Organizational Behavior 4Th Edition Hitt Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Organizational Behavior 4th Edition Hitt
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Chapter 7
True/False
Exploring Behavior in Action: Stress Can Be Deadly
1. One potential cause mentioned in the Bishop case centers on the fact that she was
denied tenure the previous year, which meant that she would soon lose her job.
Answer: True Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Analysis
LO1: Define stress and distinguish among different types of stress.
Strategic Importance of Workplace Stress
2. It has been estimated that 10% of all medical problems are directly attributable to
stress.
Answer: False Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Comprehension
Workplace Stress Defined
3. Stress can be defined as a feeling of tension that occurs when a person perceives that a
given situation is about to exceed his or her ability to cope.
Blooms: Knowledge
4. Job stress can be defined as a feeling that one’s capabilities, resources, or needs
exceed the demands or requirements of the job.
Blooms: Knowledge
5. Sources of stress can be real or imagined.

Answer: True Difficulty: Medium
6. Chronic stress is a short-term reaction to an immediate stress.

Answer: False Difficulty: Easy
7. Acute stress results from ongoing situations.

8. Reactions involving chronic stress are potentially more severe than those involving
acute stress.
Blooms: Knowledge
9. Conditions that can result from chronic stress are: irritability and diabetes.
Blooms: Knowledge
10. Conditions that can results from acute stress are: feelings of sadness and an increase
in energy.
Blooms: Knowledge
11. A stress response is a conscious mobilization of energy resources that occurs when
the body encounters a stressor.
12. Eustress is a negative stress that results from facing challenges and difficulties with
the expectation of achievement.
13. Dystress is also referred to as bad stress.

Blooms: Knowledge
14. Research has identified eight signs in everyday life that indicate when an individual
is under too much stress.
Two Models of Workplace Stress
15. Two models of workplace stress are the demand-perception model and the effort-
outcome model.
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Describe why stress occurs according to the demand-control model and the effort-
reward imbalance model of stress.
16. The demand-control model suggests that job strain is highest when job demands are
high and control is low.
Blooms: Knowledge
17. The effort-reward imbalance model is focused on five factors.
Answer: False Difficulty: Hard
Blooms: Knowledge
18. Overcommitment is driven by achievement motivation and approval motivation.

Blooms: Knowledge
Organizational and Work-Related Stressors
19. Stressors are personal factors that cause individuals to experience stress.
Blooms: Knowledge
LO3: Understand how aspects of organizational policies and work impact on the stress
experienced by associates.
20. Incivility is a work-related stressor with clear intent to harm another person.
21. A role conflict is a situation in which different roles lead to conflicting expectations.
Blooms: Knowledge
22. Work-life conflict is a serious source of stress in many parts of the world.
Blooms: Knowledge
23. Role ambiguity refers to the situation in which jobholders are clear about the goals
and requirements in their jobs.
Blooms: Knowledge
24. Ambiguity on the job creates tension and anxiety. Reactions to this stress are likely
to be physical.
Blooms: Knowledge
25. Role ambiguity has been shown to have strong negative effects on job motivation
and performance.
Blooms: Knowledge
26. Work overload can only be defined in quantitative terms and not qualitative.
27. Increased access to employees through technology may be responsible for a medical
condition known as “Blackberry Thumb.”
28. Research indicates that white collar occupations are associated with a high
proportion of stress in relation to blue collar jobs.
29. The job environment can have major effects on job attitudes and reactions.
Blooms: Knowledge
30. Monitoring employee behavior is an example of environmental stress.

Blooms: Analysis
Individual Influences on Experiencing Stress
31. Type A personalities tend to be less competitive and somewhat patient.

LO4: Recognize how different people experience stress.
32. Type A people are more likely to appraise any given event as a stressor than are
Type B people.
Blooms: Knowledge
33. Research has found that people with low self-esteem suffer fewer negative effects
from stress than people with high self-esteem.
Blooms: Knowledge
34. People with high self-esteem are more likely to gain control over stressful situations
and decrease the amount of stress they experience.
Blooms: Knowledge
35. Individuals high in hardiness have an external locus of control.

36. Individuals high in hardiness tend to have a strong internal commitment to their
activities.
Blooms: Knowledge
37. The most important aspect of hardiness is self-esteem.

38. Women seek more emotional social support and seek more instrumental social
support than men.
Individual and Organizational Consequences of Stress
39. Individual consequences of stress can be classified as psychological, behavioral, or

physiological.
Blooms: Knowledge
LO5: Explain individual and organizational consequences of stress and understand why
stress is an important issue in the workplace.
40. Psychological responses to stress include anxiety, depression, frustration, and low
self-esteem.
Blooms: Knowledge
41. Associates and managers experiencing burnout show little or no enthusiasm for their
jobs and experience constant fatigue.
Blooms: Knowledge
42. Burnout often occurs in jobs that require individuals to work in environments without
other individuals.
43. Behavioral consequences of stress include low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression.
Blooms: Knowledge
44. Research indicates alcoholics and drug users are generally subject to higher rates of
absenteeism, accidents, and sickness than other associates.
45. OSHA stands for the Outside, Safety and Health Administration.
Blooms: Knowledge
46. Physiological reactions to stress include accident proneness, smoking, and substance
abuse.
Blooms: Knowledge
47. Employees who report high levels of stress have health care expenditures that are
50% higher than those reporting lower levels of stress.
Answer: True Difficulty: Hard
Blooms: Knowledge
48. Absenteeism and diminished productivity are two stress-related consequences that
cost organizations billions of dollars each year.
Managing Workplace Stress

49. Finding jobs that provide a personally acceptable balance between demands and
control and between effort required and rewards is a way to avoid workplace stress.
LO6: Describe the measures organizations, managers, and individuals can take to help
reduce the experience of stress and to promote wellbeing.
50. One way to individually handle stress is to cope with it in a healthy way.
51. Regular exercise, proper diet, social support networks, and relaxation techniques are
all tactics individuals can use to avoid stress.
52. There are three important areas for regular exercise to remember: endurance, strength,
and flexibility.
53. Using a social-support network is one way to cope with stress.

Blooms: Knowledge
54. According to the demand-control model, decreased control should help to keep
experienced stress to manageable levels.
Blooms: Analysis
55. Providing ergonomically sound computer work stations to data processing specialists
is a way to reduce job-related stress.
Blooms: Analysis
56. Toxin Handlers, is a term coined by Peter Frost, and these are people who take it
upon themselves to handle the pain and stressors that are part of everyday life in
organizations.
57. The wellness program at Johnson & Johnson is the newest and most recognized
wellness program in the country.
58. Stress has not been linked to obesity.

Blooms: Knowledge
59. Stress has been directly related to physiological problems.

Blooms: Knowledge
60. Homicide is the first leading cause of workplace fatalities.

Blooms: Knowledge
61. Approximately 2 millions workers are victims of workplace violence each year.
Blooms: Knowledge
62. Workplace violence can be either physical or mental.

Blooms: Knowledge
63. The cost of job stress to the American industry can be estimated at $300 billion per
year.
Blooms: Knowledge
64. The fight or flight response is best adapted to dealing with chronic stress.
65. Endurance activities maintain or increase aerobic capacity.

Blooms: Knowledge
66. Strength activities maintain muscle mass and can prevent loss of bone mass.
67. Research has shown that social support is negatively related to cardiovascular
functioning.
68. Diet affects alertness and an individual’s overall well-being.

69. Peter Frost argues that toxin handlers are not necessary for organizations to be
successful.
70. One of the health and wellness initiatives at Johnson & Johnson has 96% of
employees tobacco free.
Blooms: Knowledge
Short Answer
71. The latest National Crime Victims survey reported that in 2009, approximately
572,000 _____ occurred against people while they were at work.
Answer: nonfatal violent crimes Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Knowledge
72. The U.S. Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) defines _______ as “. . . any act or threat of physical violence, harassment,
intimidation, or other threatening disruptive behavior that occurs at the work site.
Answer: workplace violence Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Knowledge
The Strategic Importance of Workplace Stress
73. It has been estimated that _______ percent of all medical problems are directly
attributable to stress.
Answer: 75 Difficulty: Hard
Blooms: Knowledge
74. ____ can be defined as a feeling of tension that occurs when a person perceives that a
given situation is about to exceed his or her ability to cope.
Answer: Stress Difficulty: Easy
Blooms: Knowledge
75. Job stress can be defined as a feeling that one’s capabilities, resources, or needs
_______ the demands or requirements of the job.
Answer: do not match Difficulty: Easy
Blooms: Knowledge
76. Sources of stress can be real or _____.

Answer: imagined Difficulty: Medium
77. Stress can be defined as ____ or _____.

Answer: acute, chronic Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Knowledge
78. _________ stress is a short-term reaction to an immediate threat.

Answer: Acute Difficulty: Easy
Blooms: Knowledge
79. _________ stress results from ongoing situations.

Answer: Chronic Difficulty: Easy
Blooms: Knowledge
80. A stress response is a(n) _________ mobilization of energy resources that occurs
when the body encounters a stressor.
Answer: unconscious Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Knowledge
81. Eustress is a ________ stress.

Answer: positive Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Knowledge
82. Dystress is referred to as ______ stress.

Answer: bad Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Knowledge
83. One of the five basic signs in everyday life that indicate you are under too much
stress is feeling _________.
Answer: irritable Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Knowledge
Two Models of Workplace Stress
84. The ________model suggests that job strain is highest when job demands are high
and control is low.
Answer: Demand-Control Difficulty: Medium
85. The effort-reward imbalance model is focused on ____ factors.

Answer: two Difficulty: Medium
Organizational and Work-Related Stressors
86. _______is a situation in which different roles lead to conflicting expectations.

Answer: Role conflict Difficult: Easy
Blooms: Knowledge
87. Incivility is a work-related stressor with _______ intent to harm another person.
Answer: ambiguous Difficult: Medium
88. _______ is a situation in which goals, expectations, and/or basic job requirements are
unclear.
Answer: Role Ambiguity Difficulty: Easy
Blooms: Knowledge
89. Overload can be ________ or __________.

Answer: quantitative, qualitative Difficulty: Hard
Blooms: Knowledge
90. ________ is characterized by competitiveness, aggressiveness, and impatience.

Answer: Type A Personality Difficulty: Easy
Blooms: Knowledge
91. Research has found that people with _______ self-esteem suffer fewer negative
effects from stress than people with ______ self-esteem.
Answer: high, low Difficulty: Hard
Blooms: Knowledge
92. Individuals who are high in ____________ tend to have a strong internal
commitment to their activities.
Answer: hardiness Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Knowledge
93. One of the most important aspects of hardiness is _______.

Answer: Locus of Control Difficulty: Hard
Blooms: Knowledge
94. Research reveals that ______ experience a greater variety of stressors in the
workplace than ______.
Answer: women, men Difficulty: Hard
95. Women are more likely than men to be in high-stress service industry jobs, and to
experience discrimination and __________.
Answer: stereotyping Difficulty: Medium
96. Associates and managers experiencing _________ show little or no enthusiasm for
their jobs.
Answer: burnout Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Knowledge
97. _________ are people who take it upon themselves to handle the pain and stressors
that are part of everyday life in organizations.
Answer: Toxin Handlers Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Knowledge
98. Meditation and yoga are examples of ________.

Answer: relaxation techniques Difficulty: Medium
99. OSHA stands for _________.

Answer: Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Knowledge
100. _________ is the third leading cause of workplace fatalities.

Answer: Homicide Difficulty: Hard
Blooms: Knowledge
101. OSHA reports that approximately two million workers are victims of ______ every
year.
Answer: workplace violence Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Knowledge
Multiple Choice
102. The latest National Crime Victims survey reported that in 2009, approximately
572,000 _____ occurred against people while they were at work.
A) sexual harassment advances
B) nonfatal violent crimes
C) rape crimes
D) robbery
E) fatal crimes
Answer: B Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Knowledge
103. The U.S. Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) defines _______ as “. . . any act or threat of physical violence, harassment,
intimidation, or other threatening disruptive behavior that occurs at the work site.
A) indecent exposure
B) corporate culture violation
C) breach of government regulation
D) workplace violence
E) None of these
Answer: D Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Knowledge
The Strategic Importance of Workplace Stress
104. It has been estimated that ______ percent of all medical problems are directly
attributable to stress.
A) 10
B) 20
C) 25
D) 50
E) 75
Answer: E Difficulty: Hard
Blooms: Knowledge
105. _________ can be defined as feelings of tension that occurs when a person perceives
that a given situation is about to exceed his or her ability to cope.
A) Overload
B) Stress
C) Fatigue
D) Frustration
E) Anger
Answer: B Difficulty: Easy
Blooms: Knowledge
106. _______ is the feeling that one’s capabilities or needs do not match the demands or
requirements of the job.
A) Eustress
B) Role Conflict
C) Role ambiguity
D) Job Stress
E) Chronic Stress
Blooms: Knowledge
107. _______ is a short-term reaction to an immediate threat.

A) Chronic stress
B) Acute stress
C) Prolonged stress
D) Tension
E) Frustration
Blooms: Knowledge
108. Chronic stress results from ________ situations.

A) many
B) high profile
C) ongoing
D) a few
E) multiple
Answer: C Difficulty: Medium
109. Reactions involving chronic stress are potentially _______ than those involving
acute stress.
A) less severe
B) about the same
C) more severe
D) no different
E) none of these
Blooms: Knowledge
110. Conditions that can result from chronic stress include:

A) diabetes
B) loss of appetite
C) alertness and excitement
D) feelings of sadness
E) none of these
Answer: A Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Knowledge
111. Conditions that can result from acute stress include:

A) irritability
B) diabetes
C) alertness and excitement
D) depression
E) none of these
Blooms: Knowledge
112. ________ is an unconscious mobilization of energy resources that occurs when the
body encounters a stressor.
A) Chronic stress
B) Acute stress
C) Related stress
D) A stress response
E) Relative stress
Blooms: Knowledge
113. Eustress is a(n) _________ stress.

A) positive
B) negative
C) unreliable
D) chronic
E) ongoing
Answer: A Difficulty: Easy
Blooms: Knowledge
114. Dystress is a(n) _______ stress.

A) positive
B) negative
C) unreliable
D) chronic
E) ongoing
Blooms: Knowledge
115. Dr. Edward Creagan identifies _____ basic signs in everyday life that indicate you
are under too much stress.
A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five
E) six
Answer: D Difficulty: Hard
Blooms: Knowledge
116. Basic signs in everyday life that indicate you are under too much stress include:
A) lack of joy
B) irritability
C) trouble sleeping
D) eating problems
E) all of these
Answer: E Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Knowledge
117. The demand-control model suggests that _________ is highest when job demands
are high and _____ is low.
A) job strain; control
B) eustress; control
C) role ambiguity; eustress
D) role conflict; eustress
E) eustress; role ambiguity
Answer: A Difficulty: Hard
118. The effort reward imbalance model is focused on _____ factors.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five
E) six
Blooms: Knowledge
119. _______ is driven by achievement motivation and approval motivation.

A) Stress conflict
B) Frustration-tension
C) Overcommitment
D) Tension-ambiguity
E) both overcommitment and tension-ambiguity
Blooms: Knowledge
120. Incivility is a work-related stressor with _______ intent to harm another person.
A) harmless
B) ambiguous
C) harmful
D) unlawful
E) malicious
Blooms: Knowledge
121. Incivility is slightly deviant behavior which includes all of the following examples,
EXCEPT:
A) texting on a cell while in a meeting
B) paying little attention to others’ opinions
C) avoiding someone
D) physically attacking a co-worker
E) taking credit for someone else’s work
122. Role conflict has been associated with:

A) dissatisfaction
B) tardiness
C) absenteeism
D) turnover
E) all of these
Blooms: Knowledge
123. Work-life conflict is a serious source of stress in ________ parts of the world.
A) very few
B) some
C) rare
D) many
E) isolated
Blooms: Knowledge
124. Role ambiguity refers to the situations in which jobholders are unclear about the
_________ of their jobs.
A) goals
B) expectations
C) requirements
D) all of these
E) none of these
Blooms: Knowledge
125. Role ambiguity seems to be most problematic when the job demands are perceived
as quite __________.
A) challenging
B) simplistic
C) easy
D) vague
E) unclear
Answer: A Difficulty: Hard
Blooms: Knowledge
126. Research suggests that _______ overload creates more stress than _____ overload.
A) quantitative; qualitative
B) qualitative; quantitative
C) ambiguous; concise
D) concise; ambiguous
E) none of these
Answer: B Difficulty: Hard
Blooms: Knowledge
127. Causes for the growth of work overload include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) economic downturn
B) competitive work environments
C) technology
D) tight deadlines
E) none of these
128. The U.S. Department of Labor indicates that ________ occupations are associated
with more stress than ________ occupations.
A) blue collar; white collar
B) white collar; blue collar
C) service; educational
D) educational; service
E) none of these
Blooms: Knowledge
129. Which of the following is an example of a job environment factor?

A) lighting
B) temperature
C) noise
D) office arrangements
E) All of these
Blooms: Knowledge
130._________ consequences of stress can be classified as psychological, behavioral, or

physiological.
A) acute
B) chronic
C) organizational
D) individual
E) none of these
Answer: D Difficulty: Easy
Blooms: Knowledge
131. People with a Type A personality are:

A) patient
B) competitive
C) aggressive
D) both competitive and aggressive
E) both patient and competitive
Blooms: Knowledge
132. People with a Type B personality are:

A) patient
B) competitive
C) aggressive
D) both competitive and aggressive
E) both patient and aggressive
Blooms: Knowledge
133. Individuals who are high in _________ tend to have a strong internal commitment
to their activities.
A) self-esteem
B) internal locus of control
C) external locus of control
D) hardiness
E) self-monitoring
Blooms: Knowledge
134. The most important aspect of hardiness is:

A) self-monitoring
B) self-esteem
C) locus of control
D) competitiveness
E) patience
Answer: C Difficulty: Hard
Blooms: Knowledge
135. Research has shown that men and women _________ in how stressful they perceive
a given stressor to be.
A) do differ
B) sometimes do differ
C) do not seem to differ
D) can differ sometimes
E) none of these
Blooms: Knowledge
136. Women experience ______ than men in the workplace.

A) a less variety of stressors
B) a greater variety of stressors
C) a small variety of stressors
D) a limited variety of stressors
E) none of these
Blooms: Knowledge
137. Women experience _____ men in the workplace.

A) more stress than
B) less stress than
C) equal amounts of stress as
D) it depends on the work environment
E) none of these
138. Which of the following is a psychological response to stress?

A) Anxiety
B) Depression
C) Low self-esteem
D) Sleeplessness
E) All of these
Answer: E Difficulty: Easy
Blooms: Knowledge
139. Associates and managers who experience _______ show little or no enthusiasm for
their jobs.
A) frustration
B) stress
C) burnout
D) tension
E) eustress
Blooms: Knowledge
140. Burnout occurs when the job requires that you work closely with ____.
A) others
B) friends
C) family
D) external rewards
E) internal rewards
141. An example of a behavioral consequence of stress is:

A) depression
B) anxiety
C) low self-esteem
D) substance abuse
E) All of these
Blooms: Knowledge
142. OSHA stands for:

A) Outside Standing Health Association
B) Occupational Safety and Health Association
C) Occupational Safety and Health Administration
D) Occupational Standing and Health Administration
E) none of these
Answer: C Difficulty: Easy
Blooms: Knowledge
143. Which of the following is a physiological reaction to stress?

A) depression
B) high blood pressure
C) low self-esteem
D) headaches
E) both high blood pressure and headaches
144. Stress has been _______ to obesity.

A) not linked
B) the results are inconclusive
C) linked
D) sometimes linked
E) under investigation to see if it is linked
Blooms: Knowledge
145. When stressed, the body ________ hormones.

A) produces
B) stops production of
C) releases
D) interferes with the production of
E) none of these
Blooms: Knowledge
Managing Workplace Stress
146. One of the most important tactics in coping with stress is:
A) diet
B) deep breathing
C) meditation
D) yoga
E) exercise
147. All of the following are key areas to exercise EXCEPT:

A) endurance
B) strength
C) mental tenacity
D) flexibility
E) none of these
Blooms: Knowledge
148. Strength activities maintain ________ and can prevent loss of bone mass.
A) muscle mass
B) stamina
C) endurance
D) flexibility
E) mental tenacity
Blooms: Knowledge
149. Which of the following is a technique for coping with stress?

A) exercise
B) diet
C) relaxation techniques
D) social-support networks
E) all of these
Blooms: Knowledge
150. Social support networks are _______ related to cardiovascular functioning.

A) negatively
B) positively
C) weakly
D) somewhat
E) loosely
Blooms: Knowledge
151. _______ are people who take it upon themselves to handle the pain and stressors
that are part of everyday life in organizations.
A) Scapegoats
B) Toxin handlers
C) Stress handlers
D) Eustress handlers
E) Dystress handlers
Blooms: Knowledge
152. Peter Frost argues that Toxin Handlers are ________ for organizations to be
successful.
A) not necessary
B) necessary
C) sometimes necessary
D) sometimes not necessary
E) none of these
Blooms: Knowledge
153. Managers can become compassionate toxin handlers by:

A) keeping people connected
B) empathizing with those in pain
C) alleviating suffering of others
D) creating a compassionate environment
E) All of these
Blooms: Comnprehension
154. The wellness program at ________ is one of the oldest and most recognized
programs.
A) AT&T
B) Verizon
C) Johnson & Johnson
D) Ford Motor Company
E) Pacific Bell
Blooms: Knowledge
155. The Johnson & Johnson wellness program has made ____ percent of its employees
tobacco free.
A) 10
B) 20
C) 36
D) 66
E) 96
Answer: E Difficulty: Hard
Blooms: Knowledge
156. Evidence suggests that wellness programs provide benefits to:

A) the community
B) the customers
C) the employees
D) the organization
E) both the employees and the organization
Blooms: Knowledge
157. Social support networks are ________ related to perceived stress, anxiety, and
depression.
A) positively
B) negatively
C) somewhat
D) weakly
E) none of these
Blooms: Knowledge
158. Acute stress is also referred to as:

A) long term stress
B) short term stress
C) chronic stress
D) intermittent stress
E) both chronic stress and intermittent stress
159. Chronic stress is also referred to as:

A) long term stress
B) short term stress
C) acute stress
D) intermittent stress
E) both acute stress and intermittent stress
160. A work-related stressor is:

A) role conflict
B) role ambiguity
C) work overload
D) job security
E) all of these
Blooms: Knowledge
161. All of the following are examples of individual influences on experiencing stress
EXCEPT:
A) role overload
B) Type A
C) Hardiness
D) Type B
E) gender
Blooms: Knowledge
162. All of the following are coping tactics for dealing with stress EXCEPT:
A) healthy diets
B) social support
C) relaxation techniques
D) eustress
E) exercise
Blooms: Knowledge
163. All of the following are examples of physiological consequences to stress EXCEPT:
A) high blood pressure
B) impaired immune system
C) heart disease
D) substance abuse
E) headache
Blooms: Knowledge
164. The demand control model suggests that stress is a function of:
A) job demands
B) job control
C) eustress
D) distress
E) both job demands and job control
165. All of the following are consequences of organizational stress EXCEPT:

A) higher absenteeism
B) higher turnover rates
C) lower quality of work relationships
D) increased safety risks
E) all of the following are consequences
166. ________ has negative effects.

A) All stress
B) Not all stress
C) Most all stress
D) The majority of stress
E) None of these
167. ______ results from facing challenges with an expectation of achievement.

A) Eustress
B) Distress
C) Functional stress
D) Dysfunctional stress
E) Achievement stress
168. Organizations can reduce stress by:

A) reducing stressors
B) encouraging toxin handlers
C) implementing wellness programs
D) all of these
E) none of these
Essay Questions
169. List and define three of the most common organizational and work-related stressors,
and discuss how one of them caused you to experience stress at work.
Answer: student answers will vary between the ten most common organizational and
work-related stressors-- role conflict, role ambiguity, work overload, occupation,
resource inadequacy, working conditions, management style, monitoring, job insecurity,
and incivility. Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application
170. List and describe four major tactics individuals can use to cope with existing stress.
Answer: 1) getting regular exercise, specifically endurance, strength, and flexibility

activities; 2) eating a proper diet, including limiting fat intake and consuming appropriate
levels of fiber, calcium, and antioxidants; 3) developing and using a social support
network, such as talking to family and friends about problems; and 4) using relaxation
techniques, such as meditation or yoga.
Difficulty: Medium
171. Identify and briefly describe the following: 1) three actions organizations can take
to reduce stress for managers and associates and 2) two ways organizations can help
managers and associates cope with stress and its effects.
Answer: 1) student answers will vary between the nine different actions 2) organizations
can encourage managers to be toxin handlers and implement wellness programs.
Difficulty: Medium
172. Define eustress, explain how some stress can be good, how too little stress can be
bad, and describe a work or school situation that might involve eustress.
Answer: Eustress is positive stress that results from facing challenges and difficulties
with the expectation of achievement. Too little stress can lead to boredom or even
apathy. Reasonable levels of stress increase alertness and concentration. A work-related
situation that might involve eustress might be working on an important project. A
school-related situation that might involve eustress might be taking a challenging class
that you need to complete to graduate on time.
Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Analysis
173. Explain how differences in levels of hardiness, self-esteem, and Type A versus Type
B personality influence how an individual reacts to stress.
Answer: 1) Type A personalities are more susceptible to stress-induced illnesses. Their

competitive natures tend to lead to the perception and even creation of stressors—they
may create their own stress. 2) People with high self-esteem tend to suffer fewer effects
of stress than people with low self esteem. People with high self-esteem tend to have
better coping behaviors and ability to gain control over the situation. People with low
self-esteem may procrastinate or withdraw, which only increases the workload. 3) People
who are high in hardiness have less severe stress reactions than those low in hardiness.
Hardy people have an internal locus of control, which they use to develop active coping
strategies and maintain a sense of control during a stressful situation. Less hardy people
have an external locus of control, which results in a feeling of lack of control over the
situation.
Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Analysis
174. Identify two behavioral consequences, two physiological consequences, and two
psychological consequences of workplace stress.
Answer: Student answers will vary. For example: two behavioral consequences of
workplace stress include substance abuse and appetite disorders, two physiological
consequences include high blood pressure and impaired immune systems, and two
psychological consequences include burnout and depression.
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precise and conceited about kirk matters an’ keepin’ the Sabbath day,
but no that ill a body, fin fouk had the git o’ her and latten gang a wee
thing her ain git. I keep a calm sough mysel, for the sake o’ peace, as
she an’ her neebour wife, Mrs Smith, gudewife o’ Jackston, count
themselves the Jachin an’ Boaz o’ our temple. Ye’ll mind as muckle o’
the sermon as ye can, as depend upon it she will be speirin’.” The
soldier said he would do his best to satisfy her on that head.
The parish church of Benholm, as well as the secession church of
Johnshaven, were that day filled to overflowing more by red coats
than black. On their return from church, and while dinner was
discussing, Mrs Lyall inquired about the text at David. He told her
the text.
“A bonnie text,” she said; “Mr Harper” (the name of the minister)
“would say a hantle upon that; fu did he lay out his discourse?”
“Weel, gudewife,” said David, “I can tell ye little mair aboot it; ye
may speir at the sodger there. I can tell ye he held the killivine
(pencil) gaun to some tune a’ the time.”
“Ye’ve ta’en a note o’ the sermon, lad?” said the mistress. “I will see
it when we get our dinner.”
After dinner, and after the soldier had read the chapter of which
the text formed part, in the same correct and eloquent style as he did
in the morning, Mrs Lyall asked him to “favour her with a sight of the
sermon.” After adjusting her spectacles, Mrs Lyall examined with
seeming seriousness the manuscript, page after page, glancing a look
now and then at the soldier and her husband. She took off her
specks, and handing back the sheets to the soldier, said—
“Weel, lad, ye are the best reader that ever I heard, an’ the warst
writer I ever saw; there’s naething there but dots an’ strokes an’
tirliewhirlies; I canna mak a word o’ sense o’t; ye’ve sairly neglected
yer handwrite—sairly.”
“That may be,” replied the soldier, “but I can assure you the
sermon is all there.”
“Ye can read it yoursel, then,” said the gudewife.
The soldier took the manuscript and read, or rather re-delivered,
the sermon, each head and particular, word for word as Mr Harper
had given it. When he had concluded it, David Lyall, looking
triumphantly at the mistress, said—
“Weel, gudewife, ye’ve gotten the sermon to Amen. Fat think ye o’
that?”
She sat in silent amazement for a considerable time, and at length
ejaculated—“Fat do I think o’ that? Fat do I think o’ that? Fa’ wadna
think o’ that? I may just say this, that I never believed before that a
red coat had sae muckle grace about it, but I’ve been thinkin’, lad,
that ye are no a sodger—at ony rate if ye are ane, ye could be
something else,—I’m doon sure o’ that.”
The soldier stated that he was only a private soldier, that there was
nothing extraordinary in what he had done, that all or nearly all the
men in his regiment could just do the same thing, and that many of
them were better scholars than he pretended to be; and taking from
his knapsack a copy of the Greek New Testament, he laid it before
her, saying that “as she had been so kind as allow him to read her
Bible, he would favour her with a look of his, and hoped that she
would now in turn read for his edification.”
Mrs Lyall examined the volume with deep attention for some time,
and shaking her head, said—
“Na, na, lad; they maun be deeper beuk-learned than me that read
that beuk; yer far ayont my thumb.”
He told her what book it was, employed the afternoon or evening
of that Sabbath in reading, expounding, and giving literal
translations of many of the passages of the New Testament that
seemed doubtful or difficult to Mrs Lyall. She found the soldier
equally conversant with all her theological authors—Bunyan, Baxter,
Brown, and Boston, were at his finger-ends; the origin and history,
as well as the fathers, of the Secession Church were nothing new to
him. The soldier conducted family worship that evening in a most
solemn and becoming manner for David Lyall.
On resuming his march in the morning he was urgently pressed by
Mrs Lyall to accept of some of her country cheer, such as cheese or
butter; in fact, she would have filled his knapsack. A complete
revolution had been effected in her opinion regarding the moral,
religious, and intellectual qualities of soldiers. “I aye took them for
an ignorant, graceless pack, the affscourings o’ creation, but I now
see that I have been far mista’en;” and until the day of her death,
which occurred many years afterwards, she would tolerate no
insinuation in her presence to the prejudice of the profession. When
such was attempted in her hearing, she instantly kindled up with
—“Awa wi’ yer lees an’ yer havers, I’ll hear nane o’ them; there shall
nae chield speak ill o’ sodgers in my presence, na, na. Mony’s the
minister that I hae seen in my house,—some better, some waur,—but
nane o’ them had either the wisdom, the learning, the ready unction,
of a gallant single sodger.”
The name of “the gallant single sodger” was Robert Mudie,
afterwards editor of the Dundee Advertiser newspaper.—Eminent
Men of Fife.
BRUNTFIELD:
A TALE OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.
The war carried on in Scotland, by the friends and enemies of

Queen Mary, after her departure into England, was productive of an
almost complete dissolution of order, and laid the foundation of
many feuds, which were kept up by private families and individuals
long after all political cause of hostility had ceased. Among the most
remarkable quarrels which history or tradition has recorded as
arising out of that civil broil, I know of none so deeply cherished or
accompanied by so many romantic and peculiar circumstances, as
one which took place between two old families of gentry in the
neighbourhood of Edinburgh. Stephen Bruntfield, laird of
Craighouse, had been a zealous and disinterested partisan of the
queen. Robert Moubray of Barnbougle was the friend successively of
Murray and Morton, and distinguished himself very highly in their
cause. During the year 1572, when Edinburgh Castle was maintained
by Kirkaldy of Grange in behalf of the queen, Stephen Bruntfield held
out Craighouse in the same interest, and suffered a siege from a
detachment of the forces of the Regent, commanded by the laird of
Barnbougle. The latter baron, a man of fierce and brutal nature,
entered life as a younger brother, and at an early period chose to cast
his fate among the Protestant leaders, with a view of improving his
fortunes. The death of his elder brother in rebellion at Langside
enabled the Regent Murray to reward his services with a grant of the
patrimonial estate, of which he did not scruple to take possession by
the strong hand, to the exclusion of his infant niece, the daughter of
the late proprietor. Some incidents which occurred in the course of
the war had inspired a mutual hatred of the most intense character
into the breasts of Bruntfield and Moubray; and it was therefore with
a feeling of strong personal animosity, as well as of political rancour,
that the latter undertook the task of watching the motions of
Bruntfield at Craighouse. Bruntfield, after holding out for many
months, was obliged, along with his friends in Edinburgh Castle, to
yield to the party of the Regent. Like Kirkaldy and Maitland of
Lethington, he surrendered upon a promise of life and estate; but
while his two friends perished, one by the hand of the executioner,
the other by his own hand, he fell a victim to the sateless spite of his
personal enemy, who, in conducting him to Edinburgh as a prisoner,
took fire at some bitter expression on the part of the captive, and
smote him dead upon the spot.
Bruntfield left a widow and three infant sons. The lady of
Craighouse had been an intimate of the unfortunate Mary from her
early years; was educated with her in France, in the Catholic faith;
and had left her court to become the wife of Bruntfield. It was a time
calculated to change the natures of women, as well as of men. The
severity with which her religion was treated in Scotland, the wrongs
of her royal mistress, and finally the sufferings and death of her
husband, acting upon a mind naturally enthusiastic, all conspired to
alter the character of Marie Carmichael, and substitute for the rosy
hues of her early years the gloom of the sepulchre and the
penitentiary. She continued, after the restoration of peace, to reside
in the house of her late husband; but though it was within two miles
of the city, she did not for many years re-appear in public. With no
society but that of her children, and the persons necessary to attend
upon them, she mourned in secret over past events, seldom stirring
from a particular apartment, which, in accordance with a fashion by
no means uncommon, she had caused to be hung with black, and
which was solely illuminated by a lamp. In the most rigorous
observances of her faith she was assisted by a priest, whose
occasional visits formed almost the only intercourse which she
maintained with the external world. One strong passion gradually
acquired a complete sway over her mind,—Revenge,—a passion
which the practice of the age had invested with a conventional
respectability, and which no kind of religious feeling then known was
able either to check or soften. So entirely was she absorbed by this
fatal passion, that her very children at length ceased to have interest
or merit in her eyes, except in so far as they appeared likely to be the
means of gratifying it. One after another, as they reached the age of
fourteen, she sent them to France, in order to be educated; but the
accomplishment to which they were enjoined to direct their principal
attention was that of martial exercise. The eldest, Stephen, returned
at eighteen, a strong and active youth, with a mind of little polish or
literary information, but considered a perfect adept at swordplay. As
his mother surveyed his noble form, a smile stole into the desert of
her wan and widowed face, as a winter sunbeam wanders over a
waste of snows. But it was a smile of more than motherly pride; she
was estimating the power which that frame would have in
contending with the murderous Moubray. She was not alone pleased
with the handsome figure of her firstborn child; but she thought with
a fiercer and faster joy upon the appearance which it would make in
the single combat against the slayer of his father. Young Bruntfield,
who, having been from his earliest years trained to the purpose now
contemplated by his mother, rejoiced in the prospect, now lost no
time in preferring before the king a charge of murder against the
laird of Barnbougle, whom he at the same time challenged, according
to a custom then not altogether abrogated, to prove his innocence in
single combat. The king having granted the necessary licence, the
fight took place in the royal park, near the palace; and to the surprise
of all assembled, young Bruntfield fell under the powerful sword of
his adversary. The intelligence was communicated to his mother at
Craighouse, where she was found in her darkened chamber,
prostrate before an image of the Virgin. The priest who had been
commissioned to break the news opened his discourse in a tone
intended to prepare her for the worst; but she cut him short at the
very beginning with a frantic exclamation,—“I know what you would
tell—the murderer’s sword has prevailed; and there are now but two,
instead of three, to redress their father’s wrongs!” The melancholy
incident, after the first burst of feeling, seemed only to have
concentrated and increased that passion by which she had been
engrossed for so many years. She appeared to feel that the death of
her eldest son only formed an addition to that debt which it was the
sole object of her existence to see discharged. “Roger,” she said, “will
have the death of his brother, as well as that of his father, to avenge.
Animated by such a double object, his arm can hardly fail to be
successful.”
Roger returned about two years after, a still handsomer, more
athletic, and more accomplished youth than his brother. Instead of
being daunted by the fate of Stephen, he burned but the more eagerly
to wipe out the injuries of his house with the blood of Moubray. On
his application for a licence being presented to the court, it was
objected by the crown lawyers that the case had been already closed
by mal fortune of the former challenger. But, while this was the
subject of their deliberation, the applicant caused so much
annoyance and fear in the court circle by the threats which he gave
out against the enemy of his house, that the king, whose inability to
procure respect either for himself or for the law is well-known,
thought it best to decide in favour of his claim. Roger Bruntfield,
therefore, was permitted to fight in barras with Moubray; but the
same fortune attended him as that which had already deprived the
widow of her first child. Slipping his foot in the midst of the combat,
he reeled to the ground embarrassed by his cumbrous armour.
Moubray, according to the barbarous practice of the age,
immediately sprang upon and despatched him. “Heaven’s will be
done!” said the widow, when she heard of the fatal incident; “but
gratias Deo! there still remains another chance.”
Henry Bruntfield, the third and last surviving son, had all along
been the favourite of his mother. Though apparently cast in a softer
mould than his two elder brothers, and bearing all the marks of a
gentler and more amiable disposition, he in reality cherished the
hope of avenging his father’s death more deeply in the recesses of his
heart, and longed more ardently to accomplish that deed than any of
his brothers. His mind, naturally susceptible of the softest and
tenderest impressions, had contracted the enthusiasm of his
mother’s wish in its strongest shape; as the fairest garments are
capable of the deepest stain. The intelligence, which reached him in
France, of the death of his brothers, instead of bringing to his heart
the alarm and horror which might have been expected, only braced
him to the adventure which he now knew to be before him. From this
period he forsook the elegant learning which he had heretofore
delighted to cultivate. His evenings were spent in poring over the
memoirs of distinguished knights; his days were consumed in the
tilt-yard of the sword-player. In due time he entered the French
army, in order to add to mere science that practical hardihood, the
want of which he conceived to be the cause of the death of his
brothers. Though the sun of chivalry was now declining far in the
occident, it was not yet altogether set. Montmorency was but just
dead; Bayard was still alive,—Bayard, the knight of all others who has
merited the motto, “Sans peur et sans reproche.” Of the lives and
actions of such men, Henry Bruntfield was a devout admirer and
imitator. No young knight kept a firmer seat upon his horse,—none
complained less of the severities of campaigning,—none cherished
lady’s love with a fonder, purer, or more devout sensation. On first
being introduced at the court of Henry III., he had signalised, as a
matter of course, Catherine Moubray, the disinherited niece of his
father’s murderer, who had been educated in a French convent by
her other relatives, and was now provided for in the household of the
queen. The connection of this young lady with the tale of his own
family, and the circumstance of her being a sufferer in common with
himself by the wickedness of one individual, would have been
enough to create a deep interest respecting her in his breast. But
when, in addition to these circumstances, we consider that she was
beautiful, was highly accomplished, and in many other respects
qualified to engage his affections, we can scarcely be surprised that
such was the result of their acquaintance. Upon one point alone did
these two interesting persons ever think differently. Catherine,
though inspired by her friends from infancy with an entire hatred of
her cruel relative, contemplated with fear and aversion the prospect
of her lover being placed against him in deadly combat, and did all in
her power to dissuade him from his purpose. Love, however, was of
little avail against the still more deeply-rooted passion which had
previously occupied his breast. Flowers thrown upon a river might
have been as effectual in staying its course towards the cataract, as
the gentle entreaties of Catherine Moubray in withholding Henry
Bruntfield from the enterprise for which his mother had reared him
—for which his brothers had died—for which he had all along moved
and breathed.
At length, accomplished with all the skill which could then be
acquired in arms, glowing with all the earnest feelings of youth,
Henry returned to Scotland. On reaching his mother’s dwelling, she
clasped him, in a transport of varied feeling, to her breast, and for a
long time could only gaze upon his elegant person. “My last and
dearest,” she at length said, “and thou too art to be adventured upon
this perilous course! Much have I bethought me of the purpose which
now remains to be accomplished. I have not been without a sense of
dread lest I be only doing that which is to sink my soul in flames at
the day of reckoning; but yet there has been that which comforts me
also. Only yesternight I dreamed that your father appeared before
me. In his hand he held a bow and three goodly shafts; at a distance
appeared the fierce and sanguinary Moubray. He desired me to shoot
the arrows at that arch traitor, and I gladly obeyed. A first and a
second he caught in his hand, broke, and trampled on with
contempt. But the third shaft, which was the fairest and goodliest of
all, pierced his guilty bosom, and he immediately expired. The
revered shade at this gave me an encouraging smile, and withdrew.
My Henry, thou art that third arrow, which is at length to avail
against the shedder of our blood. The dream seems a revelation,
given especially that I may have comfort in this enterprise, otherwise
so revolting to a mother’s feelings.”
Young Bruntfield saw that his mother’s wishes had only imposed
upon her reason, but he made no attempt to break the charm by
which she was actuated, being glad, upon any terms, to obtain her
sanction for that adventure to which he was himself impelled by
feelings considerably different. He therefore began, in the most
deliberate manner, to take measures for bringing on the combat with
Moubray. The same legal objections which had stood against the
second duel were maintained against the third; but public feeling
was too favourable to the object to be easily withstood. The laird of
Barnbougle, though somewhat past the bloom of life, was still a
powerful and active man, and instead of expressing any fear to meet
this third and more redoubted warrior, rather longed for a combat
which promised, if successful, to make him one of the most
renowned swordsmen of his time. He had also heard of the
attachment which subsisted between Bruntfield and his niece; and in
the contemplation of an alliance which might give some force to the
claims of that lady upon his estate, found a deeper and more selfish
reason for accepting the challenge of his youthful enemy. King James
himself protested against stretching the law of the per duellum so
far; but, sensible that there would be no peace between either the
parties or their adherents till it should be decided in a fair combat, he
was fain to grant the required licence.
The fight was appointed to take place on Cramond Inch, a low
grassy island in the Frith of Forth, near the Castle of Barnbougle. All
the preparations were made in the most approved manner by the
young Duke of Lennox, who had been the friend of Bruntfield in
France. On a level spot, close to the northern beach of the islet, a
space was marked off, and strongly secured by a paling. The
spectators, who were almost exclusively gentlemen (the rabble not
being permitted to approach), sat upon a rising ground beside the
enclosure, while the space towards the sea was quite clear. At one
end, surrounded by his friends, stood the laird of Barnbougle, a huge
and ungainly figure, whose features displayed a mixture of ferocity
and hypocrisy, in the highest degree unpleasing. At the other, also
attended by a host of family allies and friends, stood the gallant
Harry Bruntfield, who, if divested of his armour, might have realised
the idea of a winged Mercury. A seat was erected close beside the
barras for the Duke of Lennox and other courtiers, who were to act as
judges; and at a little distance upon the sea lay a small decked vessel,
with a single female figure on board. After all the proper ceremonies
which attended this strange legal custom had been gone through, the
combatants advanced into the centre, and planting foot to foot, each
with his heavy sword in his hand, waited the command which should
let them loose against each other, in a combat which both knew
would only be closed with the death of one or other. The word being
given, the fight commenced. Moubray almost at the first pass gave
his adversary a cut in the right limb, from which the blood was seen
to flow profusely. But Bruntfield was enabled by this mishap to
perceive the trick upon which his adversary chiefly depended, and,
by taking care to avoid it, put Moubray nearly hors de combat. The
fight then proceeded for a few minutes, without either gaining the
least advantage over the other. Moubray was able to defend himself
pretty successfully from the cuts and thrusts of his antagonist, but he
could make no impression in return. The question then became one
of time. It was evident that, if no lucky stroke should take effect
beforehand, he who first became fatigued with the exertion would be
the victim. Moubray felt his disadvantage as the elder and bulkier
man, and began to fight desperately and with less caution. One
tremendous blow, for which he seemed to have gathered his last
strength, took effect upon Bruntfield, and brought him upon his
knee, in a half-stupified state, but the elder combatant had no
strength to follow up the effort. He reeled towards his youthful and
sinking enemy, and stood for a few moments over him, vainly
endeavouring to raise his weapon for another and final blow. Ere he
could accomplish his wish, Bruntfield recovered sufficient strength
to draw his dagger, and thrust it up to the hilt beneath the
breastplate of his exhausted foe. The murderer of his race instantly
lay dead beside him, and a shout of joy from the spectators hailed
him as the victor. At the same instant a scream of more than earthly
note arose from the vessel anchored near the island; a lady
descended from its side into a boat, and, rowing to the land, rushed
up to the bloody scene, where she fell upon the neck of the
conqueror, and pressed him with the most frantic eagerness to her
bosom. The widow of Stephen Bruntfield at length found the
yearnings of twenty years fulfilled,—she saw the murderer of her
husband, the slayer of her two sons, dead on the sward before her,
while there still survived to her as noble a child as ever blessed a
mother’s arms. But the revulsion of feeling produced by the event
was too much for her strength; or, rather, Providence, in its
righteous judgement, had resolved that so unholy a feeling as that of
revenge should not be too signally gratified. She expired in the arms
of her son, murmuring Nunc dimittis, Domine, with her latest
breath.
The remainder of the tale of Bruntfield may be easily told. After a
decent interval, the young laird of Craighouse married Catherine
Moubray; and as the king saw it right to restore that young lady to a
property originally forfeited for service to his mother, the happiness
of the parties might be considered as complete. A long life of
prosperity and peace was granted to them by the kindness of
Heaven; and at their death they had the satisfaction of enjoying that
greatest of all earthly blessings, the love and respect of a numerous
and virtuous family.—Chambers’s Edinburgh Journal, 1832.[1]
1. The tale of Bruntfield is founded upon facts alluded to in “Birrel’s Diary,”
“Anderson’s History of Scotland” (MS., Advocates’ Library), &c.
SUNSET AND SUNRISE.
By Professor Wilson.
“This is the evening on which, a few days ago, we agreed to walk to

the bower at the waterfall, and look at the perfection of a Scottish
sunset. Everything on earth and heaven seems at this hour as
beautiful as our souls could desire. Come then, my sweet Anna, come
along, for by the time we have reached the bower, with your gentle
steps, the great bright orb will be nearly resting its rim on what you
call the Ruby Mountain. Come along, and we can return before the
dew has softened a single ringlet on your fair forehead.” With these
words, the happy husband locked kindly within his own the arm of
his young English wife; and even in the solitude of his unfrequented
groves, where no eye but his own now beheld her, looked with pride
on the gracefulness and beauty that seemed so congenial with the
singleness and simplicity of her soul.
They reached the bower just as the western heaven was in all its
glory. To them, while they stood together gazing on that glow of fire
that burns without consuming, and in whose mighty furnace the
clouds and the mountaintops are but as embers, there seemed to
exist no sky but that region of it in which their spirits were
entranced. Their eyes saw it—their souls felt it; but what their eyes
saw or their souls felt they knew not in the mystery of that
magnificence. The vast black bars, the piled-up masses of burnished
gold, the beds of softest saffron and richest purple, lying surrounded
with continually fluctuating dyes of crimson, till the very sun himself
was for moments unheeded in the gorgeousness his light had
created; the show of storm, but the feeling of calm, over all that
tumultuous, yet settled world of cloud, that had come floating
silently and majestically together, and yet in one little hour was to be
no more;—what might not beings endowed with a sense of beauty,
and greatness, and love, and fear, and terror, and eternity, feel when
drawing their breath together, and turning their steadfast eyes on
each other’s faces, in such a scene as this?
But from these high and bewildering imaginations, their souls
returned insensibly to the real world in which their life lay; and, still
feeling the presence of that splendid sunset, although now they
looked not towards it, they let their eyes glide, in mere human
happiness, over the surface of the inhabited earth. The green fields,
that in all varieties of form lay stretching out before them, the
hedgerows of hawthorn and sweetbrier, the humble coppices, the
stately groves, and, in the distance, the dark pine-forest loading the
mountain side, were all their own—and so, too, were a hundred
cottages, on height or hollow, shelterless or buried in shelter, and all
alike dear to their humble inmates, on account of their cheerfulness
or their repose. God had given to them this bright and beautiful
portion of the earth, and he had given them along with it hearts and
souls to feel and understand in what lay the worth of the gift, and to
enjoy it with a deep and thoughtful gratitude.
“All hearts bless you, Anna; and do you know that the Shepherd
Poet, whom we once visited in his shieling, has composed a Gaelic
song on our marriage, and it is now sung by many a pretty Highland
girl, both in cottage and on hill-side? They wondered, it is said, why I
should have brought them an English lady; but that was before they
saw your face, or heard how sweet may be an English voice even to a
Highland ear. They love you, Anna—they would die for you, Anna;
for they have seen you with your sweet body in silk and satin, with a
jewel on your forehead and pearls in your hair, moving to music in
your husband’s hereditary hall; and they have seen you, too, in russet
garb and ringlets unadorned, in their own smoky cottages, blithe and
free as some native shepherdess of the hills. To the joyful and the
sorrowful art thou alike dear; and all my tenantry are rejoiced when
you appear, whether on your palfrey on the heather, or walking
through the hay or harvest-field, or sitting by the bed of sickness, or
welcoming, with a gentle stateliness, the old withered mountaineer
to his chieftain’s gate.”
The tears fell from the lady’s eyes at these kind, loving, and joyful
words; and, with a sob, she leaned her cheek on her husband’s
bosom. “Oh! why—why should I be sad in the midst of the
undeserved goodness of God? Since the furthest back time I recollect
in the darkness of infancy, I have been perfectly happy. I have never
lost any dear friend, as so many others have done. My father and
mother live, and love me well; blessings be upon them now, and for
ever! You love me, and that so tenderly, that at times my heart is like
to break. But, my husband—forgive me—pity me—but upbraid me
not, when I tell you that my soul of late has often fainted within me,
as now it does—for oh! husband! husband! the fear of death is upon
me; and as the sun sank behind the mountain, I thought that
moment of a large burial-place, and the vault in which I am to be
interred.”
These words gave a shock to her husband’s heart, and for a few
moments he knew not how to cheer and comfort her. Almost before
he could speak, and while he was silently kissing her forehead, his
young wife, somewhat more composedly, said, “I strive against it—I
close my eyes to contain—to crush the tears that I feel gushing up
from my stricken heart; but they force their way through, and my
face is often ruefully drenched in solitude. Well may I weep to leave
this world—thee—my parents—the rooms in which, for a year of
perfect bliss, I have walked, sat, or slept in thy bosom—all these
beautiful woods, and plains, and hills, which I have begun to feel
every day more and more as belonging unto me, because I am thy
wife. But, husband! beyond, far, far beyond them all, except him of
whose blood it is, do I weep to leave our baby that is now unborn.
May it live to comfort you—to gladden your eyes when I am gone—
yea, to bring tears sometimes into them, when its face or form may
chance to remember you of the mother who bore it, and died that it
might see the day.”
The lady rose up with these words from her husband’s bosom; and
as a sweet balmy whispering breath of wind came from the broom on
the river’s bank, and fanned her cheeks, she seemed to revive from
that desponding dream; and, with a faint smile, looked all round the
sylvan bower. The cheerful hum of the bees, that seemed to be
hastening their work among the honey-flowers before the fall of dark
—the noise of the river, that had been unheard while the sun was
setting—the lowing of the kine going leisurely homewards before
their infant drivers—and the loud lofty song of the blackbird in his
grove—these, and a thousand other mingling influences of nature,
touched her heart with joy, and her eyes became altogether free from
tears. Her husband, who had been deeply affected by words so new
to him from her lips, seized these moments of returning peace to
divert her thoughts entirely from such causeless terrors. “To this
bower I brought you to show you what a Scottish landscape was, the
day after our marriage; and from that hour to this, every look, smile,
word, and deed of thine, has been after my own heart, except these
foolish tears. But the dew will soon be on the grass—so come, my
beloved—nay, I will not stir unless you smile. There, Anna! you are
your beautiful self again!” And they returned, cheerful and laughing,
to the Hall; the lady’s face being again as bright as if a tear had never
dimmed its beauty. The glory of the sunset was almost forgotten in
the sweet, fair, pensive silence of the twilight; now fast glimmering
on to one of those clear summer nights which divide, for a few hours,
one day from another with their transitory pomp of stars.
Before midnight, all who slept awoke. It was hoped that an heir
was about to be born to that ancient house; and there is something in
the dim and solemn reverence which invests an unbroken line of
ancestry, that blends easily with those deeper and more awful
feelings with which the birth of a human creature, in all
circumstances, is naturally regarded. Tenderly beloved by all as this
young and beautiful lady was, who, coming a stranger among them,
and as they felt from another land, had inspired them insensibly with
a sort of pity, mingling with their pride in her loveliness and virtue, it
may well be thought that now the house was agitated, and that its
agitation was soon spread from cottage to cottage, to a great distance
round. Many a prayer, therefore, was said for her; and God was
beseeched soon to make her, in His mercy, a joyful mother. No fears,
it was said, were entertained for the lady’s life; but after some hours
of intolerable anguish of suspense, her husband, telling an old
servant whither he had gone, walked out into the open air, and in a
few minutes, sat down on a tombstone, without knowing that he had
entered the little churchyard, which, with the parish church, was
within a few fields and groves of the house. He looked around him;
and nothing but graves—graves—graves. “This stone was erected by
her husband in memory of Agnes Ilford, an Englishwoman, who died
in childbed, aged nineteen.” The inscription was, every letter of it,
distinctly legible in the moonlight; and he held his eyes fixed upon it,
reading it over and over with a shudder; and then rising up and
hurrying out of the churchyard, he looked back from the gate, and
thought he saw a female figure all in white, with an infant in her
arms, gliding noiselessly over the graves and tombstones. But he
looked more steadfastly—and it was nothing. He knew it was
nothing; but he was terrified, and turned his face away from the
churchyard. The old servant advanced towards him, and he feared to
look him in the face, lest he should know that his wife was a corpse.
“Life or death?” at length he found power to utter. “My honoured
lady lives, but her son breathed only a few gasps—no heir, no heir! I
was sent to tell you to come quickly to my lady’s chamber.”
In a moment the old man was alone, for, recovering from the
torpidity of fear, his master had flown off like an arrow, and now
with soft footsteps was stealing along the corridor towards the door
of his wife’s apartment. But as he stood within a few steps of it,
composing his countenance, and strengthening his heart to behold
his beloved Anna lying exhausted, and too probably ill, ill indeed,—
his own mother, like a shadow, came out of the room, and not
knowing that she was seen, clasped her hands together upon her
breast, and lifting up her eyes with an expression of despair,
exclaimed, as in a petition to God, “Oh! my poor son!—my poor son!
what will become of him!” She looked forward, and there was her son
before her, with a face like ashes, tottering and speechless. She
embraced and supported him—the old and feeble supported the
young and the strong. “I am blind, and must feel my way; but help
me to the bedside, that I may sit down and kiss my dead wife. I ought
to have been there, surely, when she died.”
The lady was dying, but not dead. It was thought that she was
insensible, but when her husband said—“Anna, Anna!” she fixed her
hitherto unnoticing eyes upon his face, and moved her lips as if
speaking, but no words were heard. He stooped down and kissed her
forehead, and then there was a smile over all her face, and one word,
“Farewell!” At that faint and loving voice he touched her lips with
his, and he must then have felt her parting breath; for when he again
looked on her face, the smile upon it was more deep, placid,
steadfast, than any living smile, and a mortal silence was on her
bosom that was to move no more.
They sat together, he and his mother, looking on the young, fair,
and beautiful dead. Sometimes he was distracted, and paced the
room raving, and with a black and gloomy aspect. Then he sat down
perfectly composed, and looked alternately on the countenance of his
young wife, bright, blooming, and smiling in death; and on that of his
old mother, pale, withered, and solemn in life. As yet he had no
distinct thoughts of himself. Overwhelming pity for one so young, so
good, so beautiful, and so happy, taken suddenly away, possessed his
disconsolate soul; and he would have wept with joy to see her
restored to life, even although he were to live with her no more,
though she were utterly to forget him; for what would that be to him,
so that she were but alive! He felt that he could have borne to be
separated from her by seas, or by a dungeon’s walls; for in the
strength of his love he would have been happy, knowing that she was
a living being beneath heaven’s sunshine. But in a few days is she to
be buried!—And then was he forced to think upon himself, and his
utter desolation, changed in a few hours from a too perfect happiness
into a wretch whose existence was an anguish and a curse.
At last he could not sustain the sweet, sad, beautiful sight of that
which was now lying stretched upon his marriage-bed; and he found
himself passing along the silent passages, with faint and distant
lamentations meeting his ear, but scarcely recognised by his mind,
until he felt the fresh air, and saw the gray dawn of morning. Slowly
and unconsciously he passed on into the woods, and walked on and
on, without aim or object, through the solitude of awakening nature.
He heard or heeded not the wide-ringing songs of all the happy
birds; he saw not the wild-flowers beneath his feet, nor the dew
diamonds that glittered on every leaf of the motionless trees. The
ruins of a lonely hut on the hill-side were close to him, and he sat
down in stupifaction, as if he had been an exile in some foreign
country. He lifted up his eyes, and the sun was rising, so that all the
eastern heaven was tinged with the beautifulness of joy. The turrets
of his own ancestral mansion were visible among the dark umbrage
of its ancient grove: fair were the lawns and fields that stretched
away from it towards the orient light, and one bright bend of the
river kindled up the dim scenery through which it rolled. His own
family estate was before his eyes, and as the thought rose within his
heart, “All that I see is mine,” yet felt he that the poorest beggar was
richer far than he, and that in one night he had lost all that was
worth possessing. He saw the church tower, and thought upon the
place of graves. “There will she be buried—there will she be buried,”
he repeated with a low voice, while a groan of mortal misery startled
the little mosswren from a crevice in the ruin. He rose up, and the
thought of suicide entered into his sick heart. He gazed on the river,
and, murmuring aloud in his hopeless wretchedness, said, “Why
should I not sink into a pool and be drowned? But oh! Anna, thou
who wert so meek and pure on earth, and who art now bright and
glorious in heaven, what would thy sainted and angelic spirit feel if I
were to appear thus lost and wicked at the judgment-seat?”
A low voice reached his ear, and, looking round, he beheld his old,
faithful, white-headed servant on his knees—him who had been his
father’s foster-brother, and who, in the privilege of age and fidelity
and love to all belonging to that house, had followed him unregarded
—had watched him as he wrung his hands, and had been praying for
him to God while he continued sitting in that dismal trance upon
that mouldering mass of ruins. “Oh! my young master, pardon me
for being here. I wished not to overhear your words; but to me you
have ever been kind, even as a son to his father. Come, then, with the
old man back into the hall, and forsake not your mother, who is sore
afraid.”
They returned, without speaking, down the glens and through the
old woods, and the door was shut upon them. Days and nights
passed on, and then a bell tolled; and the churchyard, that had
sounded to many feet, was again silent. The woods around the hall
were loaded with their summer glories; the river flowed on in its
brightness; the smoke rose up to heaven from the quiet cottages; and
nature continued the same—bright, fragrant, beautiful, and happy.
But the hall stood uninhabited; the rich furniture now felt the dust;
and there were none to gaze on the pictures that graced the walls. He
who had been thus bereaved went across seas to distant countries,
from which his tenantry, for three springs, expected his return; but
their expectations were never realised, for he died abroad. His
remains were brought home to Scotland, according to a request in
his will, to be laid by those of his wife; and now they rest together,
beside the same simple monument.
MISS PEGGY BRODIE.
By Andrew Picken.
“If I were a man, instead of being a woman, as unfortunately I

happen to be,” said Miss Peggy Brodie to me, “I would call a meeting
in public, on the part of the ladies, to petition the king for another
war; for really, since the peace there is no such thing as any decent
woman getting a husband, nor is there so much as the least stir or
stramash now-a-days, even to put one in mind of such a thing. And
the king, God bless him! is a man of sense, and understands what’s
what perfectly,” continued Miss Peggy; “and I have not the least
doubt that if he were only put in possession of the real state of the
sex since the peace, he would give us a war at once, for it is cruel to
keep so many women in this hopeless state.”
“Indeed, mem,” said I, looking as wise as I was able, “you may
depend upon it, you are under a mistake.”
“Don’t tell me, sir,” replied Miss Brodie; “you men think you know
everything. As if I did not understand politics sufficient to know that
the king grants all reasonable petitions. I tell you, Mr What’s-your-
name, that the whole sex in Glasgow, from Crossmyloof to the Rotten
Row, and from Anderston to Camlachie, are in a state of the utmost
distress since ever the peace;—and marriages may be made in
heaven, or somewhere else that I do not know of, but there is none
made hereaway, to my certain knowledge, since ever the
sharpshooters laid down their arms, the strapping fallows!”
“I’m sure, mem,” said I, “for a peaceable man, I have been sadly
deaved about these sharpshooters.”
“It’s no for you to speak against the sharpshooters, Mr Thingumy!”
said Miss Brodie, getting into a pet; “you that never bit a cartridge in
your life, I know by your look! and kens nae mair about platoon
exercise, and poother wallets, and ramrods, than my mother does!
But fair fa’ the time when we had a thriving war, an’ drums rattlin’ at
every corner, an’ fifer lads whistlin’ up and down the streets on a
market-day; an’ spruce sergeants parading the Saltmarket, pipe-
clayed most beautiful! Then there was our ain sharpshooters, braw
fallows, looking so noble in their green dresses, and lang feathers
bobbing in their heads. Besides, there was the cavalry, and the
Merchants’ corps, and the Trades’ and the Grocers’ corps. Why, every
young man of the least pluck was a soldier in these heartsome days,
and had such speerit and such pith, and thought no more of taking a
wife then, than he would of killing a Frenchman before his breakfast,
if he could hae seen one.”
“But, Miss Brodie,” said I, “they were all so busy taking wives that
they seem to have quite forgot to take you, in these happy times.”
“Ye needna be so very particular in your remarks, Mr Thingumy;
for it was entirely my own fault, an’ I might hae gotten a husband any
morning, just for going to the Green of Glasgow, where the lads were
taking their morning’s drill; for it was there a’ my acquaintances got
men, to my certain knowledge; and now it’s naething but “Mistress”
this, an’ “Mistress” that, wi’ a’ the clippy lassocks that were just
bairns the other day; and there they go, oxtering wi’ their men, to be
sure, an’ laughin’ at me. Weel, it’s vera provokin’, sir, isn’t it?”
“’Deed, mem,” said I, “it’s rather a lamentable case. But why did
you not catch a green sharpshooter yourself, in those blessed days?”
“Hoot, Mr Balgownie, it was quite my ain faut, as I said. I was
perfectly ignorant of the most common principles of the art, and
knew no more of the way and manner o’ catching a husband, no
more than if I had never been born in Glasgow. In fac’, I was a
perfect simpleton, an’ thought it the easiest matter in the warld; an’
ye see, sir, I had a wee trifle o’ siller, besides my looks (which, ye ken,
Mr Thingumbob, were far from being disparageable); and so I was a
perfect simple, and just thocht I was like the lass in the sang—
Set her up on Tintock tap,
The wind’ll blaw a man till her.
But ne’er a man was blawn to me; an’ there’s a’ my giggling

acquaintances married, ane after the ither. There’s Bell Mushat, an’

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Organizational Behavior 4th Edition Hitt

Exploring Behavior in Action: Stress Can Be Deadly

Strategic Importance of Workplace Stress

Workplace Stress Defined

5. Sources of stress can be real or imagined.

6. Chronic stress is a short-term reaction to an immediate stress.

7. Acute stress results from ongoing situations.

13. Dystress is also referred to as bad stress.

Two Models of Workplace Stress

18. Overcommitment is driven by achievement motivation and approval motivation.

Organizational and Work-Related Stressors

30. Monitoring employee behavior is an example of environmental stress.

Individual Influences on Experiencing Stress

31. Type A personalities tend to be less competitive and somewhat patient.

35. Individuals high in hardiness have an external locus of control.

37. The most important aspect of hardiness is self-esteem.

39. Individual consequences of stress can be classified as psychological, behavioral, or

Managing Workplace Stress

53. Using a social-support network is one way to cope with stress.

58. Stress has not been linked to obesity.

59. Stress has been directly related to physiological problems.

60. Homicide is the first leading cause of workplace fatalities.

62. Workplace violence can be either physical or mental.

65. Endurance activities maintain or increase aerobic capacity.

68. Diet affects alertness and an individual’s overall well-being.

Exploring Behavior in Action: Stress Can Be Deadly

The Strategic Importance of Workplace Stress

Workplace Stress Defined

76. Sources of stress can be real or _____.

77. Stress can be defined as ____ or _____.

78. _________ stress is a short-term reaction to an immediate threat.

79. _________ stress results from ongoing situations.

81. Eustress is a ________ stress.

82. Dystress is referred to as ______ stress.

Two Models of Workplace Stress

85. The effort-reward imbalance model is focused on ____ factors.

Organizational and Work-Related Stressors

86. _______is a situation in which different roles lead to conflicting expectations.

89. Overload can be ________ or __________.

Individual Influences on Experiencing Stress

90. ________ is characterized by competitiveness, aggressiveness, and impatience.

93. One of the most important aspects of hardiness is _______.

98. Meditation and yoga are examples of ________.

99. OSHA stands for _________.

100. _________ is the third leading cause of workplace fatalities.

Exploring Behavior in Action: Stress Can Be Deadly

The Strategic Importance of Workplace Stress

Workplace Stress Defined

107. _______ is a short-term reaction to an immediate threat.

108. Chronic stress results from ________ situations.

110. Conditions that can result from chronic stress include:

111. Conditions that can result from acute stress include:

113. Eustress is a(n) _________ stress.

114. Dystress is a(n) _______ stress.

118. The effort reward imbalance model is focused on _____ factors.

119. _______ is driven by achievement motivation and approval motivation.

122. Role conflict has been associated with:

129. Which of the following is an example of a job environment factor?

Individual Influences on Experiencing Stress

130._________ consequences of stress can be classified as psychological, behavioral, or

131. People with a Type A personality are:

132. People with a Type B personality are:

77. Stress can be defined as or _.

89. Overload can be or __.