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Sociology in Our Times Canadian 7Th Edition Murray Test Bank Full Chapter PDF
Sociology in Our Times Canadian 7Th Edition Murray Test Bank Full Chapter PDF
Sociology in Our Times Canadian 7Th Edition Murray Test Bank Full Chapter PDF
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1. According to dependency theory, traditional values are one of the largest barriers to development in low-
income nations.
a. True
b. False
3. Foreign aid for low-income nations is often linked with the political aims of the lender.
a. True
b. False
4. The new division of labour is part of a global economy based on free trade among countries.
a. True
b. False
5. According to the World Health Organization, infectious diseases are now largely under control in most
developing nations as a result of improved sanitation.
a. True
b. False
6. Marital status was recently introduced as a new criterion for calculating the Human Development Index
(HDI).
a. True
b. False
7. The average life expectancy for a person born in a country that ranks high on the Human Development Index
(HDI) is approximately 70 years.
a. True
b. False
9. The quantity and quality of consumption in high-income nations has no bearing on the standards of living of
people living in low-income nations.
a. True
b. False
10. Dependency theory emphasizes the importance of core, semiperipheral, and peripheral nations.
a. True
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b. False
11. According to world systems theory, rich countries have an interest in maintaining the dependent status of
poor countries.
a. True
b. False
12. Dependency theorists argue that less-developed countries can become high-income countries through self-
sustained economic growth.
a. True
b. False
13. Compared with lower-middle-income economies, nations having upper-middle income economies tend to
have a higher standard of living and export diverse goods and services.
a. True
b. False
14. Some analysts have suggested that the problem of inequality lies not in excess but in poverty.
a. True
b. False
15. Commodity chains are less common in labour-intensive consumer goods industries.
a. True
b. False
16. Critics of the modernization theory argue that this theory is Eurocentric and flawed.
a. True
b. False
17. South Korea has recently been reclassified from a middle-income to a high-income economy.
a. True
b. False
18. Semiperipheral nations exploit peripheral nations, just as the core nations exploit both the semiperipheral
and peripheral nations.
a. True
b. False
19. Dependency theory explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by richer
nations.
a. True
b. False
20. According to the World Bank, men suffer more than women from global inequality.
a. True
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b. False
21. According to the new international division of labour theory, high-income countries provide transnational
corporations with a situation in which they can pay lower wages and taxes.
a. True
b. False
22. World systems theory analyzes how commodity production is split into fragments and outsourced to
different nations.
a. True
b. False
23. Subjective poverty is calculated by comparing a person’s income with the income of others.
a. True
b. False
24. Social analysts agree that income inequality between nations is becoming less of a problem than in the past.
a. True
b. False
25. In order to protect their agricultural industries, high-income countries provide enormous subsidies to farmers
and large agricultural corporations.
a. True
b. False
26. In 2005, wealthy countries agreed to cancel $40 billion in debt to allow some of the poor countries to spend
money on education, agriculture, health care, and infrastructure.
a. True
b. False
27. The United States is ranked the worst on the Human Development Index.
a. True
b. False
28. Unlike most Western nations, Canada’s aid to low-income foreign nations decreased during the 1990s.
a. True
b. False
29. Some sociologists argue that the problem of global stratification lies not in the inability of powerful nations
to “deal” effectively with poverty elsewhere but in the consumer habits of those people living in the richer
nations.
a. True
b. False
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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30. Which theory of development was linked to the fight against communism waged by the U.S. government
during the Cold War?
a. modernization theory
b. dependency theory
c. world systems theory
d. new international division of labour theory
32. Which tool used by the United Nations involves measurement of these indicators: gross national income, life
expectancy, education, and living standards?
a. the Human Capacity Scale
b. the Human Development Index
c. the Country Capacity Index
d. the Development Scale
33. According to the text, what happened with food aid to Somalia in the 1970s and 1980s?
a. It demonstrated the great effectiveness of food as a form of aid.
b. It may have increased the political stability of the country.
c. It increased the price of locally produced food.
d. It led to the destruction of the agricultural base.
34. What would sociologists be measuring if they compared a family’s household income in India with the cost
of buying a staple such as rice?
a. relative poverty
b. real poverty
c. global poverty
d. absolute poverty
36. Through the World Bank, powerful nations prescribe that developing nations should open up, allowing more
imports in and exporting more commodities. This is heralded as a form of economic restructuring and an avenue
for debt repayment. Which of the following is a consequence of such measures?
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37. Many of us pay over $3.00 for a cup of specialty coffee. Noting what your text says about the coffee farmers
in low-income countries, which statement best describes this relationship between coffee producers and coffee
drinkers?
a. Low-income producers may fail to benefit from rising prices in high-income countries.
b. High-income producers may fail to benefit from lowering labour costs in low-income countries.
c. Low-income producers are benefiting from the rising prices in high-income countries.
d. Global consumerism tends to favour the poorer nations.
38. What term is used to describe a level of economic deprivation in which people are unable to maintain an
average standard of living?
a. conditional poverty
b. relative poverty
c. absolute poverty
d. contingent poverty
39. What solution was implemented following a number of employee suicides at Foxconn?
a. fewer hours
b. higher wages
c. medical benefits
d. paid holidays
40. According to what theory do countries go through stages called traditional, take-off, technological maturity,
and high mass consumption?
a. postmodernism theory
b. modernization theory
c. feminist theory
d. post-modernization theory
42. What country ranks number one (the best) on the 2014 Human Development Index?
a. Sweden
b. Canada
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c. Norway
d. China
43. Which theory of global stratification suggests that low-income economies can move to middle- and high-
income economies by achieving self-sustained economic growth?
a. dependency theory
b. world systems theory
c. modernization theory
d. new international division of labour theory
44. According to dependency theory, what hampers the social and economic development of low-income
nations?
a. the lack of interest among Western businesses to do business in low-income nations
b. the (often) poor work ethic of people in low-income nations
c. competition and high mass consumption
d. the need for foreign capital and external markets supplied by richer nations
45. Which theorist is most closely associated with world systems theory?
a. Walt W. Rostow
b. Immanuel Wallerstein
c. Andre Gunder Frank
d. Karl Marx
47. According to the text, of the 4.6 billion people living in low-income countries, how many do NOT have safe
water?
a. 2.5 billion
b. 1 billion
c. 1.5 million
d. 500,000
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49. How many women die each year during pregnancy and childbirth?
a. 25,000
b. 50,000
c. 100,000
d. 300,000
50. According to a United Nations study, the number of people in China living in absolute poverty was reduced
by what percentage?
a. approximately 40
b. approximately 50 percent
c. approximately 65 percent
d. approximately 80 percent
52. Which theory of global stratification argues that how a country is incorporated into the global economy is
the key feature determining how economic development takes place?
a. the new international division of labour theory
b. the world systems theory
c. the modernization theory
d. the dependency theory
54. What income category do Nigeria, Cambodia, and Haiti belong to?
a. lower tier
b. middle tier
c. low-income
d. precarious
55. Kelsey lives in a nation with a GNI of $2,500. What type of nation is Kelsey living in?
a. low-income
b. lower-middle income
c. first tier
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d. second tier
56. According to the text, how many people die each year from hunger-related diseases?
a. approximately 1 million
b. approximately 100 million
c. approximately 500 million
d. approximately 800 million
58. Which theory best explains a toy company that has manufacturing centres in China, India, and Guatemala,
but a business base in the United States and Canada?
a. dependency theory
b. world systems theory
c. modernization theory
d. new international division of labour theory
60. If citizens of Nepal do not reflect on their current situation and work toward change, which of the following
stages of development would modernization theory state that the nation is at?
a. traditional
b. latent
c. technological maturity
d. high mass consumption
61. Amber concludes that Brazil invests in new industries and embraces the beliefs, values, and social
institutions of countries such as Canada and the United States. Which stage of economic development has
Brazil attained?
a. traditional
b. take-off
c. technological maturity
d. high mass consumption
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62. According to the text, which option is preferable to deal more effectively with the challenges of foreign aid?
a. abandoning labour-intensive technologies and other strategies to increase employment
b. building infrastructure programs rather than dealing directly with poor people
c. focusing on social services such as health care, nutrition, and education
d. having developed countries make decisions on the behalf of poorer ones
63. What countries are characterized by highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial,
administrative, and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and per capita income?
a. developing nations
b. high-income countries
c. developed nations
d. low-income countries
64. What is one of the conclusions reached in the United Nations Development program’s recent report, based
on the per capita average national income?
a. High-income countries provide few or no subsidies to farmers.
b. High-income countries invest more in foreign aid than agriculture.
c. Cows and cotton receive substantially more aid than people.
d. High-income countries provide relatively little aid to large agricultural corporations.
65. Where does Canada rank on the 2014 Human Development Index?
a. 1
b. 5
c. 8
d. 12
66. France and Germany exert control over world trade and both have high levels of urbanization. As such,
which term best characterizes these nations?
a. borderline
b. peripheral
c. core
d. latent
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c. North America
d. Europe
69. Karl expected to earn $35,000 per year after graduating from university, but his current occupation only
pays him $25,000 per year. What is Karl most likely experiencing?
a. subjective poverty
b. relative poverty
c. short-term poverty
d. deferential poverty
71. A community’s citizens are unreliable as workers, are not committed to their employers, and are not
invested in their work. According to the modernization theory of global stratification, at what stage of
development is this community?
a. traditional
b. high mass consumption
c. take-off
d. technological maturity
72. If you were to use standard definitions of inequality to compare two countries, which of the following
measures would you evaluate?
a. level of industrialization
b. physical and nutritional health or well-being
c. level of income or economic development
d. level of education
73. Which of the following is NOT a policy change suggested by the United Nations to help low-income
countries improve their economic situation?
a. investing in basic education and health
b. delaying road construction in favour of establishing communication systems
c. helping improve the productivity of small farmers
d. promoting gender equality between men and women
74. What theory of global stratification would argue that a transnational clothing corporation is likely to have
factories in several countries making T-shirts and will open or close locations based on cost?
a. world systems theory
b. new international division of labour theory
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c. modernization theory
d. dependency theory
75. Production of which kind of commodities most commonly involves establishing manufacturing operations in
low-wage countries?
a. those that are high in price
b. those that are low in price
c. those that are labour intensive
d. those that are capital intensive
76. Marcus is using modernization theory to explain global inequality. Which statement best exemplifies his
views?
a. The global system is held together by economic ties.
b. Poor nations provide good combinations of capital and labour.
c. Low-income nations can achieve self-sustained economic growth.
d. Poor nations rely too heavily on richer nations for economic support.
77. According to world systems theory, what kind of nation is often characterized by uneven patterns of
urbanization?
a. core
b. peripheral
c. latent
d. socialist
78. What has happened to the gap between rich and poor countries over the past 50 years?
a. It has undergone little change.
b. It has grown substantially.
c. It has steadily declined.
d. It has slowly narrowed.
79. Larissa is analyzing free trade agreements between countries. What perspective is Larissa most likely to use?
a. world systems analysis
b. dependency theory
c. modernization theory
d. new international division of labour theory
80. Which income category would a country with a Gross National Income (GNI) per capita of $10,000 belong
to?
a. high-income
b. upper-middle income
c. lower-middle income
d. low-income
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81. The production of a popular line of children’s toys requires a complex pattern of international labour and
production processes. What is this called?
a. capitalism
b. global consumerism
c. a global commodity chain
d. late stage capitalism
82. Who argued that a “spirit of capitalism” facilitated economic development in Western nations?
a. Andre Gunder Frank
b. W.W. Rostow
c. Max Weber
d. Karl Marx
84. What theory of global stratification argues that we live in a world where capital movements are
international?
a. the world systems theory
b. the dependency theory
c. the new international division of labour theory
d. the modernization theory
85. Jamal argues that poor nations rely too heavily on richer nations for economic support. Which theoretical
perspective is Jamal using?
a. world systems
b. modernization
c. dependency
d. new international division of labour
86. What is problematic about modernization theory implying that low-income countries are “backward”?
a. World systems theory is ignored.
b. It is Eurocentric.
c. It places too much emphasis on realities in the developed world.
d. Dependency theory loses ground.
87. What has most likely occurred in countries where fertility has decreased, women earn more, and children’s
health outcomes have improved?
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88. Which of the following is NOT an indicator for the Human Development Index?
a. life expectancy
b. infant mortality rate
c. adult literacy
d. proportion of overweight children under age five
89. In which stage of economic development is a country in which people only have a little money saved?
a. pre-industrial
b. traditional
c. industrial
d. post-industrial
91. The World Bank defines absolute poverty as living on less than how much money per day?
a. $0.75
b. $1.25
c. $1.75
d. $2.00
93. According to the United Nations, which of the following are educated women more likely to experience?
a. fewer and more evenly spaced children
b. greater difficulty balancing family and work life
c. greater challenges providing proper nutrition for their children
d. fewer opportunities to seek medical care due to time conflicts
94. What theory would suggest that U.S.–African relations reinforce poverty in African countries?
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a. dependency theory
b. modernization theory
c. new international division of labour theory
d. development theory
95. Which of the following is NOT a feature of the relationship between gender and education?
a. Educated women contribute substantially to human development.
b. The children of educated mothers are more likely to survive.
c. Educated females marry later but have larger families.
d. Women’s education is improving on a global scale.
97. Jaffey does not have a place to live, suffers from malnutrition, and is in poor health. Which of the following
terms best reflects his situation?
a. true poverty
b. absolute poverty
c. relative poverty
d. real poverty
98. Carol, Bill, and their daughter live paycheque to paycheque, having barely enough each month to cover the
cost of rent, groceries, and utilities. Which term best reflects their situation?
a. relative poverty
b. subjective poverty
c. semi-poverty
d. absolute poverty
100. What approach to the study of social stratification did social analysts introduce in order to distinguish
among nations on the basis of their levels of economic development and the standard of living of their citizens?
a. levels of development approach
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102. Brazil–U.S. relations exemplify what consequence identified by world systems theory?
a. the ease with which peripheral nations can change their structural position in the capitalist world
economy
b. the success of modernization
c. how disparity between the rich and the poor within the major cities is increased with urban growth
tied to economic relations with core nations
d. decreased disparity between the rich and the poor with urban growth brought about by core nations
103. According to the World Health Organization, which of the following people would be considered to be in
the best health?
a. Eric, whose last physical examination revealed optimal functioning
b. Kaliya, who does not have any diseases
c. Tim, who feels good in body, mind, and spirit, with all relationships in harmony
d. Merrit, who has superior access to proper nutrition and medical resources than many people in her
village
104. If you followed the work of prominent economists, what category would you use to measure well-being or
development?
a. human welfare
b. income
c. spending power of households
d. property ownership
105. Lina is a textile worker in Madras, India, who was struggling to provide for her daughters on subsistence
wages. She organized some of her co-workers into a women’s cloth making cooperative and secured a loan
through a government-funded community-based organization. Which of the following United Nations policy
changes does this illustrate?
a. helping to improve the productivity of small farmers
b. promoting democratic governance and human rights
c. investing in basic education and health and encouraging the equality of women to help to encourage
growth
d. ensuring environmental sustainability and urban planning
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106. Where does the United States rank on the 2014 Human Development Index?
a. 1
b. 5
c. 8
d. 12
107. The life expectancy in low-income nations is about how many years less than that of people of high-income
countries?
a. 0–10 years
b. 11–20 years
c. 21–30 years
d. 31–40 years
108. Most of the early work on global stratification used what category to measure well-being or development?
a. human welfare
b. income
c. spending power of households
d. property ownership
110. Which of the following countries is most likely to report high rates of poverty?
a. Afghanistan
b. Brazil
c. Russia
d. Japan
111. Which phenomenon among women is characterized by poor access to commercial credit and low wages?
a. gendered division of labour
b. global feminization of poverty
c. gender discrimination
d. gendered division of poverty
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d. Taiwan
113. If you were to use the World Bank economic categories to classify Brazil, Denmark, Nigeria, and Chile,
which of the following categories would you use?
a. underdeveloped, developing, and developed nations
b. low-income, lower-middle income, upper-middle income, and high-income economies
c. first, second, third worlds
d. human development index categories
114. Which of the following is NOT a goal of the Millennium Development project?
a. eradicating extreme poverty and hunger
b. achieving universal secondary education
c. promoting gender equality and empower women
d. reducing child mortality
115. Which theory of global stratification would argue that until Peru or Rwanda embrace Western values they
will not be able to compete globally?
a. dependency theory
b. world systems theory
c. modernization theory
d. new international division of labour theory
116. According to Wallerstein’s world systems theory, Egypt, Spain, and Poland are all what kind of nations?
a. Second World nations
b. First World countries
c. semiperipheral nations
d. core nations
117. According to dependency theory, in what ways do rich countries exploit poor countries?
a. They attract and employ recent university graduates.
b. They only share 30 percent of their profits with low-income countries.
c. They refuse to build sustainable infrastructure.
d. They infuse foreign capital into their markets.
119. Economic growth in countries such as South Korea and Taiwan challenges which theory of economic
development?
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a. modernization theory
b. new international division of labour theory
c. dependency theory
d. new world order theory
120. What are the future prospects for greater equality across and within nations?
a. Social scientists agree that the future looks grim.
b. Depending on their theoretical framework, social scientists see either an optimistic or a pessimistic
future.
c. Social scientists agree that the future holds much promise.
d. Depending on their country of origin, social scientists may see a promising or perilous future.
121. Which of the following is exemplified by comparing Anna’s income to Gavin’s income?
a. subjective poverty
b. comparative poverty
c. relative poverty
d. gendered poverty
122. A large car company with headquarters in Canada moves part of its production facilities to a low-income
country to take advantage of the cheap labour, less stringent regulations, and lower tax rates. Which theory of
global stratification does this event most clearly validate?
a. modernization theory
b. decentralization theory
c. new international division of labour theory
d. free trade and world systems theory
123. Which statement best describes the implications of borrowing too much money from other countries?
a. Countries with high debt loads, such as Kenya, found that along with repayment and economic
restructuring came massive unemployment and reduced incomes.
b. Libya spent borrowed money on military hardware and other nonproductive investments.
c. Debt repayment in Latin America brought with it more money for social services and health care.
d. Sub-Saharan Africa increased its power to make decisions based on its own interests.
125. Derek is studying life expectancy from a global perspective. Which of the following is NOT a key finding
in his research?
a. Infant mortality contributes to shorter life expectancy in low-income nations.
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127. Margarita, who lives in a village in Latin America, has no source of income and nothing to use to obtain
credit. She is widowed and the mother of four children. She chooses to leave them daily to go into town to learn
how to sew. What process is her situation, shared by women worldwide, an example of?
a. the demonization of women
b. advancement of the rights of men
c. global feminization of poverty
d. increasing female population
128. According to world systems theory, which of the following is accurate about core nations?
a. They are dominant capitalist centres characterized by high levels of industrialization.
b. They are those nations that are dependent on other nations for capital, have little or no
industrialization, and have uneven patterns of urbanization.
c. They are those nations that were once colonial powers.
d. They are more developed than peripheral nations but less developed than semiperipheral nations.
129. According to the modernization theory of global stratification, what stage of development typically
involves a fatalistic value system?
a. traditional
b. latent
c. technological maturity
d. high mass consumption
130. Which term would best classify the country of Afghanistan, which is dependent on other nations for
capital?
a. peripheral
b. core
c. latent
d. dependent
131. Suppose you claimed that global poverty arose from nations such as the United States exploiting nations
such as Haiti, Uganda, and Vietnam. Which theory’s assumptions would you be following?
a. world systems theory
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132. According to the United Nations Human Development Report, the poorest 20 percent of the world’s people
account for approximately how much private consumption?
a. less than 1 percent
b. just over 1 percent
c. almos 5 percent
d. just over 5 percent
133. According to the world systems approach to the study of social stratification, where is the United States
placed?
a. core nation
b. peripheral nation
c. semiperipheral nation
d. low-income nation
134. Which theory attributes global poverty to high-income nations exploiting low-income nations?
a. dependency theory
b. modernization theory
c. world systems theory
d. new international division of labour theory
135. Which theory of global stratification would argue that in order for Mexico to grow globally it requires
industrial and economic development?
a. new internationalist division of labour theory
b. modernization theory
c. stratification theory
d. world systems theory
136. The wealthiest 20 percent of the world’s people account for approximately what percentage of private
consumption?
a. 30–40 percent
b. 50–60 percent
c. 70–80 percent
d. 80–90 percent
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138. What percentage of gross domestic product does Canada donate to foreign aid?
a. less than 1 percent
b. approximately 5 percent
c. 10 percent
d. approximately 15 percent
139. Based on modernization theory of global stratification, citizens in Malaysia are losing their faith in the
collective and believing that their own interests are paramount. In what stage of development is the nation?
a. traditional
b. take-off
c. technological maturity
d. high mass consumption
140. Which statement best reflects the current state of foreign aid and global stratification?
a. Most high-income countries are reluctant to export food on an emergency basis.
b. Food donations are often sold in local markets for an inflated price.
c. Currency devaluation does not usually influence the cost of fuel and farm equipment.
d. Foreign aid can damage low-income countries in unanticipated ways.
141. How does Wallerstein (world systems theory) refer to those nations that typically provide labour and raw
material to heavily industrialized, technologically advanced nations?
a. peripheral nations
b. core nations
c. semiperipheral nations
d. resource-rich nations
142. What was the annual economic growth of emerging East Asian countries between 1998 and 2005?
a. 5 percent
b. 9 percent
c. 11 percent
d. 15 percent
143. Which statement is illustrated by the fact that women are largely excluded from participating fully in the
decisions that shape the development of human settlements in cities, towns, and villages?
a. Men and women both suffer from global inequality.
b. Women and girls suffer more than males from global inequality.
c. Patriarchy is no longer a source of inequality.
d. Inequality is less gendered than in the past.
144. In both North America and South America women are poorer than men. What condition does this situation
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demonstrate?
a. global feminization stratification
b. global feminization of labour
c. global feminization of poverty
d. global inequality of women
145. Which of the following initiatives would address the first goal of the United Nations Millennium
Development Goals and Targets?
a. food aid programs and farming resources in rural African communities
b. maternal care in Sub-Saharan Africa to reduce child mortality
c. promoting gender equality by empowering women in Afghanistan with education
d. sustainability development policies in South America
146. Which of the following provides the best definition of global stratification?
a. the practice of a nation using military force against other nations to ensure economic dominance
b. a process by which certain individuals and groups are systematically barred from access to positions
that would enable them to have an autonomous livelihood
c. the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a global basis
d. the problem of inequality within specific nations
147. Which of the following is NOT part of the seven Millennium Development Goals and Targets?
a. reducing child mortality
b. combatting HIV/AIDS
c. improving paternal health
d. ensuring environmental sustainability
149. List and define the three types of nations in world-systems analysis.
152. Explain why cows and cotton receive more foreign aid than people.
153. Why does global inequality affect women more than men?
156. Outline Immanuel Wallerstein’s main contribution to the sociology of global stratification.
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157. Describe the relationship between life expectancy and global poverty.
159. Discuss the main assumptions of world-systems theory and outline how this perspective views the global
economy.
160. Explain dependency theory’s contention that the greed of rich countries is a source of increasing
impoverishment of the poorer nations and their people.
161. List and describe the four stages of development in Walt W. Rostow’s modernization theory. Discuss major
criticisms of this theory.
162. In what ways are aid agencies changing their focus away from large infrastructure programs, such as dams
and railroads?
164. Why might campaigns to send food and supplies to starving people in developing countries actually do
more harm than good?
165. How does dependency theory differ from world systems theory?
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Answer Key
1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. False
6. False
7. False
8. False
9. False
10. False
11. True
12. False
13. True
14. False
15. False
16. True
17. True
18. True
19. True
20. False
21. False
22. False
23. False
24. False
25. True
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26. True
27. False
28. True
29. True
30. a
31. b
32. b
33. d
34. d
35. b
36. b
37. a
38. b
39. b
40. b
41. d
42. c
43. c
44. d
45. b
46. d
47. a
48. d
49. d
50. b
51. d
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52. a
53. d
54. c
55. a
56. d
57. b
58. d
59. a
60. a
61. d
62. c
63. b
64. c
65. c
66. c
67. d
68. b
69. a
70. c
71. a
72. c
73. b
74. b
75. c
76. c
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77. b
78. b
79. d
80. b
81. c
82. c
83. c
84. c
85. c
86. b
87. c
88. d
89. b
90. a
91. b
92. b
93. a
94. a
95. c
96. b
97. b
98. a
99. d
100. d
101. b
102. c
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103. c
104. a
105. c
106. b
107. d
108. b
109. c
110. a
111. b
112. b
113. b
114. b
115. c
116. c
117. d
118. b
119. c
120. b
121. c
122. c
123. a
124. c
125. d
126. c
127. c
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128. a
129. a
130. a
131. d
132. b
133. a
134. a
135. b
136. d
137. b
138. a
139. b
140. d
141. c
142. b
143. b
144. c
145. a
146. c
147. c
148. In 1990, economist Amartya Sen drew the world’s attention to the fact that the ratio of women to men is
much lower in many parts of Asia and in North Africa than it is in Europe, North America, and Japan. While
boys outnumber girls at birth, women live longer than men, so other things being equal, societies will have
more females than males. However, in many countries, there are far fewer females than we would expect.
149. Core nations are dominant capitalist centres characterized by high levels of industrialization and
urbanization, as well as high a high degree of control over the world economy. Peripheral nations are dependent
on core nations for capital, have little or no industrialization, and have uneven patterns of urbanization.
Semiperipheral nations are more developed than peripheral nations but less developed than core nations.
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150. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; achieve universal primary education; promote gender equality and empower
women; reduce child mortality; improve maternal health; combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases; ensure
environmental sustainability; and develop a global partnership for development.
151. Absolute poverty is a condition in which people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities
of life. Relative poverty occurs when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to
maintain an average standard of living. Subjective poverty is measured by comparing a person’s income with
the earner’s expectations and perceptions.
152. To protect their agricultural industries, high-income countries provide enormous subsidies to farmers and
large agricultural corporations and these subsidies exceed the amount of foreign aid provided to help people.
153. Although more women have paid employment than in the past, women still live in poverty because of
increases in single-person and single-parent households headed by women, and because low-wage work is often
the only source of livelihood available to them.
154. It implicitly labels low-income countries as backward in their process of development. Modernization is
often equated with Westernization since modernization theorists believe that low-income countries will improve
once they adopt Western values, culture, and economic models.
155. Educated women marry later, have fewer and more evenly spaced children, seek medical care sooner for
themselves and their children, and provide better nutrition for themselves and their children.
156. Wallerstein is a Canadian sociologist whose major work involved the development of world-systems
analysis. This work has inspired many of those involved in the anti-globalization movement.
157. One major cause of shorter life expectancy in low-income nations is the high rate of
infant mortality. Low-income countries typically have higher rates of illness and disease,
and they lack adequate healthcare facilities. Malnutrition is a common problem among
children, many of whom are underweight, are stunted, and have anemia. Over 800
million people suffer from chronic malnutrition, and hunger is a major cause of death.
159. According to world-systems analysis, the capitalist world economy is a global system
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divided into a hierarchy of three major types of nations: core, peripheral, and
semiperipheral. Core nations benefit from their relationships with peripheral and
semiperipheral nations.
160. Dependency theorists see the greed of the rich countries as a source of increasing
impoverishment of the poorer nations and their people. Due to their need for infusions of
foreign capital and external markets for their raw materials, poorer nations are trapped in
a cycle of structural dependency on the richer nations. This makes it impossible for the
poorer nations to pursue their own economic and human development agendas.
161. Modernization theory links global inequality to different levels of economic development and suggests that
low-income economies can move to middle- and high-income economies by achieving self-sustained economic
growth. According to Rostow, all countries go through four stages of economic development: (1) the traditional
stage; (2) the take-off stage; (3) the technological maturity stage; and (4) the high mass consumption stage.
162. Many aid agencies have changed their focus away to programs that focus directly on the poor. New ideas
include using labour-intensive technologies and other strategies to create employment; providing basic social
services, such as healthcare, nutrition, and education; and giving assistance directly to the poorest people in
low-income countries. Above all, this new direction prioritizes aid recipients themselves, who must have a say
in aid programs and should be empowered to make decisions about how the money is spent.
163. The flying geese model is an extension of international division of labour theory. The
model tries to explain the rapid development of East Asian economies following World
War II. This process involves one country leading other less-developed countries into
more prosperous times. The countries go through the sequential steps of importing goods,
manufacturing to serve domestic markets, and, finally, exporting goods. Pressure to
increase wages causes production to shift to less advanced economies. This boosts the
standard of living of the less advanced economies, raises wages, and, in turn, leads to a
shift in production to countries that are even less developed. Examples will vary.
164. Some analysts have suggested food aid may hurt more than it helps. Even when aid is targeted to
individuals, it may not filter down to people who are poor. For example, donor countries may intend food aid to
be distributed to those who need it without payment, but elites may simply take the food, sell it, and keep the
money.
165. Dependency theory states that global poverty can be at least partially attributed to the
fact that low-income countries have been exploited by high-income countries. Whereas
modernization theory focuses on how societies can reduce inequality through
industrialization and economic development, dependency theorists see the greed of the
rich countries as a source of increasing impoverishment of the people in poorer nations.
— Anna minun mennä, sanoi hän. Hän tunsi, pikemmin kuin näki,
pitkän keihään, joka oli ojennettu hänen rintaansa vastaan
pimeässä. — Anna minun olla, niin minä annan sinulle monta säkkiä
suolaa ja putkia enemmän kuin metsässä on puita.
Hän oli vahva kuin nuori leijona, mutta hänen kurkkuunsa tarttuva
käsi ei myöskään ollut heikko. Hetkisen he kamppailivat, ja sitten he
kaatuivat kierien toistensa yli polulla.
*****
Ngombilaisten joukossa oli nainen, jolla oli suloinen kieli. Kun hän
puhui, miehet kuuntelivat innokkaasti, sillä sensukuinen hän oli,
syntymästään asti voimakaspuheinen.
Koko päivän hän makasi maassa ympärillään koko kylän väki, jolle
hän puhui työmiesten sahatessa poikki messinkirengasta hänen
kaulastaan. Päivän mentyä rengas saatiin pois ja päällikkö lähetti
hänet takaisin vanhempansa luo, jolta hän oli tytön ostanut suurella
summalla. Hänen toimenpiteensä kohtasi suurta vastustusta, sillä
nainen oli käyttänyt aikansa hyödyllisesti, ja koko kylä oli niin
kuohuksissaan, että se oli valmis kapinaan.
— Miksi minä puhuisin, kun sinä olet puhunut liikaa? kysyi Otapo
kylmästi. — Kiroan sen päivän, jolloin sinut näin, Mfasimbi, sillä
erehdykseni on maksanut minulle kalaverkon, joka oli kylän paras, ja
palan uutta kangasta, jonka ostin kauppamieheltä; ne on herramme
päällikkö ottanut.
— Jos sinulla olisi ollut miehen mieli, niin Namani, mieheni, olisi
nyt kuollut, ivasi nainen.
— Toivon, että äitini olisi synnyttänyt tytön, kun hän synnytti minut,
sanoi Otapo, — silloin en olisi joutunut häpeään.
Hän sai pian siitä tiedon, sillä nainen juoksi rinnettä hänen
luokseen ja polvistui syleillen hänen jalkojaan.
Päällikkö oli vihainen, sillä hän oli Namania korkeampi herra ja sitä
paitsi valvoi seudun rauhaa komissaarin puolesta.
— Jos sinä olisit ottanut hänet, Muhamed, sanoi vaimo, joka oli
kanonainen ja harras uskovainen, — olisit tullut surulliseksi.
Bosambo oli mies, jolla oli eläimen vaistot. Hän tunsi ilmassa
levottomuutta. Jokainen väräjävä hermosäie toi hänelle viestin:
hänen miehensä olivat luisumassa pois hänen vallastaan. Hän ei
epäröinyt.
Hiu-ii!
Kiiltävä kärki suhahti ilman läpi nopeammin kuin katse voi seurata.
*****
Abibu oli jätetty kylään, josta Mfasimbi oli karkoitettu. Hänet oli
jätetty selvittämään Otapon kuoleman salaisuutta, eikä häntä
helposti säikytetty.
Nyt hän näki selvästi. Yksi joukko oli astunut maihin, ja siellä kävi
kiivas käsirysy.
*****
Ja he tulivat myöskin.
RUKOILEVA MAURILAINEN
Mies nyökkäsi.