IS MATTER AROUND US PURE

Pure Substance- A substance that consists of only a single type of constituent particles is called a pure substance.eg gold,water
etc.Based upon the nature of the constituent particles ,a pure substance is of two types, i.e element and compound.
ELEMENTS- an element is a basic form of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions. It
is made up of only one kind of substances on the basis of their properties. Elements can be divided into three groups.
(i) Metals (ii) Non metals (iii) Metalloids.
METALS NON-METALS
They are malleable (i.e metals can be hammered into thin sheets and They are brittle.They are neither malleable nor
ductile (metals can be drawn into thin wires) Gold and silver are ductile.
most malleable and ductile.
Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity except lead and They are bad conductors of heat and electricity
mercury. except diamond which is good conductor of heat and
Silver metal is the best conductor of heat and electricity. graphite which is good conductor of electricity.
They are lustrous and can be polished They are dull and cannot be polished except iodine,
graphite which are lustrous non-metals
They are solids at room temperature except mercury which is liquid They can be solid,liquid or gases at the room
metal temperature
They are hard, strong and tough.They have high tensile strength and They are not strong and tough.They have low tensile
density.Except–sodium and potassium strength and low density.
They have high melting and boiling points.Except-mercury, gallium Non metals have low melting point and boiling point
and cesium. except diamond and graphite which have very high
melting point
They are sonorous.They make a ringing sound when struck They are not sonorous
METALLOIDS:Elements having intermediate properties between those of metals and non-metals are called metalloids.They
have some properties of metals and some properties of non-metals. They are called as semiconductors eg:Boron, Silicon,
Germanium, etc.
COMPOUNDS: A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a
fixed proportion by mass. Eg. Water(H2O), methane (CH4), carbon dioxide, Ammonia
MIXTURES: It is a substance which consist of two or more elements or compounds physically combined together in a variable
ratio.Eg sea water, minerals, etc.
COMPOUND MIXTURE
The constituents of a compound are present in fixed proportion The constituents of a mixture are present in any
by mass. A compound has a definite formula proportion by mass. A mixture do not have any formula
It has a fixed melting and boiling points It does not have fixed melting and boiling points
The properties of a compound are entirely different from those of A mixture shows the properties of its constituents.
its constituents.
Their constituents cannot be separated by simple physical Their constituents can be separated by simple physical
methods. methods.
Energy is usually given out or absorbed during the preparation of Energy is usually neither given out nor absorbed in the
a compound. preparation of a mixture.
Types of mixtures.
(i) Homogenous mixtures-
A mixture in which the constituents are uniformly distributed throughout the mixture without any clear boundary of separation is
called homogenous mixture. Eg salt solution ,sugar solution etc.
NOTE- Air is a homogenous mixture of gas,its two major constituents are oxygen (21%) and nitrogen (78%) and other gases in
small quantities.
HETEROGENOUS MIXTURE :A mixture that does not have uniform composition,i.e has visible boundaries of separation
between its constituents is called heterogeneous mixture,i.e sand mixture,polluted air, muddy water etc.
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE
Its constituents are uniformly distributed all over the Its constituents are not distributed uniformly.
mixture.
There are no visible boundaries of separation. There are distinct and visible boundaries of separation in
most of the cases.
Its constituents cannot be easily separated, special methods Its constituents can be easily separated by simple methods.
are required for this purpose.
Eg, alloy, air, soft drink,vinegar etc. Eg,mixture of sand and common salt mixture of chalk
powder and water etc.
(ii) SOLUTIONS: A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances .The component of mixture which is lesser in
quantity and dissolved in the other component to make a solution is called solute and the component in which solute is dissolved
is called as solvent.Eg:salt solution, sugar solution, alloys.
Properties of a solution:
1.A solution is a homogeneous mixture.
2.The size of solute particles in a solution is extremely small.It is less than 1nm
3.The particles of solution cannot be seen with a microscope.
4.The particles of a solution pass through the filter papaer. So , it csnnot be separated by filteration.
5.The true solution does not scatter light.
6.The solutions are stable.
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS:
1.Solution of solid in a solid.Eg: Alloys
2.Solution of solid in a liquid.Eg:sugar solution
3.Solution of liquid in a liquid.Eg:vinegar
4.Solution of gas in a liiquid.Eg: Sodawater is a solution of carbon dioxide gas in water
5.Solution of gas in a gas.Eg:Air
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION:It is the amount of solute present in a given quantity of the solution.
Concentration of solution =mass of solute/mass of solution*100
Mass of solution=Mass of solute+ Mass of solvent
IN CASE OF LIQUID IN LIQUID SOLUTIONS:
Concentration of solution =Volume of solute/volume of solution*100
Volume of solution=Volume of solute+ Volume of solvent
Terms related to Solution
1. Dilute and concentrated solution -
Dilute and concentrated are comparative terms. A solution having a small amount of solute in a given solvent is dilute whereas a
large amount of solute in that given solvent is concentrated when compared with one another.
2. Unsaturated and saturated solution -
a) A solution that can dissolve more solute in it at a given temperature is called unsaturated solution.
b) A solution which contains maximum amount of solute dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at the given temperature
and which cannot dissolve any more solute at that temperature is called saturated solution.
Solubility -
The maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in 100 gm of solvent is called solubility of that solute in that solvent at a
particular temperature. Alternatively, we can say that The amount of solute needed to make saturated solution of 100 gm of
solvent is called solubility of that solute in that solvent at a particular temperature.
Effect of Temperature on Solubility -
(a) Solubility of Solid solute in Liquid:
As temperature increases, solubility also increases. Hence, Saturated solution becomes unsaturated.
- If saturated solution is cooled down, some dissolved solute separates.
(b) Solubility of Gas in Liquid:
- As temperature increases, solubility decreases.
Effect of Pressure on Solubility -
(a) Solid solute in Liquid:
i. As temperature increases, solubility increases.
ii. Pressure has no effect on solubility in case of solid solute in liquid.
(b) Gas in Liquid:
a. As temperature increases, solubility decreases.
b. As pressure increases, solubility increases.
This is the reason that cold drinks are packaged at high pressure.
Suspensions -
A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do not dissolve but remain suspended throughout the bulk
of medium.
Properties of Suspension -
1. It is a heterogeneous mixture.
2. Size of the particles is greater than 100 nm.
3. Particles can be seen by naked eyes.
4. It is unstable mixture. Solute settle down at the bottom over period of time.
5. If the solution is passed through filter paper, solute and solvent gets separated.
6. It scatters light when light is passed through the solution i.e. it shows Tyndall effect.

Colloids -
Solutions in which the size of particles lies in between those of true solutions and suspensions are called colloidal solutions or
simply colloids.
Properties of Colloids -
1. It is a heterogeneous mixture.
2. Size of particles is smaller than suspensions but greater than solutions (1 nm to 100 nm).
3. Particles can be seen by microscope.
4. It is a stable mixture. Particles do not settle down at the bottom over a period of time.
5. When the solution passes through the filter paper, the solute and solvent do not separate.
6. No Tyndall effect is observed.
Applications of Colloids:
a) In our food: Many items in our food contain colloidal materials. Eg, milk, starch, proteins, fruit- jellies are colloidal in
nature.
b) In Medicines: a large number of medicines and pharmaceutical preparations are colloidal in nature. For eg, colloidal
gold, calcium, silver are used in medicines or as ointments.