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CLASS
r s . c o m
a n k e
Russia-Ukraine
o p r
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. c o m
rs
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a n k e
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19 the Century of Europe 20th Century of USA-USSR

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21st Century
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Great Games
a n k e
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 § In Rimland (Middle East):
§ USA China
§ Isreal Iran
§ Saudi Arabia Palistine

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§ UAE Iraq
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§ Bahrain Syria
Areas of § Yemen
. c o m Houthi
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Influence
an k e
§ Turkey Kurd

o p r § Lebonan Hezbollah

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§ Kuwait
§ Jordan
§ Egypt
§ Qatar
 § Europe § Asia

USA China China USA

UK Russia Pakistan Japan
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Vietnam SouthKorea

Areas of
Belarus

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Germany SriLanka Australia
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Influence
a n k e
Hungary Malaysia Phillippines

o p r Ukraine
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Estonia
North Korea India

Central Asia
Latvia
Luthuania Afghanistan
 Cold War?
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ØA period of geopolitical tension

Back m
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rs . c o
ØSoviet Union and the United States

Basics
a n k e
o p r ØThe term "cold" known as proxy
wars.
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 Ø1947 Truman Doctrine to the 1991 dissolution of
the Soviet Union (26 December 1991).

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ØTruman Doctrine: containing Soviet
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geopolitical expansion during the Cold War.

. c o m
Why NATO? rs
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a n e
ØHe pledged to contain the communist uprisings in
kGreece and Turkey.

o p r
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ØThis became foundation of US’ foreign policy
and led to the formation of NATO
 Ø Treaty of Dunkirk was signed in 1947
between France and UK.It was known as
Western Union.
Ø It was expanded to NATO in 1949 after
inclusion of US, Canada, Portugal, Italy,
Norway, Denmark and Iceland.
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o m
Ø Intergovernmental military alliance
. c
NATO rs
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between 30 European and North

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a n k e
American countries

o p r Ø Signed on 4 April 1949.

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0O6M Ø Headquarters: Haren, Brussels
Ø It is a system of collective defence
under Article 5
 Ø Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and
Mutual Assistance

Ø It was a collective defense treaty

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Ø Signed in Warsaw, Poland

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Warsaw Pact rs
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a n k e
Ø Between the Soviet Union and seven other

o p r Eastern Bloc socialist republics in May

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1955

Ø It was created in reaction to the integration

of West Germany into NATO in 1955
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rs
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a n k e
o p r
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Iron Curtain . c o m
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a n k e
o p r
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 ØEast Germany withdrew and German
reunification in 1990.

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ØOn 25 February 1991, at a meeting in Hungary,
the Pact was declared at an end.

. c o m
Disintegration rs
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a n k e
ØUSSR itself dissolved in 1991.

o p r
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ØArmenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia,
and Tajikistan formed the Collective Security
Treaty Organization (also called Tashkent Pact)
in 1992.
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a n k e
o p r
T
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 § Ukraine Becomes Independent
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§ Shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union,

c o m
Ukraine voted for independence
.
Dec. 1, 1991 rs
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a n k e
§ Ukraine is the second-largest country in

o p r Europe by land-mass and has a sizable

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population of ethnic Russians.
 § The Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances
was signed in late 1994.

§ This document was signed following Ukraine’s

agreement to transfer all nuclear weapons from the
Cold War to the Russian Federation, making Ukraine a
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. c o m
non-nuclear power.

Dec. 5, 1994 rs
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§ Prior to this, Ukraine had physical possession of the

a n k e
world’s third-largest nuclear stockpile.

o p r § In addition to Ukraine, the Budapest Memorandum was

signed by the US, the UK and Russia.

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§ All the signatories committed to honouring Ukraine’s
sovereignty and its rights to its territory.
 § A presidential election between Viktor Yushchenko, a western-
oriented candidate, and Viktor Yanukovych, who was
supported by Russia, creates a massive controversy.

§ Yushchenko was mysteriously poisoned before the election

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but was able to recover.

December
c o m
§ Victory was declared in favor of Yanukovych but the election
.
2004 rs
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was widely seen as fraudulent.
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The Orange
a n k e
§ Ukrainians take to the street wearing orange, which was

Revolution
o p r Yushchenko’s campaign color.

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§ By December, protestors were able to force a re-vote, resulting
in a victory for Yushchenko.
 § In early April of 2008, a NATO summit began with intense
debate about extending a Membership Action Plan (MAP) to
Ukraine.
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§ In order to gain membership to NATO, countries must first
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April 3, 2008
have a MAP.

. c o m
rs
§ Russian President Vladimir Putin makes his opposition to
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Ukraine-NATO
a n k e
Ukrainian membership known to NATO leaders, at one point
allegedly telling President George W. Bush that Ukraine is

o p r “not even a real nation-state.”

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§ NATO does not offer Ukraine a MAP.
 § After promising to work toward a relationship with the
European Union, President Yanukovych, who ran for president
again and won in 2010, changes political direction and begins
to orient Ukraine toward Russia.

§ This, combined with the controversial arrest of political

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November 2013
to February 2014
. c m
opponent Yulia Tymoshenko, sparks widespread protests

o
about perceived government corruption.

rs
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Euromaidan
Protests a n e
§ There are protests across the country, centering on Maidan
k Square in Kyiv.

o p r § At least 130 people, primarily civilians, are killed.

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§ Yanukovych flees to Russia, the new leadership commits to
orienting Ukraine toward the European Union.
 tr-5I4K4E6D1H
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predominantly ethnic Russian population, in the aftermath of
February 2014 to
o m
the Euromaidan protests.

. c
March 2014
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Annexing Crimea
a n e
§ The annexation prompts international outrage and is

kcondemned by the United Nations and the European Union.

o p r
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 § Volodymyr Zelenskyy, a former comedian, overwhelmingly
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defeated incumbent Petro Poroshenko in a presidential
election.
April 21, 2019 m
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rs c o
§ Zelenskyy’s party also wins a majority of seats in Parliament.
.
Zelenskyy
a n e
§ His campaign promises include ending the war with Russia-
k backed separatists in eastern Ukraine and rooting corruption

o p r out of the Ukrainian government.

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 § Early in 2021, Zelenskyy cracked down on pro-Russian
Ukrainian oligarchs, including Viktor Medvedchuk, a close
friend of Putin.
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0H6F § Subsequently, Putin deploys increasing numbers of troops
near the Ukrainian border and publishes an article claiming

December 2021 o m
that Russians and Ukrainians are “one people.”

. c
rs
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Putin Demands
a n k e
§ By December, tens of thousands of Russian troops are
deployed to the borders and Putin issues demands to NATO

o p r and the US.

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§ Among these demands is that Ukraine never be admitted to
NATO – a request rejected by the Biden administration.
 § In 2014, the Ukrainian regions of Donetsk and Luhansk broke
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Ukrainian government considered to be Russian-backed
Feb. 21, 2022 terrorists.

. c o m
Sovereign
rs
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Donetsk&Luhansk
a n e
§ Following the breakdown of relations with NATO and the West

k in late February, Putin recognised these territories as

o p r independent states and sent troops in to “keep the peace.”

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 § Days after recognizing the breakaway territories, Russia
launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine.
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§ The invasion began in the eastern Ukrainian territory of
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Feb. 24, 2022

Donbas.

. c o m
rs
§ Zelenskyy declared martial law in Ukraine and officially broke
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Invasion
a n k e
diplomatic ties with Russia.

o p r § Putin’s actions were condemned across the world and within

Russia.
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. c o m
Apply rs
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a n k e
o p r
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 § Putin signed final papers to annex four regions of Ukraine –
Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia – following
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Kremlin-orchestrated “referendums” in Ukraine that the West
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dismissed as shams.

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§ In response, the U.S. and its allies slapped sanctions on more

Annexations
a n k e
than 1,000 Russian people and companies, building on
significant financial penalties already imposed on the nation

o p r since the invasion.

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 § Ukraine’s president paid a surprise visit to President Joe Biden
in December 2022 – the first time since the Winston Churchill-
era that a foreign leader visited the United States while his or
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her country was fighting a war.

Dec. 21, 2022 c m

§ The Biden administration had just announced $2 billion in new

o
military assistance for Ukraine, including the Patriot missile
.
rs
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system, which is capable of bringing down cruise missiles,
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White House
a n k e
short-range ballistic missiles and aircraft in an effort to improve

o p r Ukraine’s air defense against Russia.

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§ Later that day, Zelenskyy addressed a joint session of Congress
to raucous applause and a standing ovation.
 § As the war neared its 12th month of battle, the United States
and Germany announced that they would send advanced
battle tanks to aid Ukraine in its defense against Russian forces.
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Jan. 25, 2023

. c o m
§ The move acted as the first stage of a coordinated effort by the

rs
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West to provide dozens of the heavy weapons to Ukraine,

Tanks
a n k e
according to The Associate Press.

o p r § It was a major step for Germany in particular, as the country

has treated carefully as an ally to Ukraine since the war began.

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 § Western officials said in early February that it appeared Russia
was preparing to launch – or had even already started – a
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February 2023
. c m
§ The factors cited by experts, such as the independent Institute
o
for the Study of War, include Russia’s training and mobilization

rs
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New Offensive
a n k e
of hundreds of thousands of troops and the acceleration of the
pace of Moscow’s operations in western Luhansk, one of the

o p r territories that compose the Donbas region that Russia first

invaded in 2014.
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 § Biden travelled to Ukraine over the U.S. Presidents’ Day
holiday, a shocking move made just days before the one-year
anniversary of Russia’s invasion.
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§ Biden took a train from Poland and spent hours in Ukraine’s

Feb. 20, 2023 o m

capital city – walking around with Zelenskyy as air raid sirens

. c
rs
blared. In joint remarks with the Ukrainian president at
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Biden in Kyiv
a n k e
Mariinsky Palace, Biden announced $500 million in additional
assistance to the Eastern European country as it defends itself

o p r from Russia and declared, “One year later, Kyiv stands. And

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Ukraine stands. Democracy stands.”