IMAP | FINALS
NON - METALS
I. WOOD
WOOD MANUFACTURING - is a process that
involves transforming raw lumber into
products or components of a larger product.
The manufacturing process can involve sawing,
planning, drilling, shaping, sanding, and finishing.
 SAWING - one of the most common forms of
wood manufacturing. It involves cutting the
wood into various shapes and sizes. Sawing can
be done by hand, but most often it is done
with a sawmill. Sawmills can use a variety of
saw blades, including circular saws, bandsaws,
and chainsaws, to create custom shapes and
sizes for the desired product.
 4 TYPES OF SAWING
- FLAT SAWN/PLAIN SAWN
- QUARTER SAWN
- RIFT SAWN
- LIVE SAWN
 PLANNING - The purpose of planning is to
make the wood smooth and even. This is
done by running the wood through a planer,
which removes small amounts of wood at a
time. Planers can come in different sizes and
shapes, depending on the type of product being
made.
 DRILLING - a process where holes are made
in the wood. This is usually done with a drill
press but can also be done with hand tools. The
types of drills used will depend on the type of
product being made and the size of the holes
needed.
 SHAPING - process of forming the wood into
the desired shape. This can be done with a
variety of tools, such as routers, chisels, and
hand planes. The type of tool and the type of
wood will determine the type of shape that can
be achieved.
 SANDING - the process of removing material
from the wood by using abrasive materials.
This is usually done with sandpaper but can
also be done with power tools. Sanding is done
to make the wood smooth and can also be used
to remove imperfections or stains.
 FINISHING - Finishing is the process of
applying a protective coating or sealant to
the wood. This can be done with varnish, stain,
lacquer, oil, or wax. Finishing can be done with
a brush, a spray gun, or a power buffer.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD:
 COLOR - As the basic use of wood is to make
furniture and decor items for the house, colour
and appearance play a vital role in
choosing a variety of wood. But the colour of
the wood varies from type to type.
 LUSTER - Another physical property of wood is
its lustre. Luster refers to the tendency of
elements with the reflection of light.
 ODOR AND TASTE - We commonly observe
different odours from different types of
wood. For example, the sandalwood and the
rosewood give a nice aroma whereas the other
timber woods may give some tobacco odour.
 DENSITY - The density of wood refers to its
mass per unit volume. Based on the weight of
the wood sample, the density of wood
changes. Different types of wood have different
densities.
 HARDNESS - Hardness refers to the strength
of the wood also the resistance or the
capacity of wood which can stand strong for a
long time after being affected by several factors.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD:
 COMPRESSION - The compression of wood
depends on the directions of applied forces,
like:
 perpendicular to wood grain
 parallel to wood grain, and
 an angle to the wood grain.
 TENSION - The tension is very effective on
wood when it is parallel to the wood's grain.
 BENDING - Based on the load put on the wood,
bending may occur. It shows the strength and
stability of wood even if the load is
increased in a parallel direction.
USES OF WOOD
 For Construction And Buildings
 For Furnitures
 For Creating Art
 For Insulation
 For Heating
 For Musical Instruments
 For Sports Equipment
 For Ship Building
 For Children Toys
II. PLASTICS
PLASTIC is a material consisting of a wide
range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic
compounds that are malleable and, therefore, can
be molded into solid objects. Plasticity is the
general property of all materials that involves
permanent deformation without breaking.
TYPES OF PLASTICS
 THERMOPLASTIC
 THERMOSET PLASTIC
USES OF PLASTICS
 PACKAGING - Plastics are extensively used in
packaging materials due to their lightweight
nature, durability, and ability to preserve
the freshness and quality of products.
Plastic packaging is commonly used for food
and beverages, personal care products,
pharmaceuticals, and household items.
 CONSTRUCTION - Plastics play a crucial role in
the construction industry. They are used in
pipes, fittings, insulation materials, roofing
sheets, flooring materials, and window
frames. Plastics offer advantages such as
corrosion resistance, low maintenance
requirements, and energy efficiency.
 AUTOMOTIVE - Plastics are widely used in the
automotive industry to reduce weight and
improve fuel efficiency. They are used in
interior components like dashboards, seats,
door panels, and exterior parts such as
bumpers and body panels. Plastics also
contribute to enhanced safety features in
vehicles.
 ELECTRONICS - Plastics are essential in the
electronics industry for manufacturing
components like computer casings, mobile
phone bodies, circuit boards, cables, and
connectors. Their insulating properties help
protect sensitive electronic parts from
damage.
 MEDICAL - Plastics play a vital role in the
medical field due to their biocompatibility
and sterilizability. They are used in medical
devices such as syringes, catheters, implants,
prosthetics, surgical instruments, and drug
delivery systems.
 AGRICULTURE - Plastics find applications in
agriculture for irrigation systems, greenhouse
coverings, mulch films, crop protection
materials, and storage containers for fertilizers
and pesticides. They help improve crop yield,
conserve water, and protect plants from
pests.
 CONSUMER GOODS - Plastics are used in a
wide range of consumer goods, including
household appliances, furniture, toys, sports
equipment, clothing, and footwear. They offer
design flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and
durability.
PRODUCTION PROCESSES OF PLASTIC
 POLYMERIZATION - the process of
chemically bonding monomers (small
molecules) together to form long chains
called POLYMERS. This process is used for
producing thermoplastics such as polyethylene
(PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride
(PVC), and polystyrene (PS). Polymerization
can be achieved through various methods like
addition polymerization and condensation
polymerization.
 EXTRUSION - widely used process for
manufacturing plastic products with a
constant cross-section. In this process, plastic
pellets or granules are melted and forced
through a die to obtain the desired shape.
Extrusion is commonly used for producing
pipes, tubes, sheets, films, and profiles.
 INJECTION MOLDING - a highly versatile
process used for producing complex-shaped
plastic parts in large quantities. It involves
injecting molten plastic into a mold cavity
under high pressure. Once the plastic cools
and solidifies, the mold is opened to release the
finished product.
 BLOW MOLDING - used for manufacturing
hollow plastic products such as bottles,
containers, and tanks. The process involves
melting plastic resin and then blowing air
into a mold cavity to expand the molten
plastic against the mold walls.
 RATIONAL MOLDING - a process used for
producing large hollow plastic products such
as tanks, playground equipment, and kayaks.
The process involves rotating a mold filled
with powdered plastic resin in an oven. The
heat causes the resin to melt and coat the
inner surface of the mold, forming the
desired shape.
 THERMOFORMING - process used for
producing thin-gauge plastic products such as
packaging trays, disposable cups, and lids. It
involves heating a plastic sheet until it
becomes pliable and then forming it over a
mold using vacuum or pressure.
 COMPRESSION MOLDING - is a process used
for producing large, intricate plastic parts with
high strength. It involves placing a pre-
measured amount of plastic material into a
heated mold cavity and applying pressure
to compress the material into the desired
shape.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC
 DENSITY - Plastics come in many different
densities, from as low as 0.9 g/cm³ for foamed
plastics to as high as 1.5 g/cm³ for some
engineering plastics.
 TRANSPARENCY - Some plastics are optically
transparent while others are opaque and
block light. Many transparent plastics can
accept dye if you need them to be opaque.
 HARDNESS - Plastics can range from soft and
flexible to hard and rigid, depending on the
specific polymer and its processing.
 MELTING POINT - The melting points of
plastics vary widely depending on the type of
polymer. Some plastics have low melting
points and can be easily molded while others
have high melting points and require
specialized processing techniques.
 PERMEABILITY - Plastics can be permeable
to gasses and liquids, which can be an
advantage in some applications (such as
food packaging) and a disadvantage in
others (such as chemical storage).
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC
 Resistance to Chemicals - Many types of
plastic are resistant to industrial chemicals,
acids, and other corrosive substances. This
makes them useful in a variety of industrial
applications.
 Stability - Some plastics are sensitive to heat,
light, and radiation, which can cause them
to degrade over time.
 Flammability - Plastics can be highly
flammable, and many of them release toxic
gasses when burned. Flame retardants are
often added to plastics to improve their fire
resistance.
 Degradation - Some plastics can undergo
physical degradation, such as cracking or
fragmentation, even if they do not break
down chemically. This can be caused by
sunlight, temperature changes, or mechanical
stress, and can lead to the release of hazardous
plastic particles called microplastics into the
environment.
 Biodegradability - Some plastics, such as
polyethylene, are not biodegradable and can
persist in the environment for hundreds of
years.
 Recyclability - Plastics can be difficult to
recycle since they each have different
chemical compositions and properties.
III. PULP AND PAPER
PULP AND PAPER PROPERTIES refer to various
characteristics of pulp and paper products that are
essential for their quality and suitability for
specific applications. Some key properties include:
 FIBER TYPE - The type of wood or fiber used,
such as hardwood or softwood, can affect the
strength and appearance of the paper.
 FIBER QUALITY - The cleanliness and
uniformity of fibers are important for
smooth and consistent paper production.
 FIBER LENGTH - The length of pulp fibers
influences paper strength. Longer fibers
generally result in stronger paper.
 BASIS WEIGHT - It’s the weight of the paper
per unit area (e.g, grams, per square meter or
pound per ream) and indicates the paper
thickness and density.
 BRIGHTNESS - The level of witness and
brightness of the paper, often measured on a
scale, influences its visual appeal.
 SMOOTHNESS - The surface texture affects
print quality ad ink absorption.
 OPACITY - The ability of the paper to obscure
what’s printed on the reverse side is
important for double-sided printing.
 POROSITY -The property relates to the rate
at which liquids, like ink, are absorbed by
the paper.
USES OF PULP AND PAPER
 PRINTING AND WRITING - Paper is widely
used for printing books, newspaper,
magazines, office documents, and
stationery.
 PACKAGING -Pulp and paper are used for
manufacturing various packaging
 materials like boxes, cartons, bags, and
labels.
 TISSUE AND HYGIENE PRODUCTS - Paper is
used to produce tissues, toilet paper, paper
towels, and other personal hygiene
products.
 SPECIALTY PAPER - Pulp is processed to
create specialty paper such as currency
notes, filter paper, photographic papers
and more.
 CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
- Paper-based materials like cardboard,
gypsum boards, and insulation are used in
the construction industry.
PRODUCTION PROCESSES OF PULP AND PAPER
 PULPING - The process of converting raw
materials (such as wood, recycle paper, or
agricultural residues) into pulp. This can be
done through chemical, mechanical, or semi-
chemical methods.
 BLEACHING - Pulp is usually bleached to
remove impurities and achieve the desired
brightness and colors.
 PAPER MAKING - The pulp is diluted with
water, and additive like fillers, sizing
agents, and dyes are added. The mixture is
then spread onto a wire mesh, drained, dried,
and pressed to form to form the paper.
 COATING - Some paper products undergo a
coating process where a layer of chemicals or
minerals is applied to improve properties
like orientability, smoothness, or water
resistance.
 FINISHING - The paper may undergo
additional processes like cutting, folding,
embossing, or laminating, depending on the
intended use.
IV. GLASS
GLASS is made from natural raw materials (Sand,
Slica, Soda Ash and Limestone) that are melted
at high temperature to form Glass.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS
 LUSTER – Shiny and reflective
 COLOR – Glass is colorless
 SIZE AND SHAPE – Glass can be customized
 DENSITY – Lightweight but dense
 THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL INSULATORS
 MELTING POINT OF SAND to be made into
glass is roughly 1700 degrees celcius (3090
degrees farenheight)
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS
 FRAGILE / BRITTLE
 PLASTICITY
 MALLEABILITY
 NON – MAGNETIC
 OXIDATION – RESISTANT
 CHEMICALLY STABLE
PRODUCTION PROCESS OF GLASS
Steps in Production
1. Mixing - prevents dusting, ensures
homogeneity and increases melting efficiency
2. Melting - The mixture is then melted in a
furnace in order to homogenize the materials
all together
3. Forming - Using equipment, the molten glass
is then formed into the desired shape.
4. Cooling - Placed into room temperature water
or wait for it cool to solidify.
5. Finishing - This can be mechanical such as
grinding and polishing. Chemical treatments
may enhance the strength and durability.
V. CERAMICS
CERAMICS are made of Clay, Earthen elements,
powders, and water. Combined, molded into
shape, and then heated to finish the fabrication.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS
 LUSTER – Ceramics themselves are not
lustrous
 COLOR – Customizable; usually Earth – toned
or white
 SIZE AND SHAPE – Ceramics can be
customized
 DENSITY – Low in density
 THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL INSULATORS
 BAKING HEAT OF CLAY to harden into
Ceramics is roughly 1000 degrees celcious
(1832 degrees farenheight)
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS
 FRAGILE / BRITTLE
 PLASTICITY
 MALLEABILITY
 NON – MAGNETIC
 OXIDATION – RESISTANT
 CHEMICALLY STABLE
PRODUCTION PROCESS OF CERAMICS
Steps in Production
1. Mixing - Can be clay by itself or mixed with
other non-metallic earthen materials.
2. Forming - Using equipment, the clay is then
formed into the desired shape.
3. Baking / Firing - It is then baked into a kiln or
oven for usually 30 minutes.
4. Cooling - It is then left to rest after baking
process
5. Finishing - This can be mechanical such as
grinding and polishing. Chemical treatments
may enhance luster such as Ceramic Luster.
USES OF GLASS & CERAMICS
 Cookware
 Medicine
 Infrastructure
 Electronics
 Transportation
 Tools & Equipment
VI. RUBBER AND ELASTOMERS
RUBBER & ELASTOMERS is made from a natural
raw material extracted from Hevea Brasiliensis
Trees (Rubber Trees) or synthetically with
Petroleum and Natural gas. The main chemical
constituents of rubber are Elastomers, or “Elastic
Polymers” large chainlike molecules that can be
stretched to great lengths and yet recover their
original shape.
PROPERTIES OF RUBBER & ELASTOMER
 ELASTIC - can be stretched & elongated and
return back to its original shape with
deformation.
 RESILIENCE - can absorb energy and to resist
shock and impact loads.
 FLEXIBLE - capable of bending easily without
breaking.
 TENSILE STRENGTH - can withstand when
loaded in tension.
 COMPRESSION STRENGTH - can withstand
being compressed without deformation.
 THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL INSULATORS -
does not easily allow heat and/or electricity to
pass through it.
Production Process of Rubber & Elastomers
Steps in Production
1. Mastication - prevents dusting, ensures
homogeneity and increases melting efficiency.
2. Mixing - Carried out on machines similar to
those used in mastication, sometimes
immediately after softening.
3. Vulcanization - Cross-linking reaction by
sulfur that makes three-dimensional network
structures and gives rubber greater stability.
4. Shaping - Using equipment, the refined rubber
is then formed into the desired shape.
5. Curing - Curing is carried out in pressurized
steel molds, which are heated by steam or
electricity to temperatures at which the
interlinking reaction takes place.
USES OF RUBBER AND ELASTOMERS
 Toys
 Electronics
 Medicine
 Transportation
 Infrastructure
 Tools & Equipment
VII. COMPOSITES
Made up of two or more materials with
different chemical and physical properties. A
composite material is used to enhance the
properties of its base materials. Most man-made
composites combine high tensile Fibers that are
flexible, with a Matrix that forms the fibers into a
rigid structure that acquires the compressive
strength of the matrix material.
PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITES
 STRENGTH - can resist the externally applied
forces without breaking or yielding due to it’s
improved composition.
 RESILIENCE - can absorb energy and to resist
shock and impact loads.
 LOW DENSITY - Packed together with some of
space between them.
 FATIGUE RESISTANT - can withstand
repeated stresses.
 CORROSION RESISTANT - can resist corrosion
for a longer period of time.
TYPES PRODUCTION PROCESS OF COMPOSITES
1. Compression Molding
 Multiple mold components and inserts create a
cavity that is loaded with the material to be
molded. Molds are typically loaded in large
hydraulic presses and parts are cured under
high pressure and temperature.
 Excellent for producing small parts with
“allsides ” molded geometry.
2. Resin Transfer Molding
 uses a pump or a pressure pot to push it in at
much higher pressure with very short cycle
times.
 Typically RTM molds are either bolted
together or clamped in a large hydraulic press
with flat platens to keep the molds aligned.
3. Vacuum Infusion
 allow resin to travel through the part to
displace air and wet out the reinforcement and
core. It is still probably the best overall
manufacturing method for larger high
performance composite parts.
4. Open Molding
 is the process of “wetting out” dry
reinforcements with resin in a mold without
using any additional consolidation step.
USES OF COMPOSITES
 Electronics
 Infrastructure
 Transportation
 Tools & Equipment
WOODWORKING
It is the art of cutting, framing, and joining
timber or wood.
CARPENTER - A skilled craftsperson who
performs carpentry. Carpenters work with wood
to construct, install and maintain buildings,
furniture, and other objects.
Wood has inherent aesthetic beauty and very
desirable working properties…
PREPARATION OF WOOD
 Lumbering
 Logging
 Sawing
METHODS AND OR MANNER OF LOG SAWING:
A. Plain or bastard sawing - cutting the logs
entirely through the diameter a parallel cord
tangential to the annual rings.
B. Quarter or Rift Sawing - divided into four
methods; radial methods, tangential method,
quarter tangential, and combined radial and
tangential.
SEASONING OF LUMBER
Natural or Air Seasoning - considered as one of
the best methods in seasoning lumber although the
period involved is longer than the artificial method.
Artificial Seasoning - method adopted for quick
drying of the wood such as forced air drying, kiln
drying and radio frequency dielectric drying.
LUMBER AND OTHER RELATED PRODUCTS:
1. Veneer and plywood - are made of 3, 4, 7 or
more veneer slice that are laid upon the other
with the grain of each at right angle to those of
the sheets above or below.
a) Soft Plywood - most common for structural
use.
b) Hardwood Plywood - used for paneling
and finishing where usually only one face is
with hardwood finish.
c) Exterior or marine plywood - is made for
external use.
2. Hardboard/Pressed wood or fiber board - is
made from woodchips which are exploded
into fibers with high pressure steam.
3. Particle Boards - manufactured from wood
chips, curls, fibers, flakes, strands, shaving
slivers which are bound together and
pressed into sheets and other molded
shapes.
4. Laminated Wood - processed by sawmilling
and drying, knot and cracks are removed,
and the pieces are connected by finger
joints in fiber direction to create a wide and
long materials.
DEFECTS OF WOOD
 Checks - a lengthwise separation of the wood
like small crack or split
 Split/Shake - a lengthwise break or big crack
in the board.
 Knot - a branch or limb of a tree that has been
exposed as the log is cut into lumber.
 Decay - is the rotting of wood
 Warp - is any variation from a tree or plane
surface. It includes crack, bow, cup, twist, or
nay combination of this.
 Stain - is a discoloration of the wood surface.
JOINT
 JOINT - means the union of two or more
smooth or even surfaces, admitting two or
more pieces of timber to a close fitting or
junction.
 JOINERY - is the art of joint making. It may
include fastening and or shaping the pieces of
wood so they fit together neatly and securely

Groups of Joints
1. T joints - one piece joined at right angles to the
face r edge of another forming a T shape.
2. L joins - two pieces joined to form a corner
3. X joints - the pieces crossed over or fixed into
each other to form a cross.
4. Edge (-to-edge) joints - edges that are joined
to produce wide surfaces. It is used for top of
the tables, chairs, desks and other furniture
needing large surfaces.
5. Lengthening joints - two pieces joined end to
end.
6. Three-way joints - three pieces of wood joined
such as chair legs and rails.
7. Butt Joint - the end of one piece is fastened to
the surface or edge of the other. It is used to
make a simple box or to fasten two pieces at
right angles.
8. Lap joints - are mostly used to assemble light
frames which are going to be covered with
hardboard or plywood. Half the thickness of
each piece of wood to be joined is cut away with
a tenon saw and the joint is glued and screwed
or nailed. Halved lap joints are also used to join
long lengths of timber as for fencing.
9. Rabbet Joint - the first piece fits into a channel
cut across the end or edge of the second piece.
It is found in simple furniture and in some box
construcation.
10. Dado Joint - is good for shelves, steps,
bookcases, book racks, chests and other types of
cabinets.
11. Miter Joint - the corners are cut at an angle
usually 45 degrees. When the two pieces are
joined, they will form a right angle. As no end
wood is ever seen these are very neat joints but
they are weak. Normally used for picture
frames where they are nailed with panel pins.
When used for other purposes they must be
strengthened with glue blocks, angle braces or
loose tongues. Mitre joints should always be
glued.
12. Mortise and Tenon Joint - is one of the
strongest. It is found on better quality chairs,
tables and benches. The mortise is a hole made
partway through the side of one piece of wood
while the tenon is toughed-shaped to fit the
mortise at the end of another piece.
13. Dovetail Joint - is used on the corners of the
best drawers and chairs.
DIMENSIONING OF WOOD
 Lumbers are sold according to their
dimensions where thickness and width are
measured in inches and the length is
measured in feet.
 Prices of lumber sold are based on a unit called
BOARD FOOT which means a piece of wood 12
inches long, 12 inches wide and 1 inch thick
(12" x 12" x 1")
 To compute the total board feet in a piece of
lumber use the formula:
𝑻” × 𝑾” × 𝑳”
𝟏𝟐
 Where:
- T" = thickness in inch
- W" = width in inch
- L” = length in feet
- 12 = constant
WOODWORKING METHODS
1. Planning
a) Drawing and designing the project
b) Identify bill of materials
c) List the procedures
d) List tools and machines needed
2. Cutting - cutting wood to the right size and
shape can be done with a variety of hand tools
and machines.
3. Assembling - constructing the parts of the
project based on the planned design.
4. Sanding and Finishing - sanding removes
tools marks and make wood surface smooth for
finishing. Sanding should not begin until the
wood has been cut to its final size.
Maintenance of Woodworking Tools and
Machines
 Always use the right tools for the job.
 Clean the tools and equipment after using and
keep them in their right places.
 Apply lubricants or oil on the metal parts of
tools to prevent rusting and stuck-up.
 Keep all edges cutting tools keen or sharp.
 Never use tools with broken handles.
MACHINE, TOOL AND EQUIPMENT
I. MACHINES USED IN MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRY
 SHEARING MACHINE
- Also known as a metal shear or sheet metal
shear.
- It is a piece of industrial equipment used to
cut sheet metal or other materials with
straight, clean edges.
 DRILLING MACHINE
- Also known as Drill Press.
- A machine which is used to make a circular
hole, a tool used to drill the holes of different
size and other related operations using a drill
bit.
 PACKAGING MACHINERY
- Also known as packaging equipment or
packaging machines.
- It encompasses a wide range of machinery
used in various industries to package and
prepare products for distribution and sale.
- Types of Packaging Machines:
a) SEALING MACHINE - It includes capping
and heat sealing machines.
b) LABELING MACHINE - Under this kind of
machine is the Label applicators and
print and apply labelers.
c) CASE PACKAGING MACHINE
Automatically pack products into cases
or boxes for shipping and distribution.
 CNC WATERJET CUTTING MACHINES
- CNC Waterjet Cutting Machines are high-
precision cutting tools that use a high-
pressure stream of water mixed with
abrasive particles to cut through various
materials, including metals, composites,
stone, glass, ceramics, and more.
- This technology is capable of producing
intricate and precise cuts with minimal
heat- affected zones and minimal material
waste.
 WELDING MACHINE
- Welding is a fabrication process that
involves the joining of two or more pieces
of metal or thermoplastic materials by
melting them at the joint and then fusing
them together.
 LATHE MACHINE
- Lathes are metalworking machines that
rotate the workpiece to perform various
machining operations such as shaping
wood, metal, or other materials by rotating
the workpiece on its axis against cutting tools.
 MILLING MACHINE
- also known as the multi-tasking machines
(MTMS).
- It is a metalworking tool that uses rotary
cutters to remove undesired material.
Milling machines are commonly used in
industries like aerospace, automotive,
metalworking, and general manufacturing
for producing parts and components with
high precision and quality.
- Types of Milling Machines:
a) Vertical Milling Machine
b) Horizontal Milling Machine
c) Universal Milling Machine
d) Rotary Milling Machine
 GRINDING MACHINE
- A grinding machine is a machine tool
equipped with an abrasive wheel used for
producing fine finishes or making light
cuts on metals and other materials.
- Examples:
a) Bench Grinder
- b) Portable Grinder
c) Abrasive Belt Grinder
d) Swing Frame Grinder
e) Internal Grinder
f) Cylindrical Grinder
g) Surface Grinder
 SHAPER MACHINE
- Shaper Machine is a production machine in
which the single point cutting tools are
attached and the workpiece is fixed and
while moving forward the tool cuts the
workpiece and in return, there is no cut on
the workpiece and is used for producing flat
and angular surfaces.
 BROACHING MACHINE
- Broaching machine cuts, forms, and shapes
a variety of materials. It uses a toothed
tool or a broach to remove material from
the workpiece.
- Usually used to produce gears, holes, and
splines,
 - Classification of Broaching:
a) INTERNAL BROACHING - used for
machining interior surfaces such as
round holes, splined holes, and irregular
shaped holes.
b) EXTERNAL BROACHING - also known as
surface broaching. Used for machining
exterior surfaces such as flat, concave,
convex, serrated, and cam-shaped surfaces.
c) LINEAR BROACHING - the broach travels
up and down or side to side
d) ROTARY BROACHING - the broach and
the workpiece rotate together
 SAW MACHINE
- Also known simply as saws, are cutting tools
or machines used to cut through various
materials, typically in a straight or
controlled manner.
- Types of Saw Machines
a) BAND SAW - have a continuous loop of
toothed metal blade that moves in a
vertical or horizontal direction.
b) CIRCULAR SAW - Circular saws use a
circular-shaped blade with teeth to cut
through various materials
c) TILE SAW - designed specifically for
cutting ceramic and stone tiles. They use
a diamond-tipped blade to make clean,
precise cuts.
d) PANEL SAW - it is an industrial machine
used for cutting large panels, sheets, and
boards, often found in furniture and
cabinet-making industries.
e) JIG SAW - are handheld power tools with
a narrow, reciprocating blade that is
ideal for making curved or intricate cuts
in wood, plastic, and metal.
f) HACK SAW - A hand-powered, small-
toothed saw used for cutting metal pipes,
rods, brackets, plastics, etc.
 WOOD WORKING MACHINERY
- A Woodworking machine is a machine that is
intended to process wood. These machines
are usually powered by electric motors and
are used extensively in woodworking.
Woodworking machines are tools designed to
shape, cut, and finish wood to create
various items and structures.
 DIE CASTING MACHINES
- Die casting is a metal casting process that
is characterized by forcing molten metal
under high pressure into a mold cavity.
The mold cavity is created using two
hardened tool steel dies which have been
machined into shape and work similarly to
an injection mold during the process.
 QUALITY TESTING MACHINE
- Quality testing machines are used to assess
and ensure the quality of materials,
components, or finished products in
various industries. In manufacturing, these
machines help maintain consistency,
reliability, and adherence to standards.
 SURFACE TREATMENT MACHINES
- Surface treatment machines are used to
modify the surface characteristics of
materials, enhancing their properties or
appearance. In the context of woodworking
or manufacturing, surface treatment can
include processes like sanding, polishing,
coating, and finishing.
 HEAT PRESS MACHINE
- A heat press is a type of machine that utilizes
heat in order to apply designs onto various
substrates. It uses a combination of pressure
from the heated upper platen onto the
lower platen in order to achieve its results.
The majority of presses are used to apply heat
transfers onto a range of garments
II. TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS USED IN
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
 HINGE - A moveable joint or mechanism on
which a door, gate, or lid swings as it opens
and closes, or which joins related objects.
Mechanical bearings are used to connect two
swinging objects or points and allow them to
move freely relative to one another.
 CLAMP - Are versatile instruments used to
temporarily secure work in place. They are
utilized in a variety of applications such as
carpentry, woodworking, furniture
manufacturing, welding, construction, and
metal works.
 HINGES WITH BOLT - The hinge bolts are
intended to keep doors from being pulled
from thein hinges. It is made of hardened
steel and is resistant to hacksawing. Hinge
bolts are required for all outward opening
timber doors. Aids in leeping the door from
being lifted during an attack
 PLIERS - A type of hand tool. They allow the  CHISEL - A chisel is a cutting tool with a
operator to firmly grip an object, usually a characteristically sharpened metal end. The
nail or wire, so that it can be tightened, metal forms the cutting blade or edge at one
loosened, twisted, or cut. Pliers are made up end. Chisels cut, sculpt, scrape, or shape
of five parts: two handles, a pivot, and two stone, wood, and metal
jaws.  ADJUSTABLE SPANNER - An adjustable
 CHAINSAW - Is a power tool capable of quickly spanner is an open-ended wrench with a
severing tree trunks and branches. If a tree moveable jaw. Its function is the same as any
falls during a storm and blocks your driveway, regular spanner - to grip fasteners, such as nuts
you can use a chainsaw to cut it apart. and bolts however, only adjustable spanners
 AIR COMPRESSOR - An air compressor is a can grip fasteners of all sizes, thanks to their
machine that compresses air and stores it in moveable jaw.
a tank. It is used to power pneumatic tools  IMPACT WRENCH - An impact wrench is a
and equipment, such as nail guns, paint socket wrench power tool designed to
sprayers, and impact wrenches, by supplying deliver high torque output with minimal
high-pressure compressed air. exertion by the user, by storing energy in a
 WOOD PLANES - Wood planes are hand tools rotating mass, then delivering it suddenly to
used in woodworking to smooth, shape, and the output shaft.
flatten wooden surfaces. They can be used to
remove imperfections, create chamfers, and
achieve specific profiles in wood.
 SANDING TOOLS - Sanding tools, including
sandpaper, sanding blocks, and power
sanders are used to smooth and refine the
surface of various materials primarily
wood. They remove roughness. blemishes, and
imperfections, preparing the surface for
finishing
 COPING SAW - A coping saw is a hand tool
with a thin, fine-toothed blade stretched
between a U-shaped frame, which is used for
making detailed and intricate curved cuts in
various materials, particularly wood.
 WRENCH - A wrench is a hand tool designed
for tightening or loosening nuts and bolts,
providing mechanical advantage through
leverage.
 HAMMER - A hammer is a simple tool designed
to manually drive nails, brads, and other
fasteners into softer materials, such as wood
or drywall. A hammer has a head and a handle,
or shaft.
 SCREWDRIVER - Screwdrivers are a type of
hand tool used for the insertion and removal
of screws. They are available in a multitude of
variations to correspond to the correct screw
drive. The drive or head of a screw has a shaped
cavity and protrusion that fits the screwdriver
tip.