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    CH 11

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    Ch11

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    CH 11

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    Applications of elastic models 141 taedcioa Sore aplstions fic plate mod othe evaluation oe so ote hr oa oh prop ented, Te rs oppo ks bck oh tn ste pale Inte revinschptr singe eaten of ste pata an be ed (© ‘tate both the ost of pase formation in so eneath wre incendie inence tht it plasmon arom he develops tf exons pore passant sleet foundations This shuld te egret set peagop example donate the aero Sine plese boteviow ther than tn seomunendal sun fo age bln, Onc despons cei nie) Seiad rly onset seal tan to computers trea saln “Ths ellowing ton emai ome more compte apps sta plate mod n uel soaps ade sng th ite Geen eth. Tase cumple hie been chown fot he eo to ‘eat la plate mode. Albough ay spat tha hs Dok tas pase us copbss on he Ca hy ote wee he sa nor ones te best mods whch con Bota or sper ‘The k an ein at torre sh cy a thew apetions The framework fem harcang mas eco dealin Chale {Pputcalay sted tothe dsrpon os ly Sands ca ao ke ‘ey se pa a din Che ‘Ci tt cys shoul fn pict dex ith the se {ot lays Howey, he mode hat have Bsn sly wn fr ‘Sot lend Yo be tate moe comple tha hw fr ca oi ‘lye rue rater cal comatose aud 112 Creda oa on sft clay foundation 4s hte pons. Some of theese ht ca fl be incor fed ae dace Chal 12. ee Inany appetion of aseptic mode nest to set se forthe so parameters om which he move fae Ts wah ‘hich bs cate done inden each of tee cnt eas Jngsvea ol aso etre by usta he alco eee parameters o produce the hs ple macht the avasbe dos on oratory an possi st) tests Tae dition bene te sceson cf parameters optini theft provid bys wen lod {eting hat might be eg over the hath on whe Dacclt mode i constuted, For etme the Cate le al odin Cape dase the exten ido aod pt potent fr sis Hower, swat in genera ible to porn the eenee ouatme of probing tess nets to contin tin shumpaon The am ly mal in Chapter ase inant the el fod aed ti potenti are comet an slip, but gan tio oped "hat he eng Wil hve invriged the assume 2 Chr nd st ay fundainn 1131 Yeing oe outro ete (nthe enn Bests Sa osc th tank in Fg 1,contion of ailment nis ake eas ‘nents an be deed nme of he a seat a ‘eye Atk of ras Sim comida ae etd a ‘td rpiy, ota the undring dap tad os caon he ik oe nay oad na ued tanne To ‘ty ids sing he Cam sy ll of Chae Mae boing ie ian pt te Can cay ces ged Paty by dashed tne Rahown thr hi apn as Sens ete Steady the Cos sy Se 114 ee at hon sie th ak of oe ened ces 1 ag te 396 1 Arcs fel Se ‘ov hearing estan £ = Seine, Soest ae itn an uoduea Os statements made ging volute hardening del which incorporates {Shape of yield lous contesponding more closely tothe shapes found From expeinental pring of natu clays (ee Chapter 3) Values fora numberof sol parameters are needed and are tabulated ia Table 11 In Section 103. we noted that most ata deposits fst ay appt ‘oe ighlyoxercomobdate in sit, and in this example, we ssme that the ay sail everconoidted a cst of actuation ofthe wale table, which ie cureiy atthe ground se but has ben down 108 Spot mAh he oh caren yl sist "ie pst sasimum sree which were enpercnoed by the sil whet Metal ue wana res ah ly compre condition the ato of horizontal fo vr eesive sts 8382 = Kay ‘These presonslstion see, alee pled in Fg. 1.2 Fro these, the conesponting valet of pnd q, and 2,44 can be Calelated hence fr etch Spt, the seo the current ik asp 8 te clelted fom teaym wn noir For the combination of roi parameters wed here, the vals of lost etl to the vals of The current vertical elective strc with te water able at te round srfce vary Tneariy with depth (Pig. 1.2) AS a esl of he Actuation of the water table between the ground surface ad depth 112 Crear tad om sf clay foundation as 41m, he overcome rat a depth isthe bora ont ih The ate of eat poe Gries ea, ortbeneremidy buena Ko= Kont!® (uray 028), From thi vale ofthe cre! trizna te sen calculated (Fig 112) and hence values of mean effective steep a deviator stress g,. in ttm of cipal mth nity opera ss thy ot Sythe a es a sisi he int uc ssn Fp 113 tanta ok loud wit dings n#comenona compan toe fom ss se sat he ft ste chang ato eh CD sith dope isp, butte etive es hens te ed by the Stain eho ft nd arg nependt e ‘tos changes Fora sll which teaver htop nd tals pr ‘nytt som pth shown ochre mas cea 1 yen ch in Fi 13) One tal Yel a the sn es pt um oar eel att andor pre bud up theca date cts stg. fom the tedcton In san fectne sec ashe ‘coverbl plastic compression sociated wih the changing sco te ik oes 112,040) 388 11 Application of modes “The fle ses path BC" isthe wndraio fate sess path whch i followed whiter he total sree pal, provided it ives “dviatr ste Elements onthe centcine beneth He {incre ne enh he ‘eur Soa (Fg 11) experience ail ssmmeti changes {Sesion 1.4) and in nana Hadi Flow the same elective sts ‘hanges BCD shown in ip 113, ever though the ctl ses changes ‘ut dient, While all th sol beneath he Gila load Slog ‘Sst, the total ses changes ean Be dedscl rom staghiforears ie 113 To nd cde and ntl 7 4 112 Crear oad om sf clay foundation 9 sli analy Tables and charts of laste tes distributions have been fathered by Poulos and Davis (B78) fr avast range of shape sod ‘oalguration of loading, acting the sree om the sete sencth afleble rela load of rads « applying» uniform suri pce (Fig 1.) The vations ofchangesin dimensions otal verte sons aol ws oon or rail ste att ais ted ceva sre antl ay ‘ith ines dh of ae shown in Fig. 1A The caves tae ten eae for Potonalo v0.5 a appro i ode ‘eeraton of tops wil ation 2.)°N he toe ee $a=tth clang ser seen hint tee bah ‘othe sop en othe changin arto stems Theta sts and mean ies sy ity ely wih Sh ut eee ‘file ot more ray. Te ae oss aloe ‘ae a ph egal abo then ote ate ced {hand sil more ha a hemi vassal the hae of the toned er sen Seon 113 a a °c for xno of ne The avs ip IIa etn Se el Yo ema he changin toa ‘ei sp and distor ie ea at an Sac eee echt ld at hn tole te fl se pat Rp Fig 1.5 As he kl the so aay a pon ee talib xs pore prone at ny depth a cle int ean tes tht ha oped a tn ep Sr ee theoreti a hang aa eeu acne ‘8a mean sts tee Ban 113. Prom 8 hee Stchang of ore pews io cag eur ad ca ae % us 34011 Applications of mes with tank oad of = 04s camp he sation ee 7re ressre with depth (ce Fa 16) matches the aration of ae ath is controlled "Sn sl as ed Cth lie ses pat icon rvimianes cree of psc mt asic oon i. ‘Ronsng tothe Cum ey ml the efkctve tes pth al by ea(wenty oye sin ee tress ratio at ment ding undrained loading at which plastic stains Pinu ay neconenlccotmencfcivestess andi a ‘nce he eflsie ss path has pase a yl race path hs pase hough hen the fective sts atc Fig 115} lati anaes are no one str ald bocaseyelog 4 / | a I _ " =f 2 / 112 Crear oad om sf cla foundation sot ents of si havea ower tifa for continued increas in shears than the scrouning sil lates, However ao log sso ese Proportion ofthe ol beneath the load ha reached te anges "ota srs calevlatd om the elastic nse prove a easonuble et stat ofthe ca tess path The tl sess path BCD show Staab ia Fig. 115 ba the altratve dotted lnm € ne ada 4 eine of he uosentsny I can be suppoied anyway that the change 'n lope of th tol steep at Cs fea ama than the change a sloe ofthe ftv srs path at Ca ttn oman thecal ae Assuming that the tol sess changes are inde stil ive bythe lai basis, we can caeulate the ees pote previa nn) depth ster some ying hs oesurted from the changes of toll and techng ian stein. Fr a surface lod fhe ftal mean sh some depth sin be determined fom penta. (140) the evator sen can be determine fom maine fon) Th eetive mean ses 9 can be dads mpi fom (11.9 fut non "spit sine fonction of mean eatin ss) and then th arent fxs pre pres =n) 09) uy ‘This exces pore presse i now made up of two pats one de to te ‘ppb change in total mean ses and the other dc tothe chage festive mean stes which iste comequen of iekdng bang ssc For example ats srice load (14 5kPa thes ard pth 3/006) has ded, ad the eure of aration fens gore esse with depth Fig. 16 shows a smal bia this dept This deh 21 which ing tt hog ithe eat ofa combination ot noes Me pat sry ofthe sl which kas to tnd ince ate, tinal yell loss with depth (Fig 11.2) andthe apd loading, ich (asi sparen frm Fig 114) produces the pratt shenang of the sl rats and ote eet areas in hs depth cou og out thee-quirts ofthe rads ofthe norm loaded spe Noe tht ying ad fire are in oneal ute Bint sess of he mechani behaviour of soi The ont of Yelling cortaponds to ' ropes of the si bat inert anal te fn 11 aoe the element beneath the ciel load (Fg. 11) i the pcg tthe flv ses path through the ini eld Toc aC signin fr “by | Kereta ene aly roan Adi de an tn tee eh Soa eee rea e caen ‘The basic assumption of the critical state ome ‘that a state is 36211 Appleone of mals au ‘Changin ys fom dines twin changin etl ole ‘ant ada tol reo - w= 8e,—3e, (1115 reais ht ding this contin fontaine are 7 fo, = 80,= 5p (ns) sn ngs fl vel es ad oa ma ta ae ‘Micha emit the al wt ah ps thal te pre cur chan ae oh hangs nal ean Ss a ace De change tl vera ses f=, “Te elline ses stat samt cans, 0 DY and En Fig 15) are I em ph can move ra a these pin However te tle al os onsant ¢tDEin Fig 113) a ian not obo OS 112 Crear oad om sf clay foundation 163 tis stage Hower, Gite cement ‘ect ol ses heath sure ‘oil model used, whereas the chanse in horizontal total seen ae ng oe dependent on the particular model which contos how rch resntans against tera deformation he sol able to pro tee ae {seg Cristian, and Whitman, 196; Burtand 1971) Ay hse oe this provided by the fac ht ebange 'nayses show tht the change in load ate rather independent othe ‘etal tess sil give by elaine. whereas the tat henry es ats itself 0 that tere iso at change a devo sa auain 1.19 then pis thatthe rast wh pore proms deen ‘ith coming incease of suas lad be fee aun Avasarfice load ¢=204Ps, he sot has acho rl ate benoen septs ol ‘shout 15 and Stand has yelled dow to about Pon Pag of excess pore pase wih dept is shown in Fig He Apo te tha the poe presues tha are en result conan Fesen ses path with past hist: catideration only of elec ‘ol streses is insulin to dese the response ofthe wl Egat isnot pose to ay thax parca sl cement willbe cal «plastically fom koowdge oly a ts pat istry ts nas ae, {0 know how ti tobe lade 0 that itis poet estimate aoe the rastion fro elastic to plastic responses kel to seer an on ‘noi outs This wil be apparent apun when simple caleltins ot ‘iments ae onside in Seton 1122 Another way of dpaying the oration of pore prste generation ste ons of. lling at india pois shown a Fg It Dang the conventional unraned taxi compresion tet show in ig tt ‘Stange in deviate ste and aka ft sires Ay ae ential ad "he ttl stress path is slope 44/5p= 3. Inia, the change pone eur equal othe change in ot mean sie anda plot a choos ‘pre pressure agit change in aaa ss or deviaor ste sone 54 JBC in Fig 180) Once psig hepnn, tare a stu increase in the ate a which poe resins develop wth free ‘acc in ail stress (CD in Fig 118). Enon ithont an ee iormation during the tt, the oserenc of yd cule esa om the efistve ses patho the pore prsure chang 3641 Applcton of modes theyre preset lament X (Fi 11) 8 monitor wh sts sued cence ten feng oF [rouge baste fom shown Fig 1185 Feo ‘Rte Beihai pin at Cute etn and, mtd ear at ‘coup may ot may mt hve tsm giant fed y Be thedoe 0b cat ie bultyte Nowen Geena sto a to he el Tang ee seamed Hose Prec anc ccah {et st hum ier Wi Aneta an Ries 1 112 Chea taal on sft clay foundation us Anerson Roe (169) and by Paery and Woot (1981 A pica ‘cton trough one dul test iis show in Fig 11, ogee with lhe obserd pore presse chang meaniod at four pins beta the A These pots are the observed equa of Fi 18h The te Hl ad {op rads of Sm and ie slope of I. With mean cas 6230 for an equiva uniform sure Toad (Fig 11.1, the depth 3m of he piezomees a Fig. te correspon to 4 ratio 2/4018, From the urs ig 14a hs depths, = 056, whores the measure rate of inti ners in ore presse wth applied sure oad forthe eos ‘on the ecetne in Fp 11 is 038, “The dscsin hs 0 ft been tri to sees onthe eatetne feieularoud whee changes fsteesv are axl symetic At ements dibs ening, conditions are etait ail sya compare Section 1042} However, the sol Bees itropcaly and ately ‘efor il. then whatever the change in oa stress evn they ate ‘otation of principal a, the five sts pth boul sow no change in mean elective sto (ee Chapter 2 and the poe pes chnges ‘sl tll be equal tothe change in toa mun sess preted hy fhe lati anasis Further ables in Poulos and Dave (973) have to be ons or elements of the cent, bat Hope (196) show that slsicaculationsof hein pore prs delopment ee to prove {teasonable estimate of the seed response both om an olf the ssielin. Asie conlsion x dren by Clase (1972) ad Clausen 6 (1984) for another eld loading test st Mase, Nova. Equation (1.17)and Fi 1.85 sow tha the ime lope a he plo forces pote presi ages apd surice loud for paul pit the centeline shoul be equal tos, once thecal teas foe ‘sched a that pont Fors =m, on te cents at Axum, =) = O48 fd, fom Fig 14, o,=0919, wheres the obvered final slope in Fg 11.8 i Jul8!= LI to this raion, the caution fas cetaily ecome too simpli In elit, natu ly such tha at Rerum ‘nil show some strain sfeing. associated wit oe of strate ome | lulu state hasbeen reached Lerouc, Magnan and Tavens 1985) 1122 lng and inode setemsnt Desin of foundation usally seguir & chsk that the foarsation wil ot each an atimate ii tts hit wl ot alle ner the appli! los. Such aealglation, which ques Knowle of| the stength of the soi, i tpl based nthe theory of panty, sulying mechanisms of collapse suchas that in Fi 117 (ee. ae Alison, 1981 Hower iiss necessary tenure tht he ouation 36611 Arenas does at dom so ch unr working aha ve witout al coltping i acer serait Inst nd asso prom he fencons or ih chs ben onic. Trina sates Calan have dnd he tal element int we compe imme mdse stdement and long conslavon semen {rossi wi te cinnon ef eau pore poms Tareas a5 iTreet 980 songs tat dingo geen sacs ely companied by agian pore ree sipatn, 0 tat he {Sumpibn of nl undeel codon ino cy. Howe Gavtton of soil chair nie sch partly eb condition, Sinn be aticed wiht wumetal niu suc tov eel fa Seclon 113 fr the singe asion oe pete! Bo he Cadionleparatn fied and longterm ec sees Caio of stent are tpl permed sng an ci ania Har (19601 for empl shown ta be stent a be lnc ofa norm sd as onthe sre of 2 emit mss ‘Toop late silo shear moti @ and Poss ativan be Sat, a9 sere the apie sr oa net of he ode ae. 20 12s tines interne aco whan vale depen on he sap a 7 8 VA: 142 Clear fad on soft clay furdavon or Tbe 112 Vea! rans Boeath ena lad “Teac rial sae Contino vil aw GO wo TFetokPa C= 1asers “ies ct component p eta panic pons thelouded atc. Fora dtl loaded area of rad Ifo agua loaded aren of side 2a.l,= 1.122. and for rectangular fade atch 22k t, varie approximately insaly wih Inbja (Fg. 119} The ‘etlemea atthe core ofa ectanglar loaded ar is al he sets 8 the cenit given by (19, The stlament atthe edge of a cicuur leaded area i 2x = 0637 times the stietent atthe centre ven by on. Consider the circular tank in ig 11.1. 1 was noted inthe previous ‘ccton that for an applied surfs load ¢=10KP the efkcve sss ‘hanes lie catily within the ial yield loi unde eonseyuerly accompaase ony by els deformations, The vel tsiny occurring stench dep can be called rome mn 6 (During axisymmetric constant volume deformation, axl strains and Urinal sbear strains afe ies) For the purposes of calelton of semen the si neath the tank might be did nto 4 numberof lies cach 2m thik the date strsine ae then exami (119) trom the changes deviator sues curing 2 the midepth of ec layer. Tse ar abut inthe send column of able 112. Summing Seformations oer Sve layers, to a depth sa 2 and tetig the ves in Table 112 a5 representative of the average sain in eich ier we a sina the else setement ofthe cente of the rela tank te 2.1m, using G = 00KPain( 1.19} However using (118) wth = 05 for coniant volun deformation, we eka a setdement p= Sm ‘The estimate based on the deformation ofthe top 1m of to thus bout per cant o0 low The reson for this ero apparent fom stody of Fig 114 the maximum alu of 3 ~ 84/3, about O58 at Simesinles depth s/4075, and bat only fallen fo about half ths faye cr) 36811 Applications of models Value at 2ja=2, which fo the tok frais Sm coresponds toa dep {of Tm. The change ofthe she tes app Yo the sol tes Sioicut a reat dept in the sian si condos at get ph may need fo Be ake ino account when eating elements, ‘When the appli sulice las nceased to 14S, the soi nye around the depth starts to deform pastas Fi 1.9. The srs coh doth ate tabulated in Tle 11.2 the lai psi Cam ly roa snow equal texts thesis where ying as one ‘The lage pase contrbaton to the sian a depth in prods a setement of 449mm inthe lye Between depts of 2 and, which (tthe same order atthe ft lsc selement of 40mm ells ‘over the top 1m, From (18) atta eae setlement of 725m Salles, allowing fr the soil at peter depth, The stasis is {hen 17m, of which 3 percent oxutinte top 1D, The osurence of ying thus has major efi in concentrating deformation neat the suace The oceatenee of ylldng ao mates the cle aals ‘neresinpynlevant the setlement of 117mm souk be atte wo ‘ufo clastieso wlshear moduli redase fom SOO4Pa to 3094s ‘ut hiss nt help way of eaping fom the ali of ieecoverable plstic deformations and. would ive @ lke mpresion about the Aistbution of sein wits Spt in the si “The src load of {= M SAPs that ha Ben eachal in thee spe seulement efeuations evidently prety low: However, ths aleltion Droste, im which the estimation of tt stress changes i couple From the dsrpion of testes stein response of he 0, ek soon arany si element onthe cence is suppoua a have each 112 Crear ladon sf clay fandation 1 "coal state For the sol actually 1 reach tala seat stats ad corssponingl iit setoments woul have to ota For ier toads a mor rigorous for a anaes cannot be avo ata rom another fd Toning tet performed by the Norwegian ‘Geotechnical Intute at Mastensy, bout ISkim soit of lo hane been presented by Causen (197) ad examined by Clan et. 1984 Atul tt illo base damater 200 war costed sia to hat 1 As. The extensive lnstrameaation ofthe sl beneath the ls ‘neladed settlement gauges at various pots ncladng two at del 2.3m and am, more or fs on the eel of theft fil The relate Seement ofthese two gauges have born converte to vera ssa (which for axisymmetric undid conditions are Metal to ail shear stuns) and plotted against he appl sure lu n Fig (110. emight be dated tha yen has cured somewhere on th ghtae length at src oad of about ISKPs Ths gauge mgt which vende over adnan of 3.7m does not provide partouly resipit pining ofthe occurence of yk. However, thi sage example dor iste the princi that eng sul be deel rom Fld observations of strains ay well as fom fl obsrations of exces pore poms igs 11860) 123 Viling and coetcien of conliaion ‘The immetiate undated stemeat aris ws e esl of the searing ofthe Si at constant volume beneath the suse toaing when ‘ths loading applied rap” This shearing accompanied by the reneraton of excess pote pret If the load kept commas thats is pore pressures site, and farther sans oner athe fete sess inthe sol incest, Thi isthe process Knows consolation sf sot a tine dependent diuson of pore presses with fw of water down grains of exces pore prewar, The rte at whch water ca flow though the soil under sven presue grain depen on the embity of he sd Ne Mow of water ino or ot of a cement ‘els na chang in volume ofthat elsment associ with change in festive sess, The complet lak betwen volume hangs nd changer infective steve requires u model ofthe srt stn behaout of the solsuch as the ene platic rel esrb here ‘The orginal development ofthe Heery of sonldation of sal by Teraph (1923) consideted only the on-dtenioa tine sependent Melos of os that could be observed in an ameter To hiss ‘necimensonal consolMation theory, the rate of iilson. of pore ese perturbations though the soi charaterian bya eect of 31011 Appaions of mols contol é am hich is ratio of pemesbity & fo o-cale cotiient of volume ompeesbly m, This coe! ms «ratio of inetement of verti Sean oinormen of verte ete sess in an odometer test an i thus one dimensional oe conioedcomplanse. The sul of oedomet tests are ws presenta pls of eqliviam sample eight o speci oltme aginst vert ftv stesso (Fg 312). The Bg ofthe ‘ample at al ns dcty proportional to the pei volume v of te {oi The escent of volume compress ton =the ibe,” ee, {in onedmctsionldefortion, eta stl and yume tana tia Tn Section 23, yielding ia oodometer tens was asocated wih the ‘creo the vera tv srs beynd the sae preconsailation| Pressure 2. This yd point seen sn. onedimensinal deformation Fepresents aso pint oh the ll sce fortes ut asks te {tension inthe oot sts btwn sl nd le si sponse The ompresity my scary not fades constant so parame Since i mn depend om cobsldation hstry "hs noted Sexton 3.3, detection af ths el points fen fasted by plating the euls of asdometer tots with taste tess ani {Fig 3120) In Saxton 42, we noted that one ofthe advantages of ploig ‘onipesson data in rch sem lgaritmi compesion plane was tha the data of eon. for steis below the prcomsalidation pres {fat athe data of normal compression, foe sees eae tht the rccmliaton pressure o> 2, a8 olen found to leon appro nae stagh ines ese ics wee there deserted theexpesions =n ~ilny (23/4209 for norma compresion and ™ quan 112314308) for unloating and roading Hits sumed that changes in wean flete Stes and eri eflive ates ae away in eomsanproporiae| ‘lring one-dinesionlcompretsion(ottstanding the dscasion of ‘Section {032} then (1.21 eun be combined with the dleretil fms ‘F(t 2) and (1123 to tle te vale of mothe ote fundamen foil parameters and 142 Ghealar load on ft lay owndaion om “Te deel or of 1120 is a teaid vai aus so hat doing normal eompreson, ad (nas) and fom (1120 the coat of comition is 126 wan 28) 129 ‘Ore consequence of thee expresions i that foe changes in veri foie stesswhichle iter ents blow the recossiationpesare ose te yell src) or ently above the presentation pres the value ofthe compresibitym, is oughly nner proportional fo me ay nt cay Me Sem 37211 Application of males the eftive te, Hower, a he veri flv srs pases thaugh the preonslidation pres e,, though Hee i bo sudden change in specie volume por etka fective steer, thers mae nrc in, a th sponse ofthe sil changes rom sts, oven byw (11.28, to elas pls pls gover by £1128, The permet of sii egly governed by the size ofthe pores the void ratio oF specie volume ofthe oi the permeability theeore tateafcoaoldaion asteasived by thecoeticeate, [1 26}4n4(1129) surface. Such © drop in c, is @ famine eatuee ofthe interpretation af conventional csomete test els Fig. HI Th used aes ot fecase thre Isa change in the ate a which pore ‘ater an lw to dsipate exces pore press ~ this scone bye ‘ters bing expel fom the ol fora given ebange in ellative tem 25 the si isto collapse wodee continued loading. The coeticient o consolidation cf no1 saisactory parame for dsring movement ‘fpore water in geveral ansentprblens 1 ore fundamental approach 4s the vole ofthe So changes (AL-Tabbaa apd Wood. 1987) opt with a complete elective tose mod of the si reponse which ‘kontialyndcate the volumes fhe ol unde any change in suesses and heaceproduss «proper coupling ofthe ese ses ‘hanger and the oof water in the so Ofcous, hs ore fondue proach i ily Yo rogue numeral anaes eu a those deseo fn Secon 11.3 and by Leroul, Magnan and Tavenas (985) 1124 Yielding and longterm setanent Estimation ofthe tment tat accompa the isiaton of acess pore presses eis some measie of silts (0 asolte With the changes etn ss A simple approach othe estimation of is long-term seen! might seam case alist etna the change in toa vertical seston loudig. equate this the change in vera ‘eters that occas om conoidtion, sp se data from oedomete tests to estate the coesponding vert san, Stch a procedure ‘ignores the fact that, at shown in Section 1121, the exe por Pressures that ae geetated during undried loading ae In geal ferent fom he inereren oft vertical ses, and i the ane 112 Chea ladon sf lay findation m fiom excess pote pressure to eevee that causes the long-term ‘ore plausible approach tht of Skempton and Bjtrum (1957) They props, is. ht the changes of oa sts should be eae rom an elastic nays and secon, that the excess poe presaethat is pneated shouldbe calultd from thes al ses changes using pe prenre equation Soton 16, w= Hap +49) (3096 146) ‘which forthe rela load being considered hers, cam te write se = AEE 4) wisn whew « and bare socalled pore prose purmsters and b= { for ‘Siated soil Thi hey propose thatthe selene po layer total thickmes 1 n which these pore resus are dnsputing ca be ‘slat fom the nepal aus here ales of the compressibility m, ate taken fom oedomster et ‘Thott two Haws in he lope of ti approach, however On the one tan, the pore presure parameter ai (1130) and (1131 i nt wi onstat It was demonstrated in Seton 54 tht it valoe depends on| the ses history of the soi and the imposed sires chunges: thi Wat sown again is Section 1121 and Fip 11 whee i emerged tha the sisruton of pore pessure wih depth Senthil load dpe onthe extent which eng occurs the Bonet that loath On| the oer baad, the otemen that crs dung the dspation of pore ese isnot theres of enedamensonldeormaton ofthe so x the pcking of vas of, 8 (1.2) ows oedomete ests wou! eet toil isto eexpucted ha vers deformation wl be ecm by nteral deformations, es aleady been shown in Seton 112.1 eat tbe Cam clay mods (ocanyotber este plastic mods) can be usc in place af (119) and (01.1) 1 estimate the pve pressure tha ate seer whet the il Joaded without ranage The sume model can be sed in plac of ge ‘ale of ia (132) etme the eta runs and hens the ete "eis hat accompany the dsipaton of thee pote peut The exaniple a's crea tank oma dep laer of sof cay shown in Fig TL can be considered forth. The immediate vera stat suing atthe eet of he cop ve 2m ayes sol on the stein oF the tank were abated is Table 11.2 Tor applied oud of 1OKPa and 3741 Appin of motels 145k, Alife dep the ftv sts state wl ve propresed erent tances along an undid efetve sts path, sich as BCD! {n'Fig 113, Soppow, for spit, that the total sires remo changed during the dsiation ofthe poe pressures generated by th ‘dried here ae thre pont th elective stress pats fellow at any dept a the excess pore pressures sia. The spl posi hat nie the waded lading wor the disipation of hcess pre presuns produ an efesive sues at ing beyond the iat fed Sac (B'S in Fig 11120) The second posit ha, ‘thu thc undtaine loading emt csti, tbe proces of dsipton| tl excess pore prenure takes the eect ses sate through he nil el locas (a on path Ria Fig 11128) The tied poss th {he undained loading cna ding of he ofa Cin Fig 11120) an pansion ofthe yells and thatthe ete conselation proces “compared by plas deformations (in Fig. 1-129, “The apled oad of FOKPa caus no yl fhe othe ua seating wns psy late, turns ot hat wth yield ofthe elite Shape assumed in the Cam clay mods, dspation ofthe exces pote ‘resres tp by tisoad abo causes no ylding ofthe sol (Fig, 1.12) The vera sci at each depth aie purely from cite wom strains associated wih ness i eam ellsive ste these vert Strains te tabled in Tale 1.2 The dstruton of pore pressure it The same os the cht dsibution of total mean sts, in Fig 114, hich decay rapidly with depth. Although the expe si lyers may ‘Shnubutsigieay othe veri sean wick proguethe immediate ‘Steentoft fo, hey dot provide 8 mar comtbution tothe Consolidation stent For the aple loa of OKPa, the consolation Seulement isclelated to be 238m, compared withthe immedi elemeet of 50mm aust rom (1118) [Te etn tess chang ‘Scoring unde hs ood aren elsif would not be inconsistent (Gesealae the foal stem f 73m om (118) sing am ipl ‘alc of Poon’ ratio r= 026] The apled lod of 14 SKPa cise ing ofthe so only a ph of around ix. Howser, disspation of the pore presurs ger by the application ofthis lad produces changes in efetive ste fehich break trough hefty lee tall depths upto about 6m UAcaround 3a depth, the efetve tess path is of the PE shown Fig IL 125 atoterdepheabovemitisotheform shown in Fi 110, tt! below about €m i once apnn ofthe for sow in Fi. 1.12, ‘As son a the elective stem path mets the cure it le, ls tomate strains asociaed wth change in meas else ste ae 112 Chaar tad om sof tay fandaion os ‘companied by plc vole sank a posi sey ‘owl wiht puso be eae The nse maps ora rte pe ew sine St direction of the normal to the plastic potential (yield i i ct eng he ing ee aim thers ah sce in Table 11.2. The contribution of the deeper la be ovr ee mane deeper ye othe ve ‘en smile Thew yest sph rvs ae tanh de he tank ae ot ugh to yu lg tedster ae 37611 Aplin of adel pressures The conto tnt is ced oe 1804 ad {dominated the cotton of paises, compre With the imme setlement end the oad of 17m "Fh Camclay ml hat a sn wo rhe etme altos is Nov patclry sophiiesed mode and th caine ate Sona hand caution, Nevers, docs stony Das ‘Staneains of sts tory and stew path nt the dection of Spproprat shoves te efor estmation of stlements The ‘Romain tha ccs feat be sete of cal Toad ay be Pill symm bt its eanly tone meson oda bane omens dimensional lading fois incerta cannot Desiecty taovmt Seton of an appropri value of volume compres, ‘oot becifa teae the dps of ying be expt unr he lal sow pts mould be uncer uns eid a losin ‘One obvious cm hat ca be vl a he we ofthe Cam ey tmdel or cacao sch th ht the hae ofthe Ca ay Jie oun Pi 1.12 bas ile ween he sap fl st Tt have tes bsred experimental fv str ays Figg 315 al STS tower, tbe mai dneratce between he assumed an ober Jie! flee ar suas sas bow the soe dipetsionl normal ompeenion lin, bers the else sts ats that are generate || the tank loading of Fag 1-1 ad sown i general way ta ig 11.10 | inersct the yc lous wel above thine Acta is oly the shape ‘lhe prt ofthe eld locus dae wth asi ine in Figs Hand 15 that has fected th saleltion the shape eewhore materi bene ‘he dhe ls a lower ses ratios i hese Hautes 113 tite element analyses of geotechnical problems "There is Ings consistency in using an clastic anal ‘etme foal sts paths and an else plashie model to estimate di Goreponding, pore penis or afecine stoses and sine. The “proach has he advantage of uncoupling the two prof the ealelatin tnd canbe aston route of Spay but 9 of gout Han fatelatons, sch a thove deserted in the prcnows sections sing ‘Camclay noel canbe performed for lems that ae udergoing sn Inodes of deformation sch a axially symmtee deformation ot pei plane sain deformation without fuation of pencipal axes. Hower While somes elements may te deforming in ck special modes io | Teal geoecbical stun, many more cements ate excebing ma reir rsdoans Ext ales of eal problems sing rel sil mod 113 ie cement analyses an have 1 be pesformed numerically on computes, mot commonly by 2 ‘The fine cement method is desebod by Zienkiewke (197) a“ !natially defied statements. The mathemadkaly defined statement for {tcc problems ste the equations of eguieiam and of fo (or problems involving movement of pore wate equation of computiy (of deformation, boundary condi, and, of cous, uations of ‘tessa bchavior which ink sree atari. this ston, Ste semen! anases ofa number of eect pons ate eset belly 10 show how ease plaste modes of ol Bebaviot ca be pl to practical ase. Further inrmation tous the fate een ohnigue ‘an efoundintheooksby Livesey (1983) an Brittoasd Gana( 1957) AL Iohomogences within a isi tet specie Alto iis wsualy assumed that the tail test provides securte nfrmationconsring the sresstrin behavior of sige "semen o oi «nome of actors ma ead ole aon eiorites ‘0 thatthe eter obervatons of strenes and deformations provide ly an average decipion of the respanve of the soi One case of Ina nom toy thera proved y the fp and bottom end plats (Fig. 1.13). Unlee the sll sample wibes deform one ‘Smsonsly without ltr! stan, any asa compen f the sample = sosompans by ral expansions if the sample 10 remain unre, this eal expansion most oer over the fll height of the sample ‘cing, npc, hoes Fig 11150) Ha gi hat the Solis tay tuck to the ond platens, then radi movement at the eade "not possible, nd he soi sample has to are Fig 11) an come ovo, wih deformation concentra at th con. Tiakia ot tne sometines perform wih eelarged,iubicated caus (Fig 11.134) owe and Barden, 1964 16 encourage uniform detonation. Ton a sample provided with such seouh ends my till dorm ie 12 4) a oe a sab ep {Ste ia st a pl S781 Applations of models conduct son anor dnl tet ee wih he tt con io a ew fo oo be mp pr te sok sing te domes ra wh he Caney mod ta dace Sows chou he ol comm tay tc a ony sry tap Soc utero hn ond th son int at sect we Se acted he ta eof te samp ar abe Stn oniorn noosa sae dae condos ne imc nyo thong tn ae hh Hatt Remmi pcn w enete ‘ems san af at Th amg some Thuile abe Wel cy bs eprint ita ne ‘Su scompee Spray mod ee ed np in cig te thin of Wea sy. Date Savtosompeion an wting peed yen (93) (ha) “esi theo al men {38 12006 ad of slope a he agg ne 0001, Te pion of ep oa caps ae a opresion ln i 68am be ed ode he met Fo Citas et ches ne a ca ae on 113 Pine coment anaes a = 1RPa [6104611 Cater quotes vabe P= 20875 value for he dst shear mola isrequd bt, esse i the simple campy in Secon 1.2 plat stains dominate overcast stats the sod Yen and the preie value of ha ite iflacnes om piled ‘spose: Carer quotes vale G = 3000KPa decd fom he fil "pose of undid ial testo Wea ay The pe Mo the 10" Fas were assumed, as shown by the uct arrows in Fig 11340 The emonkment load was appa in the anys by inctesing the it weight of the sol inthe to embunkment laments (ig. 1.37 wth time shown in Fig. 134 The numerical analy rose wth 25 lime steps, chosen a intervals to follow the rapily deceuing Fate st which eomsoldation events develop 6 tps of T day. 4 of 10 das 10 of 100 days and 3 of 100 days ‘Comparions ofobsrationsol est embankment Bat Cubesele-Ponts wih numeric preictons made uit the etic panei model ste Soren in Figs 11482-1145, The changing pre of the sue of he sal under he enbankent issbowa in Fi, 112. Aer about 200 di the ‘measured and compote als onthe centri asia hows, th 114 Pinte element analyses ws ‘measured semen tly oeur faster than computed andi aheays| ‘sore concentrated undo the cet ofthe embankment When the stlemens that develo wih tne in fret layers the sof lay beneath the embankneat are compared (Fig 114 theses shear that bslow a depth of asthe easunments au computations agree suite loseyn terms ofthe rates a he mates of selene te pre layer the measured semen osu nach moe ap han ‘comple, td inthe top 2m the measured Tonge seenent ch fester than that computed. Computed vations of horizontal movement wth depth and in ae ‘compared with measurements madeith an nclnometr installa encath the toe of the embankment in Fig 1144 although the magni of horizontal movement are of he same ont after about 200 day te {ER Fee one yt wean 40611 Applications of models iin assed boron movenent oocus mich fesse than

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