Human Geography Places and Regions in Global Context Updated Canadian 5Th Edition Knox Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Human Geography Places and Regions
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5th Edition Knox Test Bank
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Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context, Cdn. 5e (Knox et al.)
Chapter 6 Interpreting Places and Landscapes
6.1 Minimal Choice
1) The study of the social and cultural meanings people give to personal space — like how far
we stand from others when speaking to them — is known as
A) proxemics.
B) ethology.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Bloom's: 1 Remembering
Section Headings: Place-Making
2) Vulgaria is distinguished by landscapes of

A) bigness and ostentation.
B) moral decay.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Bloom's: 2 Understanding
Section Headings: Landscape as Human Systems
3) The tendency for people to have places to which they have a special attachment or sense of
identity is known as
A) topophilia.
B) proxemia.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
4) The humanistic approach in geography focuses on

A) the perception of individuals.
B) factors that shape the views of society.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
5) Slow food is devoted to a ________ pace of life and to the true tastes, aromas, and diversity of
good food.
A) fast-hurried
B) slow-hurried
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Section Headings: Place and Space in Modern Society
1
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc.
6) Signs and symbols embedded in the landscape that send messages about identity, beliefs,
practices and values, and which we can learn to read and interpret, is an example of
A) semiotics.
B) geographic literacy.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Section Headings: Coded Spaces
7) The Cittaslow movement, related to the slow food movement, is an attempt by local
communities to recover
A) a sense of place.
B) derelict landscapes.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Bloom's: 1.5 Remembering/Understanding
8) The slow city movement has emerged, and is growing, in the world's
A) core countries.
B) peripheral countries.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Bloom's: 3 Applying
9) ________ is based on the commercial exploitation of the histories of people and places.
A) The heritage industry
B) Place consumption
Answer: A
Diff: 1
10) Overwhelming ________ is one of the biggest dangers facing successful slow cities.
A) tourism
B) urban sprawl
Answer: A
Diff: 2
2
11) Varanasi — on the Ganges River — is an exceptionally sacred pilgrimage site to
A) Hindus.
B) Muslims.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
12) Malls are complex

A) derelict landscapes.
B) semiotic sites.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
13) An ethologist would be more likely to study

A) dialects.
B) proxemics.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
14) Geographers using the humanistic approach share a great deal with other social sciences, but
especially
A) psychology & sociology.
B) political science & economics.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
15) Slow cities are urban settlements found in the

A) fast world.
B) slow world.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
3
16) India's holiest sites are grouped
A) along its sacred rivers.
B) around its holy mountain tops.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
17) Advertising has become a key component of contemporary culture and even place-making
because of its role in portraying
A) the intrinsic utility of a product.
B) the lifestyle associated with a product.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Bloom's: 4 Analyzing
18) More than ever before, contemporary place-making relies on

A) visual consumption.
B) material consumption.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
19) Graffiti is usually an expression of

A) territoriality.
B) topophilia.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
20) Our textbook calls the shopping mall a "pseudoplace," a complex, ________ site.
A) semiotic
B) sacred
Answer: A
Diff: 2
4
21) Which is more likely to separate those on Facebook from those not on Facebook?
A) digital divide
B) political divide
Answer: A
Diff: 2
6.2 Multiple Choice
1) In their studies of the formation and evolution of human customs and beliefs, ethologists study
people's sense of
A) ethics.
B) ethnicity.
C) territoriality.
D) space.
E) landscape.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Bloom's: 3 Applying
2) Contemporary landscapes contain increasing numbers of inauthentic settings—what

geographer David Harvey has called the _________ of global capitalism.
A) fake places
B) bottom dwellers
C) degenerative utopias
D) urban wastelands
E) seedy underbelly
Answer: C
Diff: 2
3) The Muslim, Jewish, Christian, and Armenian quarters make up the city of
A) Tehran.
B) Jerusalem.
C) France.
D) Abu Dhabi.
E) Beirut.
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Bloom's: 3 Applying
5
4) To an ethologist, graffiti in a high-density urban area is likely to be explained as a(n)
A) response to overcrowding.
B) act of vandalism.
C) expression of identity.
D) claim to territory.
E) call to organize labour.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Bloom's: 3 Applying
5) The concept of territoriality helps to classify people and resources in terms of location in
A) space.
B) society.
C) the economy.
D) history.
E) the political system.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
6) Territoriality helps us understand how rules, laws, and the exercise of power have become
associated with
A) spaces and places.
B) individuals and groups.
C) cultures and ethnicities.
D) political and economic systems.
E) tourist destinations.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
7) Social affairs involving property rights, political jurisdictions, market areas, ethnic claims to
specific areas and efforts to protect traditional land uses all involve issues of
A) proxemics.
B) territoriality.
C) sacred spaces.
D) cosmopolitanism.
E) race.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
6
8) The images that come to mind when we think of a place, any place, like Montreal, Quebec or
Damascus, Syria are known as our
A) cognitive images.
B) stereotypical images.
C) territorial markers.
D) semiotic markers.
E) topophobic images.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Bloom's: 3 Applying
9) Distortions in our cognitive images are the result of

A) partial or incomplete information.
B) biased information.
C) our likes and dislikes.
D) the strength of our memories.
E) all of the above
Answer: E
Diff: 1
10) Paths, edges, districts, nodes and landmarks are used to organize
A) our cognitive images.
B) our landscapes.
C) our individual topophilias.
D) sacred space.
E) semiotic landscapes.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
11) In somebody's cognitive image of Canada, it is most likely that Niagara Falls is a(n)
A) node.
B) path.
C) edge.
D) landmark.
E) district.
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Bloom's: 3 Applying
7
12) Generally, the more experience and first-hand information we have of a place, the more our
cognitive images
A) reflect reality.
B) are simplified.
C) converge on topophilia.
D) are like derelict landscapes.
E) become territorial.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
13) The parking lot down the street would best be characterized as a
A) landscape of despair.
B) derelict landscape.
C) sacred site.
D) symbolic landscape.
E) vernacular landscape.
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Bloom's: 3 Applying
14) A study of the social and cultural meanings that people give to personal space — for
example, how near or distant you like to sit near others in class — is known as
A) semiotics.
B) proxemics.
C) territoriality.
D) sacred space.
E) sense of place.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Bloom's: 3 Applying
15) The longing and ongoing attachments that a migrant may have to his or her homeland is an
example of
A) topophilia.
B) usufruct.
C) semiotics.
D) sacred space.
E) ethology.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Bloom's: 3 Applying
8
16) When we talk about landscapes as texts, we are referring to
A) books on landscapes.
B) the categorization of landscapes based on their features.
C) landscapes as things of meaning, that can be written and read, like books.
D) the physical geography underlying cultural landscapes.
E) an encyclopedia of geographic terms.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
17) Recognizing that landscapes both produce and communicate meaning allows us to
A) interpret local & national values, priorities, histories, cultural practices.
B) build a cultural landscape out of a natural landscape.
C) form cognitive images of places to which we have never been.
D) build cultural complexes.
E) dance the hokey pokey.
Answer: A
Diff: 3
18) The humanistic approach in geography emphasizes ________ values, meanings, intentions
and behaviours.
A) an individual's
B) humankind's
C) a specific culture's
D) cultural
E) social
Answer: A
Diff: 1
19) Reading, writing and recognizing signs and symbols (such as those that are written into
landscapes) is known as
A) semiotics.
B) proxemics.
C) eurhythmics.
D) semantics.
E) prosthetics.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
9
20) Sacred spaces are sacred because
A) of a miracle that occurred there.
B) God makes it so.
C) people make them so.
D) houses of worship (e.g., temples, mosques, churches, monasteries) are located there.
E) governments make them so.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
21) The hajj is among the world's very largest

A) annual pilgrimages.
B) sacred spaces.
C) sacred sites.
D) mosques.
E) religious conflicts.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
22) To participate in the hajj is to be a Muslim and participate in commemorative & symbolic
acts in
A) Mecca.
B) Jerusalem.
C) Rome.
D) the Taj Mahal.
E) Constantinople.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
23) A university or college is very concerned with how prospective students react when they are
on campus for a visit. Thus, even if they do not fully recognize it, the school is very aware of the
importance of
B) cosmopolitanism.
C) proxemics.
D) territoriality.
E) semiotics.
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Bloom's: 3 Applying
10
24) Mecca, Jerusalem, the Ganges and Lourdes are among the world's most important
A) religious hearths of monotheism.
B) pilgrimage sites.
C) districts, nodes and landmarks.
D) landscapes of despair.
E) landscapes-as-text.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
25) Landscapes and place-making in which economic and scientific reason and progress are
emphasized, are characteristics of
A) modernity.
B) postmodernity.
C) enlightenment.
D) fast cities.
E) cosmopolitanism.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
26) As a view of the world that embraces and combines a range of perspectives, postmodernity
focuses on
A) environmentally and socially sustainable modernity.
B) a return to traditional approaches and religion.
C) material consumption and living for the moment.
D) dwelling on the past.
E) searching for grand universal truths.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
27) Just as we can consume food and other material goods, contemporary culture encourages us
to consume places, meaning, to
A) purchase images, symbols and experiences of places.
B) deplete resource through destroying landscapes.
C) destroy unique places to build franchises.
D) travel to other places to learn about their geographies and histories.
E) eat out at restaurants.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
11
28) The "slow food" movement emerged in response to
A) the speed of globalization.
B) mass production and cultural homogenization.
C) the diffusion of U.S.-based fast food franchises around the world.
D) the emergence of genetically engineered foods.
E) all of the above
Answer: E
Diff: 2
29) According to geographers, the heritage industry is based on the commodification and
commercial exploitation of
A) history.
B) ideas.
C) ethnicities.
D) styles.
E) technologies.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
30) An important consequence of the heritage industry in urban areas is

A) the loss of authentic histories and landscapes.
B) the spread of interest in geography and history.
C) a shift in place marketing from an emphasis on consumption to one on preservation.
D) the dissemination of people and their cultures, like the migration of Germans to Ontario or the
British to Tokyo.
E) the inclusive sharing of histories of people and places worldwide.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
31) An SUV in a high-end suburban megachurch parking lot surrounded by box stores is a
classic landscape most likely seen in
A) Botoxia.
B) Inauthentica.
C) Privatopia.
D) Semiotica.
E) Vulgarian.
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Bloom's: 3 Applying
12
32) The study of embedding signs and symbols in the landscape that send messages about
identity, beliefs, practices and values — and which we can learn to read and interpret, — is an
example of
A) semiotics.
B) geographic literacy.
C) topo-linguistics.
D) environmental perception.
E) semantics.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Bloom's: 3 Applying
33) The cultural hearth of the slow cities movement is

A) Italy.
B) Canada.
C) Texas.
D) Southern California.
E) Brazil.
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Bloom's: 3 Applying
34) Among the core principals of the slow cities movement is the concept of
A) community life.
B) visualizing geography.
C) Disneyfication.
D) place commodification.
E) pseudoplace.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
35) One negative outgrowth of the heritage industry is the tendency toward "Disneyfication,"
whereby
A) authentic histories and cultures are trivialized, sanitized, and glossed over.
B) images and symbols from movies, advertising, and popular culture become part of what we
believe to be part of the authentic history and landscape of a place.
C) local identity is manufactured to aid marketing and attract tourists.
D) histories of peoples and their places are commercially exploited for widespread consumption.
E) all of the above
Answer: E
Diff: 2
13
36) In their study of environmental perception, geographers have the most in common with
A) historians.
B) psychologists.
C) biologists.
D) geologists.
E) ecologists.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Section Headings: Behaviour, Knowledge & Human Environments
37) A person's ________ significantly affects their environmental knowledge and relationship
with the environment.
A) gender
B) stage in the life cycle
C) religious beliefs
D) exposure to globalization
E) all of the above
Answer: E
Diff: 1
38) Globalization, in the form of the new production of irrigated cash crops, brought this change
to the rural Sudanese village studied by geographer Cindi Katz.
A) Children were required to attend school.
B) Subsistence crops were no longer grown.
C) The traditional roles and activities of boys and girls changed.
D) Children were insulated from globalization.
E) Children's experience of their environment was broadened.
Answer: C
Diff: 3
39) The trailer park and the suburb are examples of

B) ordinary landscapes.
C) symbolic landscapes.
D) gender-based landscapes.
E) sacred spaces.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Bloom's: 3 Applying
14
40) The landscape-as-text concept
A) holds that some people actively shape the landscape.
B) was developed by Carl Sauer and Michael Imort.
C) is dependent upon geographical publishers.
D) argues that landscapes can produce meaning, but cannot communicate meaning.
E) requires understanding the grammar of geography (place identification).
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Bloom's: 3 Applying
41) Territoriality
A) regulates access to people.
B) regulates access to resources.
C) regulates social interaction.
D) provides a focus of group membership and identity.
E) all of the above
Answer: E
Diff: 2
42) In terms of cognitive images, a street is most likely to be

A) a district.
B) a path or an edge.
C) a node beside a landmark.
D) a landmark.
E) a landmark or a district.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Bloom's: 3 Applying
43) In the process of forming cognitive images, ________ is (are) primarily involved in both
perception and cognition.
A) senses
B) culture
C) brain and personality
D) society and institutions
E) transformed cognitive image
Answer: C
Diff: 2
15
44) Which of the following is usually the most important consideration for the heritage industry
when it decides how to restore and develop a given landscape?
A) commercial considerations
B) principles of preservation
C) historical accuracy
D) UNESCO guidelines
E) the landscape needs to be at least 500 years old
Answer: A
Diff: 2
45) The practice of writing and reading signs is called

A) esthetics.
B) semiotics.
C) image interpretation.
D) heuristics.
E) symbology.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
46) This signal is consistently transmitted by shopping malls to all, regardless of gender, age,
class, or race.
A) appreciate architecture
B) consume, consume
C) observe social standards of behaviour
D) buy low, sell high
E) save your money
Answer: B
Diff: 2
47) If one were in Mecca during the hajj, one is least likely to encounter a pilgrim from
A) China.
B) Pakistan.
C) Indonesia.
D) Egypt.
E) Turkey.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
16
48) Many of the sites that are sacred for India's Hindus are located
A) near rivers.
B) in the southern part of the country.
C) on the border with Bangladesh.
D) near the centers of major cities.
E) in the highlands of Tibet.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
49) The hajj is the once-in-a-lifetime pilgrimage for practitioners of

A) Hinduism.
B) Judaism.
C) Islam.
D) Jainism.
E) Buddhism.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
50) Islam requires Muslims to make a once-in- a-lifetime pilgrimage to

A) Amman, Jordan.
B) Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
C) Marrakesh, Morocco.
D) Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
E) Damascus, Syria.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
51) For which of the following groups do the Holy Lands of Palestine/Israel not have
significance?
A) Hindu nationalists
B) Greek Orthodox
C) Roman Catholics
D) Christian Zionists
E) Sunni Muslims
Answer: A
Diff: 2
17
52) Most observers of cultural change think that we now live in the age of
A) modernity.
B) postmodernity.
C) classicism.
D) avant-gardism.
E) Aquarius.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
53) As presented in the text, cosmopolitanism is best characterized as

A) material humanism.
B) the successor to postmodernism.
C) a divisive political ideology.
D) consumption from the global marketplace.
E) a syncretic belief system.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Section Headings: Future Geographies
54) The telegraph, the telephone, the X-ray, the motion picture, the radio, the bicycle, the
internal combustion engine, the airplane, the skyscraper, relativity theory, and psychoanalysis are
characteristic of
A) humanism.
B) cosmopolitanism.
C) postmodernism.
D) modernism.
E) proxemics.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
55) The majority of Internet communication is conducted in this language:

A) English
B) Chinese
C) Spanish
D) Japanese
E) French
Answer: A
Diff: 1
18
56) The Internet
A) has users distributed fairly evenly around the globe.
B) increases the ability of states to control their citizens.
C) uses Esperanto as the main language of communication.
D) is difficult to censor & regulate.
E) is free for everyone to use.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
57) David Harvey calls inauthentic "historic" settings based on a mix of stereotypes and
questionable historical realities — such as fake cowboy towns and recreations of old Venice —
A) degenerative utopias.
B) sacred spaces.
C) derelict landscapes.
D) shamography.
E) fauxistential landscapes.
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Bloom's: 3 Applying
58) A company involved in which of the following is not generally considered to be among the
"culture" industries?
A) a manufacturing company
B) an advertising company
C) a publishing company
D) an entertainment company
E) a communications media company
Answer: A
Diff: 2
59) Muslims believe that Muhammad had a mystical experience in which he visited ________
and, from there, heaven. As a consequence, this city has been a holy city of Islam since A.D.
638, just a few years after Muhammad's death.
A) Jerusalem
B) Istanbul
C) Cairo
D) Baghdad
E) Damascus
Answer: A
Diff: 2
19
60) At the center of the Crusades between the 11th and 13th centuries was the attempt of
European Christians to take control of Jerusalem from the
A) Muslims.
B) Romans.
C) Ottomans.
D) Byzantine Christians.
E) Jews.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
61) The most visited sacred site in Europe is in

A) France.
B) Spain.
C) Russia.
D) Finland.
E) Ireland
Answer: A
Diff: 1
62) Gated communities are an example of

A) landscapes of fear.
B) landscapes of power.
C) derelict landscapes.
D) symbolic landscapes.
E) landscapes of escape.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Section Headings: Human Action and Recent Environmental Change
63) The Parliament Buildings in Ottawa represent an example of

A) modern urban planning.
B) use of symbolic space.
C) nation-building.
D) architectural mimetism.
E) transfer of tradition.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
20
64) The humanistic approach places this at the centre of analysis.
A) community
B) God
C) the State
D) the individual
E) the family
Answer: D
Diff: 2
65) Ethology
A) is unrelated to the study of proxemics.
B) argues that humans have genetic traits borne from human territoriality.
C) holds that crowding people makes them less aggressive and more likely to conform to societal
standards.
D) holds that human customs and beliefs are very similar in all societies.
E) is the science of reading and interpreting signs.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
66) In the process of formation of cognitive images, this is primarily involved in both perception
and cognition.
A) senses
B) culture
C) brain and personality
D) society and institutions
E) transformed cognitive image
Answer: C
Diff: 2
67) Niagara Falls' recent renaissance in tourism is owed to the opening of

A) the Niagara Falls Cultural and Arts Centre.
B) the Niagara Falls Historical Museum.
C) the Peace Bridge.
D) Casino Niagara.
E) the Maid of the Mist hotel and shopping complex.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
21
68) Arguably, shopping malls perform the trick of mystifying the true connection between the
ideals and reality of consumption by
A) aggressive marketing campaigns.
B) including extensive food courts.
C) including movie complexes.
D) creating a "sense of place."
E) targeting suburban locations.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
69) Modernism surmised that places were heavily shaped by

A) notions of rational behaviour and progress.
B) spontaneity and invention.
C) the trends of the time.
D) planned design.
E) public administrations.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
70) Postmodernism abandoned modernism's emphasis on

A) environmental determinism.
B) urban planning.
C) cultural diversity.
D) scientific progress.
E) visual art.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
71) The following expression has been associated with postmodern society.
A) society of the spectacle
B) less is more
C) the Great Society
D) social justice in the city
E) the New Frontier
Answer: A
Diff: 2
22
72) Advertising and social media strategies present products as
A) more efficient.
B) representative of a desirable lifestyle.
C) economical and practical.
D) newer and better.
E) better and cheap.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
73) In a postmodern society, contemporary cultures rely more than before on

A) material consumption.
B) experiential consumption.
C) spiritual consumption.
D) conspicuous consumption.
E) cultural consumption.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
74) The stylistic emphasis of postmodernism includes

A) visions of a harmonious society.
B) recycled materials.
C) broad open spaces.
D) linear rationality.
E) eclecticism, decoration, and parody.
Answer: E
Diff: 2
75) Which is an important geographic phenomenon which fosters curiosity about places, peoples,
and cultures?
A) cosmopolitanism
B) universalism
C) environmentalism
D) positivism
E) exploration
Answer: A
Diff: 2
23
76) This Asian country has limited access to the Internet to be able to severe its national network
in the event of political unrest.
A) China
B) Singapore
C) Indonesia
D) Vietnam
E) North Korea
Answer: A
Diff: 2
6.3 True or False
1) Promoting place identity is an important way of eliminating conflicts between places and
stereotypes of other people.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
2) The connection between China and the global Internet is tightly controlled and can be severed
at a moment's notice to prevent the spreading of unwelcome information.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
3) The meanings that people give to places are based only on our personalities and what we
experience through our senses.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
4) The origins of modernity can be traced to the European Renaissance and the emergence of the
world-system of competitive capitalism in the eleventh century.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
24
5) The environment in which we are raised influences the cognitive images we have of other
places.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
6) Among the great things about cognitive images is that they highlight the complexities and
details of real-world environments.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 3
7) You can have a cognitive image of a place to which you have never been.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
8) Our values and belief systems contribute to our distorted cognitive images.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
9) In one's cognitive image of Paris, the Eiffel Tower can be both a node and a landmark.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Bloom's: 3 Applying
10) Our cognitive images affect our behaviour, and influence such things as how much we like a
particular place, where we travel, and the foreign policies we encourage.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Bloom's: 3 Applying
11) Topophilia occurs only at the local or neighbourhood scale.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 3
25
12) Buildings like the former World Trade Center in New York can simultaneously be part of a
landscape of power and a symbolic landscape.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Bloom's: 3 Applying
13) The humanistic approach in geography recognizes that people tend to think and act similarly.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 3
14) Just as people read and interpret books differently, they can read and interpret landscapes
differently.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
15) Semiotics refers to the signs and meanings that are intentionally embedded into landscapes.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 3
16) Within one place, different spaces can send different messages to different people.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
17) Sacred spaces are not limited to houses of worship.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
18) Postmodernity is most evident on the landscape in core places.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
26
19) Slow Cities refer to those underdeveloped cities of the world's periphery.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
20) As with material goods, places can be consumed.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
21) In general, people's perceptions of the environment capture the actual characteristics of the
environment.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
22) Distortions in cognitive images can result from both individual biases or incomplete
information.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
23) Behaviour influences the formation of cognitive images, and cognitive images influence
behaviour.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
24) People with broader and more expansive images of place are less likely to travel far than
those with narrower and more localized images of place.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
25) Cognitive imagery influences our preferences for places, but has little affect on our attitudes
toward risk and uncertainty.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
27
26) Global metropolitanism is valued by anthropologists for its role in the preservation of
cultural diversity.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
27) The heritage industry is regulated by the United Nations to ensure architectural, historical
and geographical accuracy.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
28) Semiotics brings together a sign "reader" and a sign "writer."

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
29) Shopping malls are geared to lower-middle-class consumers.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Bloom's: 3 Applying
30) Sacred spaces require the presence of a human-built temple or shrine.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: 3 Applying
31) The Tigris, Euphrates and Nile are Hinduism's holy rivers.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Bloom's: 3 Applying
32) The most visited Christian sacred site in Europe is Temppeliaukion kirkko — "the Rock
Church" — in Helsinki, Finland.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: 3 Applying
28
33) Postmodernity focuses on developing the inner-self rather than on consumption and
materialism.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
34) Cyberspace is a new kind of space created by the Internet.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
35) A geographer would not typically classify a metropolitan suburb as being part of an ordinary
landscape.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: 3 Applying
36) "Outsiders" and "insiders" will often have a different sense of place for the same place.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
37) Modernity rejects the use of rationality.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
38) Cosmopolitanism stresses the importance of the cultural values of large core cities such as
New York and Paris.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: 3 Applying
39) Cyberspace is predominantly controlled by people in core countries.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
29
40) Las Vegas depends on the heritage industry to attract tourists.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
41) The United Nations Center for Human Development supports the "Disneyfication" process
as a way of promoting historical awareness.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
42) London's Big Ben and Houses of Parliament, Paris's Eiffel Tower, and Rome's Colosseum
are symbolic structures that represent entire cities.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Bloom's: 3 Applying
43) Parliament Hill in Ottawa is an example of a vernacular landscape.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
44) Canadian suburbs are conservative utopias of seemingly casual displays of wealth,
characterized by master-planned developments, simulated settings, and conspicuous
consumption.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
45) The humanistic approach takes a subjective stance in the study of the landscape.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
46) It is widely accepted that the idea of territoriality is the product of culturally established
meanings.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
30
47) Cognitive images both simplify and distort real-world environments.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
48) The ubiquitous use of cell phones is destabilizing our ordered bubbles because a larger
personal space is required to keep phone conversations private.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
49) The emotional connection between the place where one grew up and her sense of self would
be an example of topophilia.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
50) Topophilia is concerned with understanding the formation of bubbles, or areas of personal
place.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
51) Shopping malls are places that display a rich semiotic system.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
52) Shopping malls are intended to unmask the true connection between the ideals and reality of
consumption.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
53) Tunnels in Toronto's and Montreal's underground shopping networks are private property.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
31
54) Montreal's underground city is more extensive than Toronto's.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
55) Cosmopolitanism seeks to blend regional particularisms into one unified globalized culture.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
56) There is strict control of certain segments of the Internet in some parts of East and Southeast
Asia.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
32
6.4 Matching
PLACES & SPACES: Match the example to the term it best represents.
A) topophilia
B) proxemics
C) ethology
D) semiotics
1) your annoyance when somebody sits in the seat you have been using all semester, even though
there are no "assigned" seats.
Diff: 2
Bloom's: 3 Applying
2) the discomfort you feel when somebody invades your personal space by standing very close to
you when speaking
Diff: 2
Bloom's: 3 Applying
3) graffiti as a territorial marker and physical expression of one's identity

Diff: 2
Bloom's: 3 Applying
4) choosing to dress in a way that tells others that you're a fan of the Toronto Maple Leafs
Diff: 2
Bloom's: 3 Applying
5) the sense of longing or belonging that many people feel about places special to them, such as
their home towns.
Diff: 2
Bloom's: 3 Applying
6) the embedding of symbols in the landscape of St. Jacobs, Ontario letting visitors know that
they have come to "Mennonite Country"
Diff: 2
Bloom's: 3 Applying
Answers: 1) B 2) B 3) C 4) D 5) A 6) D
33
LANDSCAPES: Match the term or phrase to the landscape.
A) palace of consumption
B) derelict landscape
C) Symbolic Landscape
D) vernacular landscape
E) landscape of power
7) the West Edmonton Mall

Diff: 2
Bloom's: 3 Applying
8) urban slums
Diff: 2
Bloom's: 3 Applying
9) main street of a small, Ontario town

Diff: 2
Bloom's: 3 Applying
10) shrines or memorials left at the sites of accidents

Diff: 2
Bloom's: 3 Applying
11) clusters of corporate tower blocks

Diff: 2
Bloom's: 3 Applying
12) neighbourhoods with high number of foreclosures and abandoned houses

Diff: 2
Bloom's: 3 Applying
Answers: 7) A 8) B 9) D 10) C 11) E 12) B
34
SACRED PLACES: Match the place with the belief or believers that hold the place sacred.
A) Lakota Sioux
B) Islam
C) Buddhism
D) Jews, Orthodox, Catholics, Protestants, Christian Zionists
E) Hinduism
F) Christianity
13) Mecca
Diff: 1
Bloom's: 3 Applying
14) Black Hills of South Dakota, USA

Diff: 1
Bloom's:
Section Headings:
3 Applying
Coded Spaces
15) The Ganges, India's holiest river

Diff: 1
Bloom's: 3 Applying
16) Jerusalem and the Holy Land

Diff: 2
17) Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes

Diff: 1
Bloom's: 3 Applying
18) Temples, pagodas and stupas

Diff: 1
Bloom's: 3 Applying
Answers: 13) B 14) A 15) E 16) D 17) F 18) C
35
6.5 Map Identification
World Map
1) Which of the following is the closest in distance to the United States?

A) Indonesia
B) England
C) Mali
D) Venezuela
E) Cuba
Answer: E
Diff: 1
2) Country #25 is
A) Sudan.
B) Mali.
C) Angola.
D) Kenya.
E) Ghana.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
36
3) The country of Venezuela is identified by the number
A) 27.
B) 30.
C) 54.
D) 58.
E) 64.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
4) Bamako is the capital of

A) Somalia.
B) Mali.
C) Malawi.
D) Venezuela.
E) Nigeria.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
5) The capital of country #23 is

A) Khartoum.
B) Djakarta.
C) Caracas.
D) Bamako.
E) Bucharest.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
6) Havana is the capital of

A) 16.
B) 30.
C) 42..
D) 55.
E) 67.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
37
7) Which pair of countries share a continent?
A) Mali & Sudan
B) England & Cuba
C) Romania & Indonesia
D) Venezuela & England
E) Cuba & Mali
Answer: A
Diff: 1
8) Which pair of countries share a continent?

A) Venezuela & Barbados
B) England & Canada
C) Indonesia & Venezuela
D) Mali & Sudan
E) Iran & Sydney
Answer: D
Diff: 1
38
Europe
9) Bucharest is the capital of the country labeled with which number?

A) 2
B) 6
C) 13
D) 16
E) 34
Answer: D
Diff: 1
39
10) The capital of #31 is
A) Berlin.
B) Paris.
C) London.
D) Madrid.
E) Moscow.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
6.6 Question with Images
1) The above image best represents a

A) government motorcade route.
B) cognitive image.
C) treasure map.
D) marathon running route.
E) shanty town.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
40
2) In the above isoline map, the darkest shadings illustrate ________ for cities in the United
States, as expressed by architecture students at Virginia Tech in 1996.
A) prime agricultural land
B) collective preferences
C) obesity rates
D) green space
E) areas of smart growth
Answer: B
Diff: 2
41
3) The above map best represents
A) e-waste disposal sites.
B) current sites for outbreaks of Ebola.
C) source areas for pilgrims to Mecca.
D) UNESCO World Heritage sites.
E) origin sites of scientology.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
6.7 Short Answer
1) What are "ordinary landscapes"? Citing one example, how does it reflect a particular
ideology?
Diff: 1
42
2) Explain the humanistic approach in geography, and briefly present its strengths and
weaknesses.
Diff: 2
3) Identify and briefly explain the five most common elements that structure cognitive images.
Diff: 2
4) Briefly explain three ways in which malls create a sense of place.

Diff: 1
5) Identify and describe a symbolic, an ordinary, and a derelict landscape and include a picture
for each example from your surrounding area.
Diff: 2
6) What are derelict landscapes? Cite an example and explain how it reflects a particular
ideology.
Diff: 2
7) Discuss why the Internet is likely to be highly uneven because of the digital divide.
Diff: 1
8) Describe the policies that have been put in place to commit to the Cittaslow philosophy in
Waldkirch, Germany.
Diff: 2
9) What is meant by the "cultural geography" of cyberspace and social media?

Diff: 1
43
10) What do the terms modernism and postmodernism mean? How are these concepts reflected
in the landscape?
Diff: 2
11) Define and describe the field of ethology.

Diff: 1
12) What does it mean to say that places are socially constructed?
Diff: 2
6.8 Essay
1) Write an essay on the following sentiment from the text: "For human geographers the
interesting question is: how can a landscape and a human observer 'negotiate' the construction of
meaning?"
Diff: 1
Bloom's: 3 Applying
2) Write an essay discussing the interdependence between people and places and how individuals
and groups acquire knowledge of their environments and how this knowledge shapes their
attitudes and behaviours.
Diff: 3
Bloom's: 3 Applying
3) Discuss in an essay how the landscape can have more than one author and different readers.
Diff: 3
Bloom's: 3 Applying
4) Write an essay where you explain how sense of place relates both to an insider's and an
outsider's perspective, building in your own personal experiences.
Diff: 2
5) Explain the process of the forming of cognitive images.

Diff: 2
44
6) Present the case of Niagara Falls, Ontario, as an example of the borrowing and intentional
fakeness of postmodern architecture.
Diff: 2
7) Compare and contrast modernity and postmodernity, and discuss how postmodernity has
affected globalization.
Diff: 2
8) Produce a semiotic reading of the city plan of Jerusalem, which is claimed as the capital city
of both Israel and Palestine.
Diff: 3
Bloom's: 3 Applying
9) Produce a semiotic reading of the student neighbourhood surrounding your university or

college.
Diff: 2
10) Discuss and evaluate how globalization has reinforced and extended the commonalities of
places.
Diff: 2
11) How has the growth of the Internet proven to be of "great cultural significance?"
Diff: 2
12) Discuss why the connection between China and the global Internet is tightly controlled.
Diff: 3
Bloom's: 3 Applying
13) Contemporary landscapes, according to geographer David Harvey, contain increasing

numbers of inauthentic settings otherwise known as "degenerative utopias" of global capitalism.
Research an example of a degenerative utopia.
Diff: 3
Bloom's: 3 Applying
45
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Sketches of the Manners, Customs, and History
of the Indians of America.
CHAPTER I.
First discoveries of Columbus.—The first interview between the
Spaniards and the Indians.—Simplicity of the Indians.—Their
appearance and manners.—Cuba discovered.—
Disappointment of Columbus in his search for gold.—Sails for
Hayti.
It was on the 12th of October, 1492, that Columbus first set his
foot on the shores of the New World. He landed at a small island
belonging to the Bahamas, which he named San Salvador. With a
drawn sword in his hand, he took possession of the country for his
sovereigns, Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. I always regretted that
Columbus unsheathed the sword. He only intended it as a ceremony,
but it has proved a fatal reality to the poor Indians. The sword has
almost always been unsheathed between them and their christian
invaders.
It is my purpose, in the course of my story, to give a brief view of
the past and present condition of the Red Men of this western world.
I shall first notice the people of the West India Islands; then of South
America; then of North America; giving such sketches and
descriptions as can be relied upon for truth, and which combine
entertainment with instruction.
Irving, in his history of Columbus, thus beautifully narrates the first
interview between the Europeans and the Indians:—“The natives of
the island, when at the dawn of day they had beheld the ships
hovering on the coast, had supposed them some monsters, which
had issued from the deep during the night. When they beheld the
boats approach the shore, and a number of strange beings, clad in
glittering steel, or raiment of various colors, landing upon the beach,
they fled in affright to the woods.
“Finding, however, that there was no attempt to pursue or molest
them, they gradually recovered from their terror, and approached the
Spaniards with great awe, frequently prostrating themselves, and
making signs of adoration. During the ceremony of taking
possession, they remained gazing, in timid admiration, at the
complexion, the beards, the shining armor, and splendid dress of the
Spaniards.
Columbus landing.
“The admiral particularly attracted their attention, from his
commanding height, his air of authority, his scarlet dress, and the
deference paid him by his companions; all which pointed him out to
be the commander.
“When they had still further recovered from their fears, they
approached the Spaniards, touched their beards, and examined their
hands and faces, admiring their whiteness. Columbus was pleased
with their simplicity, their gentleness, and the confidence they
reposed in beings who must have appeared so strange and
formidable, and he submitted to their scrutiny with perfect
acquiescence.
“The wondering savages were won by this benignity. They now
supposed that the ships had sailed out of the crystal firmament
which bounded their horizon or that they had descended from above,
on their ample wings, and that these marvellous beings were
inhabitants of the skies.
“The natives of the island were no less objects of curiosity to the
Spaniards, differing, as they did, from any race of men they had
seen. They were entirely naked, and painted with a variety of colors
and devices, so as to give them a wild and fantastic appearance.
Their natural complexion was of a tawny or copper hue, and they
had no beards. Their hair was straight and coarse; their features,
though disfigured by paint, were agreeable; they had lofty foreheads,
and remarkably fine eyes.
“They were of moderate stature, and well shaped. They appeared
to be a simple and artless people, and of gentle and friendly
dispositions. Their only arms were lances, hardened at the end by
fire, or pointed with a flint or the bone of a fish. There was no iron
among them, nor did they know its properties, for when a drawn
sword was presented to them, they unguardedly took it by the edge.
“Columbus distributed among them colored caps, glass beads,
hawk’s bells, and other trifles, which they received as inestimable
gifts, and decorating themselves with them, were wonderfully
delighted with their finery. In return, they brought cakes of a kind of
bread called cassava, made from the yuca root, which constituted a
principal part of their food.”
Columbus distributing presents.

Thus kindly began the intercourse between the Old World and the
New; but the demon of avarice soon disturbed their peace. The
Spaniards perceived small ornaments of gold in the noses of some
of the natives. On being asked where this precious metal was
procured, they answered by signs, pointing to the south, and
Columbus understood them to say that a king resided in that quarter,
of such wealth that he was served in great vessels of gold.
Columbus took seven of the Indians with him, to serve as
interpreters and guides, and set sail to find the country of gold. He
cruised among the beautiful islands, and stopped at three of them.
These were green, fertile, and abounding with spices and
odoriferous trees. The inhabitants, everywhere, appeared the same
—simple, harmless, and happy, and totally unacquainted with
civilized man.
Columbus was disappointed in his hopes of finding any gold or
spices in these islands; but the natives continued to point to the
south, and then spoke of an island in that direction called Cuba,
which the Spaniards understood them to say abounded in gold,
pearls, and spices. People often believe what they earnestly wish;
and Columbus sailed in search of Cuba, fully confident that he
should find the land of riches. He arrived in sight of it on the 28th of
October, 1492.
Here he found a most lovely country, and the houses of the
Indians, neatly built of the branches of palm trees, in the shape of
pavilions, were scattered under the trees, like tents in a camp. But
hearing of a province in the centre of the island, where, as he
understood the Indians to say, a great prince ruled, Columbus
determined to send a present to him, and one of his letters of
recommendation from the king and queen of Spain.
For this purpose he chose two Spaniards, one of whom was a
converted Jew, and knew Hebrew, Chaldaic, and Arabic. Columbus
thought the prince must understand one or the other of these
languages. Two Indians were sent with them as guides. They were
furnished with strings of beads, and various trinkets, for their
travelling expenses, and they were enjoined to ascertain the
situation of the provinces and rivers of Asia, for Columbus thought
the West Indies were a part of the Eastern Continent.
The Jew found his Hebrew, Chaldaic, and Arabic of no avail, and
the Indian interpreter had to be the orator. He made a regular speech
after the Indian manner, extolling the power, wealth, and generosity
of the White men. When he had finished, the Indians crowded round
the Spaniards, touched and examined their skin and raiment, and
kissed their hands and feet in token of adoration. But they had no
gold to give them.
It was here that tobacco was first discovered. When the envoys
were on their return, they saw several of the natives going about with
firebrands in their hands, and certain dried herbs which they rolled
up in a leaf, and lighting one end, put the other in their mouths, and
continued inhaling and puffing out the smoke. A roll of this kind they
called a tobacco. The Spaniards were struck with astonishment at
this smoking.
Indians smoking.
When Columbus became convinced that there was no gold of
consequence to be found in Cuba, he sailed in quest of some richer
lands, and soon discovered the island of Hispaniola, or Hayti. It was
a beautiful island. The high mountains swept down into luxuriant
plains and green savannas, while the appearance of cultivated fields,
with the numerous fires at night, and the volumes of smoke which
rose in various parts by day, all showed it to be populous. Columbus
immediately stood in towards the land, to the great consternation of
his Indian guides, who assured him by signs that the inhabitants had
but one eye, and were fierce and cruel cannibals.
(To be continued.)
Shocking.—An Irish carman and his wife attended the wake, on

Friday night, over the body of John Hand, whom Cliff killed. To do so,
they left twin infants, fourteen months old, in the cradle at home; but,
becoming intoxicated, they did not return until morning, when they
found their infants dead! The decision of the coroners’ jury was, we
understand, that they came to their death by cold and starvation.—
Detroit Adv., 1840.
View of St. Paul’s Bay, Malta.
The Travels, Adventures, and Experiences of
Thomas Trotter.
CHAPTER IV.
Landing at Malta.—Description of the city and inhabitants.—
Excursion into the interior.—Visit to the catacombs.—
Wonderful subterranean abodes.—St. Paul’s Bay.
When we were through with the quarantine, we hauled round into

the great harbor of Malta. The city, which is called Valetta, made a
most stately appearance as we passed the castle of St. Elmo. It lies
close to the sea, and the whole mass of buildings bursts upon you at
once, with its long rows of castellated walls, bristling with cannon,
tier upon tier, towering battlements, turrets and bastions and
pinnacles in the most picturesque profusion—a grand and
magnificent spectacle. The harbor was full of ships—men-of-war,
merchantmen, and all sorts of small Mediterranean craft, rigged in
the strangest style imaginable.
Whole fleets of row-boats came crowding round us, filled with
people. Some of them had bands of music, playing “Yankee Doodle,”
“Washington’s March,” and “Hail Columbia,” for which they expected
we should give them a quarter of a dollar or so. Others brought fruit,
fresh provisions, sea-shells and curiosities, for sale. Most of them
spoke a little English, and, in their eagerness to sell their
commodities, would make the most ludicrous speeches imaginable.
One comical fellow had a pig for sale, which he praised very highly:
“Buy pig, captain?—nice pig, sweet pig, ’merican pig: won’t heave
nothing overboard, eat brick-dust, eat anything.” It was difficult to get
rid of the importunities of these people. They would offer a thing for a
dollar, and then gradually come down to nine-pence.
When we landed on the quay, we found a still greater crowd
besetting us, offering to carry our trunks, amidst immense confusion
and jabbering. Donkeys and mules were trotting about, but we saw
no horses. We passed through a great gate in a wall, and went up
into the city, by climbing flights of stone steps. The donkeys go up
and down with heavy loads on their backs, and never stumble. All
the streets were narrow, with high stone houses on each side, and
full of people. The main street occupies the summit of the rock on
which the city is built, and all the cross streets run up and down the
hill, and are paved stair-fashion. The city is one of the handsomest in
the world, and looks like an assemblage of palaces. The streets are
straight, and all the houses are built of a light yellow stone. Nothing
can be more picturesque than their architecture. The fronts are
studded with bold masses of carved stonework, balconies, cornices,
pilasters, projections, and sculptured ornaments of various
descriptions. The prospect through one of the streets is a perfect
picture. I could not help contrasting it with our American cities, with
their quadrangular monotony of architecture!
After we had secured our baggage at the hotel, I walked out to
take a view of the city. The population seemed to be all in the
streets, and to live out of doors. The crowd was immense in every
public place, and everything visible was full of character and variety.
I do not believe there is a spot in the world that exhibits a more
striking and motley spectacle than the streets of Malta. This island is
the central point of the whole Mediterranean commerce, which
brings it a constant succession of visitors from all the countries
around. The crowd looks like a fancy ball, where the people dress so
as to differ from each other. Here is the fantastical Greek in his
picturesque drapery of red and white; the turbaned Turk with his
bushy and flowing beard; the swarthy Arab in his coarse haick or
cloak; the grave Austrian, the scowling Moor, the squab Dutchman,
the capering Sicilian, the hawk-eyed and tawny Calabrian, the native
Maltese; the Spaniard, the Frenchman, the John Bull, and the
Yankee, all in strange mixture, and with their various manners and
languages. The whole group is perfectly dramatic. Little boys, about
as high as my knee, were running about, dressed in black small-
clothes and those great cocked-hats which we call “three-cornered
scrapers.” The women of the island looked like nuns in black silk
hoods; they cover most of the face, and peep out with one eye. This
habit makes almost all the women squint-eyed.
After I had gone over the greater part of the city and visited its
elegant churches, of which it contains a large number, I set forth for
a walk into the country. I went out at a massive gateway and across
a draw-bridge, which offer the only passage-way into the interior of
the island. I was struck with astonishment at the strength and extent
of the fortifications. It seemed impossible that any force, either of
human arms or cannon-balls, could ever break through the walls.
The French took the place in 1800, and when Bonaparte entered at
this gate, he said it was lucky there was somebody inside to open it,
or they could never have got in. Immense walls and bastions, one
above another, towered over my head. I looked down into one of the
ditches; it appeared to be a hundred feet deep, and there were
flower-gardens and orchards at the bottom. After travelling a few
minutes, I saw before me a long row of arches, fifteen or twenty feet
high, which I found to be an aqueduct: the road passed under it.
Here I had the first glimpse of the country, and I was struck with the
odd appearance of everything. There were no fields nor pastures,
such as we have in our country, but the whole land lay in terraces,
faced with thick stone walls, making little square inclosures, where
crops of wheat and other vegetables were growing. The whole face
of the island presented a succession of stripes of light yellow rock
and fresh green vegetation. Here and there were low hills dotted with
dark green locust trees, and a great many country houses and villas
were scattered round. All along under these walls grew wild fig-trees
and immense clumps of prickly pear, and thousands of lizards were
darting up and down with the liveliest movements. Peasants were
passing along the road driving donkeys loaded with bundles of
grass, and now and then I met a chaise drawn by a mule, thumping
over the stony road. I was surprised that any person could be found
willing to risk his bones by such a jolting.
One would suppose, by the looks of the country here, that the
inhabitants had covered it with stone walls to keep the grass from
blowing away. Indeed, the soil is so thin, and the surface so irregular,
that but for these walls, half the island would be washed bare by the
rains. It is a solid rock, with only a foot or two of soil. Having gone
several miles, I reached Citta Vecchia, or the old city, the ancient
capital of Malta. It stands in the centre of the island, and looks very
antique, being a confused assemblage of fantastical structures, gray
with age. It is probably three thousand years old or more. I went into
a little shop kept by an old woman, and amused myself with staring
at the odd appearance of everything. A man sat at work cutting a
pair of sandals out of a raw hide; a little boy, with a desperately dirty
face, was munching a handful of green stuff in a corner; and a
queer-looking blue cat, with half a tail, rolled her green eyes up at
me: she had doubtless never seen a Yankee before. The old woman
sold bread, greens, oranges, wine, &c. I drank a tumbler of wine, for
which I paid a half-penny; it was a dark red wine like claret, and
about the strength of common cider. Some wine is made in the
island, but most of what is used comes from Sicily.
I went to the top of the great church, which has a very lofty dome,
where I had a prospect of the whole island. The view is picturesque
and striking in the highest degree. The island looks like an immense
chess-board, the surface being chequered out into squares of green
verdure and stone wall. Villages without number were scattered
about in every direction, each with the tall dome of a church rising
above its cluster of houses. Many of these churches I visited in my
walk, and was astonished to find every one of them richly adorned in
the interior with gold, silver, and precious stones. The private houses
in these villages are very far from exhibiting the same wealth.
I had a guide with me, who showed me over the cathedral of Citta
Vecchia, and then asked if I wanted to see the catacombs. I had
never before heard of them, but replied in the affirmative; whereupon
he led the way through a narrow street, till he came to a door, at
which he thumped lustily. It was opened by a little tawny-faced fellow
in a monk’s dress. He bustled about and got a bunch of keys, and
some torches and candles. We each took a torch and candle, and
followed him through a series of long narrow lanes, till we came to a
great gate in a wall. Here we struck fire, lighted our torches and
candles, and entered the passage. It looked dark and dismal, and we
continued going down long flights of steps till we came to a sort of
landing-place at a great distance below the surface. I know not how
to describe the scene that I witnessed here. For miles around, there
was a labyrinthian extent of dark passages cut in the rock, winding
and zigzagging in all directions; sometimes expanding into the
breadth and loftiness of spacious halls, and sometimes contracting
into a strait so narrow as hardly to admit a single person.
Along the sides of these galleries were innumerable niches and
recesses cut in the rock as places of deposit for corpses; they were
probably all full, thousands of years ago. Here and there we found a
solitary bone, which I gazed at with feelings of awe as the relic of an
ancient generation. The place appeared to me like a great
subterranean city whose inhabitants had all deserted it. The age of it
is unknown; not even tradition can tell it. It was used as a hiding-
place by the early Christians during times of persecution, and must
have been found admirably suited to that purpose: thousands and
thousands of people might conceal themselves beyond all search in
its immense extent of winding and perplexing avenues, which run
into one another, and would lead any one astray who was not
perfectly familiar with all their turnings and windings.
In one of the large halls we found two ancient hand-mills for corn
and oil, which had been used by the inhabitants of this dark abode.
Every passage and room is full of secret nooks and openings, into
which the inmates might creep for safety in case of surprise. Great
numbers of names and inscriptions are cut in all parts of the rock;
and the sides and ceiling of the narrow galleries are blackened with
the smoke of torches. Strange and overpowering were the
sensations that came upon me as I followed my guide through these
drear avenues and halls of death. In spite of my confidence in him, it
was impossible not to feel an apprehension of being lost among the
innumerable turnings and windings of this dark labyrinth. Now and
then we would stop and contemplate the striking effect of our
flickering torches, which threw red gleams of light along the walls,
and seemed to show us indistinct forms flitting hither and thither
amid the darkness beyond.
We stood still, held our breath, and marked the drear silence that
reigned around, where the sound of a footstep or a whisper struck
the ear like an unhallowed intrusion breaking the still repose of the
ancient dead. Then we shouted and listened to the hollow echoes
that rumbled through the rocky mansion, and died away in the
distance, among miles of long galleries and reverberating caverns.
No scene could be more impressive—I almost expected the dead
inmates of this gloomy abode to start up before my face, and greet
me with the accents of three thousand years ago. We traversed one
long passage after another, but the labyrinth appeared to be endless.
The excavations are said to be fifteen miles in extent; they may be
twice as long for aught I know: the only wonder is that any man ever
undertook to measure them. After all I have said, the reader will have
no adequate conception of these wonderful abodes: he must go to
the spot to know what they really are.
I never knew the light of day so cheerful, delicious, and
exhilarating as when I got out of this dark place, into the open air; it
seemed like passing from death to life. The little monk was very
thankful for a ninepence which I gave him for his trouble in showing
me through the catacombs.
Going along one of the streets of the town, I saw a statue of St.
Paul, shaking the viper from his hand. This is believed to be the spot
where the house stood in which he lodged while in the island. There
is a bay on the southwestern shore, where, according to tradition, he
was shipwrecked. This I determined to visit, and hired a stout boy,
whom I found in the street, to show me the way. We travelled over a
road on the bare rock, very rough, and which grew rougher every
mile. The country was pretty much like what I have mentioned,
parcelled out into little square inclosures, with low cabins in the sides
of the walls, looking like dog-kennels, but designed as lodging-
places for the men who guard the fields by night. By-and-by the road
began to descend, and I soon found we were close to the sea. I was
obliged to clamber down the ragged rocks, but my companion
jumped from cliff to cliff like a goat. We soon reached the margin of
the bay, and he conducted me to a bold projection in the rocky
shore, which tradition has marked out as the precise spot where the
ship which was bearing St. Paul to Rome, struck the land, as related
in the twenty-seventh chapter of the Acts of the Apostles.
I walked out to the extremity of the point, against which the sea
was dashing, and sat down upon the rock to enjoy the feelings
excited by the history of this interesting place. I gazed for some time
upon the wild scene around me, and called up in imagination the
shadows of the beings who, 1800 years ago, had figured in these
events. Here stood the shipwrecked apostle and beheld the same
wild and rugged prospect that strikes the eye at the present moment,
for hardly a single point in the landscape appears to have undergone
any change since his time. There is a chapel on the shore a few
yards from the water, and two or three castles on the eminences
around; these are all the buildings in sight. Three or four ragged
boys were picking up shells on the beach, but no other living
creature was to be seen. I saw the sun sink into the ocean, and was
obliged to hasten my return, lest the city gates should be closed.
(To be continued.)
Wit.—Some one observed to a wag on one occasion, that his

coat seemed to have been made too short; to which he replied, that
“it would be long enough before he got another.”
In delay, there lies no plenty.

The Kingfisher and the Nightingale;
a fable.
Once upon a time, a meeting took place between a kingfisher and

a mocking-bird. The latter, being dressed in very plain feathers, at
first felt a little humbled by the brilliant plumage of his neighbor. The
kingfisher, perceiving the admiration of the mocking-bird, jerked his
tail and tossed his head, so as to show off all the changing hues of
his feathers to great advantage.
While this was going on between the two birds, a sportsman
chanced to be passing by, and seeing them, paused to watch their
proceedings. Readily understanding the scene, and disgusted with
the conceit and vanity of the kingfisher, he drew up his gun, and shot
him down. As he went to pick up the fallen bird, he made the
following reflections:
“This silly kingfisher is like a person who is vain of his dress or his
outward beauty. His skin, when stuffed with tow, is just as valuable
as when the bird’s living flesh and bones are in it; his outside is all
there is of him. But the modest mocking-bird is like a person who
contributes to our pleasure or our instruction, and relies upon the
good he does to others for his standing among mankind. How
contemptible is pride; how amiable and attractive is modesty allied to
merit!”
A sagacious Dog.—A grocer in Edinburgh had a dog, which for

some time amused and astonished the people in the neighborhood.
A man who went through the streets ringing a bell and selling penny
pies, happened one day to treat this dog with a pie. The next time he
heard the pieman’s bell, the dog ran to him with impetuosity, seized
him by the coat, and would not allow him to pass. The pieman, who
understood what the animal wanted, showed him a penny, and
pointed to his master, who stood at the street door and saw what
was going on. The dog immediately supplicated his master by many
humble gestures and looks. The master put a penny into the dog’s
mouth, which he instantly delivered to the pieman, and received his
pie; and this traffic between the pieman and the grocer’s dog
continued to be daily practised for many months.
Absence of Mind.
This is that habit which some people have, of thinking of one

thing, while they are doing another. The famous Sir Isaac Newton
was a philosopher, and he thought a great deal about the heavenly
bodies, and such mighty matters. Of course, he could hardly be
expected to think much about common things. However, he did once
have a fancy for a lady, and one evening he went to see her. As he
was sitting with her by the fireside smoking his pipe, he became
absorbed in his mathematics, and in his absence of mind he took
hold of the lady’s finger and stuck it into the fiery bowl of his pipe,
thus making it a tobacco-stopper!
I once knew an old lady who would go about the room, looking
upon the shelf, peeping into the table drawer, tumbling over a
cupboard that served as a kind of Noah’s ark, where every strange
thing was deposited—all the time teasing and fretting because she
could not find her spectacles, until at last she discovered that the
said spectacles were snugly sitting astride of her nose!
But this is a trifling instance of absence of mind, compared with
some others. An old maid of Edinburgh, in Scotland, had taken an
unaccountable fancy to a pig, which she kept as a kind of pet about
the house, and often took it into her lap. The poor thing seemed to
be forever pinched with a pain in its bowels, and therefore kept up an
almost perpetual squealing. Still, the kind woman loved it all the
better, and cherished it the more for its very infirmities. The lady was
withal a literary lady, and fond of reading and writing books, and her
head ran upon these operations so much, that she often forgot
where she was, and what she was doing.
One day, she appeared at the door of a neighbor in a good deal of
trouble, with the pig under her arm, squealing with all its might, as
usual; upon which the following dialogue ensued:
Woman. Good morning, neighbor! Good morning! I called to see
you about—about—something or other—but in fact I forget what it
was I was after.
Neighbor. Oh! you wanted something or other, and you thought
you’d come and ask me what ’twas you wanted?
Woman. Why yes—no. Be still, you naughty pig! be still! Yes, I am
looking for something. Stop your everlasting squealing! Oh! I
remember! I’ve lost my pig. Have you seen anything of him?
Neighbor. Why, what’s that you have under your arm?
Woman. Gracious! I’ve got the pig under my arm all this time!
Poor, dear thing—that I should have forgotten you, while I was all the
time thinking of you! and that I should have lost you while I was
clasping you to my breast! Well done! I must be a genius, as aunt
Dorcas says!
Some years ago there lived at the city of Washington a famous
Englishman by the name of Thomas Law. He was very absent-
minded, and often forgot his christian name. One day, he was writing
a letter, and when he came to the end, and wanted to sign his name,
he was in great trouble because he could not remember the first part
of it. At last, Claxton, the door-keeper, chanced to be passing, and
Law remembered that his christian name was the same as Claxton’s.
Accordingly he said, “Claxton, what is your christian name?”
“Thomas,” was the answer. “Oh yes, Thomas,” said Law, and
immediately wrote his name, “Thomas Law!”
These instances are somewhat amusing, but I can tell you of an
instance in which absence of mind proved more serious. A famous
courtier once wished to ingratiate himself into the favor of two
persons of great rank and power, but who were deadly enemies to
each other. These were Lord B. and Lord Q. In order to please these
two persons, the courtier wrote a letter to each of them. That of Lord
B. was as follows:
My dear Lord B.
I met with Lord Q. last evening at Lady Lackaday’s. It was
the first time I had seen him. I felt instinctively an aversion
similar to that which is inspired by the presence of a serpent. I
can easily enter into your feelings respecting him. Indeed, I do
not see how any one can differ from your lordship in this
matter. It is impossible not to feel a sympathy with the man
who stands in open and manly opposition to one upon whose
forehead “knave” is written by the hand of his Creator.
I am, dear Lord, yours,
B. L.
The next letter was as follows:
My dear Lord Q.
Lord B. is an ass, and I ask no better proof of it than that
he seems to hate you, whom all the world beside agree to
love and admire. He is stark mad with envy. You have only to
let him alone, and he will make himself ridiculous before the
whole town. This is all you have to do to destroy your rival.
Let him alone! Yours faithfully,
B. L.
Such are the two letters; but unluckily for the success of the
courtier’s crafty schemes, he was addicted to fits of absence of mind,
and when he came to superscribe the aforesaid letters, he
addressed the one intended for Lord B. to Lord Q., and that for Lord
Q. to Lord B.; so that when they were read, each of these persons
discovered the trick and hypocrisy of the courtier.

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Human Geography Places and Regions

in Global Context Updated Canadian

6.1 Minimal Choice

2) Vulgaria is distinguished by landscapes of

4) The humanistic approach in geography focuses on

12) Malls are complex

13) An ethologist would be more likely to study

15) Slow cities are urban settlements found in the

18) More than ever before, contemporary place-making relies on

19) Graffiti is usually an expression of

6.2 Multiple Choice

2) Contemporary landscapes contain increasing numbers of inauthentic settings—what

9) Distortions in our cognitive images are the result of

21) The hajj is among the world's very largest

30) An important consequence of the heritage industry in urban areas is

33) The cultural hearth of the slow cities movement is

39) The trailer park and the suburb are examples of

42) In terms of cognitive images, a street is most likely to be

45) The practice of writing and reading signs is called

49) The hajj is the once-in-a-lifetime pilgrimage for practitioners of

50) Islam requires Muslims to make a once-in- a-lifetime pilgrimage to

53) As presented in the text, cosmopolitanism is best characterized as

55) The majority of Internet communication is conducted in this language:

61) The most visited sacred site in Europe is in

62) Gated communities are an example of

63) The Parliament Buildings in Ottawa represent an example of

67) Niagara Falls' recent renaissance in tourism is owed to the opening of

69) Modernism surmised that places were heavily shaped by

70) Postmodernism abandoned modernism's emphasis on

73) In a postmodern society, contemporary cultures rely more than before on

74) The stylistic emphasis of postmodernism includes

6.3 True or False

11) Topophilia occurs only at the local or neighbourhood scale.

17) Sacred spaces are not limited to houses of worship.

18) Postmodernity is most evident on the landscape in core places.

20) As with material goods, places can be consumed.

28) Semiotics brings together a sign "reader" and a sign "writer."

29) Shopping malls are geared to lower-middle-class consumers.

30) Sacred spaces require the presence of a human-built temple or shrine.

34) Cyberspace is a new kind of space created by the Internet.

37) Modernity rejects the use of rationality.

39) Cyberspace is predominantly controlled by people in core countries.

43) Parliament Hill in Ottawa is an example of a vernacular landscape.

3) graffiti as a territorial marker and physical expression of one's identity

7) the West Edmonton Mall

9) main street of a small, Ontario town

10) shrines or memorials left at the sites of accidents

11) clusters of corporate tower blocks

12) neighbourhoods with high number of foreclosures and abandoned houses

Answers: 7) A 8) B 9) D 10) C 11) E 12) B

14) Black Hills of South Dakota, USA

15) The Ganges, India's holiest river

16) Jerusalem and the Holy Land

17) Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes

18) Temples, pagodas and stupas

Answers: 13) B 14) A 15) E 16) D 17) F 18) C

1) Which of the following is the closest in distance to the United States?

4) Bamako is the capital of

5) The capital of country #23 is

6) Havana is the capital of

8) Which pair of countries share a continent?

9) Bucharest is the capital of the country labeled with which number?

6.6 Question with Images