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Statistical Reasoning For Everyday Life 4Th Edition Bennett Test Bank Full Chapter PDF
Statistical Reasoning For Everyday Life 4Th Edition Bennett Test Bank Full Chapter PDF
Statistical Reasoning For Everyday Life 4Th Edition Bennett Test Bank Full Chapter PDF
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5) Which point below would be an outlier if it were on the following graph?
7)
The graph shows a measure of fitness (y) and miles walked weekly. Identify the probable
cause of the correlation.
A) The correlation is coincidental.
B) There is a common underlying cause of the correlation.
C) There is no correlation between the variables.
D) Walking is a direct cause of the fitness.
87
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8) Select the best fit line on the scatter diagram below.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) None of the lines is the line of best fit.
E) All three lines are equally good.
9)
The scatter plot and best-fit line show the relation among the number of cars waiting by a
school (y) and the amount of time after the end of classes (x) in arbitrary units. The
correlation coefficient is −0.55. Determine the amount of variation in the number of cars not
explained by the variation time after school.
A) 55% B) 70% C) 30% D) 45%
10)
The scatter plot and best-fit line show the relation among the data for the price of a stock (y)
and employment (x) in arbitrary units. The correlation coefficient is 0.8. Predict the stock
price for an employment value of 6.
A) 8.8 B) 6.2
C) 8.2 D) None of the values is correct.
88
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Statistical Reasoning for Everyday Life
Chapter 7 (Correlation and Causality) Exam, form B
1) The number of data points and the absolute value of the correlation coefficient required for
significance at 0.05 level have a
A) Positive correlation B) Negative correlation C) No correlation
Use the table below to determine whether a correlation is significant at the
specified level.
Z
Correlation coefficient Correlation Coefficient
Number of Required for Significance Required for Significance
Data Points at the 0.05 Level at the 0.01 Level
n r r
5 .878 .959
6 .811 .917
10 .632 .765
15 .514 .641
18 .468 .590
50 .279 .361
80 .220 .286
90 .207 .269
100 .196 .256
2) n = 18 points and r = 0.346 at the 0.05 level.
A) Significant B) Not Significant
3) n = 90 points and r = -0.241 at the 0.05 level.
A) Significant B) Not Significant
4) Select the best estimate of the correlation coefficient for the data depicted in the scatter
diagram.
89
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5) Write possible coordinates for the single outlier such that it would no longer be an outlier.
The graph shows strength of coffee (y) and number of scoops used to make 10 cups of coffee
(x). Identify the probable cause of the correlation.
A) The variation in the x variable is a direct cause of the variation in the y variable.
B) There is no correlation between the variables.
C) The correlation is due to a common underlying cause.
D) The correlation between the variables is coincidental.
90
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8) Select the best fit line on the scatter diagram below.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) All of the lines are equally good.
E) None of the lines is the line of best-fit.
9)
The scatter plot and best-fit line show the relation between the price per item (y) and the
availability of that item (x) in arbitrary units. The correlation coefficient is −0.95. Determine
the amount of variation in pricing explained by the variation in availability.
A) 5% B) 10% C) 95% D) 90%
10)
The scatter plot and best-fit line show the relation among the number of cars waiting by a
school (y) and the amount of time after the end of classes (x) in arbitrary units. The
correlation coefficient is −0.55. Use the line of best fit to predict the number of cars at time 4
after the end of classes.
A) 7.0 B) 6.0 C) 8.0 D) 3.5 E) 6.84.0
91
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Statistical Reasoning for Everyday Life
Chapter 7 (Correlation and Causality) Exam, form C
1) The area of a garden and the time it takes to keep it weed free have a
A) Positive correlation B) Negative correlation C) Zero correlation
Use the table below to determine whether a correlation is significant at the
specified level.
Table for Assessing the Statistical Significance of Correlations
Correlation Coefficient Correlation Coefficient
Number of Required for Significance Required for Significance
Data Points at the 0.05 Level at the 0.01 Level
n r r
5 .878 .959
6 .811 .917
10 .632 .765
15 .514 .641
18 .468 .590
50 .279 .361
80 .220 .286
90 .207 .269
100 .196 .256
92
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5) Write possible coordinates for both outliers so that neither would be an outlier.
7)
The graph shows the number of correct answers on a test (y) and the length of the pencil used
to take the test(x). Identify the probable cause of the correlation.
A) Variation in pencil length is a direct cause of variation in the number of correct answers.
B) The correlation is due to a common underlying cause.
C) The correlation is coincidental.
D) There is no correlation between the variables.
93
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8) Which line of the three shown in the scatter diagram below fits the data best?.
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) All the lines are equally good.
E) None of the lines is the line of best-fit.
9)
The scatter plot and best-fit line show the relation between the number of spectators at the
games of a local hockey team(x) and the number of goals scored(y). The correlation
coefficient is 0.4. Determine the amount of variation in goals scored not explained by the
variation in attendance.
A) 84% B) 40% C) 16% D) 60%
10)
The scatter plot and best-fit line show the relation between the price per item (y) and the
availability of that item (x) in arbitrary units. The correlation coefficient is −0.95. Predict the
price per item for an availability of 10.
A) 4.9 B) 9.1
C) 4.5 D) 3.9
94
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Statistical Reasoning for Everyday Life
Chapter 7 (Correlation and Causality) Exam, Form D
1) The correlation between IQs of teenage boys and their shoe sizes is
A) Positive B) Negative C) Zero
For #2 and #3, use the correlation significance table below to determine whether A correlation is
significant at the specified level.
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x
95
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
5) For the diagram in Problem 4, choose the point that would be an outlier if it were plotted on
the graph.
A) (2,10) B) (5,14) C) (7,14) D) (11,0)
y y
20 20
15 10
10 0
0 5 10 15 20 25
5 -10
0 -20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 -30
x x
C) D)
y y
14 20
12
10 15
8
6 10
4
2
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 0
x 0 5 10 15 20
Which of these graphs illustrates a set of data that consists of two groups of data that are each
negatively correlated, but overall has correlation near zero?
A) A B) B C) C D) D
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7) Select the probable cause of correlation between the variables. The x variable is the weight of
a football halfback and the y variable is his average yards per game for a season.
200
150
100
y
50
0
150 170 190 210 230 250 270
x
8) Select best fit line from the three lines shown below.
25
A
20
15 B
y
10
C
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
x
A) A B) B C) C
9) The best fit line in the diagram of Problem 8 has a correlation coefficient r =0.104. Find the
percent of the variation in y that is NOT explained by the linear relationship between x and y.
97
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10) From the graph below, use the best fit line to predict the value of y at x =30 (to the nearest
integer).
22
20
18
16
14
12
y
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
x
98
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qualifications of a popular teacher. He would not have aspired to
finished eloquence of style: to the eloquence of gesture and of
manner, he was still more a stranger. But there is an eloquence of
physiognomy, which Mr. Rittenhouse most eminently possessed.
The modesty and amenity of his manner would have effected much,
whether his audience had been a class of philosophers, or an
assembly of ladies. Of his own discoveries, and opinions, and
theories, he would have always spoken with that sweet and modest
reserve, for which he was ever distinguished. He would have dwelt
with the most generous and ample enthusiasm upon the great
discoveries of Newton; and if, at any time, he could have forgotten
that impartial conduct, which it is the duty of the historian of a
science to observe, it would have been when he might have had
occasion to defend the theories of that great man, against the
objections of succeeding and minor philosophers.
Not fifteen days before his death, he had finished the perusal of a
German translation of Rousseau’s beautiful letters on Botany, which I
had put into his hands.
Mr. Rittenhouse, like Newton and many other men of great talents,
employed much of his time in the perusal of works on the subject of
natural and revealed religion. This was, I think, more especially the
case in the latter part of his life. Among other books which I could
mention, I well recollect that he read the Thoughts of the celebrated
French philosopher Pascall: and he acknowledged, that he read
them with pleasure. But that pleasure, he observed to me, was
diminished, when he learned, what was often the state of Pascall’s
mind:—a state of melancholy and gloom: and sometimes even of
mental derangement. At the time of his death, the American
Philosopher was engaged in the perusal of Mosheim’s Ecclesiastical
History: and he had just before finished the perusal of the
Meditations of the Emperor Marcus Antoninus; that excellent work,
replete with the sublimest morality, and with much of a sublime
religion.
About three weeks before his death, I had put into his hands the
first volume of Dr. Ferguson’s Elements of Moral and Political
Science. I took the liberty of particularly directing his attention to the
last chapter of the volume: the chapter on the future state. He read it
with so much satisfaction, that he afterwards sent it to his elder
daughter, with a request that she would peruse it.
Letter from Lady Juliana Penn to the Rev. Peter Miller, Ephrata.
Sir,
I did not receive the precious stone, you were so goad to send me,
till yesterday. I am most extremely obliged to you for it. It deserves to
be particularly distinguished on its own, as well as the giver’s
account. I shall keep it with a grateful remembrance of my
obligations to you.
Juliana Penn.
Sir,
Go. Washington.
A1. The reader will find a very learned and interesting dissertation
on the astronomy of these and other nations of antiquity, in Lalande’s
Astronomie, liv. ii. W. B.
A2. Our orator might well pass on, without noticing more
particularly the fabulous annals of the Chaldeans. They assigned to
the reigns of their ten dynasties, 432 thousand years: and Lalande
observes, that this number, 432, augmented by two or by four
noughts, frequently occurs in antiquity. This prodigious number of
years expresses, according to the notions of the inhabitants of India,
the duration of the life of a symbolical cow: in the first age, this cow,
serving as a vehicle for innocence and virtue, advances with a firm
step upon the earth, supported by her four feet; in the second, or
silver age, she becomes somewhat enfeebled, and walks on only
three feet; during the brazen, or third age, she is reduced to the
necessity of walking on two; finally, during the iron age, she drags
herself along; and, after having lost, successively, all her legs, she
recovers them in the succeeding period, all of them being
reproduced in the same order.
Mr. Lalande remarks, that these four ages have a relation to the
numbers 4, 3, 2, 1, which seem to announce some other thing than
an historical division. Therefore, to give this fabulous duration of the
world some semblance of truth. Mr. Bailly[A2a] rejects, in the first
place, the fourth age, of which, at present, (that is, when Lalande
wrote,) only 4887 years have passed: the residue of this duration
could not be considered by Bailly as any thing more than a reverie:
and as for the three first ages, he takes the years for days; in order
to shew, that, in reality, they reckoned by days, before they
computed by solar years. By these means, Bailly has reduced the
pretensions of the people of India to 12,000 years; and he identifies
this calculation for the Indians with that of the Persians, who give,
likewise, 12,000 years for the duration of the world. The accordance
thus produced in the two chronologies, seemed to Bailly to
strengthen the authenticity of the recital; and makes it appear, that
these notions prevailed alike among the Egyptians and the Chinese.
Such are the data, such the calculations, and such the reasoning
of Mr. Bailly, on this subject.
But, although Mr. Lalande has noticed the retrograde series of the
progressive numbers (1,) 2, 3, 4, in the Asiatic account of the age of
the world, a kind of mysterious constitution of the amount of the
years, in the several ages which make up the entire sum of its
duration, seems to have escaped the observation of that acute
philosopher; and probably the same circumstance passed also
unnoticed by Mr. Bailly: it may be considered as a species of
chronological abracadabra, engendered in the prolific brain of some
eastern philosopher: the following is the circumstance here meant. It
will be perceived, in the first place, that the arrangement of the
numerical figures, in making up the years allotted to the fourth age of
the world, is apparently artificial, and therefore, probably, altogether
arbitrary. It will then be seen, that the number of years in the third
age is double the amount of those in the fourth; that those in the
second is made up by adding together the years in the fourth and
third ages; and, that those in the first age are constituted by an
addition of the number of years in the fourth and second ages. This
being the fact, it does not seem to bear out Mr. Bailly, in his
hypothesis, and the calculations founded on it. W. B.
A2a. Mr. Bailly was the author of a History of Ancient and modern Astronomy.
His Essay on the Theory of Jupiter’s Satellites, which is said to be a valuable
treatise, was published in the year 1766. Both works are in the French language,
and were printed in France.
A3. Lalande observes that Mr. Bailly has gone back, in his
astronomical researches, to the first traditions of an antedeluvian
people, among whom there remained scarcely any traces of such
knowledge; and that he has presented us, in his work, with ingenious
conjectures and probabilities; or, more properly, appearances of
truth, (“vraisemblables,”) written with many charms of extensive
information. But, according to Mr. Lalande himself, all the ancient
astronomy down to the time of Chiron, which was about fourteen
centuries before the Christian era, may with probability be reduced to
the examining of the rising of some stars at different times of the
year, and the phases of the moon; since, long after that period, as
this great astronomer remarks, the Chaldeans and Egyptians yet
knew nothing of either the duration or the inequalities of the
planetary movements. W. B.
A7. Friar Bacon is said to have been almost the only astronomer
of his age; he informs us that there were then but four persons in
Europe who had made any considerable proficiency in the
mathematics.
This astronomer, who was greatly celebrated in his time, was the
first, according to Lalande, who calculated good Almanacks; which
he had composed for thirty successive years; viz. from 1476 to 1506.
In these (which were all published at Nuremberg in 1474, two years
before his death,) he announced the daily longitudes of the planets,
their latitudes, their aspects, and foretold all the eclipses of the sun
and moon; and these ephemerides were received with uncommon
interest by all nations. After noticing these, Lalande mentions the
ephemerides which are published annually at Bologna, Vienna,
Berlin, and Milan; but he pronounces the Nautical Almanack, of
London, to be the most perfect ephemeris that was ever published.
Regiomontanus compiled several other works, which greatly
promoted his reputation, He died in 1476, at the age of forty years.
W. B.
A11. “Certain it is,” says the learned and pious Dr. Samuel Clarke
(in his Discourse on the Evidences of Nat. and Rev. Religion,) “and
this is a great deal to say, that the generality, even of the meanest
and most vulgar and ignorant people,” (among Christians,) “have
truer and worthier notions of God, more just and right apprehensions
concerning his attributes and perfections, deeper sense of the
difference of good and evil, a greater regard to moral obligations and
to the plain and more necessary duties of life, and a more firm and
universal expectation of a future state of rewards and punishments,
than, in any heathen country, any considerable number of men were
found to have had.”
A14. Thales, who died about five centuries and an half before the
Christian era, in the ninety-sixth year of his age,[A14a] first taught the
Greeks the cause of eclipses, He knew the spherical form of the
earth; he distinguished the zones of the earth by the mean of the
tropicks and the polar circles; and he treated of an oblique circle or
zodiac, of a meridian which intersects all these circles in extending
north and south, and of the magnitude of the apparent diameter of
the sun.
A14a. But, according to Dufresnoy, he was born in the first year of the 35th
Olympiad, and died the first year of the 52d, those periods corresponding,
respectively, with the years 640 and 572, B. C.: and if so, he lived only sixty-eight
years.