
E. foreign countries.

74. Any increase in lobbying regulations conflicts with

A. Tenth Amendment provisions.
B. the equal access clause of the Constitution.
C. the Fairness Doctrine.
D. Ninth Amendment provisions.
E. the right to petition the government outlined in the First Amendment.

75. Identify five ways that interest groups benefit our political system.

76. Summarize the view of interest groups formed in David Truman’s The Governmental Process.
77. Describe how Cesar Chavez changed tactics in his attempt to improve working conditions for farm laborers
by forming the United Farm Workers Union, and why Catholic clergy supported Chavez.

78. What do political scientists know about the relationship between PAC money and votes in Congress?

79. Explain how the free-rider problem makes it difficult to get people to join and contribute to interest groups.

80. Discuss how the Internet has changed the ways that interest groups solicit new members.
81. Explain the difference between direct lobbying and grassroots lobbying.

82. Why has there been a significant increase in Washington, D.C. based health-care lobbyists over the years?

83. Explain what citizen groups are, and one of the advantages that business and professional groups have over
them in affecting policymaking.
CHAPTER 10: Interest Groups Key

1. Please define the following term.

interest group

Answers will vary.

2. Please define the following term.

lobby

Answers will vary.

3. Please define the following term.

lobbyist

Answers will vary.

4. Please define the following term.

agenda building

Answers will vary.

5. Please define the following term.

program monitoring

Answers will vary.

6. Please define the following term.

interest group entrepreneur

Answers will vary.

7. Please define the following term.

free-rider problem

Answers will vary.

8. Please define the following term.

trade association

Answers will vary.

9. Please define the following term.

political action committee (PAC)

Answers will vary.

10. Please define the following term.

direct lobbying

Answers will vary.

11. Please define the following term.

grassroots lobbying

Answers will vary.

12. Please define the following term.

information campaign

Answers will vary.

13. Please define the following term.

coalition building

Answers will vary.

14. Please define the following term.

citizen group

Answers will vary.

15. A key issue that motivates Internet companies such as Facebook to lobby in Washington is
A. policymakers’ growing concern about privacy on the Internet.
B. obtaining federal subsidies to new technology startups.
C. protecting favorable treatment for Facebook’s international affiliates.
D. opposing the creation of a federal NetID.
E. All of the above is true.

16. Technology companies Microsoft and Google

A. prefer to engage in grassroots lobbying than in direct lobbying.
B. originally invested in grassroots lobbying, but have now switched to direct lobbying.
C. both still do not have political action committees.
D. initially paid little attention to Washington, and had to play catch up as the government enacted policies they
found objectionable.
E. Options A and C are true.

17. The primary goal of interest groups is to

A. educate the public about issues.
B. sponsor candidates for elections.
C. fight corruption in government.
D. influence public policy.
E. provide campaign donations.
18. Alexis de Tocqueville believed that the American tendency to join associations
A. would decline as the country grew.
B. was a threat to democracy.
C. reflected a strong democratic culture.
D. could lead to factionalism.
E. would cause increased protests.

19. Who argued that when it comes down to any decision to restrict the liberties of interest groups, that “Liberty
is to faction what air is to fire”?
A. Alexis de Tocqueville
B. Thomas Jefferson
C. David Easton
D. Cesar Chavez
E. James Madison

20. James Madison made all but which of the following arguments in his essay, Federalist No. 10?
A. The development of differences between interest groups is inevitable.
B. The fundamental causes of faction are sown into man’s nature.
C. In a democratic republic, government can mediate among opposing factions.
D. Factions can be eliminated without removing Americans’ freedoms.
E. The size and diversity of the nation is an important factor restraining majority factions.

21. Individual lobbies spend vast sums as they try to influence legislation and recent filings with the Congress
listed at _________ in annual spending through lobbying.
A. $100 million
B. $500 million
C. $750 million
D. $1 billion
E. more than $3 billion

22. Which of the following is not an argument made by the authors for why interest groups benefit our political
system?
A. Interest groups represent people before government.
B. Interest groups always form when the corresponding need for them develops.
C. Interest groups are vehicles for political participation.
D. Interest groups educate their members, the public at large and government officials.
E. Interest groups bring new issues into the political limelight.
23. What role do interest groups play in educating policymakers about political issues?
A. Interest groups are never considered a valid source of information because they are so biased.
B. So few people are members of interest groups that any communication policymakers receive from such
groups is considered insignificant.
C. They are an important source of political information.
D. They tend to confuse policymakers and often alienate them.
E. They serve to overwhelm policymakers with too much information.

24. Today the largest sector of unionized workers is

A. auto workers.
B. university employees.
C. agricultural workers.
D. municipal government employees.
E. pipefitters and plumbers.

25. An environmental group publishes scientifically-documented lapses in Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA) oversight of toxic-waste-dump monitoring. Which function is the environmental group performing?
A. Education
B. Program monitoring
C. Agenda building
D. Representation
E. Issue definition

26. _________ believe that interest groups further democracy by broadening representation within the system.
A. Majoritarians
B. Elitists
C. Oligarchs
D. Humanitarians
E. Pluralists

27. Which political scientist wrote a classic explanation of the pluralist approach in American politics?
A. David Truman
B. Glendon Schubert
C. David Mayhew
D. Richard Neustadt
E. V.O. Key
28. According to David Truman’s theory, interest groups form when
A. groups use direct-mail solicitations.
B. disturbances occur that disrupt the equilibrium among groups.
C. a stable social and economic environment is achieved.
D. interest group entrepreneurs seek new members.
E. biases in the way government operates are revealed.

29. An important idea of pluralist theory is that

A. most interest groups work for the good of the majority.
B. the institutions of government will ignore interest groups regardless of their orientation.
C. interest groups will ultimately fade from the political scene.
D. new interest groups naturally form when the need arises.
E. people join groups for benefits, regardless of current circumstances.

30. The issue of urban renewal in Boston’s West End illustrates the point that
A. mass-based interest groups can effectively block government policy.
B. government policies are designed to maintain a political equilibrium.
C. groups faced with policies harmful to their interests often lack the leadership and resources to organize.
D. interest groups will arise whenever there is a need.
E. minority groups, even when organized, often fail.

31. Cesar Chavez’s work to organize California workers into the United Farm Workers makes him an example
of a(n)
A. primary mover.
B. policy maintainer.
C. interest group entrepreneur.
D. monitoring agent.
E. public proponent.

32. Cesar Chavez was supported by __________ after using such nonviolent tactics as marches, boycotts, and
fasting that led to the United Farm Workers union being allowed to collectively bargain with the growers for
wages and better working conditions.
A. the California Farm Bureau
B. the Catholic clergy
C. Ronald Reagan
D. the Teamsters union
E. None of the above is true.
33. Which of the following potential interest groups would likely be the most difficult to organize for political
action?
A. Social welfare recipients
B. Certified public accountants
C. Alumni of a prestigious college
D. Employees of a manufacturing company
E. Retired social security recipients

34. Which influential Washington interest group has a membership of 40 million?

A. Sierra Club
B. Catholic Charities
C. Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association
D. American Association of Retired Persons (AARP)
E. The Masons

35. Which of the following groups has the most difficult challenge holding on to its members?
A. Citizen groups
B. Business associations
C. Professional associations
D. Labor associations
E. All of the above have equal difficulty in holding on to its members.

36. Which of the following have an advantage of being able to use institutional financial resources to support
their lobbying and do not need to rely on voluntary contributions?
A. Environmental groups
B. Citizens groups
C. Labor unions
D. Big individual corporations
E. Options A and B are true.

37. The key to attracting new members to a group through direct mail solicitation is
A. to concentrate on a carefully targeted audience.
B. to undertake a massive mailing to every conceivable membership prospect.
C. to show potential members that both members and nonmembers will benefit if the group is successful.
D. not to play on the reader’s emotions.
E. to provide a specific example of a personal benefit that will result from joining the group.
38. Which of the following groups is most dependent on the Internet to gain new supporters?
A. Business associations
B. Labor associations
C. Professional associations
D. Political parties
E. Ideological citizen groups

39. When the air you breathe is made cleaner as a result of lobbying done by an interest group to which you do
not belong, you are an example of
A. a program monitor.
B. an interest group entrepreneur.
C. the PAC problem.
D. a freeloader.
E. a free rider.

40. Large interest groups are often difficult to organize because

A. many of their potential members prefer to let someone else shoulder the interest groups’ financial burden.
B. as they grow in size, they attract more unfavorable publicity.
C. they usually suffer from diseconomies of scale.
D. the Internet has not made it easier to convince individuals to join.
E. Options C and D are true.

41. __________ make sure that people in government know what their members want and that their
organizations know what the government is doing.
A. Cabinet officials
B. Federal agency administrators
C. Lobbyists
D. Governors
E. Political parties

42. Expert, well-connected lobbyist Karen Ignagni, a key negotiator for America’s Health Insurance Plans
during the Obama administration’s health reform proposal, is paid __________ a year.
A. $300,000
B. $750,000
C. $1 million
D. $1.6 million
E. $3 million
43. A recent study of seventy-seven members of Congress who were defeated for re-election or left voluntarily
found that more than __________ of them took jobs with firms that lobby.
A. 10 percent
B. 25 percent
C. 40 percent
D. 60 percent
E. 75 percent

44. The lobbyist’s primary job involves

A. passing information on to their employers and to policymakers.
B. assisting campaigns.
C. trading on favors.
D. mobilizing campaign contributors.
E. exchanging goods for services.

45. Under current federal law, the amount that the PAC you belong to can donate to its favored candidate
running for the U.S. Senate is
A. unlimited.
B. $2,000 a month during the election cycle.
C. $5,000 per election.
D. $27,500 per year.
E. equal to a percentage of the group’s membership.

46. There were an estimated __________ PACs contributing to congressional candidates during the 2009–2010
campaign cycle.
A. 4,000
B. 10,000
C. 25,000
D. 250,000
E. one million

47. Which of the following PACs contributed the most during the 2009–2010 campaign cycle?
A. AT&T
B. National Beer Wholesalers
C. International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers
D. American Bankers Association
E. National Association of Realtors
48. The primary mission of the “China Lobby” between 1949 and 1972 was to
A. pressure the United States not to establish friendly relationships with Communist China.
B. open United States markets to Chinese exports.
C. keep selling United States munitions to the Chinese army.
D. initiate a declared war between the United States and China.
E. lobby for human rights within China.

49. Close to nine out of every ten dollars that unions give goes to
A. Democrats.
B. Republicans.
C. conservatives.
D. independents.
E. challengers.

50. With regard to PAC contributions and congressional votes, political scientists
A. have found a very strong correlation between the two.
B. have not been able to document any consistent link between the two.
C. have found that contributions have a greater impact on votes in the Senate.
D. have found that contributions have a greater impact on votes in the House of Representatives.
E. have found that votes are determined by contributions when members are up for reelection.

51. Some sophisticated research has shown that PAC donations

A. can have a greater influence within congressional committees than on affecting floor votes.
B. are influential based on an exponential scale of the actual amount given.
C. have been declining in effectiveness over the past 15 years.
D. influence the behavior of the executive bureaucracy more than Congress.
E. All of the above are true.

52. Nonconnected PACs are highly ideological and tend to give

A. to liberal Democrats.
B. to conservative Republicans.
C. to well-connected incumbent politicians of any ideological stripe.
D. to presidential candidates but not to congressional ones.
E. either to conservatives or to liberals, but not both.
53. A strategy that relies on a group representative’s personal contact with policymakers is
A. grassroots lobbying.
B. coalition building.
C. information campaigns.
D. direct lobbying.
E. insider lobbying.

54. Most lobbyists believe that public testimony before congressional committees
A. is the most effective way of influencing legislation.
B. should be televised so that all citizens have access to this information.
C. should be discontinued.
D. is less important than are private one-on-one meetings.
E. should be a matter of public record.

55. Which of the following involves an interest group’s rank-and-file membership as well as outreach to
ordinary people outside the organization?
A. Direct lobbying
B. Grassroots lobbying
C. Information campaigns
D. Coalition building
E. Shotgun marketing

56. Grassroots lobbying is designed to influence policy by

A. persuading legislators of the critical importance of farm issues.
B. reminding legislators of the values and beliefs they held when they first entered politics.
C. convincing large numbers of citizens to contact political leaders by letters, telegrams, e-mail, faxes, and
phone calls.
D. persuading legislators that a correct vote on an upcoming bill will produce campaign contributions.
E. money contributed to campaigns by members.

57. Recently anti-immigration groups have taken to holding public protests on April 15, the day taxes are due,
to emphasize economic consequences of illegal immigration. Your textbook might describe this as an example
of
A. agenda building.
B. program monitoring.
C. grassroots lobbying.
D. direct lobbying.
E. coalition building.
58. The most common form of grassroots lobbying involves
A. telephone calls.
B. picketing.
C. marching.
D. letter writing.
E. web page building.

59. After the Ohio State Legislature passed a bill restricting the collective bargaining rights of
municipal unions,
A. the unions protested but ultimately did nothing to overturn the law.
B. the unions created an initiative repealing the law, but the voters sided with the legislature.
C. the unions created an initiative repealing the law, and the voters agreed and reversed the legislature’s
decision.
D. union activism replaced twelve members of the legislature in the next election, and the law was repealed.
E. None of the above is true.

60. The main drawback of protest activity as a tool in influencing the policymaking process is that
A. it is basically a short-term tool, whereas policymaking is a long-term process.
B. it almost always generates more opposition than support.
C. no one pays attention to protest.
D. it is illegal.
E. it often results in the arrest of interest group members.

61. The __________ defied conventional wisdom regarding political change through a broad and sustained
series of protests and unconventional actions.
A. antinuclear movement
B. antilobbying association
C. civil rights movement
D. gun control faction
E. right-to-life association

62. Organizing public relations campaigns and sponsoring research are examples of
A. coalition building.
B. information campaigns.
C. grassroots lobbying.
D. direct lobbying.
E. marketing strategies.
63. In interest group lobbying, coalitions are often
A. informal arrangements.
B. temporary.
C. formed only for the purpose of lobbying on a single issue.
D. Options A, B, and C are true.
E. None of the above is true.

64. The recent effort by AT&T to take over T-Mobile shows that
A. direct lobbying campaigns work best when combined with PR campaigns.
B. United States courts can be lobbied as effectively as the U.S. Congress.
C. public opinion and grassroots campaigns can be easily manufactured by well-funded corporate interests.
D. large corporations do not achieve all their desired ends in Washington D.C.
E. Congress typically accedes to the wishes of a well-organized lobby, if no opposing lobbies swiftly
counter-mobilize.

65. If the great advantage of majoritarianism is that it is built around the most elemental notion of fairness, the
great advantage of pluralism is that it is based on
A. the dominance of elites.
B. the influence of ideology.
C. swift decision making.
D. representation of all major interests.
E. a balancing of economic forces.

66. Which of the following is not necessary for the pluralist model of interest groups to be fair?
A. All significant interests in the population should be represented by groups.
B. Government should listen to the views of all major interests.
C. Lawmakers should attempt to balance perfectly the views of all competing interests.
D. Lawmakers should pay attention to the concerns of lobbyists.
E. The majoritarian model’s emphasis on competitive elections should be viewed as compatible with pluralism.

67. A group that has as its purpose issues unrelated to its members’ vocations is a(n)
A. grassroots coalition.
B. interest collaboration.
C. targeted partnership.
D. professional interest group.
E. citizens group.
68. Interest groups that lobby for poor people often gain key financial support from
A. philanthropic foundations.
B. government grants.
C. corporations.
D. wealthy individuals.
E. All of the above are true.

69. The vast increase in the number of business lobbies in Washington during the 1970s was in large part a
response to the
A. increasingly cynical view of government that developed among the American public in the 1960s and 1970s.
B. growing threat posed by New Right lobbyists.
C. favorable congressional legislation.
D. civil rights and anti-Vietnam War activism of the 1960s.
E. expanded scope of federal regulatory activities and the growing influence of the liberal citizens groups.

70. One of the fastest-growing lobbying sectors during the Obama administration, with now over 3,000
registered lobbyists in Washington D.C., is
A. immigration.
B. health care.
C. energy.
D. abortion.
E. agriculture.

71. A critical thing to remember when considering the overrepresentation of business interests in Washington is
that they
A. are frequently divided and mobilize to lobby against each other.
B. are generally concerned about the public welfare.
C. cannot engage in many forms of lobbying during election years.
D. rarely have an influence on legislation except as it affects their narrow interests.
E. lose a considerable amount of resources during election years.

72. The formation of so-called Super PACs was facilitated by the Supreme Court ruling in
A. Bowers v. Mason.
B. Garcia v. Clinton.
C. the FEC Cases.
D. Northridge Fruit Company v. Holder.
E. the Citizens United case.
73. The money from PAC donations comes disproportionately from
A. religious or ethnic organizations.
B. public interest and consumer groups.
C. labor unions.
D. business and professional interests.
E. foreign countries.

74. Any increase in lobbying regulations conflicts with

A. Tenth Amendment provisions.
B. the equal access clause of the Constitution.
C. the Fairness Doctrine.
D. Ninth Amendment provisions.
E. the right to petition the government outlined in the First Amendment.

75. Identify five ways that interest groups benefit our political system.

Answers will vary.

76. Summarize the view of interest groups formed in David Truman’s The Governmental Process.

Answers will vary.

77. Describe how Cesar Chavez changed tactics in his attempt to improve working conditions for farm laborers
by forming the United Farm Workers Union, and why Catholic clergy supported Chavez.

Answers will vary.

78. What do political scientists know about the relationship between PAC money and votes in Congress?

Answers will vary.

79. Explain how the free-rider problem makes it difficult to get people to join and contribute to interest groups.

Answers will vary.

80. Discuss how the Internet has changed the ways that interest groups solicit new members.

Answers will vary.

81. Explain the difference between direct lobbying and grassroots lobbying.

Answers will vary.

82. Why has there been a significant increase in Washington, D.C. based health-care lobbyists over the years?

Answers will vary.

83. Explain what citizen groups are, and one of the advantages that business and professional groups have over
them in affecting policymaking.

Answers will vary.

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