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Sociology Your Compass For A New World Canadian 5Th Edition Brym Test Bank Full Chapter PDF
Sociology Your Compass For A New World Canadian 5Th Edition Brym Test Bank Full Chapter PDF
Sociology Your Compass For A New World Canadian 5Th Edition Brym Test Bank Full Chapter PDF
Chapter 10
1. The book title Two Solitudes refers to relations between the British and the French in Canada.
a. True
b. False
3. A significant reason why Canada’s Aboriginal peoples have failed to integrate is internal colonialism.
a. True
b. False
4. Although slavery was technically legal in Canada for a short time, no Canadians actually owned slaves.
a. True
b. False
5. Canadian and American racial and ethnic policies are quite different, and result in very different levels of
economic and social integration of immigrants.
a. True
b. False
6. A higher percentage of Canadians than of people from any other country have positive view of immigrants.
a. True
b. False
7. Career options popularly held as appropriate for black American youth offer very little security.
a. True
b. False
8. When low-wage workers of one race and high-wage workers of another race compete for the same jobs, high-
wage workers are likely to resent the presence of low-wage competitors and conflict is bound to result. This
situation is called a “split labour market.”
a. True
b. False
9. Experiences of the textbook author John Lie prove that prejudice and discrimination are never directed
against whites.
a. True
b. False
10. According to the textbook, racial identity is based on objective physical markers, and ethnic identity on
objective cultural markers.
a. True
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b. False
11. Critical race theory emphasizes that each person is individually responsible for his/her level of racism.
a. True
b. False
14. In the nineteenth century, it was already known that brain size was unrelated to intelligence.
a. True
b. False
16. In the middle of the twentieth century, Canada was sharply stratified along ethnic and racial lines. Those
with the most power and privilege were of British origin, known as “WASPs” or White Anglo-Saxon
Protestants.
a. True
b. False
17. Science has developed much over the last century, so that is now relatively easy to distinguish races based
on genetic differences.
a. True
b. False
18. Nowadays, Aboriginal Canadians can identify themselves as Aboriginal or Canadian at will.
a. True
b. False
19. African Americans have, on average, the same IQ scores as European Americans.
a. True
b. False
20. The theory of split labour market explains scapegoating of Chinese immigrants in early-twentieth-century
Canada.
a. True
b. False
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22. Pluralism is a nostalgic allegiance to the culture of the immigrant generation, or of the old country—a love
for and a pride in a tradition that can be felt without having to be incorporated in everyday behaviour.
a. True
b. False
23. Segregation is the process by which a minority group blends into the majority population and eventually
disappears as a distinct group.
a. True
b. False
24. Canadian and American racial and ethnic policies are quite different, but the two countries have quite similar
degrees of economic and social integration of immigrants.
a. True
b. False
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
25. Which of the following terms refers to the intentional murder of a whole population?
a. expulsion
b. genocide
c. colonization
d. conquest
26. According to the textbook, which of the following were NOT subjected to internal colonialism in Canada?
a. the French
b. Ukrainians
c. Aboriginals
d. Africans
27. Which of the following Canadians is least likely to be able to enjoy symbolic ethnicity?
a. Maggie, the Irish marine biologist
b. Alain, the French engineer
c. Ina, the German nurse
d. Russell, the South Asian comedian
28. Which of the following Canadians is likely to have the lowest annual income?
a. a second-generation male black immigrant
b. a second-generation female black immigrant
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29. Jews in Canada were once defined as a race and are now defined as an ethnic group. Which of the following
characteristics of Canadian Jews best explains this change?
a. cultural development
b. changes in citizenship
c. upward mobility
d. self-identification
30. Naomi and Seth were born in Canada but they continue to host a monthly gathering at the Jewish Community
Centre for the older people in their community, most of whom were born outside Canada and survived the
Holocaust. What kind of advantages of ethnic affiliation does their gathering illustrate?
a. political advantages
b. emotional advantages
c. cultural advantages
d. economic advantages
31. Jyoti has recently immigrated to Canada from Mumbai, India. She has settled into a primarily South Asian
neighbourhood, keeps in regular contact with her friends and relatives in Mumbai by telephone and email, and
blogs about the latest Bollywood films. According to the textbook, what is Jyoti a part of?
a. internal colonialism
b. an ethnic melting pot
c. a transnational community
d. a cross-border community
32. Which of the following is the current focus of Canadian multicultural policy?
a. forging of unique Canadian identity
b. non-selective immigration policy
c. equity and inclusion
d. cultural diversity
33. What explains the lesser economic success of recent immigrants to Canada in the 1990s than in the 1970s?
a. higher importance of ethnic and racial cultures
b. lower educational credentials
c. high rates of unemployment
d. discriminatory immigration policies
34. Which of the following refers to the co-existence of a variety of ethnic groups, each of whom retains its own
cultural heritage within a society, where all groups have equitable access to resources?
a. accommodation
b. amalgamation
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c. assimilation
d. pluralism
35. Which of the following is most likely to contribute to a system of internal colonialism?
a. segregated school system
b. a parliamentary quota for representation of the colonized
c. public reconciliation between the colonizers and the colonized
d. conversion of the colonized peoples to the religion of the colonizer
36. Which of the following objections has been raised against Canadian policy on temporary foreign workers?
a. It is racist and sexist.
b. It is financially inefficient.
c. It is a cause of widespread social conflict.
d. It is subject to uncontrollable corruption.
37. What is the social function of the belief in high athletic ability of black Americans?
a. to maintain solidarity
b. to maintain inequality
c. to decrease the level of inequality
d. to decrease the level of racism
38. As an exercise in his sociology class, Andrew records the ethnic backgrounds of his five closest friends and
then asks his parents and grandparents to do the same. He discovers that all are of the same ethnicity as he is.
How would the textbook explain this finding?
a. active racism on the part of Andrew and his family
b. a legacy of internal colonialism
c. the lack of non-white immigration in Canada historically
d. the current lack of diversity in Canada
39. Halyna speaks Ukrainian fluently, makes traditional food, dances at traditional festivals, and was married at
the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. Which of the following is she a part of?
a. the power elite
b. a majority group
c. an ethnic group
d. a racial group
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41. Which of the following forms of ethnic behaviour would Irish Canadians be most likely to engage in today?
a. lobbying against racial and ethnic discrimination
b. attending weekly masses at an Irish church
c. attending classes of Gaelic language
d. attending a St. Patrick’s day parade
42. Expulsion, conquest, and slavery are forms of which of the following?
a. internal colonialism
b. segregation
c. genocide
d. revolution
43. Which of the following best describes the Quiet Revolution in Québec?
a. modernization
b. secularization
c. nationalization
d. globalization
44. Which of the following critiques of the research on IQ tests and race is NOT discussed in the textbook?
a. IQ scores increased as people were able to afford better education.
b. IQ scores increased as enriched educational facilities were provided to the poor.
c. There is no evidence to suggest that group IQ differences are biologically based.
d. IQ tests are culturally biased and based on knowledge more familiar to some groups in society.
45. What conclusion does the textbook reach regarding the concept of race?
a. Race does not matter.
b. Race is meaningless because there are no racial differences in thought and behaviour.
c. Race is significant because people believe that it is and act on the basis of their beliefs.
d. Race is the most important factor of people’s position in the stratification system.
46. Which of the following would critical race theory best be able to explain?
a. institutional racism
b. individual racism
c. overt discrimination
d. intentional discrimination
47. According to the textbook, which of the following explains a higher likelihood of extremism among French
than among Canadian Muslims?
a. higher rates of conversion to Christianity
b. higher level of prejudice and discrimination
c. higher level of religiosity
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48. Chinese men were brought in to Canada particularly to work on the most difficult and dangerous section of
the Canadian Pacific Railway line. According to the textbook, how many Chinese workers died per every
kilometre of railway track?
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four
49. Which of the following is a reason for challenging the term “Indian” as it pertains to North American
Indigenous people?
a. because it refers only to certain indigenous groups and it is incorrectly applied to all
b. because it is a name erroneously given to Indigenous people by a lost colonial explorer
c. because it reflects a lifestyle that is no longer relevant in contemporary society
d. because it is too narrow to reflect the Pan-Indian reality of North America
51. A researcher hires 10 black and 10 European actors to answer employment ads. All use the same resume and
show the same skills during interviews. In the end, the black actors receive 3 job offers and the European actors
receive 8. For which of the following concepts does this study provide evidence?
a. nationalism
b. racism
c. chauvinism
d. authoritarianism
52. According to the textbook, who participates in the process of negotiation that leads to adoption and change
of racial and ethnic labels?
a. political parties
b. the government and the people
c. domestic and foreign governments
d. group members and outsiders
53. From which of the following places were most immigrants to Canada in 2006 drawn?
a. Asia
b. Central and South America
c. the United States
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54. Based on the textbook’s discussion of race, why might some experts refer to it as “our most dangerous
myth”?
a. because people believe that meaningful racial differences exist
b. because people do not believe in important racial differences
c. because it is the most significant factor in determining one’s personal safety
d. because it is incorrectly believed to determine one’s personal safety
56. Gretchen and her friends wish to apply for government funding to organize “German Cultural Days.” Which
of the following makes it possible for them to do this?
a. public education policy
b. transnational communities policy
c. multiculturalism policy
d. ethnic entrepreneurship policy
57. According to the textbook, what is the outcome of social structural barriers to assimilation?
a. residential and employment segregation
b. hostility and animosity
c. depression and other mental health problems
d. incentives to work harder, smarter, and faster
58. According to the textbook, which of the following is the main effect of internal colonialism?
a. assimilation
b. integration
c. lack of integration
d. lack of assimilation
60. Which of the following was an outcome of immigration in Canada in the middle of the twentieth century?
a. The French retained most of their earlier political and economic control.
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b. Canada was stratified more by class than by the race or ethnicity of immigrants.
c. Later immigrants to Canada enjoyed levels of power and prestige similar to the earlier immigrants.
d. There were large differences in status between immigrants from Europe and immigrants from Asia.
61. According to the textbook, which of the following original principles of multiculturalism was neglected in
its early practical application?
a. forging of unique Canadian identity
b. non-selective immigration policy
c. equity and inclusion
d. cultural diversity
62. What has been the trend in racial and ethnic intermarriage in Canada since 1871?
a. It has become less common.
b. It has become more common.
c. It is lower than in other countries and unchanged.
d. It is higher than in other countries and unchanged.
63. What prompted Italian Canadians to see themselves as a distinctive group in Canada around 1900?
a. being defined that way by government officials and other Canadian residents
b. the recent unification of Italy
c. preferential immigration policies toward Italians and Greeks
d. deportation if they refused to identify with a country instead of a region
64. Which of the following positions in today’s Québec is most likely to be occupied by an anglophone?
a. head of a department at the Ministry of Education
b. general manager at the Bank of Montreal
c. professor at the Université du Québec
d. Provincial Minister for Health and Social Welfare
65. Which of the following Canadians would be able to choose his race and ethnicity most easily and
successfully?
a. Robert, a 35-year-old Jamaican lawyer
b. Jung-Hwa, a 25-year-old Korean student
c. Conan, a 20-year-old Scottish hair stylist
d. Peter, a 30-year-old Métis construction worker
66. Which social processes were Dr. Samuel George Morton’s research on brain size and race used to justify?
a. globalization and modernization
b. stratification and global expansion
c. colonization and slavery
d. the scientific method and rationalization
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67. Naveen’s law school application has just been rejected. His friend George, an Aboriginal Canadian, has been
accepted. Naveen blames his failure on a supposed “Aboriginal quota” that made it easier for George to be
accepted. What is Naveen engaging in?
a. prejudice
b. scapegoating
c. discrimination
d. authoritarianism
68. What did Hitler’s systematic plan to exterminate people of Jewish extraction exemplify?
a. expulsion
b. conquest
c. colonization
d. genocide
69. Millie is a black woman living in Canada in the 1890s. Which of the following most likely characterizes her
position?
a. She is a slave living on the same property near Ottawa as her white owners, with her basic physical
needs taken care of.
b. She is a free woman living in Africville and doing laundry at a hotel for very low pay.
c. She is a free woman living in downtown Halifax and working as a nurse in a local hospital.
d. She is a free woman who owns and runs a rooming house in Ottawa.
71. A young Aboriginal couple come to view the basement suite the Simpsons want to rent out. They seem nice
and have good references, but the Simpsons refuse them, worrying that the couple may not be able to pay rent
regularly. What are the Simpsons demonstrating?
a. scapegoating
b. discrimination
c. prejudice
d. authoritarianism
72. According to the textbook, how were Aboriginal people depicted in Canadian school textbooks until the
mid-twentieth century?
a. as “noble savages”
b. as primitive, yet exotic, “others”
c. as evil, manipulative, and villainous
d. as gentle, peaceful hunter-gatherers
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73. Nia and Costas have worked hard to open and maintain a restaurant in Greektown. They plan to leave the
restaurant to their children when they retire, so the children may have a legacy and ongoing ties with the
homeland. What kind of advantage of ethnic group affiliation does their plan rely on?
a. political advantages
b. emotional advantages
c. cultural advantages
d. economic advantages
74. According to the textbook, the legacy of internal colonialism continues to act as a barrier to which of the
following processes today?
a. pluralism
b. multiculturalism
c. assimilation
d. convergence of interests
75. Why were Québécois worried that the French-Canadian population would decline beginning in the 1970s?
a. because replacement-level fertility was not occurring in Québec
b. because life expectancy was declining in Québec
c. because mortality rates had increased in Québec
d. because many Québécois were emigrating to other countries
76. What can be learned from John Lie’s story of his changing ethnic identity and experiences?
a. Experiences and opportunities shift depending upon others’ perceptions of one’s identity.
b. It is normal for children to choose an ethnic identity different from that of their parents.
c. It is possible to conceal one’s ethnic origins to avoid negative consequences.
d. Everyone is free to choose ethnic identity at will.
77. What is Herbert Gans’s term for the nostalgia and pride one can feel about one’s ethnic roots without being
constrained by them in one’s daily life?
a. false ethnicity
b. ephemeral ethnicity
c. transitory ethnicity
d. symbolic ethnicity
78. Which of the following is the sociological lesson of the documentary Searching for Sugarman?
a. Black Americans are discriminated against, but Latino Americans are not.
b. No social movement becomes successful without popular music.
c. Apartheid is reprehensible to most people in the world.
d. Social change is not easy to achieve.
79. Gretchen and her friends wish to apply for government funding to organize “German Cultural Days.” Which
of the following advantages of ethnic affiliation does their plan illustrate?
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a. political advantages
b. emotional advantages
c. cultural advantages
d. economic advantages
80. Which of the following refers to members of subordinate groups who are blamed for societal problems?
a. racists
b. minority groups
c. stereotypes
d. scapegoats
81. Which of the following refers to unfair treatment of people based on their real or imagined group
membership?
a. racism
b. prejudice
c. discrimination
d. scapegoating
82. Alisha is studying the process of identity formation among second-generation immigrants. Which of the
following sociological theories would best help her analyze the way people negotiate identity?
a. theory of internal colonialism
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interactionism
d. split labour market theory
83. According to the textbook, what is responsible for the relative economic success of Jews and Koreans in
Canada?
a. cultural values emphasizing hard work and deferred gratification
b. legal action against prejudice and discrimination
c. selective immigration policies
d. multicultural and affirmative action policies
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d. 1893
86. Gino owns a grocery store in Little Italy. His store is always busy because he imports specialty foods,
newspapers, books, and DVDs from the homeland. In this situation, what is Gino?
a. a central distributor
b. an ethnic entrepreneur
c. a neighbourhood leader
d. a community connector
87. Based on its focus, which of the following major sociological perspectives is split labour market theory
consistent with?
a. structural functionalism
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interactionism
d. feminist theory
88. When was the “head tax” on Chinese immigrants to Canada introduced?
a. before the construction of the trans-continental railway began
b. after the construction of the trans-continental railway was finished
c. in the 1850s
d. in the 1940s
89. Approximately what percentage of Canadians reported having more than one ethnic identity in the 2011
National Household Survey?
a. 10 percent
b. 20 percent
c. 30 percent
d. 40 percent
90. Robert does not want to take part in the math competition at school, because many Asian students participate
and he believes that they are innately better at math. What does Robert’s attitude illustrate?
a. prejudice
b. discrimination
c. scapegoating
d. authoritarianism
91. Which of the following refers to the belief that one social group is superior to another on the basis of some
visible characteristic and that inferiority of a group justifies unequal treatment.
a. scapegoating
b. racism
c. discrimination
d. race relations
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92. Racist beliefs are often challenged by research evidence. Based on the example of Peter Sandiford, who
studied IQ and race in 1920s Canada, what would one predict for researchers who find themselves in this
situation?
a. They will repeat the research to see where they made their mistake.
b. They will ignore or explain away conclusions that challenge their beliefs.
c. They will seek out competing explanations to try to formulate a compromise.
d. They will change their beliefs to incorporate the new knowledge.
93. According to the textbook, what kind of ethnic group advantages are groups who have experienced high
prejudice and discrimination particularly likely to rely on?
a. economic advantages
b. political advantages
c. emotional advantages
d. cultural advantages
94. When was Canada’s immigration policy liberalized to favour the economic situation of immigrants rather
than their racial characteristics?
a. the 1940s
b. the 1950s
c. the 1960s
d. the 1970s
95. According to the textbook, which of the following characteristics of the portrayal of Muslims in the series
Little Mosque on the Prairie is sociologically accurate?
a. They are essentially similar to other groups.
b. They are less religious than other groups.
c. They are more religious than other groups.
d. They are more likely to be politically extreme than other groups.
96. Suppose that Italians are overrepresented among professional athletes in Germany, but not in the U.S. Which
of the following would explain the difference?
a. different levels of discrimination
b. different levels of intelligence
c. different levels of physical ability
d. different levels of state funding for sports
97. Why is the level of participation of people with African origins relatively high in sports and entertainment?
a. because they possess natural talents for them
b. because they work harder at them
c. because they lack alternative options for mobility
d. because they lack role models in other occupations
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98. Suppose a police station requires all officers to wear the same uniform and prohibits Sikh officers from
wearing turbans. Which of the following is the station engaging in?
a. institutional racism
b. racial profiling
c. systemic racism
d. systemic profiling
99. Racist organizations like the Heritage Front in Canada recruit new members among those hit hardest by
economic downturns, explaining to people that their economic problems are due to Jewish greed and a Zionist
plot to take over the world. What are Jews in this example?
a. scapegoats
b. innocent victims
c. majority group members
d. racialized exemplars
100. Which of the following would have most freedom in adopting an ethnic identity?
a. Irish Canadians
b. Jamaican Canadians
c. Chinese Canadians
d. Aboriginal Canadians
103. In which of the following roles are black Canadians least likely to interact with European Canadians?
a. members of political parties
b. school mates
c. work mates
d. marital partners
104. According to the textbook, why should initiatives such as employment equity or an efficient system for
upgrading foreign credentials be put in place?
a. to increase the verticality of Canada’s ethnic mosaic
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105. Which of the following refers to the distinctly Canadian pattern of ethnic and racial stratification?
a. ethnic hierarchy
b. melting pot
c. vertical mosaic
d. multiculturalism
106. What has been the outcome of Canadian–U.S. differences on the retention of immigrant culture following
immigration?
a. American immigrants are more likely to acquire citizenship.
b. Canadian immigrants are more likely to acquire citizenship.
c. American immigrants are much more successful economically.
d. Canadian immigrants are much more successful economically.
107. Farzad lives in a nation where almost 100 percent of people indicated on a survey that they have no trouble
with the idea of having someone from a different race as a neighbour. Where is he most likely living?
a. India
b. South Korea
c. France
d. Canada
108. Which of the following are the Mi’kmaq, the Coast Salish, and the Mohawk examples of?
a. ethnic groups
b. races
c. immigrant groups
d. majority groups
109. Which of the following can be concluded about genetic differences between races?
a. Recent research demonstrates that racial differences are more significant than previously thought.
b. Recent research demonstrates that about 5 percent of the biological differences between humans are
due to race.
c. Recent research demonstrates that about 5 percent of the cultural differences between humans are due
to race.
d. Recent research demonstrates that genetic mixing is so widespread that it is impossible to sort
populations into distinct races.
110. Which of the following is most likely to make assimilation of an ethnic group into majority society
improbable?
a. high in-group solidarity
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111. During World War II the Canadian government relocated, interned, and confiscated the assets of all the
Japanese Canadians who lived anywhere near the British Columbia coast, blaming them for attacks on Pearl
Harbor. What were the Japanese Canadians in this situation?
a. traitors
b. scapegoats
c. immigrants
d. racialized others
112. What is significant about the Beothuk population of Newfoundland and Labrador?
a. Their chief was a member of the first government of Canada at Confederation, giving them rights
other Indigenous people did not have.
b. They were offered incentives by the European settlers to murder the neighbouring Mi’kmaq.
c. They were hunted, killed, and driven out of their traditional territory until they became extinct.
d. They are the most populous First Nation in Canada today, outnumbering all other groups by two to
one.
113. Workers at the ABC Auto manufacturing plant in Canada are on strike. The management at ABC has
recruited and bussed in low-wage Mexican workers. What does this situation illustrate?
a. internal colonialism
b. segregation
c. split labour market
d. new international division of labour
114. Steven is a store owner downtown and is convinced that Aboriginal people are thieves. Every time an
Aboriginal person comes into his store he follows them around, finding any excuse he can to kick them out of
the store. What is Steven practising?
a. racism
b. scapegoating
c. assimilation
d. expulsion
115. Jason’s mother is from Singapore and his father is Irish Canadian. When Jason reports having multiple
ethnic identities in a survey, he responds the same as approximately what percentage of Canadians?
a. 20 percent
b. 30 percent
c. 40 percent
d. 50 percent
116. What does the fact that Italians, Jews, and Irish people were considered “blacks” by many people a hundred
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117. Which of the following refers to a judgment about a person based on preconceived ideas about the group
that person belongs to?
a. racism
b. prejudice
c. discrimination
d. scapegoating
119. Which of the following refers to ownership and control of humans by other humans?
a. conquest
b. slavery
c. amalgamation
d. assimilation
120. With regard to Indigenous people in Canada, which of the following charges have been levelled at the
Canadian government?
a. genocide and expulsion
b. segregation and accommodation
c. accommodation and assimilation
d. expulsion and segregation
121. Which of the following is factual regarding race and brain size?
a. The racial background of individuals can be determined by skull size.
b. The racial background of individuals can be determined by skull shape.
c. The sex of individuals can often be determined by skull size.
d. The sex of individuals can often be determined by skull shape.
122. Farzad lives in a nation where almost 50 percent of people indicated on a survey that they have trouble with
the idea of having someone from a different race as a neighbour. Where is he most likely living?
a. India
b. Germany
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c. Great Britain
d. Canada
123. Which of the following abilities has been demonstrated as biologically based?
a. intelligence
b. athletic ability
c. singing and dancing abilities
d. childbearing
124. Which of the following groups is most likely to adhere to symbolic ethnicity but not be affected by
ethnicity in their everyday life?
a. Aboriginal Canadians
b. Jamaican Canadians
c. Irish Canadians
d. Chinese Canadians
125. Why did Dr. Samuel George Morton’s research on brain size and race have such long-lasting and far-
reaching effects?
a. because it reinforced and perpetuated dominant ideas about inferiority and superiority
b. because he was one of a handful of educated people conducting scientific research
c. because his findings replicated, and finally demonstrated conclusively, the results of earlier studies
d. because his findings were replicated, and finally demonstrated conclusively, by later studies
126. On which of the following are racial and ethnic relations in contemporary Canada based?
a. genocide, expulsion, and slavery
b. segregation, pluralism, and assimilation
c. sovereignty-association
d. vertical mosaic
127. Which of the following does the title Two Solitudes refer to?
a. Africans and Europeans
b. Europeans and Aboriginals
c. the French and the English
d. immigrants and the Canadian-born
128. Which of the following refers to the process whereby one group of people within a nation gain control over
the others and segregate them in most areas of social life?
a. genocide
b. cultural imperialism
c. internal colonialism
d. colonialism
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129. Consuelo feels lucky to be part of a neighbourhood where she can speak Tagalog, buy her favourite foods
from home, and buy Filipino films on DVD. What kind of advantages of ethnic affiliation is Consuelo making
use of?
a. political advantages
b. emotional advantages
c. cultural advantages
d. economic advantages
130. Which of the following provides grounds for claims for compensation for historical wrongs against specific
ethnic groups worldwide?
a. recognition of harms of colonialism
b. recognition of fundamental human rights
c. improved economic position of former colonies
d. worldwide acceptance of multiculturalism
131. Which of the following is meant by Jean-Paul Sartre’s statement “the anti-Semite creates the Jew”?
a. The identity of Jews in particular is socially constructed and based on angst.
b. Jewish identities are mainly shaped by anti-Semitism.
c. People’s ethnic identification is shaped partly by the way others perceive and act toward them.
d. Any ethnic identity based on hatred is unstable and changeable.
132. Ole looks forward to the Norske Dager festival every year. He can spend the weekend catching up with
family and friends, practising his few remembered words of Norwegian, and observing reactions as he walks
around in his Viking outfit. What is Ole engaging in?
a. symbolic ethnicity
b. ephemeral ethnicity
c. transitory ethnicity
d. false ethnicity
134. According to Porter, which of the following was important for maintaining the vertical mosaic?
a. retention of ethnic cultures
b. conservative political values
c. institutional racism
d. selective immigration
135. According to the textbook, which of the following is likely to be the most important basis for stratification
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136. Which of the following is the most recent movement for Aboriginal rights in Canada?
a. Occupy Movement
b. Idle No More
c. Indigenous Front
d. Alliance for Mother Earth
137. How does the textbook explain differential economic success of ethnic groups in late-twentieth-century
Canada?
a. by human universals
b. by cultural attributes
c. by structural conditions
d. by biological characteristics
138. Janet, a white woman, is walking down the street and notices a large dark-skinned man walking toward her
on the sidewalk. Frightened, she crosses the road away from him.
What does Janet’s behaviour illustrate?
a. prejudice
b. discrimination
c. scapegoating
d. authoritarianism
139. According to the textbook, which of the following is the main process through which internal colonialism
is accomplished?
a. assimilation
b. integration
c. association
d. segregation
140. Which of the following refers to people who share ancestry, language, customs, religion, and a geographic
region?
a. an ethnic group
b. a racial group
c. an immigrant group
d. a majority group
141. Learning from the history of relations between the British and the French in Canada, which of the
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Chapter 10
following areas of public life is the best to control if a group wishes to hold power over another?
a. language
b. religion
c. commerce
d. culture
142. Nation X has an ideology that supports an official policy of “live and let live,” whereby immigrants are
encouraged to maintain their cultural heritage and to integrate it with elements of Nation X. What is this type of
ideology called?
a. universal diversity
b. multiculturalism
c. cultural merge
d. melting pot
145. Is the Canadian comedy series Little Mosque on the Prairie realistic or not? Explain your answer.
146. Are there positive prejudices? If there are, give an example. If there are not, explain why.
147. Why were North American Aboriginals called “Indians”? How has that designation changed over time?
148. Explain what happened to the Beothuk of Newfoundland and Labrador, and why.
149. Explain how social structural conditions shape race and ethnicity.
150. Distinguish between prejudice and discrimination. Give one example of each.
Chapter 10
157. Explain what the authors of the textbook mean by this statement: “Change your social context and your
racial and ethnic self-conception eventually changes too.”
158. What was problematic about methods of Morton’s research into brain size and race?
160. What is the definition of “race” and why do many academics not use it?
164. What are the advantages of claiming an ethnicity in Canada? How might these advantages shape a person’s
experiences?
165. Canadian government has hired you as a consultant to improve the economic and social integration of
Aboriginal Canadians. What are your proposals?
166. Are racial and ethnic groups in Canada blending over time? If yes, what accounts for this process? If not,
why not? Support your position with examples.
167. How important are biological, cultural, and social-structural factors for explaining behaviour and social
position of a racial or ethnic group?
168. In what ways can the internal colonialism model be applied to Aboriginal people in Canada? In what ways
might this model not fit reality?
169. Define “vertical mosaic” and describe how it has changed over time.
170. Discuss to what extent some ethnic groups in Canada may become “transnational communities,” and what
this could mean for their future.
171. Compare the concepts of race and ethnic group. Illustrate your answer with examples.
172. Discuss the feasibility of a number of policy measures in reducing the verticality of the Canadian mosaic.
173. Summarize the arguments of advocates and opponents of multiculturalism. What is your position in this
debate and why?
174. Discuss the theory of split labour market, using Canadian examples.
175. To what extent are Canadians free to choose their racial and ethnic identity?
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Chapter 10
176. Summarize the most important aspects of the position of the Québécois in Canada. What theory of racial
and ethnic relations explains them best?
177. Compare the experiences of African Canadians and Asian Canadians. What can be learned by analyzing
their experiences?
178. Discuss the issues that remained unresolved by Quebec’s Quiet Revolution and possible ways to address
them.
179. Discuss how the federal policy of multiculturalism came about and what its impact has been.
180. Why does the textbook call race and ethnicity “labels”?
Chapter 10
Answer Key
1. True
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. False
6. True
7. True
8. True
9. False
10. False
11. False
12. False
13. False
14. False
15. True
16. True
17. False
18. False
19. False
20. True
21. False
22. False
23. False
24. True
25. b
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Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 10
26. b
27. d
28. a
29. c
30. b
31. c
32. c
33. c
34. d
35. a
36. a
37. b
38. b
39. c
40. d
41. d
42. a
43. a
44. d
45. c
46. a
47. b
48. c
49. b
50. c
51. b
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Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 10
52. b
53. a
54. a
55. b
56. c
57. a
58. d
59. d
60. d
61. c
62. d
63. a
64. b
65. c
66. c
67. b
68. d
69. b
70. b
71. c
72. c
73. d
74. c
75. a
76. a
Chapter 10
77. d
78. d
79. a
80. d
81. c
82. c
83. c
84. a
85. b
86. b
87. b
88. b
89. d
90. a
91. b
92. b
93. c
94. c
95. a
96. a
97. c
98. a
99. a
100. a
101. a
102. d
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Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 10
103. d
104. b
105. c
106. b
107. d
108. a
109. d
110. d
111. b
112. c
113. c
114. a
115. c
116. d
117. b
118. b
119. b
120. a
121. c
122. a
123. d
124. c
125. a
126. b
127. c
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128. c
129. b
130. b
131. c
132. a
133. b
134. a
135. c
136. b
137. c
138. b
139. d
140. a
141. c
142. b
143. b
Chapter 10
Chapter 10
179. Responses will vary.
1808–1814
“In Bayonne,
“April 16, 1808.
“My Brother,
“I have received the letter of Your Royal Highness. You will
have seen by your father’s papers what an interest I have always
shown in him, so you will allow me now to speak to you with
frankness and loyalty.
“I had hoped to come to Madrid and persuade my august friend
to make certain necessary reforms in his dominions which would
give public satisfaction. The separation of His Majesty from the
Prince of the Peace seemed to me absolutely necessary for his
happiness and that of his vassals. Events in the North retarded my
journey, and the occurrences of Aranjuez have intervened.
“I do not constitute myself a judge of what happened, or of the
conduct of the Prince of the Peace; but I know very well that it is very
dangerous to Kings for the people to become accustomed to
shedding blood in their own attempts to obtain justice. God grant that
Your Highness may not find it so yourself! It would not be for the
interest of Spain to persecute a Prince who has married a Princess
of the Royal Family, and who has so long governed the kingdom. He
has no friends already, and Your Highness will have none, either, if
you come to be disgraced one day, for people like to avenge
themselves for the respect they have had to show us.
“Moreover, how could a Cause be framed against the Prince of
the Peace without framing it also against the King and Queen, your
parents? This Cause would foment hate and seditious passions, and
the result would be fatal to the crown. To this crown Your Royal
Highness has no rights beyond those transmitted by your mother. If
the Cause soils her honour, Your Highness destroys your own rights.
Do not listen to weak, perfidious counsels. Your Highness has no
right to judge the Prince of the Peace; the sins which are imputed to
him disappear in the rights of the throne.
“I have often expressed my wish for the Prince of the Peace to be
removed from affairs. If I have not been more insistent, it has been
because my friendship for King Charles overlooked the weakness of
his affection. Oh, miserable humanity! Weakness and error are our
lot. But all this can be made right if the Prince of the Peace is exiled
from Spain, and I offer him an asylum in France.
“As the abdication of Charles IV. took place at the moment when
my armies were occupying Spain, it will seem in the eyes of all
Europe and of posterity that I sent these troops with the sole object
of dethroning my ally and friend. As a Sovereign and a neighbour, I
must therefore hear all about the event before recognizing the
abdication.
“I tell Your Royal Highness that if the abdication of Charles was
spontaneous, and he was not forced to it by the insurrection and
consequent meeting in Aranjuez, I have no objection to admitting it,
and acknowledging Your Royal Highness as King of Spain. I
therefore desire to confer with Your Royal Highness on this matter.
“The circumspection I have observed for the past month in the
matter ought to convince Your Highness that you will always have
my support if factions of any kind disturb you on the throne.
“When King Charles told me of the recent events in October, I
flattered myself that I had contributed by my entreaties to the
peaceful conclusion of the Escorial matter.
“Your Highness is not free from faults; the letter you have written
me is sufficient to show that, and I have always wished to forget it.
Being a King, you know how sacred are the rights of the throne; any
step of an hereditary Prince towards a foreign Sovereign is criminal. I
consider the marriage of a French Princess with Your Royal
Highness would be conformable to the interests of my people, and,
above all, as a circumstance which will unite me by fresh bonds to a
house which I have had every wish to honour ever since I ascended
the throne.
“Your Royal Highness ought to beware of the consequences of
popular insurrections; you might be able to make an assault on my
scattered soldiers, but it would only lead to the ruin of Spain.
“I have seen with regret some letters from the Captain-General of
Catalonia which tried to rouse the people.
“Your Royal Highness knows all the depth of my heart; you will
observe that I am full of many ideas which require consideration; but
you can be sure that in any case I shall behave to you as I have to
the King your father.
“Your Royal Highness must be assured of my desire to conciliate
matters, and to find occasions of giving you proofs of my affection
and perfect esteem.
“May God have you in His holy and worthy keeping!
“Napoleon.”[8]
“Vittoria,
“April 18, 1808.
“Señor, my Brother,
“I have received with great satisfaction your letter of the
16th, sent by General Savary. The confidence with which Your
Majesty inspires me, and my desire to show you that my father’s
abdication was the consequence of his own impulse, have decided
me to go immediately to Bayonne. I hope therefore to leave to-
morrow for Irun, proceeding thence to the country-seat of Marrae,
where Your Majesty is.
“I am, my good Brother, with the highest esteem and sincerest
affection,
“Ferdinand.”
“Aranda,
“April 25, 1808.
“Charles.”[9]
The affectionate tone of these royal letters shows that the royal
couple thought that Napoleon was about to restore to them the
sceptre which had been torn from their hands.
When the King and Queen arrived at Villareal, they asked what
reports were circulated about affairs, and the Duke of Mahon replied:
“It is said that the Emperor of the French is calling the Royal Family
of Spain together at Bayonne in order to deprive them of the throne.”
The Queen looked surprised, but she thought for a moment, and
then said:
“Napoleon has always been a great enemy of our family.
Nevertheless, he has made Charles repeated promises to protect
him, and I cannot believe he is now acting with such scandalous
perfidy.”
The royal arrival at Bayonne was announced by a salute of 101
guns, the garrison lined the streets, and Charles, on dismounting
from his carriage, showed his pleasure at the reception vouchsafed
to him by talking even to those he did not know.
A shadow came over the King’s genial countenance when he
saw Ferdinand standing with his brother at the foot of the staircase,
and it was only the younger Prince who was given a cordial “Good-
day” by the King, and who was embraced fondly by his mother.
Although Ferdinand saw that he was ignored, he made a step
forward to greet his parents. But Charles stopped, made a
movement of indignation, and began mounting the stairs with a
severe face. The Queen, however, who was behind, could not forget
that she was a mother, and folded her treacherous son to her
bosom.
Then the Princes repaired to their apartments, and their parents
hastened to greet the exile Godoy with tears of joy.
The Emperor of the French lost no time in paying his respects to
the royal travellers, but he did not ask them to dinner until the
following day.
As Charles’s rheumatism gave him some difficulty in mounting
the stairs of the imperial abode, he gladly accepted Napoleon’s arm,
saying: “I have not the strength that I had. It has been all knocked
out of me.”
“We will soon see about that,” returned the Emperor. “Lean on
me, and I will find strength for both.”
Thereupon the King stopped, and said emphatically: “So I
believe, and I base all my hopes upon you.”
On taking their seats at the table, Charles noticed the absence of
Godoy, and he exclaimed with tender concern: “And Manuel? Where
is Manuel?”
So Napoleon, anxious to please his ally, sent for the Prince of the
Peace, and the party was complete.
At the meeting at which it was hoped Napoleon would bring the
Royal Family to a satisfactory understanding there were very violent
scenes. It was natural that the sight of their renegade son should
revive all the bitterness of the King and Queen’s recent trials, but it
was a pity that they did not restrain the passions which made them
lose their royal dignity.
The Emperor announced that Ferdinand would restore on the
morrow to His Majesty the crown he had snatched from his father’s
brow. This Ferdinand stoutly declared he would not do, and Maria
Luisa, who had destroyed the proofs of her son’s guilt in the
conspiracy of the Escorial, was now so mad with rage that,
according to the report of Caballero, she cried to the Emperor to
punish the crimes of her son by committing him to prison.
Ferdinand was silent during the interview, but a few hours later
he wrote to his father, maintaining that the abdication had been a fait
accompli and declaring that he would only give up the crown at the
request of the Cortes and all the tribunals.
To this letter the King replied:
“My Son,
“The perfidious counsels of the people about you have
brought Spain into a very critical condition, and only the Emperor can
save it.... You have been too easily led away by the hatred which
your late wife had for France, and you have thoughtlessly shared her
unjust feelings against my Ministers, your mother, and myself.
“I was obliged, in support of my rights as a King and a father, to
have you arrested, for your papers contained proof of your crime.
But as I am approaching the end of my life, and I was miserable at
the idea of my son dying in a dungeon, I let myself be softened by
your mother’s tears. And yet my subjects have been upset by the
deceitful courses of the faction you formed, and from that time I have
had no peace in my life....
“You introduced disorder into my palace, you summoned the
Royal Guard against my own person. Your father has been your
prisoner; my Prime Minister, whom I created and received into my
family, was covered with blood, and taken from one prison to
another.... I am King by the right of my fathers. My abdication was
due to force and violence. I have nothing to accept from you, nor can
I consent to any meeting or to any new and base suggestion on the
part of the people about you.”
“Valençay,
“May 3, 1810.
“Señor,
“The letters now published in Le Moniteur show the whole
world the sentiments of perfect love which I entertain for Your
Imperial Majesty, and the deep desire I cherish of becoming your
adopted son. The publicity which Your Imperial Majesty has deigned
to give my letters makes me hope that you do not disapprove of my
sentiments nor of the desire I have formed, and this hope fills me
with joy.
“Permit me, sire, to confide to you the thoughts of a heart which I
do not hesitate to say is worthy of your adoption. If Your Imperial
Majesty would unite me to a French Princess, you would fulfil my
most ardent wish. By this union, apart from my personal happiness,
all Europe would be convinced of my unalterable respect for the will
of Your Majesty, and it would see that you deign to make some
return for such sincere feelings.
“I will venture to add that this union and the sight of my happiness
will exercise a beneficial effect on the destiny of all Spain, and will
rob a blind and furious people of the pretext of covering a country
with blood in the name of a Prince, the eldest son of an ancient
dynasty, who has, by a solemn treaty by his own choice and by the
most glorious of all adoptions, made himself a French Prince and a
son of Your Imperial Majesty.
“I venture to hope that such ardent wishes, and an affection so
absolute, will touch the magnanimous heart of Your Majesty, and that
you will deign to make me share the fate of the many Your Majesty
has made happy.
“Señor, I am, etc.,
“(Signed) Ferdinand.”
“Sir, my Brother,
“I have for a long time wished for an opportunity to send
Your Majesty a letter signed by my hand, to express the deep
interest and the profound feeling which I have entertained for you
since you were taken from your kingdom and your faithful subjects.
Whatever the violence and cruelty with which the usurper of the
throne of Spain oppresses that nation, it ought to be of great
consolation to Your Majesty to know that your people retains its
loyalty and love for its legitimate Sovereign, and Spain makes
continual efforts to maintain the rights of Your Majesty and to re-
establish those of the monarchy. The resources of my kingdom, my
squadrons, and my armies, will be employed in aiding the vassals of
Your Majesty in this great cause, and my ally the Prince Regent of
Portugal has also contributed with all the zeal and perseverance of
his faithful friend.
“The only thing which is wanting to your faithful subjects and your
allies is the presence of Your Majesty in Spain, where it would give
fresh energy. Therefore I ask Your Majesty, with all the frankness of
alliance and friendship which bind me to your interests, to think of
the most prudent and efficacious way of escaping from the
indignities which you suffer, and to present yourself in the midst of a
people unanimous in its desire for the glory and happiness of Your
Majesty.
“I beg Your Majesty to be sure of my sincere friendship, and of
the true affection with which I am—in the palace of the Queen,
Monday, January 31, 1810—sir, my Brother,
“Your worthy Brother,
“George R.”
“By command of the King,
“Wellesley.”[10]
1814–1829
So Spaniards once more had a King of their own blood. The pity of
the matter was that the man himself was so unworthy of the people’s
trust. Brought up in a Court honeycombed with intrigue, truth and
sincerity seemed unknown to Ferdinand, and although he constantly
said, “I hate and abhor despotism,” there never was a Sovereign
more despotic than this son of Charles IV.
Being untrustworthy himself, he thought everybody was
unreliable, and so he set spies on his entourage, and stooped to
listen to stories from his servants.
Thus, no Minister or officer was safe from being sent off to prison,
and with the duplicity which had been perfected by constant practice
in his youth sentence of condemnation would be given by Ferdinand
with an air of friendliness, with a wave of his cigar or the offer of his
caramels, followed by thrumming on the table, or the pulling of his
ear, or the slapping of his forehead, with which his courtiers were
familiar as signs of bad temper.
The Duke of Alagon was the King’s most constant attendant in
any gallant adventure, and, indeed, his departures in that respect
were those of a man who seemed to atone for his want of personal
attractions by a surplus of gallantry to the fair sex. It was whilst
pursuing one of these intrigues with a charming widow at the royal