CHAPTER-7

PHYSIOLOGY AND INJURIES IN SPORTS

1. Physiological factor determining component of Physical Fitness
2. Effect of exercise on Cardio Respiratory System
3. Effect of exercise on Muscular System
4. Sports injuries: Classification (Soft Tissue Injuries):Abrasion,
Contusion, Laceration, Incision, Sprain & Strain) Bone & Joint
Injuries: (Dislocation, Fractures: Stress Fracture, Green Stick,
Comminuted, Transverse Oblique & Impacted) Causes,
Prevention& treatment
5. Physiological changes due to ageing
 Physiological factor determining component of Physical Fitness
• PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS DETERMINING STRENGTH:-
PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS DETERMINING
SPEED
PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS DETERMINING
FLEXIBILITY
PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS DETERMINING
ENDURANCE
• WHAT IS SPORTS INJURIES?
• During sports practise ,training,or competition
any player is injured is known as sports injury.
Soft Tissue Injuries
SPRAIN STRAIN
ABRASION BRUISES
INCISION CONTUSION
Prevention of Contusion/Abrasion/Bruises
• Proper warm up is essential before practice.
• Conditioning should be emphasized during the preparatory period
• Protective equipment should be used .
• Good quality sports equipment should be used.
• Playfield should be smooth and clean.
• Players should be careful and alert during practice and competition.
• Good officiating quality of officials is must
INCISION
• It may occur Due to sharp edged objects of sports equipment or
spikes etc. Sometimes ,arteries or veins may be cut .Blood usually
comes out freely from incision.

• Treatment
• If the wound is not deep ,let the blood come out .In this process
germs also come out with the blood .Such wounds should be cleaned
with iodine tincture or spirit,Then after placing a piece of cotton on
the wound ,a bandage should be applied .In such process ,dirt should
not enter into the wound.If the wound is too deep , a doctor should
be consulted immediately.
JOINT INJURIES-DISLOCATION
Dislocation of Lower Jaw:-Generally it occurs when the chin strikes any other
object forcefully .It may also occur if mouth is opened wide
PREVENTION -DISLOCATION
TREATMENT OF SPRAIN
TREATMENT OF INCISION
• If the wound is not deep ,let the blood come out, In this process
,germs also come out with the blood .such wound should be cleaned
with iodine tincture or spirit .Then, after placing a piece of cotton on
the wound , a bandage should be applied .dirt should not enter in to
the wound .If the wound is too deep , a doctor should be consulted
immediately.
BONE INJURIES
• TYPES OF FRACTURES
Stress Fracture
Complicated fracture
Greenstick Fracture
Comminuted fracture
Impacted fracture
• STREES FRACTURE-Crack in bone .It can be common injury in high
impact sports such as long distance races.Such type s of fractures can
be very painful
• COMPLICATED FRACTURE-A bone is broken and damages the internal
organs . The internal organs may be tissues ,nerves or artery.
• GREENSTICK FRACTURE- These fractures are commonly seen in
children because their bones are very soft and delicate. whenever
there is any stress on the bone,it is bent.
• COMMINUTED FRACTURE-When a bone is broken into three or more
pieces .Such type of fracture is possible in cycle race or motorcycle
race.
• IMPACTED FRACTURE-When the end of fractured bone enters into
another bone it is called Impacted fracture.
GREENSTICK
PREVENTION (FRACTURES)
• Players should perform adequate warm-up before participating in
sports and games.
• Proper conditioning must be done in the preparatory phase.
• They should not continue to play during the state of fatigue.
• Good officiating quality is essential.
• Protective equipment should be used .
• Good quality sports equipment should be used.
• Playfield should be smooth and clean.
• Players should be careful and alert during practice and competition.
TREATMENT OF BONE INJURY
• STRESS FRACTURE
1.Elevate the extremity and rest while the bone heals itself
2.Apply ice to the affected area for 24 to 48 hours.
3.If pain persist ,give some painkillers
4.If there is any need of immobilization of the affected area ,use a splint.
5.When swelling is reduced ,start putting partial weight on the affected
area.
TREATMENT OF GREENSTICK FRACTURE
• Most of these fractures involves arms and legs which require
immobilization to make the bone grow back together in proper or
natural position .
• A removable splint is the most recommended one among children .
• It can be reduced with anti-inflammatory drugs.
• Pain can be relieved by taking pain relievers.
TREATMENT OF COMMINUTED
FRACTURE
• Immobilization above and below the fracture area should be
maintained with the help of plasters and splints.
• For pain management specially in arm fractures painkillers should be
given to the affected sportsperson .
• Infections should be avoided by giving antibiotics
MEANING OF TRANSVERSE FRACTURE
It is a break in one of the bones of the spine or a part of it .It is shaped like a
wing.,These injury occurs in the thoracic spine (Low back area)

• TREATMENT OF TRANSVERSE FRACTURE

• If the injury is limited to a break of a transverse process with no other
injury ,hospital care is not necessary
• Limit the various activities.
• Medication for pain control should be given
• In Intricate or multiple fractures of backbone there can be damage to
spinal cord and may require operation
MEANING OF OBLIQUE FRACTURE
It occurs when the bone is broken diagonally to the axis of the bone mostly these fractures occur
at the humerus or femur bone(long bones of our body)

• TREATMENT OF OBLIQUE FRACTURE

• If the damage is minimum ,a plaster cast may be used to treat the
fracture .
• In most of the oblique fractures surgical treatment is required
• If the damage is extensive ,metal rods and screws are used to hold
the bone in place.
TREATMENT OF IMPACTED FRACTURE

• If the damage is not too severe ,a splint or sling may be sufficient to

hold the fractured bone in place so it can heal correctly .
• If impacted fracture only involves a few bone fragment and the
damage is not too significant ,immobilization may be enough to treat
it .
• The movement of the affected part should be minimized for quite
some time even after a splint is removed.
TREATMENT OF JOINT INJURY

• Call medical help immediately

• Don’t try to move the joint or to place it back in the socket
• Keep ice on the spot of dislocation to control swelling
• Sling or splint the affected joint into its fixed position
MAIN CAUSES OF SPORTS INJURIES
• IMPROPER CONDITIONING
• IMPROPER WARM UP
• UNSCIENTIFIC WAY OF TRAINING
• LACK OF SPORTS FACILITIES
• PRACTISE DURING STAGE OF FATIGUE
• IMPROPER SPORTS EQUIPMENT
• NO USE OF PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
PREVENTION OF SPORTS INJURY
• PROPER WARMING UP
• PROPER CONDITIONING
• PROPER KNOWLEDGE OF SPORTS SKILL
• PROPER SPORTS FACILITIES
• UNBIASED OFFICIATING
• USE OF PROPER TECHNIQUE
• PROPER COOLING DOWN
WHAT IS FIRST AID?
First aid is the first help which is given to the wounded or accidental
victim before the arrival of doctor.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID
• AIM:- The main aim of first aid is to try to save the precious life of the
wounded person or victim.
OBJECTIVES
1.TO PRESERVE LIFE
2.TO ALLEVIATE PAIN AND SUFFERING
3.TO PREVENT THE CONDITION FROM WORSENING
4.TO PROMOTE RECOVERY
5.TO PROCURE EARLY MEDICAL AID