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Chapter 10: Infectious Diseases
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. Which disease is spread from human to human via droplet infections through coughing or sneezing?
1. Mumps
2. Poliomyelitis
3. Herpes simplex
4. West Nile virus infection
____ 2. Which is a protozoan infection?
1. Enterobiasis
2. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
3. Giardiasis
4. Coccidiomycosis
____ 3. Which is an antibiotic-resistant bacterium?
1. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
2. Staphylococcus aureus
3. Streptococcus pyogenes
4. Streptococcus viridians
____ 4. Which is the key symptom of meningitis?
1. Abdominal pain
2. Nuchal rigidity
3. Sensitivity to sound
4. Dysuria
____ 5. What is a preventive measure for the vector-transmitted disease leishmaniasis?
1. Using insect repellant
2. Using vaccines
3. Avoiding vector-infested areas
4. Isolating the client
____ 6. What approach is used to diagnose typhoid?
1. Tissue sampling
2. Urine culture
3. Serological antibodies
4. Sputum test
____ 7. Which among these secretes a natural antiviral defense?
1. Ciliated respiratory tract cells
2. Alveolar macrophages
3. Respiratory epithelial cells
4. Cervical lymph nodes
____ 8. A nurse demonstrates understanding of predisposing factors to Pseudomonas aeruginosa by selecting which
one of the following?
1. Urinary tract catheterization
2. Hospital food
3. Nebulizer
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4. Hospital linens
____ 9. Which is the diagnostic test required to detect Legionnaire’s disease?
1. Neurological tests
2. Tissue sampling
3. Antibody titers
4. Arterial blood gases
____ 10. Which is the distinctive rash of Erythema infectiosum (Fifth disease)?
1. Pinpoint red macules and petechiae
2. Dewdrops on a rose petal
3. Slapped-cheek appearance
4. Purpura and ecchymotic rash
____ 11. Based on what would you justify that rubella causes teratogenic side effects?
1. Microcephaly in the fetus
2. Retinitis in the fetus
3. Vision impairment in the fetus
4. Spontaneous abortion of the fetus
____ 12. What would be the diagnostic tests for malaria considering that the pathogen multiplies in the RBCs?
1. Test for anemia
2. Elevated level of bilirubin
3. Serological testing for specific antibodies
4. Urine test
____ 13. Which virus caused the Spanish flu epidemic of 1918 that took many lives?
1. Epstein Barr virus
2. Cytomegalovirus
3. Influenza virus
4. Morbillivirus
____ 14. Which is the reservoir for Neisseria meningitidis?
1. African fruit bat
2. White-tailed deer
3. Contaminated drinking water
4. Human nasopharynx
____ 15. What are prions?
1. They are bacterial spores.
2. They are abnormal proteins.
3. They are fungal agents.
4. They are helminths.
____ 16. Which fact would you select to justify why both the Ebola and Marburg viruses are classified as Category A
bioterrorism agents?
1. They cause hemorrhagic fevers.
2. They are virulent, stable, and infective as small-particle aerosols.
3. They are transmitted by direct contact through blood and body fluids.
4. There is no standard treatment.
____ 17. Which symptom is diagnostic for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?
1. Mental confusion

2. Personality changes
3. Problems with hearing, seeing, and smelling
4. Jerky muscle movements
____ 18. Which diagnostic test confirms tapeworm infection?
1. Blood test
2. Stool test
3. Urine test
4. Antibody titers
____ 19. Coccidiomycosis is an airborne disease.What conclusion can you draw about its mode of transmission?
1. Transmitted by fungal spores
2. Transmitted by vector bites
3. Transmitted by prions
4. Transmitted by contaminated food
____ 20. How would you show your understanding of the fact that vaginal candidiasis a side effect of long-term
antibiotic use?
1. By the fact that it is an opportunistic infection.
2. By the fact that it eradicates lactobacillus in the vagina.
3. By the fact that it is caused by an antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the vagina.
4. By the fact that it is caused by decreased vaginal pH due to antibiotic use.
Multiple Response
Identify one or more choices that best complete the statement or answer the question.
____ 21. When would you recommend medical therapy in the treatment of infection?Select all that apply.
1. When there is prolonged manifestation of an infection
2. When there are no vaccines to prevent the infection
3. When there is undue risk to the people in contact with the client
4. When there is undue risk to the client
5. When the first line of defense fails to contain the infection
____ 22. What aspects of culture analysis make the study so useful?Select all that apply.
1. Identification of microbes
2. Understanding the extent of infection
3. Studying the existence of antibodies
4. Studying the microbe’s susceptibility to antibiotics
5. Differentiating the gram-negative from the gram-positive bacteria
____ 23. Which data is used to distinguish serological testing from other laboratory studies? Select all that apply.
1. Quantifying based on antibody titers
2. Analyzing for cell changes
3. Quantifying levels of immunoglobulin
4. Identifying antigen
5. Detection of microorganism’s genetic material
____ 24. How would you justify that an emerging infectious disease is not always a new disease?Select all that apply.
1. Due to the disease being undetected
2. Due to reappearance of the disease
3. Due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria
4. Due to breakdown in public health measures

5. Due to realization about the mechanism of the disease process
Other
25. An infectious process has several different stages before it progresses to a full-blown disease. (Enter the letter
of each step in the proper sequence, do not use commas or spaces.)
A. Prodromal stage
B. Resolution phase
C. Convalescent stage
D. Incubation period
E. Acute stage

Chapter 10: Infectious Diseases
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: 1
Chapter: Chapter 10, Infectious Diseases
Page: 174
Objective: N/A
Difficulty: Easy
Heading: Selected Viral Infections
Integrated Processes: Nursing Process
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Safety and Infection Control
Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding]
Concept: Infection
Feedback
1 Mumps is transmitted by droplet infection from a cough or a sneeze.
2 Polio enters the body through a fecal-oral route from contaminated food.
3 Herpes simplex is transmitted through close skin contact.
4 West Nile virus is spread through mosquito bites.
PTS: 1 CON: Infection

2. ANS: 3
Page: 196, 197
Objective: N/A
Difficulty: Easy
Heading: Selected Parasitic Infections
Cognitive Level: Knowledge [Remembering]
Concept: Infection
Feedback
1 Enterobiasis is a helminth infection caused by pinworms.
2 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by a prion.
3 Giardiasis is caused by a protozoan called Giardia lamblia.
4 Coccidiomycosis is a fungal infection.

3. ANS: 2
Page: 179
Objective: N/A
Difficulty: Easy
Heading: Selected Bacterial Infections

Concept: Infection
Feedback
1 Staphylococcus saprophyticus normally colonize the skin, and are not antibiotic
resistant.
2 With widespread use of antibiotics, Staphylococcus aureus strains are found to be
methicillin resistant and vancomycin resistant.
3 Streptococcus pyogenes is not antibiotic resistant.
4 Streptococcus viridans is not antibiotic resistant.

4. ANS: 2
Page: 179
Objective: N/A
Difficulty: Easy
Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding]
Concept: Inflammation
Feedback
1 Abdominal pain is not a sign of meningitis as it does not affect the gastrointestinal
organs.
2 Nuchal rigidity or stiffness in the neck is a symptom of meningitis and can be confirmed
as Kernig’s and Brudzinski signs.
3 Sensitivity to sound is not a key sign of meningitis.
4 Dysuria is a sign of urinary tract infection, not meningitis.
PTS: 1 CON: Inflammation

5. ANS: 1
Chapter: 10, Infectious Diseases
Page: 193
Objective: N/A
Difficulty: Moderate
Integrated Process: Nursing Process
Client Need: Safety and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care
Cognitive Level: Application [Applying]
Concept: Safety
Feedback
1 Leishmaniasis is spread through sandflies. Therefore, using insect repellant to repel
sandflies is one of the preventive measures.
2 There are no vaccines against leishmaniasis.

3 Avoiding vector-infested areas will not help those who mandatorily have to live in the
area, such as soldiers in the Persian Gulf in whom the disease is common. Besides,
sandflies and rodents are ubiquitous.
4 There is no need to isolate the client as leishmaniasis is transmitted by sandfly.
PTS: 1 CON: Safety

6. ANS: 3
Page: 170
Objective: N/A
Difficulty:Moderate
Concept: Infection
Feedback
1 Tissue sampling is used to confirm leishmaniasis, not typhoid.
2 A urine culture is used to confirm a urinary tract infection, not typhoid.
3 Serological antibodies can help diagnose typhoid.
4 A sputum test is used to detect Streptococcus pneumoniae, not typhoid.

7. ANS: 3
Page: 174, 175
Objective: N/A
Difficulty: Difficult
Heading: Basic Concepts of Infection
Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Reduction of Risk Potential
Cognitive Level: Analysis [Analyzing]
Concept: Immunity
Feedback
1 Ciliated respiratory tract cells do the physical act of sweeping away.
2 Alveolar macrophages are only present to phagocytose small organisms.
3 Respiratory epithelial cells secrete interferon, which is the body’s natural antiviral
cytokine.
4 Cervical lymph nodes store WBCs to defend against microorganisms.
PTS: 1 CON: Immunity

8. ANS: 1
Page: 172
Objective: N/A
Difficulty:Moderate
Client Need: Safety and Effective Care Environment: Safety and Infection Control
Concept: Perioperative
Feedback
1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause urinary tract infections in a hospital setting, and
urinary tract catheterization predisposes one to it.
2 Hospital food is not a source of pseudomonas infections, and it is not commonly
transmitted through oral routes.
3 Nebulizers cannot predispose clients to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
4 Hospital linens are not a common cause of pseudomonas infection as skin contact is not
the method of transmission.
PTS: 1 CON: Perioperative

9. ANS: 4
Page: 172
Objective: N/A
Concept: Infection
Feedback
1 There are no specific neurological tests to diagnose Legionnaire’s disease.
2 Tissue sampling is not used to diagnose Legionnaire’s disease.
3 Antibody titers have no role to play in diagnosing Legionnaire’s disease.
4 Arterial blood gases are used to diagnose Legionnaire’s disease.

10. ANS: 3
Page: 173
Objective: N/A
Concept: Assessment
Feedback
1 Pinpoint red macules and petechiae called Forchheimer spots are seen over the soft
palate and uvula in German measles.
2 Dewdrops on a rose petal is the classic pattern of rash of chickenpox.
3 A slapped-cheek appearance that looks like sunburn on the facial skin is the first stage

rash of Fifth disease.
4 Purpura and ecchymotic rash are seen in Neisseria meningitidis.
PTS: 1 CON: Assessment

11. ANS: 4
Page: 190
Objective: N/A
Cognitive Level: Evaluation [Evaluating]
Concept: Pregnancy
Feedback
1 Microcephaly is caused by cytomegalovirus.
2 Retinitis is caused by cytomegalovirus.
3 Toxoplasmagondii causes vision impairment in the fetus.
4 Since rubella affects the embryo by causing spontaneous abortion, it is said to have
teratogenic effects.
PTS: 1 CON: Pregnancy

12. ANS: 3
Page: 193
Objective: N/A
Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance
Concept: Hematologic Regulation
Feedback
1 Anemia is common to several medical conditions and not specific to malaria.
2 Bilirubin, which is a byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown, is common to other medical
conditions and therefore elevated bilirubin is not considered diagnostic for malaria.
3 Serological testing to diagnose specific antibodies against plasmodium is also diagnostic
for malaria.
4 A urine test will not help to diagnose malaria as it infects the blood and not the urinary
system.
PTS: 1 CON: Hematologic Regulation

13. ANS: 3
Page: 188
Objective: N/A
Difficulty: Easy
Concept: Infection
Feedback
1 The Epstein Barr virus causes infectious mononucleosis.
2 Cytomegalovirus causes mononucleosis-type symptoms in adults or can be
asymptomatic and can cause a wide range of disorders.
3 The Spanish flu was an epidemic caused by the influenza virus that took many lives in
1918.
4 Morbillivirus causes measles, which is different from flu.

14. ANS: 4
Page: 172
Objective: N/A
Difficulty: Easy
Concept: Infection
Feedback
1 The African fruit bat is the reservoir for Marburg virus.
2 The white-tailed deer is the reservoir for Lyme disease.
3 Contaminated drinking water is a general reservoir for several infections but not
Neisseria meningitidis.
4 The human nasopharynx is the reservoir for Neisseria meningitidis.

15. ANS: 2
Page: 173, 174
Objective: N/A
Difficulty: Easy
Heading: Prion Infectious Disease
Concept: Infection
Feedback
1 Prions are not bacterial spores.
2 Prions are abnormal proteins that are infectious.
3 Prions are not fungal in nature.

4 Helminths are worms, while prions are abnormal proteins.

16. ANS: 2
Page: 193, 194
Objective: N/A
Concept: Infection
Feedback
1 There are other pathogens that cause hemorrhagic fevers, and all of them are not
reportable or classified as Category A bioterrorism agents.
2 The potent killer combination and high infectivity make them Category A bioterrorism
agents.
3 There are several other pathogens that are transmitted through blood and body fluids
that are not classified as Category A bioterrorism agents.
4 There are several other diseases caused by pathogens that do not have standard
treatment options and they are not classified as Category A bioterrorism agents.

17. ANS: 3
Page: 198
Objective: N/A
Concept: Sensory Perception
Feedback
1 While there is mental confusion in the variant, there is memory loss in
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and therefore it is difficult to distinguish one from the other.
2 While there are personality changes in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, there are psychiatric
problems in the variant, making it difficult to distinguish one from the other.
3 There are problems with hearing, seeing, and smelling in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease and these symptoms are noted for weeks or months.
4 Involuntary jerky movements found in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are similar to poor
muscle coordination and muscle spasms found in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease,
making it difficult to distinguish one from other.
PTS: 1 CON: Sensory Perception

18. ANS: 2
Page: 198
Objective: N/A
Concept: Nutrition
Feedback
1 A blood test will not confirm a tapeworm infection.
2 A stool test can confirm the diagnosis of tapeworm by showing the presence of eggs or
segments of the worm.
3 A urine test cannot confirm a tapeworm infection.
4 Antibody titers are used for infections caused by microbes and not by tapeworm.
PTS: 1 CON: Nutrition

19. ANS: 1
Page: 195, 196
Objective: N/A
Heading: Coccidiomycosis
Concept: Infection
Feedback
1 Coccidiomycosis is a fungal infection caused by inhalation of fungal spores in the air.
2 There is no vector involved in the spread of coccidiomycosis. Vector-borne diseases can
be contagious, while coccidiomycosis is not.
3 While it is true that little is known about how prions (abnormal proteins) are formed or
gain entry into humans, it is not the cause of coccidiomycosis.
4 The fungal spores are inhaled from air and do not have an oral entry via contaminated
food.

20. ANS: 2
Page: 175
Objective: N/A
Concept: Female Reproduction

Feedback
1 Women who contract vaginal candidiasis are not necessarily immunosuppressed and are
not prey to opportunistic infection.
2 Antibiotics destroy lactobacillus that actually keeps the vaginal pH low. This factor is a
protective mechanism to ward off infection.
3 Antibiotic-resistant bacteria do not cause vaginal candidiasis.
4 Antibiotics do not cause a decrease in vaginal pH, and if anything a decreased vaginal
pH is protective.
PTS: 1 CON: Female Reproduction
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
21. ANS: 1, 3, 4
Page: 178
Objective: N/A
Concept: Critical Thinking
Feedback
1. This is correct. A prolonged manifestation could mean an immunocompromised state when
treatment becomes necessary.
2. This is incorrect. Absence of preventive vaccines is not a criterion for medical therapy.
3. This is correct. If the infection is a killer disease and easily transmitted, it is treated to
avoid risk to people in contact with the client.
4. This is correct. If certain stages of infection can cause undue risk to the client, the infection
has to be aborted before the stage is reached.
5. This is incorrect. When the first line of defense fails to contain an infection, the second line
of defense, called adaptive immune system, can contain the infection.
PTS: 1 CON: Critical Thinking

22. ANS: 1, 2, 4
Page: 178, 179
Objective: N/A
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care
Concept: Assessment

Feedback
1. This is correct. A culture of the infected tissue or body fluid is grown on agar to identify
the microbes.
2. This is correct. The extent of infection can be inferred by the number of microorganisms
per high-power field or volume of substrate.
3. This is incorrect. Antibodies to the antigen (microbes) are inferred from serological testing
as the blood and not the substrate will contain the antibodies.
4. This is correct. The culture medium can be infused with antibiotics to study the growth or
suppression of microbes.
5. This is incorrect. Differentiating between gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria is done
through staining techniques and not through culture.
PTS: 1 CON: Assessment

23. ANS: 1, 3
Page: 187
Objective: N/A
Cognitive Level: Analyzing [Analysis]
Concept: Immunity
Feedback
1. This is correct. Antibodies are found in blood serum and therefore are specific to
serological testing.
2. This is incorrect. Histology deals with the study of characteristic cell changes.
3. This is correct. Levels of IgM and IgG in the blood serum can predict the stage of
infection.
4. This is incorrect. Antigen identification combines culture and microscopic methods.
5. This is incorrect. Detection of a microorganism’s genetic material is achieved through
polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
PTS: 1 CON: Immunity

24. ANS: 1, 2, 5
Page: 178, 179
Objective: N/A
Cognitive Level: Analyzing [Analysis]
Concept: Infection
Feedback
1. This is correct. The infection was present in the population but had not been detected.
2. This is correct. After a decline in the incidence of an infection, the infection can reoccur.
3. This is incorrect. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria cause reemergence of an infectious disease
and not emergence of an infectious disease.
4. This is incorrect. A breakdown in public health measures causes reemergence of infectious
disease.
5. This is correct. On realizing an established disease has an infectious origin, the disease
becomes an emerging infectious disease.
ORDERED RESPONSE
25. ANS:
DAECB
Page: 190
Objective: N/A
Cognitive Level:Application [Applying]
Concept: Infection
Feedback:The incubation period is the first stage when the pathogen begins to replicate in the host and has not
yet caused identifiable symptoms. The prodromal stage is the second stage when the host has a vague sense of
illness with an initial appearance of symptoms. The host is highly contagious in this stage. The acute stage is
the third stage when the symptoms become specific and the host experiences the full disease. The host’s
defenses are in full force fighting off the infection. The host remains contagious at this stage. The fourth stage
is the convalescent stage when the pathogen is gradually being eliminated and the infection is being contained
with a resolution of the symptoms. The resolution phase is the fifth and final phase with total elimination of
pathogens from the host and no residual signs or symptoms of the infection.

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Pumping by Compressed Air. Although, generally speaking, the
raising of water by compressed air is not an economical method, it is
frequently adopted in mining and tunnelling where the use of steam
or electricity is objectionable. In these cases, cost of operation is a
minor factor, and it may be interesting to give a few particulars of this
form of pneumatic conveying.
The simplest form of compressed air pump consists of a closed
chamber or tank immersed in the water, to be raised or fixed at such
a level that the water will flow into the tank. An air pipe is connected
to the top of the chamber, and the rising main is carried inside the
tank to the bottom. On opening the air valve, pressure is exerted on
the surface of the water in the tank, and the water is expelled
through the lift pipe or rising main. On closing the air valve, water
again fills up the tank, and the process is repeated.
A decided improvement on this pump is the return air pump, which
consists of two closed chambers connected through valves with the
rising main. The compressed air pipe passes through a two-way
valve, either into one tank or the other, this valve being positively
operated. The method of working is similar to that of the single acting
pump, considering each chamber separately, but one tank is filling
while the other is being emptied.
The air expelled from the filling tank, instead of being discharged
to atmosphere, and part of its expansive power lost, is carried back
through the pipe, which would be the air intake pipe when
discharging, through a port in the two-way valve, and into the
compressor intake pipe. The air leaving the filling tank is naturally
above atmospheric pressure, and assists the piston on entering the
compressor, thus reducing the power absorbed in driving the latter.
Air-lift Pumping. The air-lift pump is a common means of
conveying by pneumatic means and should not be confused with the
above methods of raising water by compressed air.
In the air-lift method of pumping air under pressure is admitted at
the foot of a pipe already submerged in the well. The air does not
merely bubble through the water, as might be supposed, but passes
up the pipe as a mixture of air and water. The introduction of the air
into the rising column of water makes the latter as a whole less
dense than the water around the tube, and therefore we have a
difference in head between the internal and external columns of
water which will carry the internal column considerably higher than
the external column.
As the lifting force depends upon the “head” of water outside the
rising main, it follows that the maximum height to which the water
can be raised depends upon the depth to which the air pipe and
rising main are submerged below the standing level of the water in
the bore-hole. In other words, the greater the lift, the greater the
depth to which the air pipe must be carried before releasing the air
into the rising main.
Experience shows that the water pipe should be submerged 18
ins. for every 1 ft. lift above the water level in the bore-hole, and
allowance must be made for the “depression” of the water level in
the bore-hole, which will probably take place when pumping is in
progress. This depression will vary according to the water bearing
capacity of the strata, in which the hole has been bored, hence it is
necessary to go carefully into the conditions before boring the hole. If
available, data should be studied concerning the standing water
level, and the pumping depression in other bore-holes in the
immediate neighbourhood. Also tests should be made before the
boring machinery is removed because, although the initial depth of
bore-hole may be satisfactory on the basis of standing level
calculations, it may be found that when pumping the depression is so
great that the bore-hole has to be carried to a greater depth.
The air is supplied at a pressure suitable for the conditions, and
can be carried down a separate tube and connected to the rising
main at the correct depth (Fig. 33), or, as is often done, one pipe
may be lowered and the rising main supported centrally inside the
casing tube, the annular space between the two being used as the
air pipe (see Fig. 34).
The amount of free air required is from 0·6 to 1·0 cu. ft. per gallon
of water raised per min., provided that all the details have been
studied carefully and the design of the plant worked out accordingly.
If the air pipe is too small the air will bubble slowly through the
water, while if it is too large it will blow out with great force, spraying
and losing the water: the ratio between the cross-sectional area of
the air and water pipes is about 1½ to 4.
Advantages of air-lift pumping are that a greater amount of water
can be obtained from a hole of given size than by ordinary pumping;
and that one compressing plant can deal with several wells instead
of needing a separate pump to each well.
Fig. 33.—Air Pipe Outside

Riser.
Fig. 34.—Air between
Casing and Riser.
Air-lift Pumping
The disadvantages are, that the mechanical efficiency is low; that

a considerable amount of air is entrained in the water, and aerated
water is very unsuitable for boiler feed purposes; and that means
must be provided to allow air to escape by passing the discharge
from the pump over a weir or similar contrivance. It is necessary to
have some reliable form of oil trap between the compressor and the
well to prevent contamination of the water by oil carried over by the
air from the cylinders of the compressor; this is difficult, because the
oil is not only “atomized” but is actually vaporized while in the
compressor cylinders and as a gas it is difficult to reclaim. The air
must be kept as low in temperature as possible, and it is usually
passed through a cooler before being delivered down the well.
At times, air-lifts are installed for conveying other liquids to a
height, and when these can be treated at a high temperature it is
advisable, as the efficiency is then much improved. Even under
these conditions it is advisable to cool the air to the lowest feasible
temperature, before using it as a lifting medium.
When starting up, the column of water in the rising main has to be
moved as a solid column, and consequently a higher pressure of air
is required at starting than when the column has been set in motion,
as the water and air then pass up in alternative “pellets.”
In chemical works and allied industries this pneumatic method is
frequently used for pumping acids, and other corrosive liquids from
one place to another. Compressed air is a very handy medium for
this class of work as ordinary mechanical methods are ruled out, due
to the impossibility of introducing corrosive liquids into the pumps
and syphons unless great expense is incurred by the use of acid-
proof materials.
The air-lift is also very advantageous for pumping water which
contains a large amount of sand or similar gritty material which
would cut and score the walls of an ordinary piston pump. Air-lift
pumping is frequently used, therefore, on new bore-holes until the
sand, etc., has been eliminated, after which the final pump can be
installed without fear of damage.
The question of submergence will frequently make it impossible to
use air-lift without boring many feet deeper than would otherwise be
necessary, but when the water bearing strata is low this form of
pumping is frequently very convenient.
Miscellaneous Applications of Pneumatic Conveying. Several
other interesting applications of pneumatic conveying may be
enumerated but, being somewhat outside the primary scope of this
book, they will not be discussed in detail. The main object of the
author is to raise interest in the handling of solid materials in a
manner practically unknown to the general reader.
The housing problem has developed the pneumatic handling of
cement in a liquid form, and houses are now being built of reinforced
cement in the following manner. An expanded steel frame is
supported between concrete or brick piers, and on wood sheeting
where necessary, and liquid cement is blown on to the metal in the
form of a liquid spray: the first coat dries quickly and leaves a certain
amount of cement covering the framework. Then follows another
coat, and again another and so on, until the whole of the framework
has been covered to an appreciable thickness. The result is a thin
wall or slab of cement reinforced with the steel and of great
combined strength. Slightly domed roofs constructed in this manner
have proved very strong and durable.
The Aerograph is an instrument working on the same principle for
the application of paint, and it is used a great deal in the art world, in
the manufacture of Christmas cards, in panel painting, and in interior
decoration generally. Excellent “tones” and shades are obtained by
the simple method of varying the thickness of the colour or the
number of coats applied. It is usual to convey the surplus colour and
fumes away from the operator by means of a stream of air through a
special hood placed at the back of the work, thus maintaining clean
pure air for the operator.
A similar machine of more crude design is used for whitewashing
walls of stables, cattle pens, etc. All these plants comprise an air
compressor, either power or hand operated, from which the air is led
to a special injector which draws up through a second pipe a certain
amount of the material to be sprayed. The paint or other material is
then atomized and impelled with considerable force on to the surface
to be covered.
The sand blast is another application of pneumatic conveying in
which the medium conveyed is sand, which has well-known cutting
and erosive effects when it impinges on a surface at high velocity.
This plant is used for decorating glassware, obscuring sheet glass,
and also for cleaning stone buildings by the actual removal of the
face of the previously discoloured stone.
The pneumatic conveyance of energy is exemplified by rock drills,
riveting machines, coal-cutters and innumerable other portable tools.
Energy is expended in compressing air which is transmitted through
pipes and made to yield its stored energy by driving the air motors of
the tools or other apparatus in question.
Conclusion. Enough has been said to show that pneumatic
conveying has made great progress, and that the possibilities of this
method of dealing with the moving of solid materials are much
greater than has been generally recognized.
Almost anything that will enter a pipe up to about 9 ins. diameter
can be conveyed in this way, either by “blowing” or “suction” or by
the “induction” method.
Weight and size is an advantage rather than otherwise, and bricks
can be dealt with more successfully than flour. The writer’s
experience, in the results of actual working with pneumatic
conveying, indicates that no problem should be considered too
difficult to be tackled by this method, and that even the most unlikely
materials can be conveyed successfully by pneumatic means.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Readers wishing to amplify their knowledge of pneumatic conveying

may find useful the following references—
“Pneumatic Dispatch,” by H. R. Kemp, M.I.C.E.,
M.I.E.E., M.R.M. Paper before the Inst. of Post Office
Engineers. October, 1909.
“Power Plant for Pneumatic Tubes in the Post Office,”
by A. B. Eason, M.A., A.M.I.E.E. Paper before the Inst. of
Post Office Engineers. 18th October, 1913.
“Portable Plant.” Editorial article in Cassier’s
Engineering Monthly, June, 1919.
“Pneumatic Handling Machinery.” Engineering and
Industrial Management, 5th June, 1919.
“History of Conveying,” by G. F. Zimmer, A.M.I.C.E.
Engineering and Industrial Management, July to Sept.,
1920.
“Boots as Power Users,” by E. G. Phillips, M.I.E.E.,
A.M.I.Mech.E., describing the coal handling plant used by
Messrs. Boots Pure Drug Co., Ltd., Nottingham. Power
User, March, 1920.
“Pneumatic Handling Installation for Calcium Sulphide,”
by G. F. Zimmer, A.M.I.C.E. Chemical Age, 10th April,
1920.
“Pneumatic Conveying of Granular Substances,
including Chemicals,” by G. S. Layton. Paper before the
Society of Chemical Industry, Third Conference
(Birmingham), 23rd April, 1920.
“Pneumatic Conveying of Coal and Similar Substances,”
by J. H. King, M.I.Mech.E. Paper before the Society of
Chemical Industry, Third Conference (Birmingham), 23rd
April, 1920.
Instructive catalogues on this and allied subjects are issued by the
following firms (amongst others): Messrs. Ashwell & Nesbit, Ltd.,
Leicester; R. Boby, Ltd., Bury St. Edmunds; H. J. King & Co.,
Nailsworth, Gloucester; The Lamson Store Pneumatic Co., Ltd.,
London; and The Sturtevant Engineering Co., Ltd., London.
INDEX
Advantages of system, 5
Aerograph, 101
Air compressors, 67, 70, 71
—— filters, 10, 21-27
—— induction, 63
—— lift, advantages, 97
—— ——, air required, 97
—— —— “depression,” 96
—— —— pumping, 95-100
—— —— submergence, 96, 100
—— receivers, 69
—— reheating, 68, 69
—— velocity, 36
“Aquadag,” 20
Ash handling, 58, 74-77
Bag filters, 22-24

Bends and elbows, 34, 35, 67
Bibliography, 105
“Blowing” system, 4
Breaking of materials, 34, 35, 67
Buffer boxes, 78
Capacity of pipe lines, 36

Cement handling plants, 101
Cleaning with air blast, 94
Coal-handling plants, 54-58, 60, 61
Comparative costs, 53
Conveying above atmospheric pressure, 6
—— below atmospheric pressure, 6
—— above and below atmospheric pressure, 6, 64-66
Cyclone separators, 21
Design, factors influencing, 8

Despatch tubes, 80, 81
Dischargers design, 10, 28-32, 56, 57
—— difficulties, 9
—— valves, 28, 31, 32, 56, 58
Exhausters, 10, 14
Factors influencing design, 8

Flexibility, 5
Flexible suction pipes, 36
Floating plants, 3, 46, 51, 59-61
Flue cleaning, 59
Foot power pumps, 86
Fundamental principles, 3
Grain-handling, 45, 47
Heavy commercial systems, 7

High pressure systems, 6, 39
Historical, 1, 2
“Induction” system, 4, 6, 62-66

“Intermittent” tube system, 81, 83
Junctions in pipe lines, 33
King’s exhauster, 10-14

—— three-way valve, 37
“Kinking” to be avoided, 92
Large pipe systems, 7

Lime washing, 101
Low pressure systems, 6
Lubrication, 20
Materials, breaking of, 34, 35, 67

Mollers’ air filter, 24
Nash hydro-turbine, 18, 19

Nozzles (suction), 10, 40-43
Oil contamination, 11
Pipe lines, 10, 33, 36, 39

—— ——, capacity of, 36
Pneumatic tube carriers, 81, 82
—— ——, “continuous,” 81, 83
—— —— foot power, 86
—— ——, “intermittent,” 81, 83
—— ——, power required, 84, 85
—— —— pressure system, 81, 85
—— —— vacuum system, 84
Portable quay-side plant, 5
—— railway plant, 49-51
—— vacuum cleaners, 92
Power required, 44
Pressure systems, 4, 6
Pumping by compressed air, 94, 95
Quayside plants, 51
Reheating compressed air, 68, 69

Rotary blowers, 14, 15
Sand-blasting, 102
Stationary plants, vacuum, 92
Steam consumption, 72-74
—— jet conveyors, 72, 74, 76
—— jets, 77
—— jets, economy of, 72, 73
Sturtevant blowers, 16, 17
“Suction” nozzles, 10, 40-43
—— systems, 4-7
Systems, advantages of, 5
Telescopic pipes, 38
Turbo-blowers, 11
Vacuum cleaners, 89
—— ——, tests, 92
—— required, 3
Valves in pipe line, 37
Velocity of air in pipes, 36
Water pumping, 95-100

Waterside plants, 45, 47, 48, 59
Wear of pipes and bends, 34, 35
Wet air filters, 25-27
Printed by Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd., Bath, England

Transcriber’s Notes
pg 59 Changed: await the convenience of the wagons

to: await the convenience of the waggons
pg 69 Changed: practice to instal an efficient separator
to: practice to install an efficient separator
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Pathophysiology Introductory

Concepts and Clinical Perspectives 1st

Copyright © 2016 F. A. Davis Company

Copyright © 2016 F. A. Davis Company

Copyright © 2016 F. A. Davis Company

Copyright © 2016 F. A. Davis Company

PTS: 1 CON: Infection

PTS: 1 CON: Infection

Copyright © 2016 F. A. Davis Company

PTS: 1 CON: Infection

PTS: 1 CON: Inflammation

Copyright © 2016 F. A. Davis Company

PTS: 1 CON: Safety

PTS: 1 CON: Infection

PTS: 1 CON: Immunity

PTS: 1 CON: Perioperative

PTS: 1 CON: Infection

Copyright © 2016 F. A. Davis Company

PTS: 1 CON: Assessment

PTS: 1 CON: Pregnancy

PTS: 1 CON: Hematologic Regulation

PTS: 1 CON: Infection

PTS: 1 CON: Infection

Copyright © 2016 F. A. Davis Company

PTS: 1 CON: Infection

PTS: 1 CON: Infection

PTS: 1 CON: Sensory Perception

PTS: 1 CON: Nutrition

PTS: 1 CON: Infection

Copyright © 2016 F. A. Davis Company

PTS: 1 CON: Female Reproduction

PTS: 1 CON: Critical Thinking

Copyright © 2016 F. A. Davis Company

PTS: 1 CON: Assessment

PTS: 1 CON: Immunity

PTS: 1 CON: Infection

PTS: 1 CON: Infection

Copyright © 2016 F. A. Davis Company

Fig. 33.—Air Pipe Outside

The disadvantages are, that the mechanical efficiency is low; that

Readers wishing to amplify their knowledge of pneumatic conveying

Bag filters, 22-24

Capacity of pipe lines, 36

Design, factors influencing, 8

Factors influencing design, 8

Heavy commercial systems, 7

“Induction” system, 4, 6, 62-66

Junctions in pipe lines, 33

King’s exhauster, 10-14

Large pipe systems, 7

Materials, breaking of, 34, 35, 67

Nash hydro-turbine, 18, 19

Pipe lines, 10, 33, 36, 39

Reheating compressed air, 68, 69

Water pumping, 95-100

Printed by Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd., Bath, England

pg 59 Changed: await the convenience of the wagons