9

Sha
ma cHe
ni ng恒 C̀ons
tanc
y'

Mi
chaelCARR

Thi
spape
rre
-exa
mine
sAr
thurWal
ey'
shypo
the
sist
hatChi
nes
e
ng恒 c̀
he
' ons
tant
,co
nti
nuous
'wa
sthena
meofas
hamani
cs̀
tabi
li
zing'
r
itual
.1De
spi
tes
omeg
raphi
cer
ror
sco
nce
rni
ng恒 andi
tsva
ria
nt恒 (
e.
g.
,
S血a
ngo
rac
leg
raphsf
or亘 r
efe
rre
dtoadi
vine
rna
medⅩ̀uan'a
ndno
t
'
he
'n
g'di
vinat
iona
sWal
eys
uppo
sed)
,hi
side
aofa
nanc
ienthe
'
ng <
*
g'∂n
g 恒 s̀
tabi
li
zing,pe
rpe
tua
ting'r
itei
ses
sent
ial
lys
ound.I
nte
r-
di
sci
pli
nar
yco
rro
bor
ati
onc
ome
sfr
omt
ext
uale
xege
sis(
e.,a Ch
g. uc
i
s
hama
ndi
vini
nga
boutas
ickpe
rs S"he
on' '
ngbody"
),hi
sto
ric
all
ingui
sti
cs
(
cf.*
g'an
g恒 c̀
ons
tanc
y'o
r*kan
g恒∼亙 '
i
ncr
eas
ing'wi
th*k
ang梗 '
a
r
itualt
o"pr
eve
nt"C
ala
mit
ies
り,andc
ompa
rat
ives
tudi
eso
fshama
nis
m
(
the矢 àr
row'g
raphi
cel
eme
nti
n疾 '
si
ckne
ss'a
nd等 '
doc
tor
'co
mpar
es
wi
thus
ingH
magi
c"a
rrowst
oca
use
/cur
eil
lne
ss)
.

l
NTRODUCTl
0N

Whywa
sanc
ientChi
nes
eshama
rli
sm a
ssoc
iat
edwi
th he
'
ng恒
c̀
ons
tanc
y?'I
nane
bul
ousLun
yu(
Anal
ect
s)pas
sage
,Co
nfuc
iusquo
tesa
So
uthe
rnSa
yinga
bouts
hama
niche
'
n k andapos
gJ sibl
yint
erpo
lat
edl
ine

1.Tha n
ksgot oPa ulBenedi
ct,Lo t
harYonFa l
kenhausen,Ma tt
hew Ha n
ley,
AxelSchue
ssle
r,andWa daRa nf o
rc o
mme nti
ngupone arl
ierversi
onsofthis
pape
r,Abbrevi
atio
ns:∼ -a lt
e rnat
epronunci
ati
onso rgraphs,‥-s emantic
meani
ng,"" -l it
eralmeani
ng.Mo der
nSt anda
rdChi nese("Ma nda
rin")is
romani
zedinPinyi
n,excep
tinq uotat
ions
,andArchaicChineseisre
constr
u c
t-
edaccor
dingtoKa rl
gre
n( 1
957),changi
nghis･glot
talstopto?.
94 人 文 研 究 第 83 輯

f
ro heYi
mt ji
ng(
Boo
kofCh
ange
s)he
xagr
am na
medHe
ng恒:
子 日南人有言白人而無恒不可以作重曹善夫不恒其徳或承之蓋子 日不 占
而巳莫 TheMa
ste
rsai
d,"
Thes
out
her
ner
sha
veas
ayi
ng,Àpe
rso
n
it
w uthe
ho '
ng恒 c
anno
tbeas
haman-
doc
tor
.'Goo
d! TheYl
"[ '
}
'i
ng
s
ays
:Ift
hey?
/yo
u? the
]Dono '
ngi
tspo
wer
/vi
rtue
,the
ndi
sgr
ace
wi
llber
ece
ive
d.TheMas
ters
aid,"[
The
y?]s
impl
ydono
tdi
vine.
"
Owi
ngt
oant
i-
sha
manpr
ejudi
ces
,Co
nfuc
iani
sts
chol
arsha
vec
ove
redup
t
heo
rigi
nalme
ani
ngo
fthi
spa
ssa
gef
oro
vert
wot
hous
andye
ars
.Thi
sis
t
hee
arl
ies
tte
xtualus
a fyl
geo -<*･
'
iag撃 d̀o
cto
r',no
w wr
itt
en瞥 w
ith
酉 ẁi
ne'
buto
riinal
g ly監 wi
th盛 s̀
hama
n'TheLi
. jive
rsi
ono
fthi
squo
te
c
hange
d盛誓 s̀
hama
n-do
cto
r't
o ト笠 d̀i
vine
r'.
Somec
omme
nta
tor
str
ied
t
oexpl
aint
hepr
ere
qui
si
tehe
'
ng<*
g'ang恒 c̀
ons
tanc
y't
ome
anmo
ral
ly
p̀e
rse
ver
ing'(
i.
e.
,恒心 c̀
ons
tanthe
art
/mi
nd'
),ho
weve
rtha
tisi
rre
leva
nt
f
oras
haman.Ot
her
str
iedt
otwi
stt
hes
ynt
axi
nor
dert
omaket
he
So
uthe
rnSa
yingr
efe
rtoc
uri
nga恒 c̀
ons
tant
,pe
rsi
ste
nt'i
ll
nes
s.The
o
bje
c '<*t
tde ak徳 i
n不恒其徳 " the
dono '
ngi
tspo
wer
/vi
rtue"wast
ake
n
i
ntheCo
nfuc
iani
sts
ens
eofv̀i
rtue,c
har
act
er,mo
ralr
ect
itude
',howe
ver
i
ntheYz
ji
ng,i
tha
samor
econc
ret
eme
ani
ngo
f1̀
ate
nts
pir
itualpo
we,
r
Vi
rtual
it
y'.
Wal
ey(
193
3,1
938
)pr
opo
sedhe
'
ngJ
K'c
ons
tanc
y'wa
sthename
ofas
hama
nics̀
tabi
li
zing,
per
pet
uat
ing'
rit
ual
.Thi
smake
sli
ter
als
ens
eof
t
heSo
uthe
rnSa
yinga
nde
xpl
ains不恒其徳 asme
ani
ngǹo
tpe
rpe
tua
te
o
ne'
spo
tent
ialgoo
dluc
k'f
rom af
avo
rabl
edi
vina
tion.

Thepr
ese
ntpa
pert
ake
sano
the
rlooka
tWal
ey'
ssha
ma che
ni 'ng

s̀
tabi
li
zing,pe
rpe
tuat
ing'hypo
the
ses
.The f
irs
tse
cti
onl
ingui
sti
cal
ly
i
ntr
oduc
est
hel
ogo
graphs恒∼恒 andt
hewo
rdshe
'
ng <*
g'an
g c̀
on-
s
t y'- ge
anc t
ng <*kan
g ì
nc r
eas
ing'
.Thes
eco
ndr
evi
ewsWal
ey'
spr
o-
po
sal
sabo
uts
ha che
mani '
ng恒 f
ro sYt
mhi '
}
'i
nga
rti
cleandLun
yut
rans
la-
 S
hama
nicHe
ng恒 '
Con
sta
ncy
' 9
5

t
ion.Se
cti
ont
hre
eanal
yze
sde
tai
lso
fhi
sexa
mpl
e fhe
so '
ng恒 i
nthe
Yl
ji
ng,
theSo
uthe
rnSayi
ngsi
ntheLun
yua
ndLt
ji
,maki
ngdi
vinat
ions恒
吉 h̀
e
'nga
uspi
cious
'i heShu
nt jin
g,t
heZho
uli
'S益恒 S̀
hama
niche
'
ng'
r
itual
,andc
onde ng恒舞 h̀e
mni '
ngda
nci
ng'asa盛風 s̀
hamani
nfl
uenc
e'
i
ntheMo
zi.Thef
our
thpr
opo
sesaddi
ti
onale
xampl
eso
fthehe
'
ng恒
"
sta
bil
izi
ng"r
itual
:as
hamandi
vini
nga
boutas
ickpe
rso
n'S恒幹 h̀
e
'ng
body?
/vi
ll
age
?'i
nthe Chuc
i,a mal
adi
eini
ti
ati
quer
eint
erpr
eta
tio
nfor
Me
nci
uss
ayi
ngs
age
sar
eal
ways恒存 h̀e
'
ngi
n?'s
icne
k s
s,he
'
ng恒 bo
ws
anda
rro
wsi
ntheZho
uli
,ear
lyphi
los
ophe
rss
ayi
ngt vehe
oha '
ngJ
K was
s
upe
rnat
ural
,andgr
aphi
cta
boor
eint
erpr
eta
tio
nso
f常 c̀
ons
tant
'ine
arl
y
t
ext
saso
rigi
nal
lybe
ingwr
itt
en恒 c̀
ons
tant'
.Thel
asts
ect
ions
umma-
r
ize
sda
tac
onc
erni
ngt
hes che
hamani '
ng恒 r
itualand make
sso
me
ge
ner
alc
onc
lus
ions
.

1 THEWORD HENG 値

Thel
ingui
sti
chi
stor
yofhe
'
ng <*
g'∂n
g恒 c̀
ons
t y'- ge
anc '
ng<
*kan
g恒 ì
ncr
eas
ing'i
sdi
vis
ibl
ebe
twe
en恒∼恒 g
raphi
cs§1.
1,pho
nol
ogy
1
§.2
,ands
ema
nti
cs§
1.3
.

1Gr
1. aphi
cso
f憶∼恒
Lo
gogr
aphi
cta
booc
ompl
icat
edt
hehi
sto
ryo
f恒 l
it
eral
lyf
romt
he
moo
ning (
depi
cti w 月 m̀oon'be
ngane twe
en二 t̀
wo'1
ne
i s
)t heロ
ot
s̀
un'i
n 恒.Ta
ble1s
howsc
hange
sofge
t
ng 亙,he
'
ng 恒 ,andx
ua-
n亘
l
ogo
gra
phsw
ithi
n 甲骨字 "
orac
legr
aphs
"fo
undo
nShangdynas
ty(
ca.
1
5th-
llt
hce
nt.B.
s C.)di
vina
tio
ns,大家 "
gre
ate
rse
al"l
ogo
gra
phsus
edo
n
Zhoudyna
sty(
112
2?-
256B.
C.
)br
onz
es,小策 "
les
sers
eal
"gr
aphss
tanda
rd-
i
zeddur
ingt
heQi
ndyna
sty(
221
-27B.
0 C.
),and隷字 "
cle
ric
all
ogo
graphs
"
oft
heHamdyna
sty(
20 C:
6B. A.
D.2
21)
.
96 人 文 研 究 第 8
3 輯

Tabl
e1 Lo
gogr
aphi
cEv
olu
tion

GENG

r伺V､
GRAPHI
CSTYLE

J
且

l
∼t

Ln L
一 J
0RACLE

E
h

St 聾
J互

ot r
BRONZE

eJ
SEAL

.亘
恒
恒
亙

∼
CLERI
CAL

OnShangor
acl
es,*ka
ng亙 waswri
tte
n 庄■pi
ctur
i he夕∼月
ngt
m̀oon'be
twee
n二 t̀
wo'l
ine
s(us
ual
lyi
nte
rpr
ete
dash̀ea
ve t
n'andèarh'
)

or喝i
nsdea弓 b̀ow'(
i cf･
弦 b̀ows
tri esc
ng,cr entmoon'§
1･3ands
hamani
c
ar
cher
y§4
.3)
.Eve
ryknownor
acl
eus
ager
efe
rst
othename王亙 Ki
ng
He
ng/
Geng<*G'
ang/
*Ka
ng2whoi
side
nti
fi
ed(
Li1
965
,3971
)asHe
ng恒,
t
hes
econds
onofJi亭 ,ananc
est
oroft
heShangr
oyalf
ami
ly(
Kar
lgr
en
36)_
19 4 6, 3 3T heZho
u "g
reate s
ear l " b rnze g r
o aph -
9r
fo * k a曙 亙f
re-
que
ntl
yoc
cur
redonbr
onz
eins
cri
pti
onsasapr
ope ke g,:
rname.Li D
pi
ctur he月 m̀oon'(
edt wit
has
trokeadde
dint
hece
nte
r)be
twe
en二 t̀
wo'

2.Shi
ma'
S(1
971
,37
7,4
18)c
onc
orda
nceo
for
acl
eins
cri
pti
onsl
is
tss
ixoc
cur
-

;?
xnc.
ef
Safi f
n豊I Va
gliti
E3S
( .
iO
n
fqu
frfdYt:霊i 憲a Sena
gni:Sulhy
nt
a ;e
S,i,
n
gga
Tee
?
ngaa
c:l
e
fi
ce ?
)'
.Che n( 1
936,535)clai
msKi ngHe ng王恒 wa sas hama nbecausesome
oraclei nscip
r t
ionsgraphicll
a yint erc
ha n
ge d王 k̀ing'wit h盛 s̀haman'(e.
g.,
Sha ma nXi an変成 § 3.4wa sc alle
dKi ngXi an王威) .
3.J isu pposedl
yha dthreesons .
･Ha i語 ,He ng恒 ,a ndWe i微 .TheChuc i'
S天
問" He avenlyQuest
ions"(3.1
7b,t r.Hawke s1 9
85,131)saysHa iandHe ng(
but
not" Da r
k We i"
)i n
he ri
tedt he i
rf at
herS徳 p̀
' o
we r'"prowe s
s"§ 3.
1,and
me nti
o nsthelegenda boutHa主 ,thefir
sthe rdsman,s hamanical
ly?"danci
ng
withs hieldandplume s"afterlo s
inghiso xena ndo xherds.
 S
hama
nicHe
ng% '
Con
sta
ncy
' 97

l
ine
s.Thee
arl
ies
tgr
aphf
or*
g'∂n
g恒 wa
sthe"
gre
ate
rse
al"申 whi
ch
e
labo
rat
ed-
2Wi
tht
heh̀e
art
/mi
nd'
radi
cal心 t
odi
sti
ngui
shps
ychol
oic
g al
*
g' g恒 c̀
an ons
tanc
y,r
egul
ari
ty'(
Mor
i19
70,2
11s
aysmo
ralt̀
rus
two
rthi
-
ne
ss'
)fr
oma
str
onomi
cl*kan
a g亙 c̀
ons
tnc
a y'
.The"
les
sers
eal
"gr
aph夏
f
or亙 C
hange
dthe月 m̀oo
n'i
ntoa舟 b̀oat'
,asdi
d聾 f
or恒 wi
tht
he
h̀e
art
'ra
dic
alde
pic
tingab̀oa
t'"
cons
tant
ly"goi
ngbe
twe
en 二 t̀
wo'
r
ive
rbanks
.The(
ca.1
00)Shuo
wenj
iei説文解字 (
z 13B.
14b)e
xpl
ains聾 t
o
beagr
aphi
csi
mil
efo
r:
Thehe
art心 (
thewi
ll
)cr
oss
ingf
romt
hebe
ginni
ngt
il
lthee
nd,a
s
a 舟 boa
tdo
esf
rom二 o
neba
nk t
otheo
the
r;t
hemo
ralt
rip
c
ont
inue
dti
llo
ner
eac
hest
hehar
bour
.([
fre
ely]t
r.Wi
ege
r19
27,
2
8)
TheShuo
u'e
na ndsapr
ppe e- nG
Qi u
wen古文 "ol
dwr
iti
ng"gr
aph丞 (
cf.
e
arl
ygr
aphsf
ors
l死 d̀e
y at ndw
h'a u
-盛 s̀
haman'
)pi
ctur
ingt
he夕∼月
m̀oo
n'a
ndquot
est
heShZ
j
'i
ng(
166
,se
e§1
.3)
.

He
ng恒 wa
sthepe
rso
nalname(
cf 1
.§.3
)ofHamdynas
tyEmpe
ror
We
nDi文帝 (
r.1
79-
156ち.
C.)
,TangEmpe
rorMuZo
ng穆宗 (
r.8
21-
825
)
a
ndSo
ngdynas
tyEmpe
rorZhe r
nZong異宗 (.9
98-
102
3).
Sinc
ewr
iti
nga
n
i
mpe
rialna
mewa
sst
ric
tlypr
osc
ribe
d,恒 wa
savoi
dedf
ors
eve
nce
ntur
ies
dur
ingt
hes
edyna
sti
es.TheHamt
aboowa
smo
sts
igni
fi
cantbe
caus
ethat
pe
riodwa
swhe
ncl
ass
icsde
str
oye
dint
he2
13B.
C."
Bur
ning o
fthe
Books
" we
rer
est
ore
d(Ts
ien1
962
,13
-16
).The
rea
re gr
aphi
cand
s
yno
nymi
cwa
yso
favoi
ding at
aboo
edl
ogo
graph,a
nd he
'
ng 恒 wa
s
r
epl
ace
dinbo
th:
wit
hit
sal
ter
nat
egr
aph恒 40
rwi
thi
tss
yno
nym c
h g<
dn

4.Son
gd y
nast
y(960-
127
9)s
cri
bescre
ate
da not
hertabo
ova
ria
nt惜 wi
tho
ut
hebo
t t
tomli
ne( '恒 g̀
.da
cf rie
ved'wi
thoutt
hetop)
.
98 人 文 研 究 第 8
3 輯

*d2
'
ang 常 c̀
ons
tant
,re
gul
ar'(
Ⅴ.§
4.5
).Themoo
ngodde
ssHe
ngE <
*G'
angNga恒城 i
sagoo
dexa
mpl
eof恒∼恒∼常 i
nte
rcha
nge
abl
it
y.He
r
na
mewa
sor
igi
nal
lywr
itt
e ngE恒取 ,
nHe butt
hro
ughi
nve
nti
ono
f短 a
nd
婿l
ogo
gra
phs(
combi
ningt
he女 ẁo
man'r
adi
calwi
thx
ua-
n亘 a
ndc
hdn
g
常 phone
tic
s)o
wingt
oimpe
rialt
aboo(
Kar
lgr
en1
946
,26
6-7
),i
twa
s
c
hange
dt ngE 短歌 ∼ He
oHe ng/
ChangE 婿俄.

Thi
s恒 t
aboor
epl
ace
mentf
or恒 ha
sadi
spa
rat
egr
aphi
chi
sto
ryi
n
Ta
ble1
.Theo
rac
legr
aph 己f
or亘 pi
ctur
esas
pir
al,s
ome
time
swi
tho
ut
t
heho
riz
ont
ll
a i
nea
tthet
op.Shi
ma(
191
7,3
14-
5)l
is
ts8
7Oc
cur
renc
eso
f
己i
mor
acl
eins
cri
pti
ons
,andmo
str
efe
rtot
he"
Per
iodI
"di
vine
rname
d
Xua
n亘 (
Rao1
959
,44
5-4
83,
Kei
ght
ley1
978
,31
)whos
erve
dKi
ngWuDi
ng
r
武丁 (.1
198
?-1
19?B.C.
4 ).
5Thebr
onz
e"gr
eat
ers
eal
"gr
aph 貫 f
or亘
S
howe
dane
labo
rat
eds
pir
albe
twe
en二 t̀
wo'l
ine
s,i
nte
rpr
ete
dast
he
pr
imar
yf m ofyu
or an <*
' giwan垣 ẁal
l,f
enc
e'.Thes
pir
ali
n"l
ess
er
s
e "亘c
al los
elyr
ese
mbl
est
hee
arl
ygr
aphsf
or回 r̀
evol
ve'
;theShuowe
n
(
13B.
15a)s
ays垂pi
ctur
es亘回 r̀
evol
ving,t
urni
ng'andme
ans求回 s̀
eek-
i
nga
rounde
ver
ywhe
re'
.Andi
nli
ghto
fthi
sre
vol
ving日 s̀
un'i
ntheHa
m
dynas
tyl
ogo
grph恒 ,he
a '
ng恒 Or
bit
edf
ull
-ci
rcl
efr
omt
heo
riinalm̀oo
g n'.

2 Ph
1. onol
ogyo
f*G'
ang∼ *Ka
ng
懐 hast
wopr
onunc
iat
io :he
ns '
ng < γang < *
g'an
g c̀
ons
tant
,
c
ont
inual
,co
mmo
n'andge
t
ng<han
g<*kan
g(∼亙)ǹe
wmoo
n,i
ncr
eas
-

5.OneofXuan'
sdivina
tio
ns(Rao1959,
456)wastotheShan
ga nce
sto
rQi季
a
bove.Abo
utathirdoftheotheror
acul
ar畠o ccur
rence
sarethenameofa
p
lace(i
nShanxi
?)
,mo stfre
qu e
ntl
yind i
vin
ati
onsa bo
utbatt
leswith雀亘
'
Qia
o/QueandXuan'.
 Sh
ama
nicHe
ngC '
Con
sta
ncy' 9
9

i
ng (
moon)
,reac
heve
rywhe
re'
.Af
terdi
scus
sing t
radi
ti
onaland ne
w
e
tymol
og
ie or*
sf g'an
g憶 and*kan
g亙,
thel
ogogr
aphi
cus
esof*kan
g互
asaphone
ticar
eanal
yze
d.

h atwe
W ret
hee
tymol
oic
g alde
rivat
ionsofhe
'
ng<*
g'an
g憧 and
ge
L
ng <*k∂n
g亙?Kar
lgr
en(
193
4,6
2)pl
acd*
e g'
ang値 c̀ons
tant
,pe
rpe
t-
ual
'inanAr
chai
cChi
nes
ewo
rdf
ami
lywi
thl̀
ong,cont
inuous
'meani ,
ngs
a
nd*kang亙 èxt
reme,
1iit
m '
ino
newi
thb̀o
undar
y,e
xtr
eme'
sens
es.
The
f
orme
rc̀ont
inuous
,lo
ng'
fami
lyf
or*
g'an
g憧 i
ncl
ude
s:*
giu
)an ong,
g永 l̀
cons
tant
,et
er '
nal,*
giwang 詠∼味 `
(t
odr
awo
utwor
ds-)
,chant
,si
ng,
car
ryon(
amel '
ody),*k2
i
'i
g 久 l̀
ong,l
ongt
ime'
,and*ki
独 疾 c̀
hroni
c
di
seas
e,r
empr
se'
.Thel
att
erb̀o
undar
y,e
xtr
eme'wor
dfami
lyf
or*k∂n
g
亙i
ncl
ude
s:*k2
'
ang彊 l̀
i
mit
,bo
unda
ry,
fro
nti
er,
'*ki
ang寛 f̀
i
nis
h,e
nd,i
n
t nd'
he e ,
6*ki
ang 境 l̀
i
mit
,boundar
y,r
eio
g ,*
n' g'
1品ng 窮 1̀
i
it
m ,
ext
reme(
ly)
',
*kwa
^
k郭 òut
erwal
lofac
it ,
y'*g'
1
'ak極 r̀
i
d ge
pol
e,e
xtr
eme
,
e
nd'
,*ku
J∂k園 s̀
tat
e,co
unt
r ,
y'*g2
'
u)ak域 b̀oundar
y,r
eio
g n,s
tat
e',and*
gi
ii
g園 p̀ar
k'.The
se*-
kand*-
gfi
nal
scanhar
dlybeas
soc
iat
edw
itht
he
*-
ngi
n*kan
g亙.

Ane
wshama
nice
tymol
oic
g alpo
ssi
bil
it
y7f ng <*
orhe
' g'an
g恒 i
s

6.TheFa ngy an( 6

/47,6.
6a)definestheeast
ernands outher
nd ial
ect
a lter
ms
ge
Lng <*k' ang維∼( 経∼亙 i ns o
met exts
)and*d'ie
ng延 b̀a mbo odivinat
ion
rods'a
sme aningjin
:g<*k 2
'ang寛 èverywhere,
end,extr
eme ,c
o mple
tely,al
l'
.
7.Thewo rdh e'
ng <* gpa
(n
g衡 s̀ te
elyar
dbe am,balance,weih ,c
g rossis
w e,
even'me a
ntà rbit
er,bal
ancer,adj
u s
ter'
inhonorar
yna meso fshamans( Karl
一
gren1970,no.1 773
),andZhuJ uns
heng朱駿声 ( 178
8-1858)sai
di twa sinter
-
changeablewi th*kang∼* g'ang恒.Si nceeary*
l g'ang値 c̀ onst
ant'graphs
connot
e dwa xinga ndwaningo ft
helunarcycle
,°han( 1
972,116
-7)ass
e rt
sthat
Shama nHe n g" wastheonewhoc ouldcont
rolthewe at
he r
,ormo res peci
fi
-
cl
aly,theve getati
onc yc
le.
"
10
0 人 文 研 究 第 8
3輯

as
soc
iat
ionwi
tht
hre
espe
cialme
ani
ngso
fthewo
rdgy
e
ng <*k
ang榎
t̀
hor
nye
lm,t
horn,s
tem,s
tro
ng,s
trai
ght
,obs
truc
t':ar
itua
ltop̀r
eve
nt'
C
ala
mit
ies
,anè
ffi
gy'
,andap̀r
ope
rna
me.*KT
' a
ng梗 meani
ngò
bst
ruc
t'
wa
sext
ende
dast
hena
meo
far
itualc
arr
iedo
utt
op̀r
eve
nt,
bloc
k,wa
rd
o
ff'mi
sfo
rtune
sordi
sas
ter
s(e
. ,Gua
g. nzi1
4Ab,Zho
uli8.
2b,Bi
ot1
851
,I:
1
58)
.8 *KT
an
g梗 meant`
(
esp.
woo
den)e
ffi
gy,
spi
ri
tdol
l'(g.
e.,Zhu
angz
i7.
1
6a,Wa
tso
n19
68,2
2;Zh
anguo
cel
OAa,1
8.7
b,Cr
ump 1
979
,18
3,3
14)
.
Kar
lgr
en(
196
8,no.5
82)r
eje
cts*k
ang梗 asal
oanl
ogo
gra
phf
or*d
zia
ng
像 ì
mage
,ef
figy'
,and pr
opo
sesa s
emant
ice
xte
nsi
on f
rom *k
ang
àt
ree
'> ẁood-
bloc
k'> ẁoode
nima
ge/
eff
igy'> è
ffi
gy'
.A t
hir
d
e
xpl
anat
ion,g
ive
nbyZho
u(1
979
,51
-2)
,i hat*KT
st a
ng梗 wasapr
ope
r
na
me(
e.,Zho
g. uli2
4.2
3a-
b,Bi
ot1
851
,2:
80)
.Si
nces
hama
nic"
woode
n
me
n"a
rewe
lldo
cume
nte
d(e.
g.
,Ha
rve
y19
37,2
62,El
iade1
964
,24
6,
Hul
tkr
ant
z19
73,3
3) he*
,t g'an
g∼ *kan
g恒 r
itualc
oul
dhavea
sso
cia-
t
ionswi
t he*k
ht ang梗 è
ffi
gy'(
orap̀r
eve
ntat
ive
'exo
rci
sm)
.

h i
W l he x
et uan < *s
- Zl
uan 亘 t
) aboor
epl
ace
menti
sagr
apho-
pho
net
ice
leme
ntus
edi
n ma
nyco
mmonl
ogo
graphs(
e.,x
g. u
aL
n桓 p̀i
ll
ar,
'
x
ua-
n喧 s̀
uns
hine
,bas
k',x
ua-
n喧∼志 ǹoi
s ,x
y' u
a-n宣 d̀i
spl
ay,pr
ocl
aim'
,

a dn垣 ẁal
ndyu l,f
enc
e',*kan
) g亙 i
ssc
arc
elyus
eda
sapho
net
ico
the
r
t
ha nhe
ni '
ng <*
g'∂n
g恒.Thi
sisnots
urpr
isi
ngbe
caus
emos
tChi
nes
e

8.Al thouht
g heZh oulicomme nt
aryo fZh en
gXua n鄭玄 ( 127
-200)no
tes*kan
g
梗 me ans元,i e
..,kat
ng <*k' a^
ng抗 r̀ esi
st
,o bst
ruct,wardo ff(es
p.evil
)I
,
Ka r
lgren(1968,
no .581)says*ky
ang梗 s houldno tphonol
oic
g al
lybe*k'a
-n
g抗
r̀
esi
st',but*kang ò
bstruct
',co
gnatewi th*kang嘆 ò bst
ruct
ioni nt
hethroa
t,
choke'.Th e
rec oul
dbeac onnecti
onwit ht heSh ij
inguseo f# ( 2
57/3,t
r.
Karlgren1 95
0b,2 2
1" ca
used[ t
hec ountry]s u
fferi
ngu ntothi
sda y")which
Ma ogl o
ssesas病 s̀ i
c knes
s,suf
feri
ng,d i
stress
'.
 S
hama
nicHe
n &'
gJ Co
nst
anc
y' 101

l
ogo
graphsa
cqui
redt
hei
rmo
der
nradi
cal
-pho
net
icf
ormsd
uri
ngt
heHa
m
dynas
tywhe
nEmpe
rorWe
n'snameHe
ng値 wa
sta
boo
ed.Thr
eer
are
l
ogo
graphswi
tht
his亙 p
hone
ticar
eofi
nte
res
ttos
hama
niche
'
ngr
itual
s:
ge
-
ng <*kan
g摘 (
wit
htheh̀and'r
adi
cal手)v̀i
ole
ntl
y[s
hamani
cal
ly?
]
s
trum'
,ge
-
ng <*kang維∼経 (
wit
hs̀
i
l k'糸)r̀
ope
',a
ndge
t
ng <*kan
g堰
(
wit
h'e
art
h'i)'
roa
dle
sp.d
uri
ngf
une
ral
s]'
.

Fi
rst
,ge
-
ng <*kan
g縄∼ 推 i
sgl
oss
edbyWa
ngYi王逸 (
fl
.11
4-1
42)
t
ome
an'
viol
ent
lys
trum s
trngs
i ,twang'i ik# poe
naChuc m(2
.16
b-1
7a,
t
r.Ha
wke
s19
85,1
13 f
,c.§
4.1
)abo
uts
hamansda
nci
ngt
omus
ic:…[
椎家号
交鼓]Ti
ght
ent
hez
ithe
r'ss
tri
ngsands
mit
ethe
minuni
son!
"Se
cond,
ge
-
ng <*kan
g維∼経 i
sadi
ale
ctalwo
rdf
or`
(e
sp.
big)r
ope
',butl
acksa
ny
t
ext
uala
tte
stat
ion,O
the
rthandi
cti
ona
rie
sli
ket
heShuo
u)n(
e 1
2 b,
AA3
1
3A.
32a)whi
chdi
sti
ngui
she
si.
@(wi
tht
he'
hand'r
adi
calS)'
twang'f
rom
縄 (
wit
hthes̀
i
l k'r
adi
cal糸) b̀i
gro
pe'
.
9R̀o
pe'c
oul
dhaveas̀
tri
ng'
c
onne
cti
onwi
tht̀
wang(
ast
ringe
dins
trume
nt'
),orwi
tht
hewi
des
pre
ad
s
hama
nict
radi
ti
onofr
ope
s,s
tri
ngs
,vi
nes
,et
c.s
ymbol
izi
ngas
pir
itual
br
idge(
Lemoi
ne1
988
).Thi
rd,
geng <*kan
L g堰 o
nlyme
ansr̀
oad,
pat
h'i
n
r
efe
renc
etopal
lbe
ari
ng.Nor
mal
ly,aChi
nes
eco
ffi
nwi
thac
orps
ewo
uld
ne
verbeputdo
wnont
hegr
ound,butt
wor
itualt
ext
s( l
Yii4
1.1
3a-
b,t
r.
St
eel
e19
17,1
04,a
ndLi
ji1
9.1
8b,t
r.Le
gge1
885
,2:
338
-90
)us
e埴 i
ngi
ving
e
xce
pti
onst
othi
smo
urni
ngr
uleo
f"O
nlyt
ore
cei
veame
ssa
gef
romt
he
r
ule
r"a
ndwhe
n"t
hes
unwa
sec
lips
ed.
"10The
see
arl
ies
t*kang 増 r̀
oad'

9.Thi sge
-
ng <*ka ng維∼経 r̀ ope'couldbec o
g natewithgy
eng <*k an
g梗
(s̀
i
lk'rad
icaland*kang 更 c̀ha
n ge'phonet
ic,c .梗 a
f bove)ẁell
-r
ope'or
ga
-ng <*ka
^ng綱 g̀ui
d ngr
i ope(ofan et
)'
.Thes hama ni
cu s
eo fthebowa sa
ma gi
cals
tri
ngedin
strumentisdi
scussedin§4.3
.
1
0.On eothe
rLzji
' 咽 r̀
oad'u
s a
ge(42.1
5 a
-b,t
r.Legge1 88
5,2:1
60)is
:"Excepti
ng
102 人 文 研 究 第 83 輯

oc
cur
renc
esar
eco
mpa
rabl
etode
athr
itual
soft
woc
ult
ure
sins
out
hwe
st
Chi
na.El
i 1964,441,446)d
ade ( es
cri
besLol
osha
mansa
cco
mpa
nyi
ng
c
off
insa
ndr
eci
ti
ng"
ther
itualo
fther
oad"a
ndme
nti
onsaMos
ofune
rar
y
c
ere
monyc
all
e heZhi
dt -ma
''r
oadde
sir
e',whe
ret
hes
hama
n'smi
ssi
oni
s
"
pre
cis
elyt
oò
pent
her
oad'
.
"llThes
hama
nicus
a f*kan
geo g椎 v̀
iole
ntl
l
yst
rum'a
ndt
hef
une
rala
ssoc
iat
io f*kan
no g 堰 r̀
oad's
ound l
ike
s
hama
nic*
g'an
g恒 r
itual
s.The
rei
seve
nar̀
ope
'-̀
road'
par
ale
ll.
Amo
ng
t
heTunguso
fMa
nchur
ia,as
hama
n'si
nit
iat
ionc
ere
monyi
nvol
vesa
de
cor
ate
dre
dst
ringort
hongc
all
e hes'
dt Z
y
]'i
m r̀
ope
'whi
chEl
iade(
1964,
1
10)de
scr
ibe
sas"
the'
road'al
ongwhi
cht
hes
pir
itswi
llmo
ve.
"12

1.
3Seman
ticso
f*K｡n
g∼ *G'
ang値
Ge
t
ng <*kang恒∼亙 hast
wome
ani
ngs[
cal
led(
α)a
nd(
β)]a
nd
he
'
ng <*
g'ang恒 hase
ih t[
g (a)
-(
h)]
.Ino
rde
rtoe
luc
ida
tet
hes
ens
ein
whi
chCo
nfuc
ius( 478 B.
551- C.)quo
ted恒 i
ntheSo
uthe
rnSa
yi 2,
ng §3.
e
arl
ies
tte
xtualus
age
sar
eci
tedf
oral
lte
n,wi
ths
pec
iala
tte
nti
ont
othe
o
nlye
xta
ntpr
e-Co
nfuc
iant
ext
s he Y2
:t '
j
li
ng 易経 (
Boo
kof Ch
ange
s),
Shu
jin
g書経 (
Boo
kofDo
cume
nts
) ndShl
,a '
ji
ng詩経 (
Boo
kofPo
etr
y).

Thet
wo,t
houghno
tne
ces
sar
il
ymut
ual
lye
xcl
usi
ve,me
ani
ngsof

wh enfoll
owlngthec arri
agewi t
ht hebiertothegrave,andret
urningfromit,
o newasno tseenont hero a
dwi th也emo ur
ningcap."
l
l.Co mparetheChi nesee xorc
ist
ic a
lpa perfigure
sc al
ledk a
-i
lds
he'
n 閉路神
c̀
l
e a
rther oadspiri
t'usedinf u
ne ralproces
sionsandwhi c
ha rebeli
evedt o
ha veoriina
g ted(deGr oot1910,162,Do ra1914,1:
551
6)a ssymboli
cr epla
ce-
me ntsforexorci
sts.
2.El
1 iade(196
4,217,cf.432)note
sBu ry
a tsha
ma ns(oftheAlarskregio
n )use
ar edsil
kt hr
ead(anda rro
ws§4. )a
3 longwhich"thepati
ent'
ssoulissupposed
tor e-
enterit
sbody."
 S
hama
nicHe
ng'
&'Co
nst
anc
y' 10
3

ge
t
ng <*kan
g亙∼恒 a
re:
(
α)ǹe
w/c
res
centmoo
n,wa
xing,
inc
reas
ing,
cont
inui
ng,
adva
nci
ng'
P)'
( ext
end,(
spr
ead)e
ver
ywhe
re,(
reac
h)l
imi
t,c
ompl
ete
,ent
ire'
.
Me
ani
ng(
α)ǹe
wmoo
n',
Vis
ibl
eint
heo
rac
lea
ndbr
onz
egr
aphs丘and垂,
wass
emant
ical
lye
xte
nde
dtoẁaxi
ng,i
ncr
eas
ing'
.Theo
nlyc
las
sic
al
e
xampl
eoft
hiss
ens
eisaShZ
ji
ngde
scr
ipt
iono
fbl
ess
ingsbe
stowe
dby
anc
est
rals
pir
its
:
如月之恒]Li
[ ket
hemoo
n'sadva
nci
ngt
ot ul
hef l
,[如 日之升]l
ike
t
her
isi
ngo
fthes
un,l
iket
hel
onge
vit
yoft
heSout
her
nmo
unt
ai ,
ns
whi
cha
rene
veri
njur
ed,
neve
rfll
a i
ng,l
iket
hel
uxur
ianc
eoft
hef
ir
a
nd c
ypr
ess
,[無不爾或承]t
her
eis not
hing t
hat wi
llnot be
(
cont
inue
d:)e
ver
-la
sti
ngf
oryo
u.(
166
/6,9
C10
a,t
r.Ka
rlg
ren1
950
b,
1
10)
The(
2ndc
ent
.B.
C.)Maoc
omme
nta
rygl
oss
es*kang恒 asx
ia
-n<*
g'i
en
針 bo
wst
ring(
cf ,c
･@) r
esc
entmoon'
,
13butasChan(
192
7 ,1
17)s
ays
,thi
s
"
doe
sno
tmakemuc
hse
nse
."I
nthi
ssi
mil
eabo
utt
hemoo
n'sge
L
ng<
*kan
g 恒 ,t
her
hymi
ngpar
all
eli
sthes
un'
sshe
-
ng <*S'i
ang 升 r̀
i
s i
ng'
.
Ka
rlg
rent
rans
lat
eshu6< *
g'wak 或 s̀
ome
,so
met
ime
s,s
ome
thi
ng,
pe
rha
ps,po
ssi
ble
'int
hel
astl
inea
s"(
cont
inue
d:)e
ver
-la
sti "f
ng, ol
lowi
ng
Zhe
ngXua
n'S鄭玄 (
127
-20
0)gl
osso
f或 a
sit
sne
ar-
ant u<*
onym yb gii
i
g
有 h̀a
ve,t
her
eis
,exi
st'
.(Thi
ssa
me di
ver
sel
yint
erpr
eta
ble 或承
s̀
ome
time
s?/
cons
tant
ly?r
ece
ive
'isus
edi
nthe Yt
'
)
ti
ngl
ineq
uot
edby
Conf
uci
usi
n§3
.1.
)Me
ani
ng (
β) è
xte
nd,e
ver
ywhe
re'ge
ner
li
a z
est
he

1
3.Th eShuowe
n( 13A.
32a,cf.abo
ve)quot
esthi
sShiji
nglnew
i ith 維 r̀
ope
,
bowst
ri
ng?'
.Canart(1
979,106
)reas
onstha
tsi
nceth
e弦 c̀resc
ent
'orì
ncr
eas
-
in
gmo on'i
su se
df orbo t
hwa xi
nga ndwanin
g,"itcoul
dbeas ymbolof
st
ren
gthaswellaswe akness
,orgrea
tnes
sorofdecade
nce.
"
104 人 文 研 究 第 8
3輯

as
trono
mic
al(
α)ì
ncr
eas
ingmoon'
.The ShZ
jng us
i es恒∼亙 t
ome
an
pl
ant
ingmi
ll
etc̀
ont
i l
nualy,e
ver
ywhe
re'
14i
nade
scr
ipt
iono
fHo
uJi后稜
"
Lor
dMi
ll
et"t
, hel
ege
nda
ryi
nve
nto
rofChi
nes
eagr
icul
tur
e.
Hes
entdo
wn(
tot
hepe
opl
e)t
hef
inec
ere
als
;the
rewa
sbl
ack
mi
ll
et,do
ubl
e-ke
rne
lle
dbl
ackmi
ll
et,mi
ll
etwi
thr
eds
pro
uts
,wi
th
whi
tes
pro
uts
;[恒之拒稚]hee
xte
nde
dove
rit(
sc.t
hegr
ound)t
he
bl
ackmi
ll
eta
ndt
hedo
ubl
e-ke
rne
lle
d,her
eape
dit
,he(
acr
edi
t-)
t
ooki
tbya
cre
s;[
恒之楯芭]hee
xte
nde
dove
ritt
hemi
ll
etwi
thr
ed
s
pro
utsa
ndwi
thwhi
te,
hec
arr
iedt
hemo
nthes
houl
der
,hec
arr
ied
t
hemo
ntheba
ck;
wit
hthe
mhewe
ntho
mea
ndi
nit
iat
edas
acr
ifi
ce.
(
245
/6,1
7A.
14b-
15a,t
r.Ka
rlgr
en1
950
b,1
99)
Theo
nlye
arl
yexa
mpl
eso
f*kang恒∼亙 me
ani
ng(
α)ǹe
wmoo
n'and(
β)
è
ver
ywhe
re'a
rei
ntheShZ
ji
ng,a
n dne
ithe
risc
lea
rlya
ppl
ica
blet
othe
So
uthe
rnSa
yinga
bouts
hama
n-do
cto
rs.

Thee
ih tme
g ani
ngso
fhe
'
ng <*
g'ang恒 ar
ebas
edupo
nas
ema
n-
t
icc
oreo
f'c
ons
tant
,cont
inuous
'15
(
a)c̀
ons
tant
,cont
inual
,pe
rma
nent
,unc
han
ging,
inva
ria
ble
,et
ernal
'

(
b)p̀e
rsonalna
me'
(
C)ǹa f童
meo ,YZ
jnghe
i xagr
am3
2'
(
d)p̀l
acena
mes
'

1
4.Ma oglossesb i
a
Ln <* pian遍 ( wr i
tt
enwithr adi
c a
l6 0inst
eado f162)
'
every
wh e
re,a l
ltogethe
r'whi chisthen ameo fac̀omp re
hensi
ve,ca
tholi
c'
sa
crif
icetoallt
hego ds(Sh uj
ing3.5a,Karlg
ren1970,no.1258
).
1
5.The s
e憧 me ani
ngscanno talwa
y sb ecl
earl
yd e
ma r
c at
ed.Forexample,檀
=" he
Jgs
n pee
ch"ha ssen
ses(e)and(i)inth
eMe ngi(
z 4A/ 5
,7A.9at
,r.
Lau1 97
0,
12
0" commo ne xpres
sio
n" )andLt j
'i(1.
20b,tr
.Le g
ge1 8
85,1:68"or
dinary
con
versat
ion")
.
 S
hama
nicHe
nsB '
Con
stnc
a y
' 105

(
e)ànc
ientt
radi
ti
on,ol
d,l
ong-
ti
me,l
ong-
cont
inue
d/-
standi
ng'
(
f)c̀
ons
tant
,common,or
dina
ry,no
rmal
,us
ual
,re
gul
ar,ge
ner
al'
(
g)p̀e
rse
ver
anc
e,c
ons
tant
/unc
hangi
ngmi
nd,s
ingl
e-mi
nde
d'
(
h)s̀
tanda
rd,f
ixe
d,r
egul
ar,de
ter
mine
d,c
ert
ain'
.
Thebas
icme
ani
ng(
a)c̀
ons
tant
,co
nti
nual
,al
ways
'isr
eco
rde
dint
he
Shu
jin
g(1
0.1
4b,1
4.2
4b,t
r.Ka
rlgr
en1
950
a,2
7,4
6)"
areno
tre
gul
arl
y
c
aug
ht"a
nd"
Ifyouc
ons
tant
lypr
ocl
im a
a nds
a "andt
y, heShZ
ji
ng(
207
/
4
-5,1
3A.
25a,
tr.
Kar
lgr
en1
950
b,1
60)"
dono
tcons
tant
lyl
iveate
ase!…do
no
tcons
tant
lyt
akee
asea
ndr
est
!"Me
ani
ng(
b)p̀e
rsonalna
me'
nomi
nal
-
i
zes(
a),
ina
nal
ogywi
thCo
nst
anc
eorCo
nst
ant
ine
,bo
tha
sas
urname(
e.
g-
,
Ki
ngHe
ng恒王 not
edi
n§1
.1)a
ndape
rsonalname(
e.
g.
,themur
der
er
Che ng､陳恒 who
n He m Co
nfuc
iusc
rit
ici
zedi
n Lun
yu 1
4/2
2).He
'
ng
me
ani
ng(
C)i
sthena
meo
ftheYt
'
j
li
nghe
xa am ≒≡
gr "
書 (thunde
r"o
ver
"
wind"t
rigr
ams
),s
ee§
3.1
.Me
ani
ng(
d)p̀l
acename
s'i
ncl
ude
sthehol
yMt
.
He ngShan恒 山,
ng,He loc
ate
dbe
twe
enHe
beia
ndSha
nxiPr
ovi
nce
s,t
he
He
ngRi
ver ngHe恒 河 ,whi
,He chf
lowsi
nthes
amea
rea,16 a
ndo
the
r
"
cons
tant
"loc
ali
ti
es(
e.
g.
,He
ngPr
ovi
nce恒州 i
nHe
bei
).Me
ani
ng(
e)
à
nci
entt
radi
ti
on'mayha
vebe
ent
heo
rigi
nals
ens
eoft
heSo
uthe
rn
Sa
ying(
ort
hes
hama
niche
'
ngc
ere
mony§
3.4
),buti
sno
tte
xtual
lya
tte
ste
d
unt
ilt
he(
ca.
200B.
C.)Gul
ian
gzhua
n穀梁侍 (
荘公 2
4,6
.6b,
tr.
Legge1
872,
1
07)"
accl
ordi
ng]t
othea
nci
entc
ust
om.
"He
'
ngme
ani
ng(
i)i
s'c
ons
tant
'
i
nthes
ens
eof'
usual
,co
mmo
n,or
dinar
yu7(
cf.A i
ni4
.5)
,theChunq
iu

1
6.Ea rl
yrefer
encesaref o
undintheShuj
2'
ng(e.g.
,6.
5a,Ka r
lgren195
0a,14)
.The
nort
herna n
ds o
uthernant i
podesofanci
entChinawe reMt .He ngs(e
.g.
,Lij
i
13.
24b,Legge1885,1 ,
245)
,恒山 ( he
Jg <*
n g'∂ng恒)i nt h
eno rt
hand衡山
(h
e'
ng<* g'a
ng#)i nt hesout
h.Besi
dest
heHe ngRive r
,ChineseJ
kisu se
dto
tr
ansli
ter
atetheGa nges.
1
7.Sen s
e(i)'
commo n'acquir
edad emeani
ngn uanceof'pet
ty',e.
g.
,"Thosewho
106 人 文 研 究 第 8
3輯

c
omme
nta
rie
s( huan昭公 1
Zuoz 7,4
8.1
0a,Gul
iangz
huan哀公 1
4,2
0.1
6a,
Le
gge1
872
,66
8,8
34)us
e恒 t
ode
scr
ibeùnus
ual
'ome
nsi
n52
5and4
83
C.
B. :ac
ome
ta Chi
ndalih麟 " nes
euni
cor
n."Me
ani
ng(
g)p̀e
rse
ver
anc
e',
aps
ychol
ogi
cale
xte
nsi
ono
f(a
)c̀
ons
tant
'tome
anc̀
ons
tant
/unc
han
gin
g
mi
nd,
singl
e-he
art
ed/
-mi
nde
d',
ist
hes
tanda
rdCo
nfuc
iani
sti
nte
rpr
etat
ion
o
fthehe
ng恒 ne
' ces
sar
yfo
ras
hama
n-do
cto
r§3
.2.Na
mel
y,he
'
ngxl
-
n恒心
"
cons
tanthe
art
/mi
nd"p̀e
rse
ver
anc
e,c
ons
tanc
yofpur
pos
e,s
teadf
ast
-
ne
ss'whi
chwa
sfi
rstr
eco
rde
d(c
a.2
90B.
C.)i
nas
tat
eme
ntbyMe
nci
us:
Onl
yaGe
ntl
emanc
anha
vea [
恒心]c
ons
tanthe
arti
nspi
teofa
l
ac f[
ko 恒産]cons
tantme
anso
fsuppo
rt.
Thepe
opl
e,o
ntheo
the
r
hand,Wi
llno
tha
vec
ons
tanthe
art
sift
heya
rewi
thoutc
ons
tant
me
ans
.Lac
kingc
ons
tanthe
art
s,t
heywi
llgoas
trayandf
alli
nto
e
xce
sse
s,s
toppi
nga
tno
thi
ng.(
lA/7
,1B.
6a,t
r.La
u19
70,5
8)1
8
Me
ani
ng(
h)s̀
tanda
rd,f
ixe
d,de
ter
mine
d'i
sal
ate
rspe
cial
iza
tio
nof(
a)
L
cons
tant
'or(
e)L
tradi
ti
onal
',f
ore
xampl
e,t
heChuc
i(1
4Ab,t
r.Ha
wke
s
1
985
,26
5)"
fixe
dcus
tom.
"

Thr
eeo
fthea
bovee
ightme
ani
ngsc
oul
dco
nce
iva
blya
ppl
ytot
he
ng恒 s
he
' aidt
obene
ces
sar
yfors
hama
n-do
cto
rs:(
a)c̀
ons
tanc
y,pe
rma-
ne
nce
',(
e)à
nci
entt
radi
ti
on/
rit
ual
'(pe
rha
pss
igni
fyi
ngh̀e
redi
ty'amo
ng
Chi
nes
esha
mans
,Wal
ey1
955
,10
),o
r(g)p̀e
rse
ver
anc
e',
butne
ithe
r(e
)nor

Canb eswa ye
dwi tho f
ferso fgai
no rrefo
rmedbyaba bbleo fwo rds,
"
Zhuan i(
gz 9.19
b,tr.Wa t
son1968,326)says
,"aremereidi
ots
,simpleto
ns,the
[恒民]c omm? ne
stsortofme n!"
1
8.Thi sMengzzpassag
e( r
ewor dedi
n3 A/3,5A.6
b-7
a,Lau1 9
70,97)i
ss iil
m a
r
totheDaodej
ing(49 f
,c.§4.
5)"Th esagehasno [常心]c onst
antheart/
in
m d.
"
TheHa nfei
zi(8.
3a,tr
.Liao1 939,25
0 )sa
ys:"Byn at
urethepeople[ 有恒]
fol
lowc ert
ainc o
nstantprin
c i
ples
,c onsi
deri
ngcrookedne
ssc r
o okeda nd
st
raiht
g nessst
raiht
g ."
 S
hama
nicHeng恒 C̀o
nst
anc
y' JE
フ7
1

(
g)i
sat
tes
tedi
npr
e-Conf
uci
ant
ext
s.Ha
vingl
ingui
sti
cal
lyi
ntr
oduc
ed
he
'
ng∼ ge
L
ng恒 i
nthi
sse
cti
on,
hypo
the
sesa
bouthe
'
ngr
itual
sar
epr
ese
nt-
e
dbe
low.

2 WALEY'
SPROPOSALS

Ar
thurWal
ey(
188
9-1
966
),Oneoft
hef
ore
mos
tint
erpr
ete
rsof
Chi
nes
eandJ
apa
nes
eli
ter
atur
e,me
nti
one
dthei
deao
fas
hama
niche
'
ng
憧r
ituali
nhi
s19
33Yl
-
}
'i
ngar
tic
lea
nd1
938Lun
yut
rans
lat
ion.
Sinc
ebo
th
r
efe
renc
esa
ref
air
lys
hor
t,t
heyar
equo
tedi
nful
l.

2.
1TheYJ
'
J
lng易経 Pr
l
' emi
se
Wal
ey'
spape
ro he Yl
nt '
}
'i
ng(
Boo
kof Ch
ange
s)s
ayst
hisa
bout
he
xagr
am numbe
r32
,He
ng恒 [
see§
3.1
]:
§
32i
spa
rti
cul
arl
yint
ere
sti
ngi
ntha
tite
xpl
ainsapas
sagei
nthe
Anal
ect
s ofConf
uci
ust
hathashi
the
rtor
emai
nedc
ompl
ete
ly
o
bsc
ure
:
fyo
不恒其徳或承之差 Ì u do no
tst
abi
li
ze yo
ur"
vir
t ,
ue"
Di
sgr
acewi
llo
ver
takeyou.
'
Themo
ralwor
ds,s
ucha
svi
rtue
,jus
tic
e,e
tc.
,have
,aslha
ve
poi
nte
dout
,as
li
ght
lydi
ffe
rentc
olour
ingi
nthee
arl
iers
tage
sof
huma
nsoc
iet
y.ii
nea
rlyChi
nes
eme
ansnotv
irt
uei
nthes
ens
eof
mo
ralr
ect
itude
,butr
athe
r,s
otos
peak,t
hes
toc
kofc
redi
ttha
ta
ma
nha
satt
heba
nko
ffor
tune.Suc
has
toc
kisbui
ltupbyt
he
c
orr
ectc
arr
yingo
utofr
itual
,anda
boveal
lbyt
hes
ecur
ingof
f
avour
abl
eome
ns.I
ffo
rexampl
elco
nsul
tthet
ort
ois
eandge
ta
f
avo
ura
bler
espo
nse
,tha
tismy l
de%]
.Iti
smypo
tent
ialgood
l
uck.
Buti
tre
mai
nsl
ikea
nunc
ashe
dche
queunl
esslt
aket
her
ight
s
tepst
oco
nve
rti
tint
o af
u 福 ,amat
eri
albl
ess
ing-Li
kean
10
8 人 文 研 究 第 8
3 輯

unc
ashe
dche
q ,a l
ue de]i
sada
nge
roust
hingt
ole
avea
bout
.It
mayf
alli
ntoo
the
rha
nds
,beputt
oso
meo
nee
lse'
sac
count
.
Mor
eove
r,a
nome
nisr
ega
rde
dasi
nit
sel
famo
ment
ary,e
vane
s-
c
entt
hin
g.Li
kes
il
ver
-pr
int
s,i
tre
qui
resf̀
i
xing'
.Ot
her
wis
eitwi
ll
r
efe
ronl
ytot
hemo
menta
twhi
chi
twass
ecur
ed.
Ome
n-t
ake
rsal
l
o
vert
hewor
lda
rec
are
fulbo
tht
of̀
i
x'a
ndt
ose
cur
efo
rthe
mse
lve
s
t
her[
i de
],t
herv
i i
rt
us.Ome
n-o
bje
cts
,whi
chha
veg
ive
naf
avo
ur-
a
bler
esul
t,a
renai
ledt
otr
ees
,bur
ied,l
ocke
dup.It
hinki
tiss
ome
s̀
tabi
li
zing'r
iteo
fthi
ski
ndt
hatt
het
erm he
^
ng恒 i
mpl
ies
.Le
tus
no
wtur
ntoAnal
ect
sXI
II,2
2[§
3.2
]:
"
Thepe
opl
eoft
hes
out
hha
veas
ayi
ng,'
Itt
ake
she
^
ngt
omake
e
venas
oot
hsa
yero
rme
dic
ine
-ma
n.'I
t'
squi
tet
rue
.'I
fyo
udono
t
s
tabi
li
zeyo
urvi
rtue,di
sgr
acewi
llo
ver
takeyo
u."
'
Conf
uci
usadds不占而己臭,
whi
chha
sco
mpl
ete
lybaf
fl
edhi
sint
er-
pr
ete
rs.Sur
elyt
heme
ani
ngi
s Ì
tisno
teno
ughme
rel
ytoge
tan
o
men,
Tonemus
tals
ohe
^
ngL
st
abi
li
zei
t'
.Andi
fsuc
har
uleappl
ies
e
vent
oinf
eri
ora
rtsl
iket
hos
eoft
hedi
vine
randme
dic
ine
一man,
Co
nfuc
iusa
sks
,ho
w muc
hthemo
redo
esi
tappl
ytot
hes
eeke
r
a
ftrl
e de
]int
hemo
rals
ens
e?Sur
elyhet
oomus
t'makec
ons
tant'
hi
sini
ti
als
tri
ving!
Wha
tso
rto
fri
tedoe
sthet
erm he
^
ngi
mpl
y,andwha
tist
hehi
sto
ry
o
fthec
har
act
er恒 H nt
heol
dsc
ripti
tco
nsi
stso
fthemoo
n月
be
twe
ent
wol
ine
s.Thepr
lma
ryme
anl
ngi
sthec
res
centmoo
n,a
s
nOde1
i 66月之恒 [
§13]
. .
Butt
heus
ua
l me
ani
ngi
sc̀
ont
inui
ngf
rom
o
nepoi
ntt
oano
the
r'ands
os̀
tabl
e,f
ixe
d,pe
rpe
tua
l'.Is
ugge
st,
t
hen,
thathe
^
ngwa
sor
iinal
g lyar
itepe
rfo
rme
datt
hef
irs
tappe
ar-
a
nceo
fthene
w moo
nanddi
rec
tedt
owa
rdsmaki
ngaf
avo
ura
ble
c
ondi
ti
ono
faf
fai
rsl
astàl
lthr
ough'
thel
una
rmont
h.Agoodo
men
 S
hama
nicHeng 恒 C̀o
nst
anc
y' 109

wa
sre
qui
redf
oras
ingl
eac
t,s
ucha
smaki
ngas
acr
ifi
ce.Butf
or
pe
rma
nentunde
rtaki
ngsi
twasi
ndi
spe
nsa
blet
hatt
heo
mens
houl
d
be健吉 ,
noto
nlya
uspi
cio
us,
butf
avo
ura
bleàl
lthr
ough'
thepe
rio
d
f
orwhi
chi
twa
sre
qui
red.Weha
ves
omee
ide
v ncet
hatt
het
ypi
cal
s
tabi
li
zingr
itec
ons
ist
edi
ndr
awi
ngc
onc
ent
ricc
irc
leso
ras
pir
al
r
oundt
heo
men-
obj
ect
s.I
nco
mmo
npr
act
icet
hee
leme
nthe
^
ngi
s
o
fte
nwr
itt
en亘 ,i
nol
dsc
riptas
pir
alo
rtwoc
onc
ent
ricc
irc
les
be
twe
ent
wol
ine
s.Thr
ougho
utt
heanc
ientwor
ldne
wfo
undat
ions
whe
the
rofc
amps
,ci
ti
eso
rvi
ll
age
s,we
reS̀
tabi
li
zed'bydr
awi
ng
s
pir
also
rci
rcl
esr
oundt
hem.Asi
nanc
ientGe
rma
nys
oto-
dayi
n
t
heBal
kansac
irc
ula
rfur
row i
spl
oughe
dro
undne
wse
ttl
eme
nts
.
TheRo
mansgal
lope
dthemaz
e-da
nce
,Tr
oi°a,r
oundt
hewal
lso
f
ne
wci
ti
es.Ont
heOr
acl
eBo
neswec
ons
tant
lyf
ind 占亘 T̀he
t
ort
ois
ewa
sco
nsul
tedwi
thr
ega
rdt
other
ite亘 .
∫(e.
g.[
Tie
yun
Can
ggui# S#&] I
,fol
.6b)
.Its
houl
dbeme
nti
one
dtha
tso
me
mode
rni
nte
rpr
ete
rso
ftheBone
staket
hes
eco
ndc
har
act
eri
nsuc
h
c
ombi
nat
ionsa
sthenameo
fthedi
vine
r.Thi
sthe
oryi
nvol
vesgr
eat
di
ffi
cul
ti
es.(
193
3,1
36-
7)
Hec
ite
stheShu
jing"
LuoGao"(
§3.
3)ase
xempl
if
yingt
his健吉 "
cons
tant
a
uspi
cio
usne
ss"not
, e '<*ねk徳 p̀ower,vi
sde rtue'wa
sco
gna
tew
ith
h
zt<*d'
ねk直 me
ani
ngt̀
opl
ant',19 a
nds
ayst
he"
anal
ogybe
twe
ent
he
o
ment
hatwi
llf
ulf
il
lit
sel
fingoodl
ucka
ndt
hes
eedt
hatwi
llbr
ingpl
ent
y
i
sobvi
ouse
nough.
"

Thema
inf
lawi
n Wal
ey'
shypo
the
sesa
boutt
he he
'
ngr
itei
s

1
9.Thiszht
'<*d'
iak直 s̀
tra
iht
g '
wasagr
ap hi
clo
anf o
rzi
h'<*dZ
bk殖 f̀a
t,
fa
tte
n,p
rospe
r,p
lant
,cul
ti
vate
'orzht<*tiak植 t̀
osow/
plan
t(e
arl
y)'
.
110 人 文 研 究 第 83 輯

gr
aphi
c.Be
caus
eofs
pir
ali
ng 亘 gr
aphs
,hes
uppo
sedt
hatt
her
itual
i
nvol
vedt
hec
ult
ural
lywi
des
pre
adpr
act
iceo
fdr
awi
ngc
onc
ent
ricc
irc
les
a
roundome
n-o
bje
cts
.Butus
ing亘 f
or亙 i
n恒 wasa2
ndc
ent
.B.
C.Ha
m
dyna
styt
aboo(
dis
cus
sedi
n §1
.1)a
ndt
husi
rre
leva
ntt
o12
thc
e .B
nt C
..
Shango
rac
lei
nsc
ript
ions
.Wal
eys
aidr
eadi
ngt
heo
rac
ulr占亘 ast̀
a he
di
vine
rXuan'"
invol
vesgr
eatdi
ffi
cul
ti
es"andmi
stooki
ttome
and̀i
vina-
t
iona
boutt
hehe
ngr
itual'
.2
0

2 TheLu
2. nyu論語 No
tes
Wal
eyr
eit
erat
edhi
side
afi
veye
arsl
ate
rint
rans
lat
ingt
heCo
n-
f
uci
anAnal
ect
s:
TheMas
ters
aid,Theme
noft
hes
out
hha
veas
ayi
ng,Wi
tho
ut
s
tabi
li
tyamanwi
llno
teve
nmakeagoods
hamano
rwi
tch-
doc
tor
.
We
lls
aid!Oft
hemaxi
m;i
fyo
udono
tst
abi
li
zeanac
tofl
de]観
yo
uwi
llge
tevi
lbyi
t(i
nst
eadofgood)
,theMas
ters
aid,The
y(i
.e.
s
oot
hsa
yer
s)dono
tsi
mpl
yre
adt
heo
mens
.(1
3/2
2,1
3.9
a,t
r.Wal
ey
1
938
,17
7)
Heno
test
heLl
'
j
-i(
§3.
2)ha
s"di
vine
rbyt
heya
rrows
tal
ks"f
or"
shama
nor
wi
tch-
doc
tor
,"ands
ays
:"Tor̀
eadt
heome
ns'i
sthef
irs
tst
epi
nany
unde
rtaki "compar
ng, abl
ewi
thi
nau
gur
ate
.Wal
eybe
lie
vest
heSo
uthe
rn
Sayi
ngi
sapl
ayo
nhe
'
ngme
ani
ng"
ari
tef
ors
tabi
li
zing,
per
pet
uat
ingt
he
powe
rofgoo
dome
nsandaus
pic
iousac
tio
ns"a
nd"
ste
adf
ast
,int
hemo
ral
s
ens
e."Hi
sAddi
ti
onalNo
tess
ay:
I
tse
emsc
lea
rtha
the
^
ng wa
sthenameofar
itual
.Cf
.lZho
uli

2
0.Eventhouht
g h
r e
eo r
acl
eoccurr
ence
so f畠(Shi
ma1 71
9 ,31
5)arei
n示亘
s̀
acr
if
ice
dtoXua n'
,themajo
rit
ya r
eclea
rlyno
tat
ion
softhedi
vin
er'
sna
me
andunr
elat
edto亙.
 S
hama
nicHeng@ '
Con
sta
ncy
' 1
11

3
$ ,c
A] h.5
0:"
Ifagr
eatc
lam
a itybe
fll
a st
hel
and,
the
nse
ndf
oru
Ju
(
shamans
)andpe
rfo
r heu
mt )u-
he
^n
g(s
hama
nis
tiche
^
ngc
ere
mony)
."
The e
xpl
anat
ionsg
ive
n by l
Zhe
ng Xuan]a
nd o
t rl
he Zho
uli
]
c
omme
nta
tor
sar
efo
rce
dandunc
onvi
ncng. [
i Moz
i§3
.5 ⅩⅩⅩI
]( I,
For
ke'
str
ans
lat
ion,p.371)quo
tesf
rom a"
book oft
hef
orme
r
ki
ngs
":"
tope
rfo
r hehe
mt ^
ngdanc
eint
hepal
acei
scal
ledyi
eldi
ng
t
othei
nfl
uenc
eofs
hama
ns.
"Toda
ncehe
^
ng'
cont
inual
ly'
(whi
chi
s
t
heus
uali
nte
rpr
etat
ion)make
spoors
ens
e.iwo
uldal
sos
ugge
st
t
hatt
hewo
rds'
il
l,he
^
ng,
notdi
e'i
ntheBo
oko
fCh
ange
s,s
ect
ion16
l
S31]
,me
an"
Ifanyo
nei
sil
l,pe
rfo
r hehe
mt ^
ngr
itea
ndhewi
llno
t
di
e."Thes
ayi
ngo
fthe"
meno
fthes
out
h"(
i.
e.o
f[Chu]
?)i
sal
so
q
uot
edl
sic
]in Se
cti
on3 heCh
20ft ange
s.(
193
8,2
49)
Al
tho
ughWal
eybr
ief
lydi
scus
seds
hama
nis
minhi
s(1
955
)tr
ans
lat
iono
f
"
TheNi
neSo
ngs
,"hene
verr
etur
nedt
othes
hama
niche
'
nghypo
the
sis
.
Thec
las
sic
alc
itat
ionsa
boves
oundl
ikef
eas
ibl
eevi
denc
eofahe
'
ngr
ite
,
a
ndt
heya
rea
nal
yze
dint
hene
xts
ect
ion.

3 WALEY'
S EXAMPLES

Si
xte
xtuale
xampl
esar
eme
nti
one
dabo
ve i
nsuppor
toft
he
s
hama
nic he
'
ng hypo
the
si:he
s '
ngi
nthe Yl
ji
ng§
3.,Lun
1 yu and Ll
ji
ve
rsi
onsoft
heSo
uthe
rnSa
ying§
3.,恒吉 h̀e
2 '
nga
uspi
cio
usne
ss'i
nthe
Shu
jing §
3.3,t
he慈恒 S̀ che
hamani '
ngc
ere
monyi
ntheZho
uli§
3.4
,and
s
hama
nic恒舞 h̀
e
'ngda
ncng'i
i ntheMo
zi§
3.5
.

3.
1He
ng懐 i
ntheYJ
'
jI
'
ng
TheBo
oko
f Ch
ange
sor Yz
ji
ng 易経 i
sdo
ubl
yimpo
rta
ntt
othe
s
hama
niche
'
ng 恒 hypot
hes
is.
21Conf
uci
usquot
est
heSout
her
nSa
ying
wi
t heYZ
ht j
'i
nghe
xa am 萱≡ name
gr dHe
ng恒 "
Dur
ati
on2
2andWal
" ey
11
2 人 文 研 究 第 8
3 輯

pr
opos
esanexampl
eofs
hama che
ni '
ng heal
ingf
r j
'
om YZ
li
ng he
xagra
m
1
6.

Conf
uci
usc
ite
stheSo
uthe
rnSa
ying§
3.2al
ongw
ith Yl
j
'i
ng"
six/
ni
ne"(
ie.
. ,Yi
n/Ya
ng)i
nte
rpr
etat
ionsf
o ng ≡;
rHe ≡ hexagr
am(
numbe
r
3
2oft
he6
4)l
ine
s:"
nine"(
Yang)f
ort
het
hir
dli
nei
ntheLun
yuve
rsi
on,
pl
us"
six"(
Yin)f
ort
hef
ift
hi heLt
nt )
li
.Bot
hthe
see
xege
se ehe
sus '
ng<
ang恒 wi
*g' t '<*tak徳 `
hde (s
pir
itual
)powe
r,vi
rtue,qual
it
y,c
har
act
er'
,
asdoi
nte
rpr
eta
tio
nsf
ort
hef
irs
tandl
astl
ine
sofHe
ng:
Si
xatt
hebe
ginni
ngmea
ns:[
汝恒貞凶無利] Se
eki
ngdur
ati
on
t
oohas
til
y br
ingsmi
sfo
rtunepe
rsi
ste
ntl
y.Not
hing t
hatwoul
d
f
tl
rt r…Ni
he nei
nthet
hir
dpl
acemeans
:[不恒其徳或承之童貞苔]
Hewho doe
sno
tgi
ve dur
ati
ont
o hi
schar
act
erme
etswi
th
di
sgr
ace
.23

Pe
rsi
ste
nthumi
li
ati
on､
…Si
xint
hef
ift
hpl
acemeans
:[恒其徳
貞婦人吉夫子凶]Gi
vingd
ura
tio
ntoone'
schar
act
ert
hroughpe
rse-
ve
ranc
e.Thi
sisgoodf
ort
unef
orawoman,mi
sfor
tunef
oraman.
Si
xatt
het
opmea
ns:
[振恒 凶]Re
stl
ess
nes
sasane
ndur
ingcondi
ti
on

2
1.I nadd itio
n,theLZ j
ive
' r
siono fthisq uot
es ay sh e
'ngisn ece
s s
aryt obea ト
笠 d̀ ivine r'(i
nsteado fas hama n-doctor)a nd s ht<* d'i
a d塞 s pecif
ies
Y2'
ji
n g- s
tyl es̀
orti
lege,di
vinationwi thmi l
foils t
a l
ks '
.
2
2.TheHe ng匝̀ hexa gr
ami st ranslat
eda s" Du r ati
on"( Baynes)or" Per
ma -
nence"( Go vinda,bothf rom Wi lhelm'S" DieDa uer","
) Constancy"( Sung,
Whi ncup, Wu )
,"TheLo ngEn duri
ng"( Blofel
d)," Lo n
gDu r
ation"(Dou gla
s),or
"Cont i
nui ng"(Wi ng).
2
3.Be sidesWi l
helm'S"notgived urati
ont ohisc ha r
a cte
r,"不恒其徳 i st ransl
at-
eda s" notc onti
nuouslyma i
nt ai
nhi svirtue
"(Le g ge),"i
nconstantinhisvirtue"
(Creel)," notco n
siste
ntlyvirtuous"(Bl of
eld),"no tma i
ntainh i
svirtu einan
unwa ve ringma nner"(Do u
glas),"notke eptohi ss t
a t
ion"(Wh incup)
,a nd"No t
consta nt,hisvirtue"(Wu )
.
 S
hama
nicHe
ng@ '
Con
sta
ncy
' 113

br
ingsmi
sfo
rtune.(
4.
5b-
6b,t
r.Wi
lhe
lm1
967
,12
7-9
)
Twol
ingui
sti
cpr
obl
emswi
tht
heHe
nghe
xag
raml
ine
ssuppo
sedl
yquo
ted
byCo
nfuc
iusa
re:(
1)W
h a
tdo
es恒其徳 t̀
ohe
'
ngo
ne'
S/i
tspowe
r/vi
rtue
'
me
an?(
2)Do
est
her
esul
tanthu6或 me
ans̀
ome
time
s'o
ràl
ways
?'

(
1) Whatdoe
s懐其徳 h̀
eng on
e'S
/it
spo
wer
/vi
rtue'mean?The
t
hir
dli
nes
ayst t恒其徳 wi
ono llr
esul
tindi
sgr
ace
/tr
oubl
e( -<*sn2
xi
u '
0^
g
蓋 s̀
hame
,di
sgr
ace
'),a
ndt
hef
ift
hsa
yst
o恒其徳 i
sfor
tuna
tef
orwo
men
butnotme
n.Wa
ngYi
nzhi王引之 (
176
6-1
834
)thi
nks恒其徳 me
ans
:"ha
v-
i
ngme
tho
dins
pee
cha
ndc
ons
tanc
yina
cti
on.
"Wal
ey§
2.1i
nte
rpr
ete
dit
t
ome
ans̀
tabi
li
zeo
ne'
spo
tent
ialgoodl
uckf
rom af
avo
rabl
edi
vina
tio
n'.
Al
tho
ughhedi
dnotme
nti
ont
hedi
ffe
renc
ebe
twe
enawo
mana
ndaman
恒其徳 h̀e
' ng o
ng'
i spowe
ne' r',i
tco
uldi
mpl
ytha
tther
itualwa
smo
re
e
ffi
cac
iousf
oras
hama
nes
stha
nas
hama
n(cf
.§5
.2)
."Thef
irs
tso
rce
rer
s
we
rewo
men,s
orc
ere
sse
s,"s
aysWu (
199
1,1
33)
,co
nst
rui
ngt
hat"
the
i
nqui
ryr
equi
resawo
man,awi
fe'
sint
uit
iona
ndi
nte
lli
genc
e."

(
2) Doesh
u6或 means̀
ome
time
s'oràl
way
s'i
ntheYl
'
jl
'
ngquo
te?
Theal
lege
dre
sul
tof不便其徳 t̀
ono
the
'
ngo
ne'
S/i
tspo
wer
/ir
v t
ue'
ist
o武
承之蓋 s̀
ome
time
s?/
alwa
ys?r
ece
ivedi
sgr
ace
'.Hua
ngKa
n皇侃 (
488
-54
5)
pr
opo
sed hue < *
g' ak 或 s̀
u) ome
,pe
rha
ps,po
ssi
ble
,so
meho
w'me
ans
c
hLng <*d2
i '
ang常 c̀
ons
tant
,us
ual
'(cf
.§4
.5)
.Its
eemsc
ont
radi
ctor
yfo
r
s̀
ome
time
s't
ome
anc̀
ons
tant
ly'
,butHuangga
vet
wos
uppor
tinge
xam-
pl
es.Thea
nci
entShZ
jng §
i 1.3us
ageo
f恒 f
orì
ncr
eas
ing (
moo
n)'i
s
f
oll
owe
d(1
66,t
r.Ka
rlg
ren)by無不爾或承 "
The
rei
sno
thi
ngt
hatwi
llno
t
be(
cont
nue
i d:)e
ver
las
tngf
i oryo
u."Ands
omeDao
deJ
'
ingt
ext
s(nc
i l
udi
ng
t
heHe
shangGo
ngve
rsi
on)wr
ite或 a
s常 c̀
ons
tant
,fo
reve
r'i
n(4
,tr
.Cれa
n
1
963
,10
5)湛号似或存 "
Dee
pands
til
l,i
tappe
arst
oexi
stf
ore
ver
."Zhe
ng
114 人 文 研 究 第 8
3輯

(
1971
,321
3)agr
eest
heHe
shangDao
dej
ingt
extw
ithA L
cons
tant
ly'(
ort
he
var
i g久 l̀
ant*ki玩 ong,l
ong-
ti
me'
,cf
.be
low)make
sbe
tte
rse
nset
han或
'
some
time
s'.
24

Yl
-
di
ng co
mme
ntar
iest
otheHe
nghe
xagr
am as
soci
atehe
'
ng<
*
g'ang恒 wi
thi
tss
ynonym j
ii
i< *ki
盲板 久 ò
ld,l
ong,l
ongl
las
ting'
.The
序卦 H
Seque
nce"s
ays
:
夫婦之道不可以不久也故受之以悔悟者久也]Thewa
[ y ofhus
band
andwi
femus
tno
tbeot
hert
hanl
ong-
las
ting.He
ncet
her
efol
lows
t
hehe
xagr
amo
fDur
ati
on.Dur
ati
onmeansl
ong-
las
ting.(
9.1
3 r
a,t.
Wi
lhe
lm1
967
,545
)
The雑卦 "
Mis
cel
laneo
usNot
es"s
ect
ion(
9.1
5 r
b,t.Wi
lhel
m19
67,5
46)
de
fine
s恒 as久,"
Dur
ati
onme
anst
hatwhi
chl
ast
slong.
"Andt
he家博
"
Comme
ntar
yont
heDe
cis
ion"(
4.
5 b,
a- t
r.Wi
lhel
m19
67,5
46)e
xpl
ainst
his
c
irc
ular
lywi
thh6
ng:"
Thec
our
seofhea
venande
art
his[
恒久而不巳]
e
ndur
ingandl
ongandne
vere
nds
"and"
Ifwe [
観其所恒]me
dit
ateon
whatgi
vesdur
ati
ont
oat
hing,weca
nunde
rst
andt
henat
ureofhe
ave
n
andear
thandofal
lbei
ngs
."I
ntheBo
oko
f Ch
ange
s(andt
hewor
ldof
c
hange
),恒 c̀
ons
tanc
y,d
ura
tio
n'i
sunco
mmon,butt
hes
eYl
'
ji
ngcomme
n-

2
4.The semut ual
lya nt
itheti
cal或 me an i
ngst ypi
fyth eChineses e
ma n ticfie
ld
wbic hDo n g(1937)d i
scoveredfro
m反訓 " contradic
toryglosses
."Fo re xamp le,
nang <*na ^
n g嚢 i sd ef
ne
i da s久 l̀onga go,forme rl
y'intheEりa, b uta s不
久 ǹ otlo nga go 'intheSh uouJ
en(Hi guchi1 9
76,2 9-
30).Zheng( 1971 ,2712
8)
dis
c ussesDa ode
jingt ext
ua lvari
an t
so f*ki独 久 ò ld,long,l
on g-
time ',*gihg
又 r̀ epeat,mo r
e over'
,a nd* g2
'独 有 h̀ a
v e,therei s
'fo r*g'u)a
k或 s̀ ome ,
perha ps,po s
sibl
e ,ma ybe,insomewa y'.
Ot hertextsuse* g'
wa k或 ( ∼* g2'
wa k
域 t̀er r
itory'
)a sal oanfo r*gi独 又o r*g2'h
g有 , bu towingtothe卓- ga nd*-k
dif
fe r
e nces,Ka rlgren(1968,no.49 4
)c oncludesthisisa l"
l e
xc eedi
n glyd if
fi･
cult"a ndpr efersthei deathat*g' ak或 wa
u) sbengu
i s
edi nit
sba sics enseof
ì
ns omewa y,pe rchance'
,
 S
hama
nicHe
n &'
sJ Co
nst
anc
y' 115

t
ari
esde
scr
ibei
taspr
act
ical
lydi
vinei
nte
lli
genc
e,c
f.§
4.4.

Be
side
sHe
ng (
numbe
r32
),t
heor
iinalYt
g ji
ng cor
pusme
nti
ons
he
'
ng恒 i
nthr
eeot
herhe
xagr
ams(
5,1
6,3 25 a
7), ndWal
ey§
2.2quot
ess
ix/
Yi
nint
hef
ift
hli
neofhe
xagr
am1
6.Thi
spas
sage(
2.
37a)l
it
eral
lys
ays
:疾
恒不死 "
ill
/sckhe
i '
ngnotdi
e."Ma
nyc
omme
nta
tor
sfl
ip-
fl
o l
lhe
p疾恒 ì '
ng'
i
nto恒疾 h̀e
'
ngi
ll
,i.
e.
,cons
tant
/chr
oni
cil
lne
ss'
,thus(
tr.
Wil
hel
m19
67,
71)
H
Per
sis
tent
lyi
ll
,ands
til
ldoe
snotdi
e."Wal
ey'
S疾恒不死 r
eadi
ngof"I
f
si
anyonei l
l,pe
rfor
mthehe
'
ngr
itea
ndhe
/shewi
llnotdi
e"make
sbe
tte
r
l
ingui
sti
cse
nset
hant
het
radi
ti
onali
nve
rte
dexpl
anat
ion,andi
tiscons
is-
t
entwi
thChi
nes
etr
adi
ti
onso
fshamani
che
ali
ng(
deGr
oot1
910,1
182-
1
233,Uns
chul
d19
85,37
-46
).

Eve
nmaki
ngwi
deal
lowance
sfo
rint
erpr
eti heYz
ngt ji
ng'
slapi
dar
y
l
anguage,i
tspr
e-Co
nfuc
iant
ext
ualco
rpuss
eemst
osuppor
tWal
ey'
sidea
ofas c*
hamani g'
ang恒 heal
ingr
itualwi
ths
upe
rnat
ur *t
al ak徳 p̀owe
r'
and*l
ied利 b̀enef
its
'.

2
5.Theus age sin5a nd3 7resemblethe利 a nd行 a s
so c
iati
onsfortheHe ng
hexagrama bove.Ya ngi nthefir
stli
n eo fhexagram5s ays
:(2.
2a,tr
. Wilhel
m
1967,25)"Wai tingint heme adow.[ 利用恒]I tfur
thersonetoa bideinwha t
endures
.Nobl ame ."Andt he" I
ma ge"o f37explains:(
4.16
b,tr.Wilhel
m1 967,
144)"Thust hes uperiorma nha ssubs tanc
ei nhi sword s[而行有恒] and
durati
oni nhi swa yo flif
e."Inad di
ti
o n,he'
ng恒 i sfrequent
lyu s
edi nYi j
ing
comme ntaries.Twou sages(1.
14b,4.32b,tr.Wi lhel
m1 967
,3 8
1,6 01)quote
Confuci
us :"[ 進退無恒]I na d
van c
eo rr etr
e atnos u s
taine
dp e
rseverance
avail
s,exc eptthato nemu stnotdepartf ro
mo ne'
snature"and"[ 立心勿怪凶]
Hedo esno tke ephi sh e
a r
tc ons
tantl
ys t
eady.Mi sf
ortune.
"Bo ththeseh e
'ng
usagesar eì
nco n
stantly'negat
ive,無憧 ǹ oc onst
ancy'and勿怪 ǹo tc ons
tant',
compa r
a blewi t
ht he不恒其徳 ǹ oth e
'ngo ne'spowe r
/virt
ue'above.
116 人 文 研 究 第 8
3 輯

3.
2Th
eSou
the
rnSayi
ngs
The
rea
redi
ffe
rentve
rsi
onso
ftheSout
her
nSa
yingi
nthec
irc
a45
0
C.Lun
B. yuandt
hec
irc
a5 C.LZ
0B. ji
.Bot
har
equo
ted,anal
yze
d,a
nd
c
ompa
redbel
ow.

①I
ntheLu
nyu論語 orAnal
ect
s,Co
nfuC
iusq
uot
esa
ndpr
ais
est
he
Sout
her
nSa
yingt
hat"
A pe
rsonwi
t uth
ho e'
ng恒 cannotbeas
haman-
do
cto
r"a
ndt
heni
ndi
rec
tlyquo
tesande
xpl
ai he Yl
nst '
j
'i
ng'
sHe
ng 恒
he
xagr
ama
bove
:
[
子 日南人有言 日人而無恒不可以作盛撃善夫不恒其徳或承 之童子 日不
占而巳臭]TheMa
ste
rsai
d,Theme
noft
hes
out
hha
veas
ayi
ng,
Wi
tho
uts
tabi
li
tyamanwi
llno
te nmakeagoods
ve hama
n or
wi
tch-
doc
tor
.We
lls
aid!Oft
hemaxi
m;i
fyoudono
tst
abi
li
zea
n
ac
tofl
de]i ,yo
uwil
lge
tevi
lbyi
t(i
nst
eadofgood)
,theMa
ste
r
s
aid,The
y(i
.e.s
oot
hsa
yer
s)donots
impl
yre
adt
heo
mens
.(1
3/2
2,
1
3.9
a,t
r.Wal
ey1
938
,17
7)

sLu
Thi n
yucont
exti
sthet
ermi
nusaq
uof
ort
hewo
rdsna
'
we'
n両
人 s̀
out
her
npe
opl
e'a
ndyl
I警∼慧 d̀oc
tor
'.Ho
weve
r,s
inc
ePr
e-Co
nfuc
ian
t
ext
sdonotus
eei
the
r,2
6the
yar
ese
mant
ical
lyuns
ett
led.Fo
rthef
orme
r
na
'
nre
'
n s̀
out
her
npe
opl
e't
erm,"
sout
h"dur
ingt
het
imeo
fCo
nfuc
ius
t
ypi
cal
lyr
efe
rre
dtot
hes
tat
eso
fChu楚 ,Wu呉 ,andYue越.Al
lthr
ee
we
reas
soc
iat
edwi
ths
hama
nis
m,pa
rti
cul
arl
yChu(
Zha
ng1
988
,40
5-1
0),
andWal
ey§
2.2s
ugge
sts商人 me
ansp̀e
opl
efr
om Chu'(
cf.Ch
uci4.
24b)
.2
7

2
6.0nSれangora
clei
nsc
ript
ion
s,Yam(19
50,21
)not
esva
rio
uss̀
ickne
ss,
ill
nes
s'
gr
aphs(
egリ病 o
. r疾)havebeeni
dent
if
ied,
butne
ihe
t r嘗 d̀
oct
or'n
or薬 h̀er
b,
medi
ci
ne'ha
ve.
 S
hama
nicHe
ng% '
Con
sta
ncy
' 117

TheSo
uthe
rnSa
yingma
yre
lat
ewi
thar
egi
onaldi
ffe
renc
einChi
nes
e
s
hama
nis
m(Ki
taga
wa1
977
,36
0,Ka
gan1
980
,3)
;no
rthe
rnChi
nes
esha一
mansa
res
aidt
oha
ves
pec
ial
ize
dini
nte
rpr
eti
ngdr
eamsandbr
ingi
ng
r
ain,S
out
her
none
sinme
dic
alhe
ali
ngande
xor
cis
m.Atf
irs
tgl
anc
e,t
he
l
att
erwor -警 d̀
dyl o c
tor
,phys
ici
an,he
al,c
ure,me
dic
ine
'Se
emst
obe
wr
itt
enwi
that
ypi
calr
adi
cal
-pho
net
icl
ogo
gra
phc
ombi
nin
gthe酉 "
wine
r
adi
cal
"(me
ani
ng m̀e
dic
inalw
i ne
,li
qui
d me
dic
ine'
28
)wi
th a〆 殴
è
mpha
tic
/gr
ammat
icalwo
rd'phone
tic.Ho
weve
r,t
he i
nco
mpa
tibl
e
Ar
chai
cChi
nes ra
e*- nd*-
gfi
nal
s(a
sre
cons
truc
tedbyKar
lgr
en)s
how
t
hat〆<*'
iar殴 (
Combi
ning〆<*'
iar医 q̀
uive
r'a
nd受 h̀a
ndhol
ding
al
anc
e')wasno
tthepho
net
ici
ndi
cat
or.
inyZ
J<*'
2
'ag警 d̀oc
tor
'.Fur
the
r-
mo
re,pal
eogr
aphyr
eve
alst
ha he讐 d̀oc
tt tor
'lo
gogr
aphwi
th酉 ẁi
ne'
wa
sor
iinal
g lywr
itt
en望 wi
th盛 s̀
haman'
.Thi
sanc
ientyl
-<*'
iag監
d̀oc
tor
'ide
ogr
aphi
cal
lyde
pic
tedas
hama
n-do
cto
rint
hea
cto
fexo
rci
s-
t
icalhe
ali
ngwi
t 矢 à
h( rrows
'in)a医 q̀
uive
r',a受 h̀andhol
dingal
anc
e',
andawu
-<*m2
' 0盛 s̀
uJ hama
n'Jti
sfe
asi
blet
hatas
ingl
e監 `
[sha
man]
do
cto
r'g
raphc
oul
dha
vebe
ent
heor
iinalwr
g iti f益警 s̀
ngo hama
n-do
cto
r'
i
ntheSo
uthe
rnSayi
ng,
per
hapsl
ate
rcl
ari
fi
edi
ntot
wogr
aphsbys
cri
bes
.

2
7.Th eLunyuc omme nt
arya sc
ribedtoKo ngAn guo孔安 閑 ( ca.1 5
6-74B.C.)
glo
sses商人 a s南国之人 p̀ eo
plefroms outhernstates'
,cf.t
heShZ ji
ngu s
ing南
国( 259/2,263/1
)t ome ans̀o
u t
hernstates'or(204/6)C̀hu'
.Twou nsupporte
d
in
terpretat
ionsof商人 a rethename( "Southman")o faSha ngd ynast
yd i
vina-
ti
onmi nist
er(theLunyuc omme n t
aryo fShenTa o沈涛 ,f l
.1832)or"souther
n
hunchbacks"whos eve
r da smusiciansanddiviners(Kat e1960
, 70･
3).Agr o
up
ofSki)
-igp
n oemsi stit
ledna'n南 ,a n
df oll
owingt hehy pot
hesisthatitme nt
a
'
southerns ongs
,s hama n
icmu sic'
,Cha n( 1
972,6 9)believe
s"nan i sc l
osel
y
connectedwithsha manism."
2
8.Cf .Gr ee
k h妙 oc yl
aS.Veith(1966,1 511
3)a n
dZho u( 1
979,3 7-
42)d i
scuss
medicinalwines,poti
ons,andtnc
i t
ures.TheZho uli(5.
12a)usesq p ronou
n c
ed
〆<* ･
'
2'
agtome ans̀weetwine'.
118 人 文 研 究 第 8
3輯

As
econda
rypr
obl
em wi
tht
heSo
uthe
rnSayi
ngbe
ingt
heol
des
t
e
xtantyt<*P
iag監∼腎 d̀oc
tor
'us
agei
swhe
the yl
rwu
- -
<*miwo'
2
'ag盛
嘗 meants̀
haman-
doc
tor
'orè
ithe
ras
hamanoradoc
tor
'.Wasi
tone
pr
ofe
ssi
onort
wo?Gr
ammat
ical
ly,uJ
u
- 一重腎 "
yl shamandoc
tor
"Canbe
par
sedasamodi
fi
edno
unphr
ases̀
hama
n-doc
tor
,ie.
.,me
dic
ine一
man'or
asacompoundphr
ases̀
hamanand/
ordoc
tor
'.Thef
orme
rwu
-
yt-盛警
s
ens
eofs̀
haman-
doc
tor
,wi
tch-
doc
tor
,fai
thheal
er'(
Yam1
950,2
51,Zhou
1
979,31
-2)i
sfavo
redbyaf
ew Lunyuc
omme
ntat
ors(
e.
g.,ZhangShi張拭
[
113
3-1
180
]gl
oss
esi
tas"
aspe
cial
is
tatheal
ingr
itual
s")andt
wot
rans
la-
t
or "
s(awu-
i"[
deGr
oo丑 "
ashama
n一medi
cine一
man"[
Chan]
).Thel
att
er
às
hamanoradoc
tor
'me
ani
ngi
sac
cept
edbymor
ecomme
ntat
orsand
i
nte
rpr
ete
rs29 (
ei.
. ,Zhu Xi #% [
113
0-1
200
]di
ffe
rent
iat
ess
hamans
e
xor
cis
ingde
monsanddoc
tor
scur
ings
ickne
ss)
.Judgi
ngf
romt
ext
ual
e
vide
nce,t
hef
orme
rint
erpr
etat
ioni
ssur
elycor
rec
t.Lunyucomme
nta-
t
orsf
oundmanye
arl
yexa
mpl
e fu
so )
u
-yt益 撃 meani
ngs̀
haman-
/wi
tch-
doc
tor
'butnonedi
scr
imi
nat
ingt
wopr
ofe
ssi
onss̀
hamanordoc
tor'.
30 I
n

2
9.Mo s
twu -yl
-translationstaket heSo uhe
t rnSa yi
ngt ome an" ape r
sonw
it ho ut
he'gc
n anno tbe' eitheras ha ma no rado ct
or'
."Co mpa r
e" eihe
t rawiz ardo r
ado ctor"( Leg ge),"habil
ed evino ubo nme de
cin"(Co uvr
eu r
),"as oot
hsayero r
me dici
ne -ma n"( Wa l
ey,§ 21
.)," n ei
theras oothsayerno rado cto
r"( Fung),
"neitherawuno rap hysicia n"( Giles
) ,and" ago odwiz ardo rphysici
a n"
(Creel).
3
0.Una mbi guo uswu -y-盛警 s̀
2 ha man- doctor'exa mple saref oundint heMo zi
(15.
1b, cf.§3.5),Ha nshu(25A. 1220),Shuo yuan(19 .
22b),Gu anzi(1.
6b),andLiishi
chunq u(
i 3 .
5a).Th ec loses
tc o mme ntatorscomet od emo nst
r a
tingtwop r
ofe s
-
sionsa ret extsc on t
rasti
ngt h et wowo rd swu-盛 s̀ hama n'a ndyi-嘗 d̀oct
o r'
,
e.g.
,theZuoz huan( 成公 1 0,26 .
29a- 30
b,Le gge1 872 ,374)
,Hu ainanzi(16.
14b),
Shtj'
i(105.2794),an dBa o
pu zi(5.4b, Wa re1 966,104)
.Fu rhe
t revidencethat砿嘗
"shama ndo c t
o r"me ntm̀e
a d ici
ne -man'a retheo ff
ici
lt
a it
lesYi -
Wu撃韮
"Do ctorSha ma n"( e.
g.,Ha nshu4 9.2288)a ndWu･ Ma益鳥 " Shama n(oft he)
Ho rses"(e .
g.,Zho uli28.
1 2
bl1 3a,cf.§ 34
.)a swellast hep ro
p ername sWu- Yi盛
腎 S̀ hama nDo c
tor'(e.
g.,Ho uHa ns hu8 2A.2710)a
ndWu･ Ma益鳥 ( e.
g.,Lunyu
 S
hama
nicHe
ng恒 C̀o
nst
anc
y' 119

addi
ti
ont
ote
xtsi
ndi
cat
i hatu
ngt Ju
-yl
-<*mZ
u)
l o'
2
'ag益 撃 or
iinal
g lymeant
m̀edi
cine-
man/
-woman'
,the
rei
sthewe
lLdoc
ume
nte
danc
ientChi
nes
e
bel
ieft
hatde
monscaus
eds
ickne
ss(
deGr
oot1
910
,Ts
eng1
972
,Kagan
1
980,Uns
chul
d19
80,Mat
hie
u19
87)
.

Lunyus
chol
arss
uspe
c heabove Yi
tt ji
ng quot
ewi
tht
heSout
her
n
Sayi
ngi
sat
ext
uali
nte
rpol
ati
onandnotanaut
hent
ics
ayi
ngofConf
uci
us
(
Cre
el1
951 6,W
,21 h i
ncup 1
986,2
0).The Lunyu hast
het
woear
lie
st
t
ext
ualal
lus
ionst
othe YZ
jing:ani
ndi
rec
tquot
eoft
heHe
nghe
xagr
am
i
n13
/2 he〆 易 `
2andt (Bookof
)Change
s?'me
nti
onedbyConf
uci
usi
n
7
/1 31 C
6. onf
uci
us'
stwo he
'
ng 恒 quot
esi
n13
/22appeart
obes
imi
lar
pas
sage
swhi
chwe
ree
dit
edt
oge
the
r.Thef
ormul
aicz
7yu
e-子 日 `
[the]
Mas
ters
ai i
d'(e,pi
. dgi
n"Conf
uci
uss
ay"
),whi
chof
tenappearsatt
he
be
g ngo
inni fLunyus
ect
ions
,Se
emsmi
spl
acedbe
caus
eitcome
sbe
for
ethe
Sout
her
nSayi
ngbuta
fte
rtheYl
'
j
'i
ngquot
e.32 TheLun
yucomme
ntar
yof

7.
10 a).
3
1.Apo ssi
bl etextulava riantof〆 亦 àls o,be si
des 'f
or〆 易 c̀hange,[ Booko f]
Cha nge s'castsdo ubto nther efe
renc ein7 /16(Du bs1 928,90)
.Thes t
andar dGu
te
xtquo t
e sCo nfuc i
ust os ay(tr.Le gge1 893,2 00)"Ifsomeye arswe readde d
tomyl i
fe,Iwo uldgivef ifty[ 貿易]t ot hes tudyo ftheYl [
ji
ng],andt henI
mightc omet obewi 仇outgr eatfaults."Butf ort hepr e
ferredLutext,the(583)
JZ
ngdi anshiwe n( 24.8a)notes魯讃易為亦 " TheLu[ versi
o n]reads易 a s亦, "
whi chc anbei nterpreteda sapr onunc iati
o ng
lo sso f"reads〆<2 '
L'
k<*dl
5 'y
ek
易 c̀ha nge ,li.e,
. Booko f]Ch anges' ns
i teado f〆<i 昌一<*div e
g易 è as
y" 'or
asat extua
la lt e
r ationof" reads〆 易 c̀ ha nge'a s〆 亦 àlso',
"tomaket heGu
versions uppo rtt he YZjing.TheShi ji( 47.1
9 37,tr.Du bs1 928,83)q uotes
Confuc iusint hef o r
me rreading" Is houldbema stero heBo
ft okofCh anges,"
whi l
eWal ey(193 8,126)translat
esf ollowingt hel att
er"Ibe li
evethataftera l
l
Isho uldbef airl
yf reefrome r r
o r
."
3
2.Thes ynt axi s:" 子日,s outhernquo te,c omme n.Y2
t -
ji
ngq uote,子日,c o
m-
me nt."Cf .theLt jive
- rs
iono ftheSo uthe rnSa yingwhi chus estwos̀ay'wo rds
forq uotations, quo t
ngt
i heSh zji
ngwi th云, buttheSh ujin
ga ndYz j
'i
ngwi th日.
1
20 人 文 研 究 第 8
3輯

DiShe
ngc
urai荻生狙裸 (
166
6-1
728
)expl
ainst
hisi
rre
gul
ari
tya
sme
ani
ng
t
heSout
her
nSa
yingwaso
riina
g llys
epa
rat
efr
o he Yi
mt ji
ngq
uot
e.
Co
nfuc
iusma
yha
veknownbo
tha
spr
ove
rbs
,oradi
sci
plec
oul
dha
ve
appe
nde
dthe Yl
j
'i
ngl
inei
nt heLun
ot yut
extasa
nexpl
ana
tiono
fthe
So
uthe
rnSayi
ng.

② Theve
rsi
onoft
heSo
uthe
rnSayi
ngi
ntheLl
)
'i産記 O
rRe
coy
dof
Ri
tuali
slo
nge
rtha
ntheo
nei
ntheLun
yua
bove
:

[
子 日南人有 言日人而無性不可以為 卜笠古之遺 言輿亀笠猶不能知也而
況於人平詩云我亀既厭不我告猶允命 日爵無乃悪徳民立而正事純而祭祀
是為不敬事煩則乱事神則難易 日不恒其徳或承之糞便其徳偵婦人吉夫子
凶]TheMas
ters
aid,T̀hepe
opl
eoft
hes
out
hha
veas
ayi
ngt
hat
"
A ma
nwi
tho
utc
ons
tanc
yca
nno
tbeadi
vine
rei
the
rwi
tht
he
t
ort
ois
e-s
hel
lort
hes
tal
ks.
"Thi
swaspr
oba
blyas
ayi
ngha
nde
d
do
wnf
rom a
nti
qui
ty.I
fsuc
hama
ncanno
tknowt
het
ort
ois
e-s
hel
l
ands
tal
ks,ho
wmuc
hle
ssc
anhekno
wot
herme
nHti
ssai
dint
he
Bo
oko
fPo
eわッ(
II
,Ⅴ,o
de1
,3)=
Ourt
ort
ois
e-s
hel
lsar
ewe
ari
edo
ut,
Andwi
llno
tte
llusa
nyt
hinga
boutt
hepl
ans
."TheCha
rget
o[Yue
]
s
ays(
Shu[
)'
in
g],I
V,VI
II,s
ect
.2,5
,ll
),"
Dig
nit
iess
houl
dno
tbe
c
onf
err
edo
nme
nofe
vilpr
act
ice
s.(
Ift
heybe
),ho
wca
nthepe
opl
e
s
ett
hems
elve
stoc
orr
ectt
hei
rways
?Ift
hisbes
oughtme
rel
yby
s
acr
ifi
ces
,itwi
llbedi
sre
spe
ctf
ul(
tot
hes
pir
its
).Whe
naf
fai
rsc
ome
t
obet
roubl
eso
me,t
her
eens
uesdi
sor
der
;whe
nthes
pir
itsa
re
s
erve
dso,di
ff
icul
ti
ese
nsue.
"Ì
tiss
aidi
nthe [Y2
'
)
'i
ng]
,=h e
W none
doe
sno
tcont
inuo
usl
ymai
ntai
nhi
slvi
rtue,S
omewi
lli
mput
eitt
o
hi
masadi
sgr
ace
;-(
int
hepo
sit
ioni
ndi
cat
edi
ntheHe
xag
ram.
)
h e
W nonedo
esma
int
ainhi
svi
rtuec
ont
inuo
usl
y(i
ntheo
the
r
 S
hama
nicHeng恒 C̀o
nst
anc
y' 1
21

po
sit
ioni
ndi
cat
ed)
,thi
swi
llbef
ort
una
tei
nawi
fe,
buti
nahus
band
e
vi.
l"'(
55.
18a-
b,t
r.Le
gge1
885
,2:
363
-4)

Thi
sve
rsi
onmake
sfi
vec
han
gesf
ro heLun
mt yu.
･wr
itng b
i あshタト塞
d̀i
vine
r'i
nst
eado
fuJ
u
-yl
-盛等 s̀
hama
n-doc
tor
',gi
vingadi
ff
ere
ntc
omme
nt
andaddi
ngade
scr
ipt
ionbyCo
nfuc
ius
,quo
ti heSh
ngt iji
ng,
mis
quot
ingt
he
Sh
uji
ng,andc
iti
nga
naddi
ti
onall
inef
ro heYl
mt '
j
'i
ng.

Fi
rst
,ins
teado
fsa
yingh
e'
ng恒 i
ses
sent
ial作盛警 t̀
omake
/bea
s
hama
n-doc
tor
' heLZ
,t jihas為 卜墓 t̀
obe
/makeadi
vine
r'.B払hl
Lト笠
d̀i
vine
r,a
ugur
'co i< *
mpounds bi puk 卜 d̀
ivi
nebybo
neo
rs l
hel,
s
capul
ima
ncyo
rpl
ast
roma
ncy'a hi
ndst<*d'
2
'ad笠 (
*ti
ok竹 b̀a
^ mboo'
o
ver*mi
wo盛 s̀
haman'
)d̀i
vinebym
ilf
oils
tal
ks,s
ort
il
ege
'.Mos
tco
m-
me
nta
tor
sta heLi
ket ji
'S 卜笠 d̀
ivi
ner
'tobeac
orr
upt
iono
ftheol
der
Lun
yu'
S砿警 s̀
hama
n-do
cto
r',w
itht
woe
xce
pti
ons
.Hua
ngRa
nbe
lie
ves
bo
thve
rsi
onsa
rec
orr
ectbe
caus
eCo
nfuc
iusq
uot
edt
hes
ayi
ngi
ndi
ff
ere
nt
t
erms
,andJ
iangShe
ng 江聾 (
1721
-17
99)t
hinks 卜笠 d̀i
vine
r'i
sri
ght
be
caus
ethe Yi
ji
ng quot
eco
nce
rnsdi
vinat
ion.The Lun
yu ve
rsi
oni
s
pr
efe
rabl
e,bute
veni
ftheLZ
jii
sfol
lowe
d,i
tisno
tcr
iti
calt
otheme
ani
ng
ng 恒 ,be
ofhe
' caus
einanc
ientChi
na,S
hama
nswe
rebo
thdoc
tor
sand
di
vine
rs.Se
cond,Co
nfuc
iusi
squo
tedt
ocal
lthe s
out
her
n pr
ove
rb
"
pro
babl
yas̀
ayi
ngha
nde
ddo
wn'
froma
nti
qui
t "andt
y, orhe
tor
ical
lyas
k
"
Ifo
nec
amotknow a
fte
rdi
vini
ngwi
tht
ort
ois
e-s
hel
lands
tal
ks,ho
w
muc
hle
ssc
ano
nekno
wabo
uto
the
rpe
opl
e?"Ne
ithe
roft
hes
eisf
oundi
n
heLun
t yuve
rsi
onwhi
chhas善夫 "
wel
lsai
d!"i
nst
ead.

Thi
r heLi
d,t jicor
rec
tlyquot
esaSh
iji
ngode(
195
/3,1
2B16
b,t
r.
Ka
rlg
ren1
950
b,1
42)c
rit
ici
zingr
oyaldi
vine
rs:"
Ourt
ort
ois
esa
re(
sat
iat
-
1
22 人 文 研 究 第 8
3 輯

d -)we
e ary,t
heydono
tte
llust
he(
pro
per
)pl
ans
."Fo
urt heLl
h,t '
ji
quot
est
he覚命 "
Char
get
oYue
,"butdi
ffe
rent
lyf
romt
hef
abri
cat
ed

Shu
jin
gchapt
erwi
tht
hisname(
17/
16-
22,1
0.5
a･6
a,t
r.Le
gge1
865
,25
6-8).33
sSh
Thi u
jin
g"Char
get
oYue
"se
cti
oni
spar
toft
hes
o-c
all
edGu
wen古文
"
anc
ientt
ext
"fo
rge
rydat
ingf
romt
he3
rd-
4thc
ent
uri
esA.
D.(
cf.§
3.5
),
a
ndwasc
lear
lypl
ag
iar
ize
dfr
omt
hel
st?c
ent
ur C.Li
yB. jiquot
e.Fi
ft
h,
be
side
squo
tingt
het
hir
dli heYt
neoft ji
ng恒 He
nghe
xagr
am,a
sint
he
Lun
yu,t
heLl
'
jiaddsaquot
efr
omt
hef
ift
hlne
i .Bo
thar
eide
nti
calwi
th
he Yi
t ji
ngt
exti
n§3
.1.

Ba
sedo
nthe
sedi
ffe
renc
esbe
twe
ent
het
wove
rsi
onso
ftheSo
uth-
e
rnSayi
ng,mo
stmode
rnc
omme
nta
tor
sagr
eet
hatt
hee
arl
ierLun
yu
a
cco
unti
spr
efe
rabl
etot
hati
ntheLl
ji
.Bute
veni
fweac
ce heLu
ptt n
yu
ve
rsi
onasa
uthe
nti
c,t
wof
undame
ntalq
ues
tio
nsr
emai
nabo
utt
heme
an-
i fhe
ngso ng恒 c̀
' ons
tant
'andb
dzh
dn不 占 d̀onotdi
vine'
.

(
1 dh
) Whatdi 6
ng恒 c̀ons
tan
tTmean?TheSo
uthe
rnSayi
ngha
s
as
ynt
act
ical
lydo
ubl
ene
gat
ivet
hats
ome
one無恒 ẁi
thoutc
ons
tanc
y'不
可 c̀
annot
'beas
hama
n-doc
tor
.Butwho/
wha
tne
edst
obec̀
ons
tant
?'
:the
di
vina
tio
n?,
thedo
cto
r?,
thepa
tie
nt?
,thei
ll
nes
s?Theol
des
tint
erpr
eta
tion
i
sthatas
hama
n-do
cto
rsho
uldbem̀o
ral
lys
teadf
ast
',t
heKo
ngAnguo

3
3.Th einit
il
ac lauseint heLijiquo te(Di
" gni
tie
s. .
.ways ?
")issimilarwith
Shuji
ng1 7
/16( Di
" g n
iti
esma yn otbec onferre
do nme no feilp
v r
actice
s,but
onlyonme no fwo rt
h"),andthela st("
Ifthis…e n s
ue")isalmostlike17/22
("
Of f
ici
ous
n es
si nsacri
ficesiscalledirre
ve re
nce;ceremo ni
eswhe nbu rd
en-
somel e
adt odisor
d e
r.Tos erveth espi
ritsinthiswa yisd i
ffi
cult
");butthe
middlephr
a s
e("An xiou
stho ugh
ta boutwha twillbegoodshouldprecedeyour
moveme ns…Le
t tyourmi ndrestinitsproperobject
s,andthea f
fair
so fyour
governmentwillbep ure"
)o fShujing17/17-21isnotfoundi ntheLz'
ji.
 S
hama
nicHe
ng@ '
Con
sta
ncy
' 1
23

t
exts
aysi
fonei
sinc
ons
tanti
n徳 p̀o
wer
,vi
rtue
',t
henmi
sfor
tunewi
ll
oc
cur
.Ano
the
rea
rlyc
omme
nta
tor ngXuan鄭玄 (
,Zhe 127
-20
0)t
ake
sthe
So
uthe
rnSa
yin
gtome
anì
ncons
tant
'si
ckpe
opl
e(wi
tht
rans
ito
ryi
ll
nes
-
s
es?
)canno
tbec
ure
d-butt
hisi
snul
li
fi
edbyt
hea
bse
nceo
fagr
amma
ti-
c
alo
bje
ct.Ma
nyConf
uci
ani
sts(
e.
g.
,ZhaoLi
angyou蓮良献,
fl.1
799
)ha
ve
mo
ral
is
tic
all
yint
erpr
etd恒 i
e nthes
ens
eofhe
'
ngx
IJ
n恒心 c̀
ons
tanthe
art
/
mi
nd,
per
seve
ranc
e,c
ons
tanc
yofpur
pos
e'[
Seeme
ani
ng( n§1
g)i .3]
:34t
hus
i
nte
rpr
eti
ngt
heSout
her
nSa
yingt
ome
anì
nco
nst
ant
'pe
opl
esho
uldno
t
bee
mpl
oye
dass
haman-
doc
tor
s.Wal
ey,howe
ver
,pr
opo
seshe
'
ng恒 wa
s
t
henameo
far
itualt
os̀
tabi
li
ze'f
avo
rabl
edi
vinat
ions
.

(
2) Wha
tdi
dCon
fuc
iusme
anbybDzha
-n不 占 d̀ono
tdi
vi
ne?
'Hi
s
Lun
yuc
omme
ntt
hatt
heSo
uthe
rnSayi
n s善夫 g̀ood!
gi ,we
lls
aid!
'is
c
lear
ert sYZ
hanhi ji
ngi
nte
rpr
etat
iont
hats
ome
one
/some
thi
ng不 占而巳臭
'
si
mpl
ydo
esno
tdi
vine'
.
35Thr
eee
xpl
ana
tio
nsf
ort
hisunde
rst
oods
ubj
ect
a
re:i
nco
nst
antpe
opl
ec̀
anno
tdi
vine't
hef
utur
e(Zhe
ngXuan)
,ani
nco
n-
s
tantpe
rson'
ssi
ckne
ssc̀
anno
tbedi
vine
d'(
ZhaoLi
angyo
u),
orones
houl
d
ǹo
t(wai
t)t
odi
vine
'abo
utt
hef
utur
e(Zha
ngShi
).Wal
ey§
2.1i
nte
rpr
ets
Ì
tisno
teno
ughme
rel
ytoge
taf
avor
abl
edi
vina
tio
n(a
bouti
ll
nes
s?)
,one
mus
tal
sohe
'
ng"
sta
bil
ize"i
t'
.

3
4.Th eLu nheng( 19.
lla)
, t
a ki
ng恒 i nits§1.
3me a
n i
ng(f)c̀
ommo n,or
dna
i r y'
,
use
s恒嘗 t ome anòrdna
i rydoctor'
,"Formi noril
lnes
ses
, o
rdina
ryd oc
torsa re
al
lcapable,bu tforcriti
ca ldis
eases,i
tr equir
esaBi anQi ao〔anèxc e
llent
doct
or'exempl ar]tod oa nygo od.
"
3
5.Cf.he
t s etranslat
ions:"Thisaris
essimplyf r
omno tatt
endngt
i oth
ep rogno s
-
ti
cat
ion"(Le gge),"Onn ere f
lec
hitpas(surc esparol
es)
,etd el
avienttoutl e
mal"(Couv r
eu )
r,HAllbeca us
ehed idno tcalcul
atebefo
rehand"(Fung),"Itis
notsuf
fi
c i
entt od i
vine"(Cr e
el)
.
1
24 人 文 研 究 第 8
3輯

Thea
bovea
nal
ysi
ssho
wst
hate
veni
fwedi
sre
gar
dbo
tht
he
Lun
yu'
SYZ
ji
ngquot
easani
nte
rpol
ati
ona
ndt
heLi
jidi
ffe
renc
esasa
l
ate
rpl
agi
ari
sm,t
her
eisno r
eas
on t
o do
ubtt
heSo
uthe
rn Sa
ying'
s
a
uthe
nti
cit
y.Thi
spr
ove
rbi
stheol
des
tChi
nes
ere
fer
enc
etodoc
tor
sand
s
hamani
che
ali
ng.

3 慎吾 He
3. ngAu
spi
ci
ous
nes
s
The(
ca.l
lth-
lot
h?c
ent
.B.
C. LuoGao"% # (
)" Anno
unc
eme
nt
a
boutLuo
)cha
pte
roft
heSh
uj'
i
ngd
esc
ribe
smaki
ngd
ivi
nat
ions恒吉
h̀e
'
nga
uspi
cio
us'a
ndapr
omi
set
o和恒 h̀a
rmo
niz
eandhe
'
ng't
hepe
opl
e.
Wal
eyme
nti
one
dthef
orme
rin§
2.1
,but
,si
ncet
heyoc
curt
oge
the
r,hi
s
hypo
the
siss
houl
dbeappl
ica
blet
obo
th.
36

DukeZho
u周公 make
sto
rtoi
se-
She
lldi
vina
tio
nst
hatr
eco
mme
nd
bui
ldi
ngt
hene
wZho
uca
pit
ala
tLuo(
i.
e.
,Luo
yangi
nHe
nan)
,ands
ends
t
hemt
oKi
ngChe r
ng成王 (.1
115
?-1
0 ?B.
79 C.)
.
Whe
n he had f
ixe
dthe s
ite
,[伴釆釆視予 卜休懐古]he s
ent a
me
sse
nge
rtoc
ome;a
ndheha
sco
met
osho
w met
hegr
acea
nd
c
ons
tanta
uspi
cio
usne
ssoft
heo
rac
les
.Wet
wome
nha
vebo
th
ve
rif
ied(
sc.t
her
eadi
ngoft
heo
rac
les
).(
15.
16b,
tr.Ka
rlg
ren1
95a,
0
51
-2)

3
6.Ano t
he rSh uj
ingc hapt
er(洪範 " GreatPlan,
"c a.5t
h-3rdcent
s.B.
C.,12
.22a-b,
tr.Ka rlgr
e n1950a ,33)use
sh e'
ng恒 i nd escr
ibingt o
rtoi
se･
shel
landmi lf
o il
divinat
ions( f
c.Lu nheng14.
8 a-b)aboutweathera sbein
ge i
the
r休微 l̀ucky'(cf.
卜休 a bo v
e )for時 S̀ easo
na ble'we a
thero r答微 ù nl
ucky'for恒 c̀onsta
nt'
we ather.Al t
houh t
g hiscon trastseemst ogive恒 ame aningofc̀onsta
n t,
uncha n
in
g g'weathe r
,hed
t i
vi nati
onc ont
extsugg est
sthehe'
ngrit
ual.Notethe
similar
itybe tween也ef i
ft
hu nluckydivinati
ono f豪恒風若 " (
bli
ndnes
s-)
stupidi
ty-c ons
tantwi ndrespo ndstoit"andh e
'ngd anci
ng恒舞 be ingcall
eda
益風 " shama nwi nd/styl
e"in§ 3
.5.
 S
hama
nicHe
n K'
gJ Co
nst
anc
y' 1
25

The
rei
sapr
obl
emwi
thho
wtopar
seb
汝i-< *
u puk
Xig 卜休 d̀i
o
^ vina
tio
n/
o
rac
ler
est
/luc
k/bl
ess
ing'and'
&f E
he
'ngaus
pic
ious
'(Ka
rlgr
en1
970
,no.
1
771
).TheKo
ngAnguot
extt
ake
s ト休恒吉 a
stwoc
oor
dina
tedphr
ase
s:
卜休 h̀a
ppi
nes
soft
heor
acl
es'a
nd健吉 c̀
ons
tanta
uspi
cio
usne
ss(
oft
he
s
ite
)'.CaiChe
n察沈 (
116
7-1
230
)se
es 卜休恒吉 asas
ingl
ephr
aseme
ani
ng
'
thegr
acea
ndc
ons
tnta
a uspi
cio
usne
sso
ftheo
rac
les
'.
37

Af
tert
hanki
ngZho
uforhi
sadvi
ce,
KingChe
ngo
bsc
ure
lypr
omi
ses
t
o和恒 h̀a
rmo
niz
eandhe
'
ng'al
lthepe
opl
e,s
ayi
ng:
Yo
u,pr
inc
e,a
reabr
ightpr
ote
ctort
ome
,youngma
n.Yo
use
tfo
rth
agr
andl
yil
lus
tri
o 徳]vi
us[ rtue
,andmakeme
,li
ttl
echi
ld,e
xtol
t
hevi
rtuo
usde
edso
fWe
nandWu;(
Ishal
l)r
ece
ivea
ndr
espo
ndt
o
He
ave
n'sc
har
ge,[
和恒四方民居師]uni
tea
ndr
eac
htoal
lthepe
opl
e
oft
hemyr
iads
tat
esa
ndt
hef
ourqua
rte
rs,a
ndr
esi
dei
nthe(
new)
c
api
tal
.(1
5.2l
b,t
r.Ka
rlgr
en1
950
a,5
2)
s和恒 t
Thi rans
lat
iono
f"uni
tea
ndr
eac
hto"t
ake '< *
s he g'wa
^和
h̀ar
mony,c
onc
ord'a
ndhe
ng健一asal
' oanf
or亙 è
ver
ywhe
re,al
love
r'
(
cf.Shl
'
jng2
i 45,§
1. -t
3) obet
rans
iti
veve
rbsme
ani
ngùni
ti
ngand(
ext
end-
i
ngo
ver-)r
eac
hingt
oallt
hepe
opl
e'.Ka
rlgr
enba
sedhi
sint
erpr
etat
ion
upo
napr
ece
dingc
ont
ext(
5.
8b,1
950
a,4
9)t
hats
ayst
hene
wca
pit
alwa
s
s
tra
tegi
cal
lye
sta
bli
she
datLuoi
nor
dert
oal
lowt
heki
ngt
o"mana
get
he
go
ver
rme
nti
nthec
ent
reo
fthel
and.
"Ho
weve
r,de
pendi
ngupo
nthe
me
ani
ngso
fj-< *k
u 2
'0居 r̀
esi
de,s
etl
te,
tra
nqui
l'a h2
nds -
<*sZ
br師 t̀
he

3
7.Th ee
xcava
tio
no fad i
vinati
onbo okfr
om aChutomba tMashan( Hubei
-
she
ng1985
,seeZhang1 9
88 ,409-
10)conf
ir
msthi
sp hra
se.Twoo fit
smo st
common験辞 Verif
ica
tio
nSe ntence
sa r
e占之吉 "auspi
cious
nes
sofd i
v i
nat
ion"
and占之恒貞吉 " he
'
ngc or
rec t
/te
st[ s
ee§4.
1]aus
pici
ousne
ssofdivinat
ion.
"
1
26 人 文 研 究 第 8
3 輯

pe
opl
e,mul
ti
tude
,ar
my,c
api
tal
,mas
te'(
r c
f.§3A)
,Ka
rlgr
en(
197
0,no･
1
772
)Ci
teso
the
rfe
asi
bler
eadi
ngsbyKongAnguo"
toha
rmo
niz
eand
(
per
pet
uat
e-)f
ore
verpr
ese
rvet
hepe
opl
eoft
he(
myr
iads
tat
esand)t
he
f
ourqua
rte
rs,a
nd(
Caus
etodwe
ll-)s
ett
let
hei
rmul
ti
tude
s,"andZhang
Bi
ngl
in章柄麟 (
186
9-1
936
)"t
ohar
moni
zee
ver
ywhe
re(
suc
h)pe
opl
eoft
he
f
ourqua
rte
rswhos
ett
lei
nthec
api
tal
."

4 垂 憧 Sh
3･ amani
cHe
ns
TheZho
uli周蔵 (Ri
tualo
f Zho
u)de
scr
ibe
sawu
-he
'
ng 盛恒 r
ite
(
Haya
shi1
967
,20
8)a
mongdut
ieso
ft wu司盛 "
heSi Mana
ger
/Di
rec
toro
f
Sha
ma ,
ns"
TheMa
nage
rso
ftheMe
diumsa
rei
nchar
geo
fthepol
ici
esa
nd
o
rde
rsi
ssue
dtot
hema
nyme
diums
.[若 圃千早則師盛而舞宇]W
h e
n
t
hec
ount
rys
uff
ersagr
eatdr
ought
,the
y[ f
師 c.§
3.3
]le
adt
he
me
diumsi
nda
nci
ngt
her
ain-
maki
ngr
itual( .[
ッu) 固有大災則師盛
而造盛恒]Whent
hec
ount
rys
uff
ersagr
eatc
ala
it
m y,
the
yle
adt
he
me
diumsi
nena
cti
ngt
het
radi
ti
onalpr
act
ice
sofme
diums(
wu-
he
ng)
.(2
6.7
b18
a,t
r.vonFa
lke
l1
n a
uSe
n19
8ga,5
)
Si
ncet
heve
rbi
nthi
ske
yphr
ase造益恒 wi
thwu
-he
'
ngi
szo<*d
a
L z'o
^
g造
d̀o,make
,enac
t,c
ons
truc
t,pe
rfe
ct'- c
ao<*i
t s'
o^
g造 g̀ot
o(e
sp.o
ffe
r
s
acr
ifi
ce)
,goanda
ppe
ar'
,itc
ane
ithe
rber
eada
sd̀o/
makeSha
man
He
ng'org̀ot
oSha
manHe
ng'
.Thec
omme
nta
ryo
fZhe
ngXua
n鄭玄
(
127
120
0)q
uot
esDuZi
chun 杜子春 (
d.5
8?)t
hat韮恒 me
anst
he 常虞
"
cus
toma
ryl
oca
tio
n"whe
reas
sembl
eds
hama
nsa
wai
tedo
rde
rs,but
Zhe
ngi
nst
eads
ays恒 me
ansj
ii<*
i ki独 久 l̀
ong(
ti
me)
,lo
ng-
cont
nue
i d/
-
sta
ndi
ng,
anc
ient
,endur
ing'
and韮恒 me
ans先益之故事 ànc
ients
ervi
ces
/
c
ere
moni
eso
ffo
rme
rsha
mans
'.Hei
nte
rpr
etsz
do造 "
ena
cti
ng"t
ome
n
a
t
hewu
- ngr
he
' itual嘗案視所施為 "
sho
uldbee
nac
tedi
nthe[
anc
ient
]mo
del
."
 S
hama
nicHe
ng恒 C̀
ons
tan
cy' 727

Eve
ntho
ughWal
ey§
2.2s
aidZhe
ng'
sexpl
ana
tio
nis"
for
ceda
ndunc
onvi
n-
c
in "i
g, ti
sco
nte
xtual
lypos
sible
.38 Vo
nFa
lke
nha
use
n(1
98g
b,5
)not
esDu'
s
r
eadi
ng "
doe
svi
ole
ncet
othewo
rd or
der
,"ands
uppo
rtsZhe
ng'
S恒
'
long-
cont
inue
d'i
nte
rpr
eta
tionwi
tht
heShi
ji(
6.1
379
)li
sti
ngs
hama
nsf
rom
J
ing荊 (
i.
e.
,Chu)"
whoe
nshr
ne.
i "the [
韮先 ]w a
Lm'
a "Che
n. n(1
936
,53
5)
s
aysKi
ngHe
ng王恒 o ng益恒 wast
rShamanHe hena
meo
fas
hama
n
di
vini
ty.As
sum
i ngt
heuJ
u
-he
'
ng 韮恒 r
itualt
oha
vebe
enna
medaf
tera
pe
rso
n,°ha
n(1
972
,11
6)r
e sc
ad a
L
o造 g̀ot
o(e
sp.S
acr
ifi
ce)
',t
rans
lat
ing
"
theChi
efShama
noft
hes
tat
ewoul
dle
adt
heo
the
rmi
nors
hama
nst
ogo
t ng韮恒 (
oWuHe Sha
manHa
ng)
,inc
aseo
fdi
sas
ter
."

Be
side
sre ngwu
adi - ng韮恒 as=
he
' tradi
ti
onalpr
act
ice
sofs
hama
ns"
o
rapr
ope
rname"
WuHe "anot
ng, herf
aci
lei
nte
rpr
etat
iont
ake
s恒 t
obe
ami
scopyof成.Thec
omme
ntar
yofSunZhi
rang 孫治譲 (
184
8-1
908
)
q
uot
esWa
ngZho
ng江中 (
174
5-1
794
)thatWuHe
ng砿恒 i
sat
ext
uale
rror
f
orWuXi
an益威,"
Sha
manXi "al
an, ege
nda
rys
hama
nica
nce
stor.39 As
ane
arl
yshaman,WuXi
ant
iesi
nwi
thZhe S先盛 "
ng' for
mers
hamans
"
gl
ossa
bo cf
ve( .be
low)
.

Thi
s司韮 "
Mana
gero
fSha
mans
"Zho
ulis
ect
ioni
sfol
lowe
dby
o
nesf
or男韮 "
Mal
eShamans
"and女盛 "
Femal
eSha
mans
."Dut
iesl
is
ted

3
8.Yo nFa lkenhausen(1989a,13)note
s益恒 i mpli
est h
es hamans"hadar ich
st
o c
ko fti
me -honor
edr it
ualkno wle
dgea tthei
rdisposa.
l"Zheng'
sinte
rpret
a-
ti
onisfoll
o wedb yothertransl
ators
:"le
sp rat
iquesconsacr
eesdelasorcel
le
r-
ie
"( Biot
,f el
ici
tousl
yt akinga dvant
ageo fc ons
a c
r/me
e aning'cons
ecrat
ed,
hauowed'o r' a
ccepted
,e st
a bl
ishe
d,habitual'
),"oldandc ustomaryWu -i
st
pract
ice
s"( deGr oo
t),and"也er i
tesconsecra
tedbyl ongusage"(Gil
es)
.
3
9.Th eShu jig(
n 16.
20a,tr.Ka r
lgren1950a,61)saysWuXi a
n" di
rectedthe
royalhouse"d ur
ingther ei
gn(trad.163
7-1563B.C.)ofKingTa iWu太戊.
1
28 人 文 研 究 第 8
3輯

f
ort
hemal
esi
ncl
udehe
ali
ngr
itual
stoz
hL-
2
0招 s̀
ummon,
bec
kon,i ,
nvoke
pr
ocl
aim'(
cf 1
.招梗 §.2
)goodf
ort
unea
ndmy
l甜 r̀
epr
ess
,ban'
badf
ort
une
:
春招餌以除疾病]Ⅰ
[ nthes
pri
ng,
the
ymakepr
ocl
ama
tio
nsandi
ssue
ba
nss
oast
ore
moves
ickne
ssa
nddi
sea
s 王弔則輿祝前]Whe
e. [ n
t
heki
ng of
fer
sco
ndol
enc
e,t
heyt
oge
the
rwi
tht
hei
nvoc
ato
rs
pr
ece
dehi
m.(
26.
10a,t
r.Yo
nFal
ke山l
auS
en1
989 ,c
b,6 .deGr
f oot
1
910
,11
89,Bi
ot1
851
,2:
103
-4)
Zhe
ngs
aysz
hGo招 r
efe
rst
o"pr
ocl
aimi
ng"goodf
ort
une
,anddi
sagr
ees
wi
t hatmy
hDut l<*m2
' 弓 b̀o
ar甜 ( w'and耳 è
ar'
)b̀o
wti
p,s
top,
repr
ess
'
me
ansmt<*mi左r禰 c̀ompl
ete,
ful
fi
ll
,st
op'
(se
e§4.
3)
,ns
i t
eadi
nte
rpr
et-
ng*mi
i smy
ゐr 餌 a l<*ml
'
v
ar枚 '
pac
ify,t
ranqui
li
ze,s
ett
le,c
ompl
et,
e
ac
hie
v占i
.Bo
thr
eadi
ngsa
ref
eas
ibl
eint
hisc
ont
ext
･
.*mi
ar 餌 wa
sa
gr
aphi
cloan(
Kar
lgr
en1
970
,no.1
600
)fo
rs̀
top,r
epr
ess
'andp̀ac
ify,put
t
ore
st'
.Ra
inda
nce
sande
xor
cis
tic
alpr
aye
rsar
eli
ste
damo
ngt
hed
uti
es
o
fsha
mane
sse
s:
早嘆則舞字]whe
[ nthe
rei
sad
roughto
rsc
orc
hinghe
at,
the
yda
nce
i
nther
ain-
maki
ngr
itual( .[
ッu) 若王后弔則輿祝前]Whent
heq
uee
n
o
ffe
rsc
ondol
enc
e,t
heyt
oge
the
rwi
tht
hei
nvoc
ato
rspr
ece
dehe
r.
(
26.
lob,t
r.Yo
nFal
ken
haus
en1
989
a,6
)
Wu
-he
'
ng砿恒 S̀
hama
niche
'
ngr
itual
'ispar
all
ele
dbyu
Ji
bJ
ii舞 雫 wi
thwあ<
*mi
wo舞 d̀anc
e'ndyd<*gi
a wo宰 r̀
ainmaki
ngr
itual
'(f
c.yあ<*
ggwo
雨 r̀
ain'
,Ebe
rha
rd1
968
,31
5).*Mi
wo盛 s̀
hama
n'a
nd*mi
wo舞 d̀a
nce'

4
0.Be nedi
ct(
1976,186,198
6,4213
)s ee
s* Pb
iu)o>mi u盛 s̀hama n,maic
g ian'
comingfrom Si
no-ib
T eta
n*' ba < Pro t
oISi
no I
Tibe
tan*(a-)
ba( cf
_Wr i
tt
en
Tibeta
n?bapo'
- maic
g ia
n,sorce
rer,conj
u r
er',Kachi
nba∼ d Zhba∼ 砂ab at̀
o
di
vine'ands
aba'divi
nati
on,augury')
.Hep roposesProt
o-Taiborrowed*hmo
(<?*'mo)<* mっ〇A s̀
' orcer
er,ma ic
g ian'
,al owercl
asscontr
astwithProto-
Ta
i*hmっ〇A r̀ul
ingclass,
pries
thood'.
 S
hama
nicHe
ng恒 C̀o
nst
anc
y' 1
29

we
rec
ogna
te,and"
danc
ing"wa
sli
ngui
sti
cal
ly"
shamani
c"§
3.5.
40

Dur
ingc
ondol
enc
evi
si
ts,
the
semal
eandf
emal
esha
manswe
res
aid
t
o輿祝前 "
wit
hthei
nvoc
ator
spr
ece
de"t
heki
ngandque
en,a
ndZhe
ng
not
ess
omee
arl
ymanus
cri
pt vexi
sha a
tn<*s
ian先 ẁal
kbe
for
e,1
ead'
(∼
x
ia
-n <*s
ian先 b̀e
for
e,f
orme
r')i
nst
e fq
ado i
a
'n <*d
z'i
an前 b̀e
for
e,
f
orme
r,pr
ece
de'
.The
rei
sli
ttl
ese
mant
icdi
ffe
renc
e,butt
he先 var
iant
c
oul
dre
lat
ewi
thZhe S先盛 "
ng' for
mers
hamans
"expl
ana
tio
noft
he
wu
-hC
ng 韮恒 r
ite
.Ont
heot
herha
nd,Zho
u(1
979
,2)t
7 he
ori
zest
his先
C
oul
dme
anp̀r
ay/
danc
einf
ronto
f'o
reve
n先知 f̀
ore
kno
wle
dge
'.
41

Zho
ulide
scr
ipt
ionso
ftheu
)u
-he
'
ng盛恒 ant
i-
dis
ast
err
itual
,par
all
el
wi
t ew
ht 妙u
J舞 宇 r
ainda
nce
,re
vealal
ate
rst
ageofi
nst
itut
ional
ize
d
s
hama
niche
'
ng.

3.
5 憧舞 He
ngDanci
ng
Wal
ey'
sla
ste
xampl
econc
ernsaMo
zi墨子 de
nunc
iat
iono
fdanc
ing
a
ndi
tre
lat
eswi
tht
hewe
ll-
kno
wnc
onne
cti
onbe
twe
e -<*miwo盛
nwu
s̀
hamans
'anduJ
ii< *mi
wo舞 d̀anc
ing'(
Hopki
ns1
920,42
3-9,1
945,31
16;
Che
n19
3 8;Fuki
6,3 no 1
960,5
9;°han 1
972,1
5).The Mo
zi 非楽説
"
Cond
emnat
ionofMus
ic"c
hapt
erde
nounc
es恒舞 h̀e
'
ngdanc
ing'(
Zho
u

1
4.Ha ya shi(1
967,126)notesanoracl
eins
cript
ion(南北明義士 1 03)w
it h盛先 a s
an ameWuXi ana ndwith先a sav e
rbt̀
op rec
ede'i
n先手母 0. TheLiji(
10.
lla,tr
.Le gge1 8
85 ,1:
187)use
s益先 t ome a
ns̀hamanfirs
t'"hefi
rstemploye
d
as or
ce r
e rwit
hhi sr eed
-bru
sht obru
sh(andpurif
y)thebier.
"
4
2.Zho u(1 98
1,7)attemp t
stoexplai
ntheShij
ingpoeti
cgenreofFe n
g風 " ai
rs"
asderivingfroms hama ni
sm.Wi ndwasanci
entl
yc o
nsid
eredac aus
eo fi
ll
ness
(Unschuld1 98
5,67 -7
2),andliketherai
n,wass upp
osedl
yc ontr
oll
edbys ha-
ma nS.
1
30 人 文 研 究 第 83 輯

1
979
,56
)asa 蛮風 =
S nd,
haman wi "wit
h"wi
nd"us
ual
lyi
nte
rpr
ete
d
f
igur
ati
vel
yini
tss
ens
eofm̀anne
r,c
ust
om,f
ashi
on,s
tyl
e,i
nfl
uenc
e'.42
I
fiti
sas
kedwha
tisi
ttha
tint
erf
ere
dwi
tht
her
ule
rs'a
tte
ndi
ngt
o
go
ver
nme
nta
ndt
hec
ommonman'
sat
tendi
ngt
owo
rkHtmus
tbe
ans
wer
ed,
mus
ic.The
ref
ore[
Moz
i]s
aid:
Toha
vemus
ici
swr
ong.
Howdowekno
witi
sso
?[先王之書湯之官刑有之日其恒舞子宮是謂
蛮風]I
tisf
oundi
nthe"
CodeofPuni
sme
l nto
f[Tang]
"amo
ng
t
hebookso
fthea
nci
entki
ngs
.Thi
spr
ocl
aims
:"Toha
vec
ons
tant
da
nci
ngi
nthepal
acei
scll
a e
dthewi
tch'
spl
eas
ure
."43 Ast
oit
s
puni
shme
nt,age
ntl
emanwi
llbef
ine
dsi
xhundr
eda
ndf
ort
ypi
ece
s
o
fsi
lk,ac
ommo
nma
nwi
llbel
etgof
ree
.(8
.18
b-1
9a,t
r.Me
i19
29,
1
80)
The
rei
snoe
xtnt湯之官刑 "
a Codeo
fPuni
shme
nto
fTa
ng,
"butt
he(
A.D.
3
rd-
4thc
ent
s.)s
pur
iousShu
jin
g(cf
.§3
.2)伊訓 "
Ins
truc
tio
nso
fE"c
hapt
er
(
13,
fol
lowi he%# "
ngt Anno
unc
eme
ntofTa
ng"1
2)pl
aiar
g ize
dthi
sMo
zi
pas
sagea
bout恒舞 h̀e
'
ngda
nci
ng'
.
Hel
aiddownt
hepuni
shme
ntsf
orof
fic
ers
,andwar
nedt
hem who
we
rei
naut
hor
ity,s
ayi 敢有恒舞子宮酎歌子室時謂蛮風]"
ng [ Ifyo
u
da
ret
oha
vec
ons
tantdanc
ingi
nyourpal
ace
s,a
nddr
unke
nsi
ngl
ng
i
nyo
urc
hambe
rs,
tha
tisc
all
eds
orc
ere
rs'
fas
hio
n;[
敢有殉干貨色恒
子遊岐時謂淫風]i
fyo
u da
ret
ose
tyo
urhe
art
son we
alt
h and
wo
men,anda
bando
nyour
sel
vest
owa
nde
rin
gaboutort
ohunt
ing,
t
hati
scal
ledt
hef
ashi
ono
fdi
ssi
pat
ion;[
敢有侮聖言逆忠直遠菅徳比

4
3.Comparethe
setr a
n sl
ati
ons
:"Ifyouda retohavec o
nsta
ntd anc
ingi
ny our
mans
ions
,anddrunkens i
ngi
nginyo u
rho us
es,Ical
litwufashi
on"(DeGroot
),
"Wennsi
ebestandi
gi nd e
nPa はst
e ntanzenlass
en,sonenntma ndaseine
n
Hexe
nsabat
t"(Forke),"I
fyoudaretoha veconst
antd a
ncin
gi nyourpa
laces
anddr
unkenorgie
si nyourabodes,iti
sno t
hingbutwumo re
s"(HaⅣey).
 S
hama
nicHe
n 5'
gJ Co
nst
anc
y' 1
31

頑童時謂乳風]i
fyo
udar
etoc
onde
mnt
hewor
dsofs
age
s,t
ore
sis
t
t
hel
oyala
ndupr
ight
,toputf
arf
rom yo
uthea
geda
ndvi
rtuo
us,
a
ndt
obef
ami
li
arwi
thpr
ocac
iousyo
uths
,tha
tisc
all
edt
hef
ashi
on
o
fdi
sor
der
."(
8.1
5a,t
r.Le
gge1
865
,19
6-7
)
The
set
wot
ext
sdi
ff
erwi
del
y,a
ndMe
主(1
929
,18
0)no
tes"
compe
tent
c
rit
icsa
gre
e"Mo
ziwa
sthes
our
cef
ort
heShu
jing ver
sio
n.RuanYua
n
lo
g s
ses常舞則荒淫 "
cons
tantdanc
ingwi
llc
aus
edi
ssi
pat
ionandde
bauc
h -

e
ry.
"Le
gge,deGr
oot
,andMe
ial
ltr
ans
lat
e恒舞 as"
cont
inual
/co
nst
ant
danc
i "whi
ng, chWal
ey§
2.2s
ays"
make
spoo
rse
nse
."I
tismo
rer
eas
on-
a
blet
hathe
' K wa
ngJ sthena
meo
fas
hama
nicda
nceo
fexo
rci
sm.
44

Wal
ey'
Sexa
mpl
esa
boves
howt
hatt
hes
hama
niche
'
ng恒 r
itual
i
nvol
veddi
vina
tio
n,he
ali
ng,anddanc
ing.Thi
sisco
nfi
rme
dbyt
heo
nes
be
low.

4 OTHER EXAMPLES

I
naddi
ti
ont
oWal
ey'
Ste
xtuali
ll
ust
rat
ionso
fsha
mani
che
'
ng 恒,
t
hepr
ese
ntpa
perc
ans
ugge
stf
ivef
urt
herpos
sibi
li
ti
es:
theChuc
i§4
.1us
es
ngbo
憶幹 h̀e
' dy?
/vi
ll
age
?'i
napo
ema
bouts
hama
nicdi
vina
tio
n,Me
nci
us
de
scr
ibe
sho
wsa
gesa
real
ways恒存 he
ngi
' n?/
pre
ser
ve?f
eve
rands
ick-
ne
ss§
4.2
,t ul
heZho ir
efe
rst
ohe
'
ng恒 bo
wsa
ndar
rows§
4.3
,Conf
uci
ani
sts
a
ndDao
ist
sde
scr
ibeha
vinghe
'
ng恒 a
sadi
vinequal
it
y§4
.4,andar
ece
nt
a
rcha
eol
oic
g aldi
sco
ver
ysugge
stst
hata
lmo
stanypr
e-1
79B.
C.us
ageof

4
4.Th i
she'
ng danc
ema yhaveresul
tedina ut
o-i
ntoxic
atio
ns omethi
nglike
whi
rli
ngderis
v he
s.Th eShi
yi
ji拾遺記 ( 9.
lob)r
ecord
sahe '
ngw品性舞 " c
onst
ant
dan
ce"thatwaschoreogr
aphedbyXiangFe ng和風, afavor
it
eo fSh呈Chong
石崇 (249-
300
),an
di nvol
vedtenel
aborat
elycost
ume dwo men(s
ha manes
ses?
)
dan
cing"cons
tan
tly"daya n
dn i
ght
.
1
32 人 文 研 究 第 83 輯

*d'
Z
lan
g常 c̀
ons
tant
'co
uldha
veor
iinal
g lybe
enwr
itt
en*
g'∂n
g恒 §
4.5
.

1憧幹 He
4. ngBod
y?
The Chuc
ire
fer
sto he
'
ng 恒 whe
n as
hama
n di
vine
sabouta
s
ickne
ss.The"
ZhaoHun"招魂 (
"Summonsoft
heSo
ul"s
, e
eFu
jino1
9 ,
51
1
98-
263
)me
nti
ons去君之恒幹 1̀
e
f tyo
urhe
'
ngbody?
/il
v l
age
?':
TheLo
rdGods
aidt
oWuYang:"
The
rei
samano
nea
rth
be
low who
m Iwo
uldhe
lp:Hi
sso
ulha
sle
fthi
m.Makedi
vina
tio
n
f
orhi
m."WuYa
ngr
epl
ied:"
TheMa
ste
rofDr
eams … [
pro
babl
e
l
acuna]TheLor
dGod'
sbi
ddi
ngi
sha
rdt
ofol
low.
"
(
TheLo
rdGods
aid:
)"Yo
umus
tdi
vinef
orhi
m.If
eart
hati
f
youa
nyl
onge
rde
cli
ne,i
twi
llbet
ool
ate
."
WuYa
ngt
her
efo
rewe
ntdo
wnands
ummone
dthes
oul
,sayi
ng:
"
0soul
,co
mebac
k!Why[
去君之憶幹]ha
veyo
ule
ftyo
urol
dabode
ands
pedt
othee
art
h'sf
arc
orne
rs,De
ser
tingt
hepl
aceo
fyo
ur
de
lightt
ome
etal
ltho
set
hingso
fevi
lome
n?"(
9/2
a,t
r.Ha
wke
s
1
985
,221
)
He
'
ng恒 modi
fi
e n<*k
sga
i a^
n幹 t̀
runk,
mai
npa
rt,
body,
ske
let
on,
wor
k,
c
apa
ble
'.Wa
ngYi王逸 (
fl
.11
4-1
42)gl
oss
est
his恒 a
s常 ùs
ual
,co
nst
a ,
nt
r
egul
ar'
,andg
ive
sb̀ody'o
rv̀i
ll
age
'int
erpr
eta
tio
nsf
orga
n幹 .Fi
t rst
,he
i
nte
rpr
ets幹 asme
ani
ng健 b̀o
dy,f
orm,s
hape
,(s
ubs
tanc
e-)pr
onounc
e-
me
ntofadi
vina
tion'
andq
uot
esaYl
'
ji
ngc
omme
nta
r 1
y(.1
0a,
cf.
§3.
1)t
hat
l
it
eral
lys
ays貞者事之幹 d̀i
vina
tio
n45i
sthebod
yoft
hin
gs/
sac
rif
ice
s',
but

4
5.Se r
ruys(1
974,22)s
aystha
ti nShangorac
ledivi
natio
nformulas,zhe
-n<
*ti
v
eng貞 d̀i
vinat
ion,
lowe
rtrigra
mo fahexagr
am' hadaspecia
lme ani
ngof
"'
totest
,totryout
,tomaketnie,CO
rret
C'i
nt h
es e
n s
eo ff̀
i
n douttherl
'
ght
(c
ourseofact
ion)
'.
"
 S
hama
nicHen
g恒 C̀o
nst
anc
y' 133

i
str
ans
lat
ed(
Wil
hel
m19
67,3
76)"
Per
seve
ranc
eist
hef
ounda
tio
nofal
l
ac
tio
ns.
"Se
cond,Wa
ngnot
esa
nint
erpr
eta
tio
n,f
oll
owe
dinHa
wke
s's
t
rans
lat
ion,
that*k
a^
n幹 wa
sagr
aphi
cloa
nfo
raChudi
ale
ctwo
r dn<
dh
*
g'd
^ng̀a
te,
vil
lage
'開.Fr
omt
hisc
ont
exta
ndf
romt
hes
pec
ialdi
vina
tor
y
me
ani f鰹 d̀i
ngso vinat
ionpr
ono
unc
eme
nt'a
nd貞 v̀e
rif
y/r
eadano
rac
le,
bo
ttom o
fahe
xagr
am'
,iti
spo
ssi
bleSha
manYa
ngwa
sre
fer
ringt
othe
e
xor
cis
tic
alhe
'
ngr
itual
.

Ra
the
rtha
nint
erpr
eti
ng"
ZhaoHun"a
sad
esc
ript
ionofas
hama
n
s
ummo
ningba
ckt
hes
oulofas
icko
rde
adpe
rso
n,°han(
192
7 ,1
91)
be
lie
ves"
thi
sisapoe
m wr
itt
enbyas
hama
ntor
ecal
lthes
oulo
fhi
s
no
vic
ewhol
hasl
aps
edi
ntoas
tat
eoft
ranc
edur
ingt
hei
nit
iat
ionc
ere
-
mony.
"Hec
ite
stheLi
ji(
6.1
9b,
tr.
Legge1
885
,1:
129
)"Thepr
act
icei
nl#
婁 Zhul
(o)
u]o
fcal
li
ng(
thes
pir
itso
fthede
ad)bac
kwi
tha
rro
wst
ooki
ts
r
isef
romt
hel
638B.
C.]ba
ttl
eofl
Xia
ngxi
ng]
."Zhu
-1
6u# * i
sus
ual
ly
r
eada
sapl
acena
me(
wri
tte
nwi
tht
heE
hil
l'r
adi
cal1
63,e.
g.
,Li
ji1
0.2
2b,
Le
gge1
885
,1:
195
),but°ha
ntake
sitt
obee
qui
va
lentwi
thz
huT
l6u傑倭
(
wit
htheh̀uman'r
adi
cal
)h̀unc
hba
ck's
inc
emanys
hama
nswe
res
uppo
s-
e
dlyhunc
hbac
ks(
Kae1
t 9
54,Ca
rr1
991
).

2 位存 He
4. ngl
n?SI
'
ckn
ess
Ano
bsc
ureMe
ngz
i孟子 pa
ssa
gemayr
efe
rto he
'
ng s
hamani
c
he
ali
ng.
46 I
tde
scr
ibe
ssa
vant
s(wi
tht
het
erms徳 慧 p̀owe
rful
/vi
rtuo
us

4
6.Ac cor
d i
ngtoMe nci
us(4B/28
,8B,5
a-b,
tr.Lau1970
,13
3),asuperi
orpers
on
君子 ,c
( f.§4
.4)i
sdis
tingu
ishe
db yknowledgewhic
h存心 ( .恒心 i
cf n§1.3
)ì
s
ma i
ntai
ned/kep
tinheart
/mind'
,andinre
su t
l,"
Hewholovesothe
rsis[恒愛]
alwayslovedbythe
m, hewhor es
pect
sothersi
s[恒敬]a l
wa y
srespec
tedby
them.
"
1
34 人 文 研 究 第 83 輯

[
cf.§
3.1
]wi
sdo
m'a
nd術知 t̀
echni
que
/ski
llkno
wle
dge
')a
spe
opl
ewho
he
'
ng憧 c̀
ons
tant
ly?
'存 àr
ein?
'l̀
i
vet
hro
uhg?
'm̀ai
ntai
n/pr
ese
rve
?'疹疾
f̀
eve
rands
ickne
ss,s
uff
eri
ng,mi
sfo
rtune
':
Me
nci
uss
ai 徳慧術知者恒存乎疹疾]I
d,"[ tiso
fte
nthr
oughad
ver
sit
y
t
hatme
nac
qui
revi
rtue
,wi
sdo
m,s
kil
landc
leve
rne
ss.Thee
str
an一
ge
dsubj
ecto
rthes
onofac
onc
ubi
ne,
bec
aus
ehec
onduc
tshi
mse
lf
wi
tht
hegr
eat
esto
fca
uti
onandi
scons
tant
lyo
nthewat
cho
utf
or
pos
sibl
edi
sas
ter
s,s
ucc
eedswhe
reo
the
rswoul
dhavef
ail
ed.
"(7
A/
1
8 3
,1A.
lob,t
r.La
u19
70,1
85)
Rua
nYua
nmor
ali
sti
cal
lyc
lai
mspe
opl
ewhoha
vee
xpe
rie
nce
ddi
ffi
cul
ti
es
a
cqui
ret
her
esul
tantpowe
rtos
tudyandt
husc
anac
hie
vevi
rtue
.Ra
the
r
t
han恒 me
ani
ng"
oft
en,
""ge
ner
aly,
l "o
r"o
rdi
nar
ily,
"sha
mani
cre
int
er-
pr
eta
tionso
fMe
nci
usc
anbes
ugge
ste
d.

s恒存乎疹疾 c
Thi oul
dli
ter
all
yme
ant
hats
age
s,o
rski
ll
fuls
hama
n-
doc
tor
s?,"
car
rie
do hehe
utt '
ngr
itualf
orl
heal
ing]t
hes
ick/
suf
fer
ing,
"
t
aki
ng存 è
xis
t,l
ive
,ke
ep,r
ese
rve'i
nit
sco
mmo
nme
ani
ngofm̀ai
ntai
n,
pr
ese
rve
'.Ori
tcoul
dme
ans
hamans"
alwa
ysha
vee
xpe
rie
nce
dmal
adi
e
i
nit
iat
iq ,
ue"t
he'
ni
i t
iat
orys
ickne
ss'
whi
chi
spr
act
icll
a yauni
ver
sala
spe
ct
o
fsha
mani
sm(
Eli
ade1
964
,23
-67
,Hawke
s19
85,4
3).Ci
ti
ngas
eco
nd
c
ent
uryB.
C.s
tor
y(Ha
nshu2
5A.
122
0,deGr
oot1
910
,12
01)a
boutawo
man
whowa
ssha
mani
zedt
hroug
h i
ll
nes
s,Wal
ey(
195
5,9
)sa
yst
he"mal
adi
e
i
nii
iat
iquei
sofc
our
seac
ommo
nst
agei
nthec
are
ero
fsha
mans
,ma
i-
g
c
iansa
nds
aint
sinmanypa
rtsoft
hewo
rld.
"Be
side
stheps
ychol
ogy
(
Tse
ng1
972
,56
4-5
)andps
ycho
pat
hol
ogyofs
hama
ns,t
her
ewa
sapr
act
i-
c
alas
pec
tto"
ini
ti
ato
rys
ickne
ss.
"Fo
rins
tanc
e,t
her
ewa
sanol
dChi
nes
e
s
ayi Chuc
ng( i4.
6a,t
r.Ha
wke
s19
85,1
58)t
hat"
Hewhohasni
net
ime
s
br
oke
nhi
sar
m mays
etupa 嘗]p
sa [ hys
ici
an!
"47
 S
hama
nicHe
n &'
g' Co
nst
anc
y' 1
35

3 He
4. ngAr
cher
y
Ma
gicbo
wsa
nda
rro
wsa
redi
ver
sel
yas
soc
iat
edwi
ths
hamani
sm
(
DeGr
oot1
910
,39
4,4
02,6
99;Ebe
rha
rd1
968
,19
9,4
28;El
iade1
964
,54
-5,
1
52,3
61-
4,3
88,4
90-
4).Sha
mansus
eda
rro
wsi
nma
nywa
ys,t
oca
useor
c
uref
eve
r,a
ndt
osymbo
liz
ema
gicf
li
ghto
rini
ti
ato
ryr
esur
rec
tion.The
bowwa
ses
pec
ial
lyus
edt
opr
oduc
emus
icale
ntr
anc
eme
nt.=
Thepr
oofi
s
t
hat
,eve
nwhe
ret
hedr
um i
sre
plac
edbyabow-a
samo
ngt
heLe
bed
Ta
tar
sandc
ert
ainAl
tai
ans
,"s
aysEl
iade(
196
4,1
75)
,"whatweha
vei
s
al
waysani
nst
rume
nto
fma
gic
almus
ic,
nota
nant
ide
moni
cwe
apo
n;t
her
e
ar
enoar
rows
,andt
hebo
wisus
edasao
ne-
str
inge
dins
trume
nt.
"Ar
che
ry
ha
sbe
enme
nti
one
dse
ver
alt
ime
sabo
vei
nconne
cti
onw
ithhe
'
ng恒:t
he

or
acl
egr
aph 司 f
or亙 c
ombi
nesb̀o
w'wi
thm̀oo 1
n'§･1
,us
ingabo
wto
pr
oduc
esha
mani
cmus
icwasdi
scus
sedf
or*kang縄 v̀i
ole
ntl
yst
rum'§
1.2
,
Maog
los
sest
he恒 ì
ncr
eas
ing(
moo
n)〉i
ntheShZ
jing (
166
,§1.
3)a
s告
b̀ows
tri
ng,c
res
centmoo
n',t
hegr
aphf
or撃 d̀oc
tor
'§3
.2hasa
m矢
à
rro
w',
asdoe
s疾 s̀
i
c kne
ss,
ill
nes
s',
anda
rro
wswe
reus
edi
ncal
li
ngbac
k
s
oul
soft
hes
icka
ndde
ad§
4..
1

A Zho
ulipas
sagea
bouts
hama
niche
ali
ng(
cf.§
3A)us
es*mi
ar珊
b̀o
wend/
tip,di
spe
l,s
top'a
sagr
aphi
cloa
nfr*mi
o ar爾 s̀
to r*m2
p'o '
ar
a '
pac
ify'
,
48a
ndt
woo
t rZh
he o
uliJ
& us
age
sar
efo
rte
chni
calt
ermsi
n

4
7.Cf .theZu oz hua
n( 定公 1 3,56.
13b,tr.Legge1872,78
4):"
Ⅰkn o
wh eisago od
physici
n(
a whoc anheal)ana r
mb ro ke
ni n3places"TheLi
. j
i(5.
1 5
a,tr.Legge
1885,1:
114)gi vessomep r
acti
cala dvi
ce :"Thep hys
icofad octor,inwho se
familyme dici
n ehasnotbe enp r
actise
df orthreegener
atio
nsa tleast
,should
notbet aken."
4
8.Thi sZh oulipassageo nma leshama ns( 2
6.9
b,tr.vonFalkenhausen1 9
89b,
17)says,"I
nt hewi n
ter,inthegreattemp lehal
l,he
t yoffe
rlor:s hootarro
ws ]
withoutaf ixe ddirec
tiona ndwi thoutc ount
ingmen umber.
"Zh engno tes
136 人 文 研 究 第 8
3輯

ar
che
ry:t
he恒矢 h̀e
nga
' rro
w'andt
he恒角 h̀e
'
ngho
rn'onac
ompound
bo
w.

恒矢 物̀ ar
rows
'ar
eli
ste
d(3
2.8
b,Bi
ot1
851
,2:
242
-3)a
ssui
tabl
e
f
orl
eis
ures
hoo
ting,a
ndZhe
ng'
Sco
mme
ntar
ynot
esc
ont
radi
ctor
yexpl
a-
na
tio
nso
fthe
m be
ingus
edf
orl
eis
ure
-ti
mepr
act
iceo
rfo
rce
remo
nial
a
rche
ry.Thef
orme
rp̀r
act
icear
row'c
anbee
xpl
aine
dwi
th he
'
ng恒
me
ani
ngr̀
egul
ar,o
rdi
nar
y,e
ver
yday'§1
.3,whi
let
hel
att
erc̀
ere
moni
al
ar
row'mi
ghtha
vede
rive
dfr
om t
hes
hamani
cri
tualna
me.

TheZho
uli
'S"
Gongr
en弓人 Bo
w-make
r"s
ect
ion(
42.
13a-
26a,Bi
ot
1
851
,2:
580
-60
1)us
eshe
'
ng 恒 r̀
egul
ar,al
ways
?'s
ixt
ime
s,e
spe
cial
lyi
n
r
efe
renc
et he角 h̀o
ot rn'
use
dtoqui
cke
nands
tre
ngt
henc
ompo
undbo
ws.
Themi
ddl
eoft
heho
rni
s(4
2.1
5b)恒普弓之畏 "
'al
ways
'lo
cat
edi
nthebo
w
[
par
tcal
le 7<*'
d]we iwar畏 f̀
ear
,dr
ead"
'(gl
oss
eda -
i<*
swe '
iwar威
t̀
err
ifyi
ng,
maj
est
ic'o -
ru)
ei<*'
2
'war隈 b̀e
nd,
crook'
).
Kno
tsi
nthewood
o
rune
vengl
ue(
42.
18 b)恒 由此作 "
a- wilàl
l ways
'bewha
tca
use
s"s
tre
tch-
i
ngt
hes
tri
ngo
rbr
eaki
ngt
heho
rn.
"49I
fthe(
42.
19a
)恒角而短 "
're
gul
ar'
ho
rn(
ont
hebo
w'sbe
lly)i
stoos
hor
t,t
hebo
wsha
ftwi
llr
esi
stbe ng,
ndi "
o
rif(
42.
19a,2
0a)恒角而達 "
ther̀
egul
ar'hor
nist
ool
ong,i
twi
llbe
o
ver
bent
."Zhe
ngg
los
ses*
g' g 恒 asal
an oanf
orge
t
ng < *kang 亙

ze
Lg <*d
n z'
ang贈 ò f
fer,g
ive,senda wa y'me ani
ngèxpel(evi
linf l
uences
)'
hasava ri
nt(
a Karl
gren1967,no.178
6)ze-
n g<*t s
ang(wit
h矢 à rr
o w' i
nste
ad
of貝 c̀owry')à
rrow(withas tr
ing)
'.
4
9.Thez h勿,6u <*t 2
'
okdi6g祝 由 = exorcismto fthecause"wa sas outher
n
shamanicme di
caltec
hnique(Veith1966,1 48,Xie1976
,41,Lin1 9
87 ,41)
.Fo r
asiil
m a
ry 6ubz
L<*d2'0
^
gb'2'
y
ek由騨 " causale xorci
sm"recor
d e
di ntheLi j
i(26.
24a,tr
,Leg g
e1 885
,2:44
8" Sacri
fi
ces…o fd epr
ecati
on")
,ZhengXu anglosses
*b'
2'k鮮 a
y
e smi<*m2 '
ar甜 s̀top,cea
se ,exo r
cise
'(cf
.§3.
4).
 S
hama
nicHengJ
K'Co
nst
anc
y' 137

è
xte
nd,c
ove
r'me
ani
ngj
tt
ng <*k2
'
ang 寛 c̀
ompl
ete
,ent
ire
'§1
.2.He
'
ng
a
rche
ryc
oul
dbec
onne
cte
dwi
tht
heZho
uli§
3.4me
nti
oni
ngs
hamans
b̀anni
ng'o
rp̀ac
ifyi
ng'e
vilwi
th*
m i
ar甜 b̀o
wti
p',butt
hee
xac
t
me
anl
ngr
emai
nsunc
ert
ain.

4.
4Di
vi
neHeng
Onepo
into
nwhi
cht
hephi
los
ophi
cal
lyo
ppo
sedCo
nfuc
iani
stsa
nd
Daoi
stsa
gre
edwast
hatha
vinghe
'
ng恒 wass
upe
rna
tur
al.

Thr
eeLunyupa
ssa
gesus
ehe
'
n &:t
g' heSo
uthe
rnSayi
ng(
$32
.),
the
na
meChe
ngHe
ng陳恒 (
§1.
3)
,andwhe
nCo
nfuc
iusl
ame
ntst
hea
bundanc
e
o
f"i
nco
nst
ant
"hypo
cri
tes
.
TheMas
ters
aid,"
A[聖]Di
vineSa
gelc
anno
thopee
vert
ome
et;
t
hemo
stIc
anho
pef
ori
stome
e 君子]t
ta [ ruege
ntl
ema
n."The
Ma
ste
rs d,"
ai A[善人]f
aul
tl
essmanIc
anno
thopee
vert
ome
et;
t
hemo
stIca
nho
pef
ori
stome
e 有恒者]ma
ta[ noff
ixe
dpr
inc
ipl
es.
Ye
twhe
real
lar
oundIs
eeNo
thi
ngpr
ete
ndi
ngt
obeSome
thi
ng,
Empt
ine
sspr
ete
ndi
ng t
obeFul
lne
ss,Pe
nur
y pr
ete
ndi
ng t
obe
Af
flue
nce,[
約而為難乎泰有恒者]e
venama
noff
ixe
dpr
inc
ipl
eswi
ll
beno
net
ooe
asyt
ofi
nd.
"(7
/25,7
.8a,t
r.Wal
ey1
938
,12
8)
Theme
ani
ngo
fa有恒者 p̀e
rso
nwi
thhe
'
n i
g'sno
tcl
ear
,co
mpa
reWal
ey'
S
有恒者 "
manoff
ixe
dpr
inc
ipl
es"t
rans
lat
ionwi
thLe
gge
'S"
amanpo
s-
s
ess
edo
fcons
tanc
y,"Co
uvr
eur
'S"
unho
mmed'
unevol
ont
さcons
tant
e,"o
r
Gi
les
'S"
ama
npo
sse
ssi
ngho
nes
tyofs
oul
."Zha
ngDai張戴 (
102
0-1
077
)
de
fi s恒 a
ne sonewho不式其心 d̀oe
sno
tha
vet
womi
nds(
i.
e.
,dou
bts
)'
.
ZhuXigl
oss
es恒 as常久 p̀e
rpe
tual
,et
ernal
,eve
rlas
ting'
.ZhangShigi
ves
as
chol
arl
yint
erpr
eta
tio
ntha
tbe
inga 聖 s̀
age
ly'
50o
r君子 s̀
upe
rior
pe
rso
n'r
esul
tsf
roms
tudy,whi
lebe
inga善人 g̀ood'o
r有恒者 c̀
ons
tant'
1
38 人 文 研 究 第 8
3輯

pe
rsonr
esul
tsf
rom pe
rso
nal
it
y,t
her
efor
eonemus
tc̀
ons
tant
ly's
tudyi
n
o
rde
rtobe
come a s
age.The
semo
ral
is
tici
nte
rpr
eta
tio
nsofs
impl
e
c̀
ons
tanc
y'C
oul
dno
tbewha
tCo
nfuc
iusme
antbe
caus
eheas
ser
tedi
twa
s
ha
rdt
ofi
ndpe
opl
e(nt
i he6
th1
5thc
ent
s_B.
C.)whoha
dhe
'
ngJ
k(f
c.havi
ng
a h̀e
'
nghe
art
/mi
nd'i
n§1
.3)
.

Co
nfuc
ius
'sl
ame
nta
tiona
boutt
her
ari
tyofpe
opl
e有恒 h̀a
ving
he
'ng'i
ssi
mil
art
oDaoi
stZhuangz
ide
scr
ipt
ionso
fita
she
ave
nly:
[
NieQue
]wi
llbe
comet
hes
ervanto
fca
use
s,t
hevi
cti
mof
t
hings
,looki
ngi
nal
lfo
urdi
rec
tionst
ose
eho
wthi
ngsa
ref
ari
ng,
t
ryi
ngt
oat
tendt
oal
lwant
s,c
han
gingal
ongwi
tht
hings [
而末始有
憧]a
ndpo
sse
ssi
ngnot
rac
eofanyc
ons
tanc
yofhi
sown.How
c
oul
dhepos
sibl
ydoa
s[配天]c
ount
erpa
rto
fHe
ave
n?(
5.
3a- r
b,t.
Wa
tso
n19
68,1
29)
Hewho
sei
nne
rbe
ingr
est
sint
he [
泰定]Gr
eatSe
reni
tywi
ll
s
endf
ort
haHe
ave
nlyl
ight
.Butt
houghhes
endsf
ort
haHe
ave
nly
l
ight
,me
nwi
lls
eehi
m asama
nandt
hin
gswi
lls
eehi
masat
hing.
whe
nama
nhast
rai
nedhi
mse
lft
othi
sde
gre
e 乃今有恒]t
,[ hen
f
ort
hef
irs
tti
mehea
chi
eve
sco
nst
anc
y. [
有恒者]Be
caus
ehe
po
sse
sse
sco
nst
anc
y,me
nwi
llc
omet
olod
gewi
thhi
mandHe
ave
n
wi
llbehi
she
lpe
r.(
8.
5b,t
r.Wa
tso
n19
68,2
54)
Si
ncebo
thCo
nfuc
iani
stsa
ndDaoi
stss
ai ng恒 wass
dhavi odi
vine
lyr
ar,
e
i
tmus
tha
veme
antmo
ret
hanc̀
ons
tanc
y'.
Per
hapst
heywe
rer
efe
rri
ngt
o

5
0.Con f
uci
uso nl
yu s
edt hewo r
dshe
tng<*S iy
'eg聖 i
n nr e
feren
c et
olege
ndary
sa
ges(ei.
. ,
Lun yu6/2
8 ,7
/ 3
3),a
ndflat
lydeni
est
hathe,o
ran yofhi
scont
empo-
ra
rie
s,wasas age(9/
6 )
.LaterConf
ucian
ist
sused聖 i
nmo regener
almeani
ngs
ofs̀
age,Wisepers
onメ,esp.Conf
uci
us.
 S
hama
nicHe
ng恒 C̀o
nst
anc
y' 1
39

pe
opl
ewi
thkno
wle
dge
/po
wer
soft
hes
hamani
che
'
ngr
itual
.

The
sea
nci
entphi
los
ophe
rswr
oteo
fhe
'
ng恒 ass
ome
thi
ngwhi
ch
c
oul
dbe
,butr
are
l ,有 p̀o
ywas s
ses
sed'
.Thatwasqui
tedi
ffe
rentf
rom
e
arl
yre
fer
enc
est
ohe
'
ng恒 ass
ome
thi
ngwhi
chwasdone
:theShi
ji
n 1
g§.3
us
esi
tfo
rpl
ant
ingè
ver
ywhe
re'
,theYb
'i
ng§
3.1a
ndShu
jin
g§3
.3us
e恒
n al
i lus
ionst
odi
vini
nga
ndpo
ssi
blyhe
ali
ng,
theZho
uli§
3.4a
ndMo
zi§
3.5
de
scr
ibes
hamansdoi
ngt
hehe
'
ngr
itualdanc
e.Thi
sdi
ffe
renc
ebe
twe
en
doi
ng and ha
ving he
'
ng恒 C
oul
dsi
gni
fy a hi
sto
ric
alc
hange i
nthe
s
hama
niche
ngr
itualdur
ingt
hel
ateZho
udyna
sty.

5 懐 an
4. d常
I
nea
rlyChi
nes
ete
xts
,al
mos
tanyc
h g <*d'
dn 2
'an
g常 c̀o
nst
a ,
nt
r
egul
ar'c
oul
dha
veo
riinal
g lybe
enwr
itt
en*
g'an
g恒.Thi
scamet
oli
ht
g
f
romt
he1
973di
sco
ver
yatMawa
ngduio
ftwos
ilk Da
ode
jin
g 道徳樫
c
opi
es(
Henr
icks1
978
).5
1Bo
tht
ext
s,wr
itt
enbe
for
ethe1
79 C.
taboo§
1.1 B
.
o
nHe
ng恒 t
hena
meofEmpe
rorWe
n,ha
vehe
'
ng恒 f
ore
ver
ych
dng常
i
nther
ece
ive
dve
rsi
onso
ftheDa
ode
ing.Thi
sar
chae
olo
iC
g l di
a sco
ver
y
s
ugge
stst
hate
arl
yte
xtuale
vide
nceo
fshama
niche
'
ngc
oul
dha
vebe
en
de
libe
rat
elyo
bsc
ure
donawi
des
cal
e.Twoe
xampl
esa
regi
venbe
low,
f
rom t
heDao
dej
ingi
tse
lfa
ndt
heHu
aina
nzi.
52 Daoi
smi
sapr
opo
sbe
caus
e

5
1.Th etomba lsocontane
i dame di
caltextenti
tl
edWu s
h i
'e
rb i
ngfa
ng五十二
病方 " Presc
ript
ionsforFif
ty-twoSickness
es."I
to c
casio
na l
lyuseshe
Jng恒 t o
mea nc̀
ommo n,regul
a r
'(egリ恒産 ù
. sualplace'
,no.134,Yama da1985,192)
,
whileonesect
ion(56,Yamad a1985,1
63)abouttr
eati
ngdo gbit
epresc
ribesthe
powd e
rfromr ubbi
ngt oge
thertwoh e'
ngshJ怪石 "he
% Jn
gs tones
."
5
2.TheZh uang
ziwa sc ompi
ledpriortothe'&t a
boo,buts omeA u sa
ge sare
ofinte
rest(
viz.5Aa,8.2
4a).Hunchbacks(Kat6'
sshamans)aresaidtohav e常
病 c̀onst
antsickness
'(2,1
4b)a n
dbepo pularbecaus
et hey常和 c̀ onstant
ly
140 人 文 研 究 第 8
3 韓

s
omes
chol
ars(
e.
g.
,Gr
ane
t19
25,
Eli
ade1
964
,We
lch1
965
)fe
eli
tinhe
rit
ed
c
ert
aina
spe
ctsofa
nci
entChi
nes
esha
mani
sm.

TheDaode
j'
igus
n es常 t
hir
tyt
ime
s,ands
omed
ubi
ousme
ani
ngsa
re
e
xpl
aina
bleby恒.Fore
xampl
e,i
nthef
amo
usf
irs
tst
ich一道可道非常道
"
TheDaot
hatc
anbeDao'
ed/
tol
d/t
rave
ledi
sno
tthec
ons
tant
(?)Dao"
-t
hemodi
fi
erc
h g <*d'
dn 2
' g常 i
an sus
ual
lyt
rans
lat
edas"
cons
t ,
ant"
"
regul
ar"or"
, ordi
nar
y."Butt
hisi
swr
ongbe
caus
ecdngme
h ans"
'l
ong-
c
ust
ome
d,‥l
ong-
ves
ted't
hingsa
ndha
bit
s,"s
aysBood
ber
g(1
957
,60
3-4
),
=
bot
hint
hepo
sit
ives
ens
eoft̀
i
me-
hono
red'(r̀
egul
ar,
'c̀
ust
oma
ry,
'and
è
ndur
ing'
)andi
nthene
gat
ives
ens
eoft̀
i
me-
won'
r (c̀
ommo
npl
ace
,'ò
rdi
-
na
ry,
'and'
rout
ine
').
"Thr
eeDao
dej
ing pas
sage
ssa
ykno
wle
dgeo
fthe
c
hL'
i
ng常 c̀
ons
tant
,et
ernal
'cons
tit
ute
sspi
ri
tuale
nli
ht
g e
nme
nt:
復命日常]Tor
[ etur
ntode
sti
nyi
scal
ledt
hee
ter
nal(
Tao
).
知常日明]Tokno
[ wthee
ter
nali
scal
lede
nli
ght
enme
nt.[
不知
常妄作凶]No
ttokno
wthee
ter
nali
stoac
tbl
indl
ytor
esul
tin
di
sas
ter
.[知常容]Hewhokno
wst
hee
ter
nali
sal
l-
embr
aci
ng.
(
16,1
.8bl
ga,t
r.Cha
n19
63,1
28)
知和 日常]Tokno
[ w ha
rmo
nyme
anst
obei
nac
cor
dwi
th
t
hee
ter
nal
.[知常日明]Tobei
nac
cor
dwi
tht
hee
ter
nalme
ans
t
obee
nli
ht
g e
ned.(
55,2
.12
a,t
r.Cha
n19
63,1
97)
Us
ethel
iht
g .Re
ver
ttoe
nli
ht
g e
nme
nt.Andt
her
ebya
voi
d
da
nge
rtoo
ne'
sli
fe 是謂習常]Thi
-[ sisc
all
edpr
act
ici
ngt
he
e
ter
nal
.(5
2,2
.lo
b,t
r.Cha
n19
63,1
92)
The
seDaoi
stde
scr
ipt
ionso
f常∼恒 a
sil
lumi
nat
ionc
los
elyr
ese
mbl
ethe

ha
rmo
niz
e'Wi
thpe
opl
e(2
.24
a,c
f.和恒 i
n§3
.3)
.
 S
hama
nicHe
n Kl
gJ Co
nst
anc
y' 1
41

di
vinevi
ewso
f恒 i
n§.
44,a
nda
rec
ompa
rabl
ewi
tht
heMe
nci
an恒心 i
n
S1.
3.

TheHuai ipr
nanz ovi
desaf
inale
xampl
eofr
eint
erpr
eti
nge
arl
y常
us
age
sass
hama
ni ng恒 .Af
che
' terr
efe
rri
ngt
oChe
nHe
ng陣伍 §1.
3w
ith
hename陳成子恒 o
t bse
rvi
ngt
he恒 t
aboo(
16.
6b)
,theHuai ius
nanz es常
c̀
ons
tant
?'t
osayt
hat
:
良醤者常治無病之病故無病]Th
[ es
kil
lf
uldoc
torc
ons
tant
ly(
?)c
ure
s
t
hes
ick(
nes
s)o
fbe
ingwi
tho
uts
ickne
ss,
thust
her
eisno
ne.
53 [
聖人
者常治無患之患故無患]Thes
agec
ons
tant
ly(
?)c
ure
sthet
roubl
eof
be
ngwi
i tho
utt
roubl
e,t
hust
her
eisno
ne.(
16.
7b)
Wa
sthi
sor
igi
nal
lyade
scr
ipt
iono
fsha
mani
che
ali
ng?

Thepos
sibi
li
ti
esa
ret
oof
ar-
reac
hingf
ort
hepr
ese
nts
tudybe
caus
e
c
hdng 常 L
cons
tant
'wa
ssuc
hac
ommo
nwo
rd.I
nanye
vent
,the
see
xam-
pl
ess
howt
her
epl
ace
mento ng恒 w
fhe
' ithc
hLng 常 c̀
'
i ons
tant
'de
ser
ves
f
urt
heri
nve
sti
gat
ion.

5 CONCLUDI
NG REMARKS

Thi
spa
perbe
arso
utt
hes
emi
nali
deao
fas
hama
nic he
'
ng J
K
p̀e
rpe
tua
ting'
rit
e.I
nco
ncl
usi
on,
Wal
ey'
S§5
.1andc
orr
obo
rat
iveda
ta§
5.2
a
res
umma
riz
ed,
aCo
nfuc
ianco
ver
-up§
5.3i
sdi
scus
sed,
andpr
ospe
ctsf
or
f
urt
hers
tudi
esa
res
ket
che
d§5
.4.

5
3.Thissee
mst ob
earephra
singoftheDao
dej
ing(71t
,r.Chan196
3,2
25)
:L
'The
sa
geisfr
eefromthed
ise
ase.Bec
a u
s eh
ereco
gniz
e sthedi
seas
etobedi
seas
e,
heisf
reefro
mi t
."
142 人 文 研 究 第 8
3輯

1Wa
5. l
ey'
sEvi
dence
Wal
e she
y' '
ngr
ituali
ll
ust
rat
ionsa
ref
romt
heol
des
tChi
nes
ete
xts
.
Her
eint
erpr
ete
dtwodi
ffi
cul
tli
nesi
nthe(
c l
a.lt
h?-
6thc
ent
s.B.
C.)Yt
ji
ng
§
3.1
,re
adi
ng恒其徳 asm̀aket
hepo
wero
fana
uspi
cio
uso
menc
ont
inu-
o
us'a
nd疾恒不死 a
sì
fso
meonei
sil
l,pe
rfo
r hehe
mt '
ngr
itualandhe
/she
wi
llnotdi
e'.Ane
arl
y(l
oth?c
ent
.B.
C.)s
ect
ion o
fthe Shu
jin
gS3
.3
de
scr
ibe
smaki
ngaf
avo
rabl
edi
vina
tin恒吉 h̀e
o '
ng"
cons
tant
ly"a
uspi
-
c
ious
'.I
nthe(
5thc
e .B.
nt C.)Lun
yuandt
he(
1st
?ce
nt.B.
C.)LZ
ji§
3.2
,
Co
nfuc
iusquot
est
heSout
her
nSayi
nga
boutha
in
v g he
'
ng 恒 be
ing a
pr
ere
qui
si
tef
ora垂腎 s̀
hama
n-do
cto
r'andi
ndi
rec
tlyq
uot
est
heYtji
ng.
The(
4th-
3rdc
ent
s.B.
C.)Mo
zi§
3.5s
ayss
hama
nic恒舞 h̀e
'
ngda
nci
ng'
was
puni
sha
blebyl
aw,
andt
he(
ca.
2nd-
1stc
ent
s.B.
C.)Zho
uli§
3.4me
nti
onsa
n
a
nti
-di
sas
ter益恒 S̀ che
hamani '
ng'r
itual
.

The
rea
ret
ext
uala
ndgr
aphi
cfl
awsi
nWal
ey'
shypo
the
ses
.Fi
rst
,
hegl
oss
edo
vers
omel
ing
uis
ticpr
obl
ems
.Wal
eydi
dno
tme
nti
ont
hatt
he
Yl
-
}
'i
ngs
a o恒其徳 h̀e
yst '
ngo
ne'
spo
wer
'isf
ort
unat
efo
rwome
nbutno
t
f
orme
n,nort
ha heShu
tt jin
gci
tat
iona
bout懐吉 i
sfol
lowe
dbyKi
ng
Che
ngpl
edingt
g o和恒 h̀a
rmoni
z ndhe
ea '
ng'al
lthepe
opl
e.I
nspi
teo
f
c
opi
ousChi
nes
esc
hol
ars
hip,Wal
eyi
gno
rede
vide
ncet he Yz
hatt ji
ng
quo
tewa
sint
erpol
ate
dwit
htheSo
uthe
rnSayi
ng.Se
cond,heo
ver
looke
d
i
mpe
rialt
abooa
sther
eas
onf
orc
hangi
ng恒 t
o恒,a
ndas
sume
dthee
arl
y
s
pir
algr
aphsf
or亘 me
antt
ha he he
tt '
ng恒 r
ituali
nvol
vedd
rawi
ng
c
irc
les
.Whe
nhemadehi
shypo
the
sesi
nthe1
930
S,t
hes
tudyo
for
acl
e
ns
i c
ript
ionswa
sjus
tbe
inni
g ng,a
ndWal
eymi
stookt
heo
rac
legr
aph 邑
f
or亘 a
sthena
meo
far
ituali
nst
eado
fadi
vine
r.Hi
side
at hehe
hatt '
ng
恒r
itualwa
sca
rri
edo
utunde
ra亙 ǹe
wmoo
n'r
emai
nspo
ssi
ble
,butno
t
t
hati
tinvol
vedd
rawi
ng/
danc
ingi
n亘 c̀
i
r c
les
'.
 S
hama
nicHe
ng恒 C̀o
st
n a
ncy
' 1
43

Moo
nswe
repr
omi
nenti
near
ly亙 a
nd恒 gr
aphs
,andWal
ey
me
nti
one
ddoi hehe
ngt '
ngr
ituala
tthebe
inni
g ngofal
una
rmo
nth.
Zho
u
(
198
1,7
)thi
nkst
heSo
uthe
rnSayi she
ng' '
ng恒 r
efe
rst
oaki
ndo
f跳月
m̀oo
nda
nce'
,andma
nyor
acl
edi
vina
tio
nsa
bouts
ickne
sswe
remadeon
t
hel
astdayo
fal
una
rmo
nth(
Yam1
951
,15
),t
houghtt
obea
nes
pec
ial
ly
Yi
n陰 t
imes
uit
abl
eforme
dic
alpr
oce
dur
es(
Vei
th1
966
,21
7-8
).Wu(
199
1,
1
34)s
ugge
stsal
ter
nat
e"Themoo
nwhe
nne
arl
yful
l"i
nte
rpr
etat
ionsf
or
heYz
t ji
nghe
xagr
am name
dHe
ng.

Wal
eyo
nlybr
ief
lyme
nti
one
dthehe
'
ng恒 hypo
the
sis
,onea
nda
hal
fpa
gesi
nhi
s(1
933
)"Booko
fCha
nge
s"ar
tic
lea
ndt
wonot
est
ohi
s
(
193
8)Anal
ect
str
ans
lat
ion.Thepr
ese
nts
tudyc
atal
ogsde
tai
lsa
boutt
he
s
hama
niche
'
ng恒 r
itualands
ugge
stss
omec
onf
irmat
ions
.

2 Cor
5. robor
ati
veEvi
dence
Suppo
rti
veda
taf
orWal
ey'
ss che
hamani '
nghypo
the
sisc
ome
sfr
om
f
ours
our
ces
.Thef
irs
t-a
ddi
ti
onalr
efe
renc
e ohe
st '
ng恒 i
nea
rlyt
ext
s
-wa
savai
labl
etohi
m.Theo
the
rthr
ees
pec
ial
iza
tio
ns-pal
eogr
aphyo
f
o
rac
lea
ndbr
onz
eins
cri
pti
ons
,re
cons
truc
tio
nso
fAr
chai
cphonol
ogy,
and
c
ompar
ati
ves
tudi
eso
fshama
nis
m-ha
vegr
eat
lyad
vanc
edi
nthef
ive
de
cade
ssi
nceWal
ey'
side
awa
sputf
ort
h.I
tisr
ema
rka
blehow t
hes
e
s
our
cest
iet
oge
the
r.Fo
rins
tanc
e,t
hepr
opo
salt he he
hatt '
ng r
itual
i
nvo
lve
dbo
wsand/
orar
rowsi
sse
eni
nal
lfo
ur:t
ext l
ualy,i
ntheZho
uli
's
he
J
ng恒 ar
che
ryt
erms
,gr
aphi
cal
ly,wi
tht
he弓 b̀o
w's
eeni
ntheo
rac
le
gr
aph頑 f
or亙 a
ndt
he矢 à
rro
w･i
n腎 ･
doc
tor
･,pho
nol
oic
g l
aly,i
nthe
wor
d*kan
g維 v̀i
ole
ntl
yst
rum'
,andc
ros
s-c
ult
ural
ly,i
nshama
nicus
age
s
ofbo
wsandar
rows
.
1
44 人 文 研 究 第 8
3 輯

Fi
rst
,se
ver
alpo
ssi
blet
ext
ualr
efe
renc
est
othes
hama
nich
e'
ng
r
itualha
vebe
endi
sco
ver
ed.Thec
ont
exto
fsha
mani
cdi
vina
tio
nabo
ut
i
ll
nes
smake
sthe恒幹 h̀
e
'ngbody?
'i heCh
nt uci§
4.1as
tro
ngpo
ssi
bil
it
y.
TheMe
ngz
i§4
.2s
tat
eme
nta
bouts
age ng恒存 h̀
sbe
i e
'ngi
n?'f
eve
rand
s
ickne
ssc
anbewe
lle
xpl
aine
dasmal
adi
eini
ti
ati
que
.Andi
fthewo
rd
me
rel
yme
ant'
cons
tanc
y',
iti
sha
rdt
ounde
rst
a heLun
ndt yuandZh
uan
g-
z
i§4
.4c
lai
ms(
cft
.heDa
ode
jl
'
ng§
4.5
)thatpe
opl veh
ewho有恒 h̀a e'
ng'
are
di
vi
nel
ybl
ess
ed.

Se
cond,
Studi
eso
fanc
ienti
nsc
ript
ionsha
vepr
ovi
dedne
winf
orma-
t
iono
ntheo
ri fh
inso
g e
-
ng恒.Thel
unaro
rac
legr
aphs軒 a
nd頑al
ways
r
efe
rtbt
heSha
nga
nce
sto ng <*Ga
rHe ng恒 (
who
mtheCh
ucis
ays
i
ll
n e
rit
edde
' 徳 p̀
o we
r',c
f.Y2
'
}
'i
ng§
3.1
).i
nmuc
hthes
amewa
ytha
ta
bookf
oundi
n aChut
ombe
xpl
ica
tesh
e'
ngdi
vina
tio
ninn.
37,
thea
rchae
ol
l
oic
g aldi
sco
ver
yofHa
m-e
ras
ikDa
l ode
ji
ngcopi
ess
ugge
stst
hatma
ny
e
ary恒 r
l efe
renc
esmayha
vebe
enc
hange
dto常 d
uri
ngt
hes
eco
nd
c
ent
uryB
. cf
C.( .§
5.3
).

Thi
rd,t
her
eco
nst
ruc
tio
nofAr
chai
cChi
nes
epho
nol
ogypr
ovi
des
a
not
herhi
stor
ica
lpe
rspe
cti nh
veo e
'
ng <*
g'an
g恒.Thes
tanda
rde
ty-
mol
oie
g s§1
.2pr
opo
sedf
or*kan
g亙 ∼ *
g'an
g 恒 donotr
ela
tewi
th
s
hama
nis
m, he*k
butt y
ang梗 exor
cis
m and/
ore
ffi
gyc
oul
dbeas
soc
iat
ed.
Thepho
nol
ogyo
fthr
eee
xtr
aor
dina
rywo
rdswi
t he*kan
ht g亙 phone
tic
-*kan
g v̀i
ole
ntl
yst
r ,*kan
um' g r̀
ope
' nd *kan
,a g r̀
oad (
bene
atha
c
off
in)
'-c
anbee
xpl
aine
dbyt
hene
xts
pec
ial
iza
tio
n.

Four
th,c
ompa
rat
ives
tudi
esofs
hama
nis
mshe
dli
h to
g ntheh
e'
ng
r
itual
.Ma
ny o
fit
sel
eme
ntsha
vepa
ral
lel
sino
the
rAs
ianc
ult
ure
s:
 S
hama
nicHeng'
&'Co
nst
anc
y' 1
45

s
hama
nsus
ingt
hebo
w asama
ic
g als
tri
nge
dins
trume
nte
xpl
ains*k∂ng
摘 v̀i
ole
ntl
yst
rum'
,bot
h*kang 確 r̀
ope
'and*kang 増 r̀
oad'c
ompa
re
wi
thLol
oandMos
ori
tual
sfo
rade
adpe
rson'
sso
ul,
ands
hamani
che
ali
ng
di
vina
tio
nsar
ewi
des
pre
adt
hro
ugho
utAs
iaa
ndAme
ric
a.El
iadebe
lie
ves
t
hat
:
Do
ubt
les
sthewuwasno
texa
ctl
ythes
amea
sas
hama
n,buthe
i
nca
rna
tedt
hes
pir
its
,and,i
ndoi
ngs
o,s
erve
dasi
nte
rme
diar
y
be
twe
enma
nandt
hedi
vini
ty;i
naddi
ti
on,hewa
sahe
ale
r,a
gai
n
wi
tht
hehe
lpo
fthes
pir
its
.(1
964
,45
4)
Thede
tai
lsofChi
nes
esha
mani
che
'
ngne
edt
obec
ompa
redw
iths
hama
n･
i
smi
not
herc
ult
ure
s.

The
rei
sas
urpl
uso
fda
ta,he
'
n K hasbe
g' enc
onne
cte
dwi
th
di
vini
ng,danc
ing,he
ali
ng,ande
xor
cIS
lng.I
tmayha
vebe
enmo
ret
han
oner
itual
,0rage
ner
alt
ermf
ors
hama
nicpr
oce
dur
es,pe
rha
psane
arl
y
s
hama
nna
medWuHe
ng.

3 TheCon
5･ fuci
ani
stCo
ver
-up
Fo
rtwo mi
ll
enni
a,Co
nfuc
iani
sts
chol
arsa
nd phys
ici
ansha
ve
s
yst
ema
tic
all
yconc
ele
a de
vide
ncea
boutt
hes
hamani
che
'
ngr
itual
.Eve
r
s
inc
eEmpe
rorWu(
r.1
40-
87B.
C)e
sta
bli
she
dCo
nfuc
iani
sm ast
hes
tat
e
r
eli
gio
n,t
her
uli
ngc
las
sesha
ves
howni
ncr
eas
ingpr
ejudi
cea
gai
nsts
ha-
ma
nis
m(deGr
oot1
910
,12
33-
42,
Wal
ey1
95,l
5 2
-,Loe
lwe1
970
).Ac
cept
ing
t
hei
deat
hatChi
nes
esha
manswe
rewo
men(
i.
e. u
-盛 s̀
,u) hamane
ss'a
s
o
ppo
se ox
dt '
l親 s̀
haman'
,se
eKe
iht
g l
ey1
989
),Ka
ganbe
lie
vesCo
nfuc
ian
pr
ejudi
ceswe
rel
arge
lys
exi
st:
Oneoft
hemai
nthe
mesi
nChi
nes
ehi
sto
ryi
stheuns
ucc
ess
ful
a
tte
mptbyt
hemal
eCo
nfuc
iano
rthodoxyt
ost
ripwome
noft
hei
r
1
46 人 文 研 究 第 8
3 輯

publ
icands
acr
edpo
wer
sandt
oli
mitt
hemt
oar
oleofs
ervi
ce…
Co
nfuc
iani
stsr
eas
ser
teddai
lyt
hei
rcl
aimt
opo
weranda
utho
rit
y
t
hro
ught
hepr
omo
tio
noft
hephal
li
canc
est
orc
ultwhi
chde
nie
d
wome
nre
ligi
ousr
epr
ese
nta
tio
nande
xcl
ude
dthe
mfr
omt
hego
v-
e
rnme
ntale
xami
nat
ions
yst
em whi
chwast
hepa
tht
oof
fie
c ,pr
es-
t
ige
,ands
tat
us.(
198
0,3
-4)
TheCo
nfuc
ianc
ove
r-upi
nvol
vednoto
nlys
chol
arsand o
ffi
cial
s,but
e
spe
cial
lydoc
tor
s.Thee
arl
ypr
act
iti
one
rso
fChi
nes
eme
dic
inehi
sto
r ト

c
all
ycha
nge
dfr
om wu
-盛 り
medi
cine
-me
n''t
oyt
一撃 "
meno
fme
dic
ine
."
Wi
thad
vanc
esi
nhe
rbalme
dic
inea
ndac
upunc
tur
e,s
haman-
doc
tor
swe
re
pr
act
ical
lydi
sre
membe
redaf
tert
heHame
ra.
Uns
chul
d(1
980
,12
5-8
)re
fer
s
t
oa"
Conf
uci
anme
dic
ine"ba
sedupo
nsys
temat
icc
orr
espo
nde
nce
sand
t
hei
deat
hati
ll
nes
sesa
rec
aus
edbye
xce
sse
s(r
athe
rthande
mons
).

Thi
sco
nce
alme
ntt
ookmanyf
orms
.Int
hepr
oce
sso
fcha
ngi
ngt
he
o
riinalv̀i
g rtual
it
y,s
pir
itualpowe
r'me
ani f*t
ng o ak 徳 t
otheCo
n-
f
uci
ani
stmo
rals
ens
eofv̀i
rtue
,cha
rac
ter
' he Yl
,t -
ji
ng'
S恒其徳 was
mi
sunde
rst
ood.Addi
ti
onso
fappe
ndi
ces(
fal
sel
yat
tri
but
edt
oCo
nfuc
ius
)
t
rans
for
me heY2
dt '
ji
ngf
rom abooko
fdi
vinat
iont
oawo
rko
fphi
los
o-
phy.The恒舞 h̀
e
'ngdanc
e'wa
sre
ada
sc̀
ons
tantdanc
ing'
.TheSo
uthe
rn
Sa
yi S恒 wa
ng' smi
si
nte
rpr
ete
dast
he恒心 p̀e
rse
ver
anc
e'me
nti
one
dby
Me
nci
us,a
ndi
tss
ynt
axwa
signor
edi
nat
tempt
stof
orc
ere
fer
enc
eto
p̀e
rsi
ste
nti
ll
nes
s'.
Copyi
stsc
ha d韮嘗 s̀
nge hama
n-doc
tor
'to ト笠 d̀i
vine
r'
i
ntheLZ
ji
.Thed̀oc
tor
'gr
aph警 (
wit
h ẁi )r
ne' e
plac
ed萱 (
wit
hs̀
haman'
),

t
hought
hel
att
erc
oul
dha
vebe
ent
heo
rigi
nalwr
iti
ngo
ftheSout
her
n
Sa
yin
g.54

Mode
rns
chol
ars
hipi
s gr
adual
lyr
ect
ifyi
ng Co
nfuc
iani
sta
nti
-
 S
hama
nicHe
ng憧 C̀o
nst
nc
a y
' 1
47

s
hamanpr
ejudi
ces
.Ka
te(
195
4)a
rgue
dtha
tConf
uci
ani
stsi
nhe
rit
edt
radi
-
t
ionso
fsha
mani
chunc
hbac
ksanddwa
rfs
.Bas
edo
nbi
rthl
ege
ndsa
nd
Lun
yupa
ssa
ges
,Cha
n(1
972
,68
)cont
endst
hat
:"Co
nfuc
iusdi
dha
ves
ome
c
onne
cti
onwi
ths
hama
nis
m."Thi
sanal
ysi
sofs
hama
ni ng 恒 i
che
' sa
f
urt
herpl
eCeOfe
vide
nce
.

4 Fu
5. tur
ePr
ospec
ts
Or
ient
alandOc
cide
ntals
chol
arsa
rer
ese
arc
hingdi
ver
sea
spe
ctso
f
s
hama
nicpr
act
ice
s,f
romt
heY2
'
)
'i
ng'
sre
lat
ionwi
thChi
nes
ewu
-sha
mans
(
e.
g.
,Wa
ng1
990
)towha
tisc
all
ed"
neo-
sha
mani
sm"(
e.
g.
,Doo
re1
988
).
Twodi
sci
plne
i smos
tli
kel
ytopr
ovi
dea
nswe
rsa
bouts
hama
niche
'
nga
re
l
ingui
sti
csa
､
ndSi
nol
ogy.

Compa
rat
ivel
ingui
sti
cshol
dspo
tent
ials
olut
ions
.Fr
om t
hes
ynt
ac-
t
ics
truc
tur
eoft
heSo
uthe
rn Sayi
ng,he
'
ng B c
oul
dbea l
oanwo
rd.
Co
nsi
dert
hes
eChi
nes
eso
uthe
rndi
ale
ctal
,Mi
ao,a
ndJ
apane
sepo
ssi
bil
-
i
ti
es.Har
vey(
193
3,1
36)no
tess
hama
nsi
nHunanwe
rec
all
edq
ia
'ngt
6ngz
y
l
強童子 "
str
ongc
hil
d,"whi
leChi
nes
et6
ngz
l童子 c̀
y hil
d,vi
rin'i
g swe
ll
a
tte
ste
d,t
hisq
ia
'ng <g'
2
'ag <*
n g'i
ang 強 s̀
tro
ng,po
wer
ful
'co
uldbe
r
ela
tedwi
th*
g' g 恒.W
an h i
teMi
aos
hama
ns(
Mor
echa
nd1
955
,51
9-2
1)
di
vinebyc
ast
ingpai
rsofk
u)al
ne7n
g(cf
.*kang∼*
g' g!
an )
,co
nsi
sti
ngo
f
t
het
ipo
fawa
terbuf
fal r
ohon,
spl
iti
ntwol
eng
thwi
se,a
ndi
nci
sedo
nthe

5
4.霊 i sanotherexamp leof盛 s̀haman'be ngg
i raphic
ll
a yr emo ved.Earl
y
lo
go graphsforltg <*l
n i
eng塞 d̀ivi
ne,supernat
ural,spi
ri
tual'pictur
ed雨
'
rain'o yerヲ ev
eral口 m̀o u t
hs'and 盛 s̀ha man[S
] '
,p r
obablyi ndica
tin
g
s̀
hama nlCralnpra
yer, i
ncant
ati
on',
butthelatte
rtwoe le
me nt
swe rer e
mo ve
d
nt
i hes i
mpli
f i
ed霊 logograph.ModernChinesefur
thersimpli
fi
edl t
ng霊 i nto
ヨ' pig'
she a
d,ha n
d'o ver火 f̀
ire
'.
148 人 文 研 究 第 83 輯

f
lati
nte
rio
r.TheJ
apa
nes
ete
rm ge
nja∼ ge
nza験者 às
cet
ice
xor
cis
t,
s
hama
n,s
pir
ithe
ale
r'(
Blac
ker1
986
,29
8-9
)iss
aidt
ode
rivef
roms
huge
nja
修験者 m̀o
unt
ain as
cet
ic',55 butc
oul
d ha
vebe
ena
ffe
cte
d by *kang
∼*
g'∂n
g恒.

Si
nol
ogi
calc
ont
rove
rsi
esha
vea
ris
eno
vert
hepol
it
icali
mpo
rta
nce
o -益 s
fwu hama
nsi
nanc
ientChi
na.So
mes
chol
ars(
e.
g,Ka
te1
954
,Cha
ng
1
983
)be
lie
veChi
nee wu
s -us
ed"
tec
hni
que
sofe
cst
asy"l
ikes
hama
ns
e
lse
whe
re,o
the
rs(
e.
g.
,Ke
ight
ley1
983
,Yo
nFal
keI
血aus
en1
989
)ar
ede
vel
-
o
ping t
hei
dea of"
bur
eauc
rat
ics
hama
nis
m."Ther
ateo
fhi
sto
ric
al
c
hangewa
sre
mar
kabl
e.Dur
ingt
hef
irs
tmi
ll
enni C.
um B. ,t
hes
tat
uso
f
Chi
nes
e･wu
-盛 de
cli
nedf
rom Sha
ngki
ngst
oHa
nchar
lat
ans
."I
nmaki
ng
as
tudyo
fChi
nes
esha
mani
s "Ha
m, wke
s(1
985
,44
)wa
rns
,"i
tise
asyt
o
f
orge
ttha
tthed
windl
ingf
unc
tio
nso
fthewuar
eno
t/ne
ces
sar
il
yindi
ca-
t
iveoft
hea
tro
phyo
fshamani
smi
tse
lfbuto
fagr
owl
ngS
pec
ial
iza
tio
n
t
aki
ngpl
acewi
thi
nit
."Theme
dic
ala
dva
ncef
romu
)u
-l
yJ益嘗 s̀
hama
n-
do
cto
rs'us
inge
xor
cis
msa
ndpr
aye
r oy
st ta t
'
phys
ici
ans
'us
ingme
dic
ine
a
ndac
upunc
tur
ewa
soneofma
nys
uchc
hange
s.

Thegr
eat
esto
bst
acl
etounde
rst
andi
nga
nci
entChi
nes
esha
mani
sm
i
sthel
ackofpr
ima
rys
our
ces
.Thr
ought
wot
hous
andye
arso
ftr
ans
mis
-
s
ion,r
ece
ive
dte
xtuals
our
cesha
vebe
enal
ter
edt
othepoi
ntwhe
res
ome
o
bsc
uredat
amus
tbede
ciphe
reda
ndc
orr
obo
rat
edwi
the
vide
ncef
rom

5
5.Th i
su s
esas peci
algen験 pronunciat
ionme anngè
i ff
ica
cyo fpraye
rs/
au s
ter
iti
es'(
e･
g･
,ret
gen霊験 m̀i
rac
le,miracul
ouヲvir
tue[ofmedici
ne]I
),
rat
her
thantheu s
ualken& 't
estc
heck,veri
fy,examln
e'.Cf.J
apaneseki ,ar
ne are
'
s haman'name(Fair
chi
ld19
62,11
9 )
.
 S
hama
nicHeng恒 C̀o
nst
anc
y' 1
49

c
ompa
rat
ives
hamani
sm.I
nconc
lus
ion,Cha
n'sa
pt"
pri
smat
ic"me
tapho
r
c
anbequo
ted:
Fi
gur
ati
vel
yspe
aki
ng,o
urj
udgme
nta
ndkno
wle
dgea
rel
ikea
pr
ism,t
hro
ughwhi
chi
nfo
rma
tio
npa
sse
s;O
uri
nte
rpr
etat
ioni
sli
ke
api
eceofwhi
tepa
pero
nwhi
cht
hes
pec
trum i
sre
fle
cte
d.(
197
2,3
6)
Thehe
'
ngs
pec
teri
smo
rec
ons
eque
nti
lt
a ha
nWal
eye
veri
maine
g d.Thi
s
s
tudyr
efo
cus
eshi
ssha
ma ch
ni e
'
ng恒 s̀
tabi
li
zing,pe
rpe
tua
ting'hypo
the
-
s
iswi
thne
w he
rme
neut
ic,pal
eogr
aphi
c,l
ingui
sti
c,a
nthr
opol
ogi
cal
,and
hi
sto
ric
alda
tat
ore
vealawi
des
pec
trum o
fkno
wle
dget
hatmayhe
lpt
o
l
ightt
hewa
y.

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Ba
oPu
zi抱朴子 Mas
terW
h oEmbr
ace
sSi
mpl
ici
ty,3
20,GeHong 葛洪
(
280
?-3
40?
),叢書集成新編 e
d.,pa
rt.t
r.Wa
re1
966
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Be
nedi
ct,Pa
ulK.1
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ibe
T tan:Ano
the k.
rLoo "J
our
nalo
fthe
Ame
ric
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ient
alSo
cie
ty9
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Bi
ot,Edouar
d,t
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heo
u-l
i.
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te
sde
s Tc
heo
u.3vol
s.
We
nti
enko.
Bl
ofe
ld,Jo
hn,t
r.1
96.ICh
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heBo
oko
f Ch
ange
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geAl
len&
Unwi
n.
Bood
ber
g,Pe
ter
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Phi
lol
oic
g alNot
eso
nCha
pte
rOneo
ftheLa
o
Tz
u."Ha
rua
rdJ
our
nalo
fAs
iat
icSt
udi
es2
0,5
981
618
.
Ca
nar
t,Paul
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79.St
udi
esi
nCo
mpa
rat
iv
eSe
mant
ic
s.Ed.We
ndyCo
b-
c
rof
t.Uni
ver
sit
yofQue
ens
landPr
ess
.
Ca
rr,Mi
chae
l.1
991."
Re-
Exami
ningt
heHunc
hbac
kandDwar
fEni
gma.
"
Re
uie
uJo
fLi
ber
alAr
ts81
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°ha
nPi
ng-
1eung.1
97."
2 Ch'
uTz'
あandSha
mani
smi
nAnc
ientChi
na.
"
Ph.
D.di
sse
rta
tio
n,Ohi
oSt
ateUni
ver
sit
y.UMI7
2-2
698
9.
150 人 文 研 究 第 8
3 輯

°hanWi
ng-
tsi
t.1
96.A So
3 uyI
C
eBo
oki
n Chi
nes
ePhi
lo
soph
y.Pr
inc
eto
n
Uni
ver
sit
yPr
ess
.
Chang,
K.C.1
983
.Art
,Myt
h,a
ndRi
tual
,thePa
tht
oPo
lit
ic
alAut
hor
it
yin
Anc
ientCh
ina.Har
var
dUni
ver
sit
yPr
ess
.
Che
nMe
ngj
ia陳夢家 .1
936
."Shangdaides
hen
huayuwus
hu商代的神話興
"n
亜術 . an
jin
gxu
eba
o燕京覚報 2
0,4
85-
576
.
Ch
uci楚辞 El
eie
g so
fChu,
QuYuan屈原 (
d.2
88?B.
C.)e
tal
.,四部叢刊 e
d.,
t
r.Hawke
s19
85.
Ch
unq
iu春秋 Spr
inga
ndAut
umnAn
nal
s,dat
ed7
22-
481B.
C.,十三経注疏
e
d.,t
r.Le
gge1
872
.
Co
uvr
eur
,Se
raphi
m.t
r.1
89.Le
5 s Qu
aty
l
eSLi
ure
s.I
mpr
ime
rie de l
a
Mi
ssi
onCa
thol
ique
.Kuangc
hir
epr
int1
972
.
,t
r.1
89.Ch
6 euKi
ng.I
mpr
ime
riedel
aMi
ssi
onCa
thol
ique
.
Kua
ngc
hir
epr
int1
967
.
Cr
eel
,H.
G.1
951
.Co
nfuc
ius
;theMa
nandt
heMyt
h.Ke
gan Pa
ul.
Cr
ump,J.
I.
,tr
.19
79.Ch
an-
KuoTs
'e,2
nde
d.Chi
nes
eMa
ter
ial
sCe
ntr
e.
Da
ode
ji
ng道徳経 Bookoft
heWaya
ndi
tsPo
wer
,at
tri
b.t
oLao
zi老子,
四部備要 e
d.,t
r.°ha
n19
63.
Da
xueX* Gr
eatLe
arni
ng,2
60 C.
?B. ,a
ttr
iht
oZe
ngShe
nq% (
b.5
05?
B.
C.,十三経注疏 e
) d.,t
r.Le
gge1
893.
Do n董番.1
ngFa 937
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