Major Project Report

Major Project Report
on
Seismic Retrofit of RCC structure
Submitted to
Amity University Uttar Pradesh
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree

of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Civil Engineering
by
VAIBHAV GARG (A2315819029)

PRATYUSH SINGH(A2315819030)
PRIYANK TANWAR(A2315819040)
Under the guidance of
MR NILESH BRINDAVAN MISHRA
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH
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DECLARATION
We, Vaibhav Garg, Pratyush Singh, Priyank Tanwar student of B.Tech (7-CE-29(Y)) hereby
declare that the project titled “Seismic Retrofit of RCC structure” which is submitted by me
to Department of Civil Engineering, Amity School of Engineering Technology, Amity
University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, in partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering, has not been previously formed the
basis for the award of any degree, diploma or other similar title or recognition.
The Author attests that permission has been obtained for the use of any copyrighted material
appearing in the Dissertation / Project report other than brief excerpts requiring only proper
acknowledgement in scholarly writing and all such use is acknowledged.
Date:
2
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr Vaibhav Garg, Pratyush Singh, Priyank Tanwar, student of B.Tech
in Civil Engineering has carried out work presented in the project of the Summer Internship
entitle “Seismic analysis and Retrofitting of old building” as a part of second year program of
Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering from Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida
under my supervision.
Date:
Nilesh Brindavan Mishra
Department of Civil Engineering
Amity School of Engineering and Technology
AUUP, Noida
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction that accompanies that the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of people whose ceaseless cooperation made it possible,
whose constant guidance and encouragement crown all efforts with success. I would like to
thank prof (Dr) R.K Tomar, Head of Department-CE, and Amity University for giving me the
opportunity to undertake this project. I would like to thank my faculty guide Nilesh
Brindavan Mishra who is the biggest driving force behind my successful completion of the
project. He has been always there to solve any query of mine and also guided me in the right
direction regarding the project. Without his help and inspiration, I would not have been able
to complete the project.
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ABSTRACT
Since government buildings are not allowed to reconstruct again because of various factors
therefore for better strength and durability, It needs to be retrofitted. The technique or art of
modifying or repairing the old structure for its strength and extra load carrying capacity is
called retrofitting of structures. In New Delhi, India many governments quarter are currently
used as residential building by government employees. These buildings are constructed during
1991 & designed as per the old codal provisions that is working stress method & grade of
concrete used was M 15 as per IS 456 :1978 & New Delhi was in zone II as per IS 1893:1984.
Reinforced concrete code IS456 was revised in 2000 where minimum Grade of concrete
allowed for RCC is M 20 and design philosophy is changed to limit state method whereas
earthquake code IS 1893 has been revised two times once in 2002 after Bhuj earthquake and
then in 2016, New Delhi is shifted to Zone IV as per seismic activity in the region. Existing
structures getting collapses or damages during strong earthquakes have resulted in injuries,
loss of lives and economic losses. With the change in modern seismic standards and the large
number of the existing under-designed structures, focus is on developing techniques for the
seismic upgradation of existing buildings. The present paper aims at providing a gap or design
deficiency between constructed structure and current codal provisions and how to go for
seismic upgrading of this existing reinforced concrete building. In present study, seismic
behaviour of G+3 storied Type II & Type IV existing reinforced concrete building were
studied and based on deficiency measure to retrofit building was suggested and implemented
at site.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
CONTENT PAGE NO.
Declaration 2
Certificate 3
Acknowledgement 4
Abstract 5
List of Figures 8
List of Tables 9
1 Introduction 10
1.1 An Overview 11
1.2 How Earthquakes occur 11
1.3 Magnitude and scale of earthquakes 11-12
1.4 Seismic Zoning Map of India 12-13
1.5 Why does a building collapse 14-15
2 Classification of Retrofit Methods 16
2.1 Introduction 16
2.2 Advantages 17
2.3 Methods 17-22
2.4 Choice of construction materials 22-23
3 Design of Building for Earthquake Effect 23
3.1 Seismic coefficient Method 24-27
4 Literature Review 28-34
4.1 Literature review 28-34
5 Objective 35
6 Methodology 36
7 Problem Formulation 37-43
7.1 Seismic upgradation techniques 41-43
8 Analysis and Design of G+3 building 44-76
8.1 Irregular building 45-57
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8.2 Regular building 57-70
8.3 Retrofitting of structure 74
8.4 Storey Displacement Graph 74
9 Conclusion 77
10 References 78-80
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES PAGE NO.

Fig. 1.1 Building collapse due to earthquake. 10
Fig. 1.2 Bridge collapse due to earthquake. 10
Fig 1.3. Earth’s Core & Crust Showing 4 Layers of Earth’s Body 11
Fig 1.4. Typical Position of Epicenter & Focus (Hypocenter) inside earth’s body. 12
Fig.1.5. Seismic Zoning Map of India 13
Fig. 1.6 – Typical Response of a Structure to Earthquake Vibrations 15
Fig. 1.7 – Typical Amplitude Build up during continued Vibrations 15
Fig.1.8 – An undamaged Reinforced Concrete building after the Latur Earthquake 16
Fig.1.9 – A RC Hospital Building suffered diagonal cracking in walls 16
Fig.1.10 -A Bad placement of reinforcement at the junction. 16
Fig.1.11– A RC apartment building in Ahmedabad failed during the Gujrat Earthquake 16
Fig. 2.1- Sheer wall addition 19
Fig. 2.2- Steel bracing addition 19
Fig. 2.3- Base Isolation Method 20
Fig, 2.4- Steel Jacketing Method 21
Fig. 2.5- Fiber reinforced polymer method in water 22
Fig. 2.6- Fiber reinforced polymer method done 22
Fig. 2.7- External Plate Bonding 23
Fig. 7.1 – Typical Response of a Structure to Earthquake Vibrations 42
Fig. 7.2 – Typical Amplitude Build up during continued Vibrations 42
Fig. 7.3- Seismic Upgrading Techniques 43
Fig. 7.4- Additional Shear Wall 44
Fig. 7.5- RC Building retrofitted by steel bracing 44
Fig. 7.6- Column Jacketing 45
Fig. 7.7- Beam Jacketing 45
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE NO
Table 2.1- Seismic Zone Factor, Z 24
Table 2.2- Some Values of Response Reduction Factor “R” for Building Systems 25
Table 2.3- Multiplying Factor for Other than 5% Damping level 27
Table 2.4 – Classification of Building Categories 27
Table 8.1- Displacement according to different load cases 59
Table 8.2- Maximum Relative Displacement 59
Table 8.3- Maximum Relative Displacement according to the load cases 59
Table 8.4- Displacement according to different load cases 72
Table 8.5- Maximum Relative Displacement 72
Table 8.6- Maximum Relative Displacement according to the load cases 72
Table 8.7- Storey Displacement for each storey 74
Table 8.8- Lateral force for each storey 74
Table 8.9- Table showing storey displacement and retrofit displacement for each storey 76
Table 8.10- Different Forces on Nodes 78
Table 8.11- Different Forces on Nodes 78
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INTRODUCTION
Earthquakes are a crucial problem worldwide since it leads to disastrous damages such as
failure and collapse of buildings, loss of human lives and loss of homes. In addition,
earthquakes lead to a massive economy including loss of built structures and recovery costs of
damaged buildings and infrastructure. The effects that earthquakes cause to structures can be
seen from the Figures 1.1 and 1.2.
Figure 1.1. Building collapse due to earthquake.
Figure 1.2. Bridge collapse due to earthquake.
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Earthquake is something that happens everywhere, all the time. Therefore, buildings should be
constructed to be safe in such situations. IS: 1893 Code of Practice for "Seismic Design Criteria
of Structures" provides guidelines for the design of structures. This was revised to account for
the many earthquake experiences that occurred when the number was last revised in 1984
(2002).
Many buildings collapsed during the earthquake and many lessons were learned, especially
after the earthquake in Gujarat (2001). This article briefly describes the seismic phenomenon
and the various rules that can be applied to the design of the structure. It has also published
various rules that can be used in the design and/or construction of buildings to make them
earthquake resistant.
How do earthquakes happen?

Earth is a sphere consisting of four layers, including inner and outer cores, mantle and crust, as
shown in Figure 1.3.
The floor is very hot. There is a temperature and pressure gradient between the earth's core
(inner layer) and the earth's crust (outer/upper layer) that creates water flows in the mantle.
These flows cause parts of the crust and mantle to slide out of the outer core. It also causes the
development of strain energy which causes the crust to slide over the mantle. The earth's crust
consists of 7 main tectonic plates (continents and ocean basins) that are constantly moving in
various directions.
With this action, bacteria appear at the plaque interface. Over time, this combined force
oscillates in the form of shear that occurs between adjacent slabs when the stone slabs become
too much to support. The boundaries of the plates are called faults or fault zones. Some of these
glitches are common while others are not. When the energy stored in the earth's body increases
and exceeds the explosive energy of the rock in the fault zone, the rock can break quickly and
release the energy stored inside the ground, causing vibrations or earthquakes.
There are many other explanations for the cause of the earthquake.
Fig 1.3.– Earth’s Core & Crust Showing 4 Layers of Earth’s Body
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Magnitude and Scale of the Earthquake
Fracture of the Earth's crust usually begins at a deep point in the Earth's crust, called the
earthquake's focal point or hypo central fault plane. Meanwhile, the fault plane is broken for
the first time. The point just above the focal point is called the epicentre, as shown in figure-2.
The magnitude of an earthquake is a measure of the energy released by the earthquake. It is
usually measured on the Richter scale.
Figure 1.4. - The location of the epicentre and focal point (focal point) on the body of the earth.
The power output of the is related to size:
Log E = 11.8 + 1.5 M
where,
M - the magnitude of the earthquake
E - the energy released during the earthquake.
By definition, magnitude is the base-10 logarithm of the maximum line amplitude, measured
in microns (10-6 m), that a standard short-term torsion (Wood-Anderson) seismograph will
cover due to a distant earthquake. 100 km from the epicentre.
From the above formula, it can be known that the energy released by an earthquake will
increase 32 times for each unit size. In other words, for every 10-fold increase in mass, the
energy released by the wave increases 32 times.
The 7.7 magnitude earthquake that occurred in Bhuj (2001) is said to have released an energy
nearly 100 times greater than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima during the Second World
War. The magnitude of the earthquake alone is not sufficient to indicate whether any damage
can be expected. It only measures the magnitude of the earthquake and the energy released by
the source. The effect of an earthquake on a region depends on the distance of the structure
from the epicentre and the characteristics of the earth's crust in which the structure is located.
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SEISMIC ZONING MAP OF INDIA
According to the practice guidelines of IS: 1893 - 2002 Pt I "Seismic Design Rules of
Structures", India is currently divided into four seismic zones as shown in figure - 3. In this
update, Zone I has been removed. Killari district in Maharashtra etc. Some areas in Zone II
such as Zone II have been upgraded and converted to Zone III. About 12% of India (Bhuj,
Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, North East, Northern Bihar and the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, etc.) is in Seismic Zone V - the highest category.
Fig.1.5. Seismic Zoning Map of India
HOW TO MAKE BUILDING QUAKE RESISTANT?

There are two important factors that make the building earthquake resistant:
Build security and quality construction. To achieve this, the best properties needed to create a
better impact oriented structure are:
* Stiffness / ductility and
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* Damping.
Hardness is the ultimate in design and materials, while ductility and damping are derived
directly from building materials. For this reason, it is desirable that the materials used in the
construction be ductile, especially in necessary fractures such as beam-column joints. In
general, strong stones are good materials.
Why does a Building Collapse?

The response of a Structure to an Earthquake is a function of the nature of the foundation soil;
material, form, size & mode of construction; and the duration and characteristics of ground
motion. A typical response of any building during an Earthquake is shown in Figure – 4(a).
This response depends on the natural period of vibration & absorbing Character (damping) of
the structure. During an earthquake, amplitude of vibration generally buildup in a few cycles.
A typical diagram showing the amplitude build up of any object during few cycles of
earthquake excitations
Fig:1.6. Fig:1.7.
Fig. 1.6 – Optimal Response of Structures to Seismic Vibrations (Damping Variation)
Fig. 1.7 – Typical Amplitude Increases During Vibration
shows the effects of earthquakes on some buildings during Latour (19 1993) and Gujarat
(1993) and Fajarat 6, many examples of this behavior are presented. More importantly, RC
frame buildings suffered less damage in the Latur earthquake compared to the Gujrat
earthquake.
The timing of the earthquake is shown in Figure-1.7. Therefore, if the earthquake lasts longer,
the magnitude of the vibration will be larger, meaning that the structure will change direction
and be damaged more. Ground force moves the building from one direction to the other,
making it difficult for the superstructure to constantly balance its load due to inertial effects.
The result: When the lines could bend, the building broke and collapsed like a stick when the
rock moved.
The superstructure is not only affected by the shaking caused by the earthquake, but also by
fire, earthquake, etc.
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Fig.1.8 – An undamaged reinforced concrete building after Latur earthquake
Fig.1.9 – During the Latur Earthquake (1993), the walls of the RC Hospital building were
only diagonally damaged.
Fig.1.10 - Failure of row column joints in several buildings during Latur (1993) earthquake -
failure of connection support.
Fig.1.11– RC building in Ahmedabad collapsed during Gujarat earthquake (2001 - poorly

constructed]
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CLASSIFICATION OF RETROFIT METHODS
Several government buildings constructed in 1991 in New Delhi, India are now used as
residences for government employees. The structure was built using the tension method
according to the old norms and received the grade M 15 according to IS 456: 1978. At that
time, New Delhi was classified as Zone II according to the IS 1893:1984 earthquake code.
However, in the years following construction there were great developments in seismic
design. The IS 456 International Conference was revised in 2000 to require a minimum class
M 20 for RCC design and introduce state road restrictions as a new design concept. Similarly,
the IS 1893 earthquake code was revised twice, first after the devastating Bhuj earthquake in
2002 and again in 2016. As a result, the seismic zone in New Delhi changed to Zone IV,
indicating increased seismic activity in the area.
Incorrect design and construction of existing structures cause accidents and damage in major
earthquakes, causing loss of life and economic losses. Therefore, it is necessary to develop
technologies for seismically remediation of these weak buildings to meet current seismic
standards.
This research paper focuses on the link between existing models and current regulations and
explores methods for seismic modification of existing buildings. This study mainly focuses
on the type II and type IV structures of the G+3 layer. The seismic performance of these
buildings was carefully analyzed and a remediation plan was prepared and implemented to
address the defects identified during the inspection.
This study aims to present a proposal for seismic modification of buildings in New Delhi by
identifying and solving existing problems. The findings and recommendations of this study
can lay the foundation for future seismic retrofitting projects and ultimately improve the
structural integrity and resilience of buildings in high seismic regions. Overall, this research
paper adds to the knowledge of seismic mitigation and provides practical recommendations
for improving the seismic performance of existing buildings in New Delhi, Is India.
The art or art of replacing or repairing an old structure to make it stronger and more bearing
capacity is called structural reinforcement. It is an old-style whole that cannot carry the need
and power. It involves repairing the old structure while creating it, or completely replacing it
by changing its strength. This makes the structure with more safety and durability. Basically,
reinforcement is the replacement of strong concrete to give strength to weak concrete; this
may be due to improper construction, natural disasters such as an earthquake, or poor
performance at the time.
16
As is located in Sector 4 of the Delhi earthquake zone, there is a risk of seismic lateral
movements that may cause damage and negative consequences. These structures must be
renovated as they cannot be converted to new models.
Members of the RCC model face many issues that need careful consideration. Some of them
are:
✓ Structural collapse
✓ Excessive eccentricity and side loads
✓ Design errors during construction
✓ Damage caused by seismic forces
✓ Corrosion due to penetration - Honeycomb Design admitted for Life
✓ Money and save economy
✓ Contribute and strengthen the building
✓ With the new energy, buildings will be able to withstand different weather conditions.
However, it has some advantages as well as some disadvantages, for example:
✓ Be careful because irresponsibility can cause more damage
✓ It will be demolished if renovation is done near a historical landmark.
✓ Workers and workers involved in re-employment should have skills and experience on the
job.
Methods-
Different methods are now available for retrofit, which helps to change models. Some of the
methods that can be used are listed below:
✓ Shear Wall Addition:

It is the most common and widely used technique in the recycling of concrete, except for cracks.
Another feature is that it can be used both as a precast building material and, if not, it can be
poured in place. New details for the renovation were placed outside the building. This method
is strictly prohibited so that the interior moldings do not come off.
17
Fig. 2.1- Shear wall addition
✓ Additional steel support:

This is a best practice method and can be used when the need is great. Some good results can
be achieved due to more energy and tension and openness to natural light. The base cost is very
low as there is little to do and adds weight to the existing structure.
Figure 2.2 - Reinforcement
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✓ Wall Thickening Technique:
As the name suggests, applying or adding additional thickness to the existing walls of a
building by using brick, stone and steel as supports. The weight of the wall has now been added
(horizontally and vertically) so that it can support more. It must be built in special conditions,
as lateral loads will not destroy the walls quickly and the reinforcement may rust on it, so care
must be taken to cover it well with mortar.
✓ Foundation isolation method:

The isolation of the foundation superstructure is called base isolation. It is one of the most
powerful and widely used methods in vibration control systems. In general, when a structure
is isolated from the ground, it causes small seismic loads, resulting in less damage to the
structure and therefore minimal repair of the building. This method is ineffective or ineffective
for tall buildings and structures made of soft earth. This can be considered one of the
disadvantages of this method.
Fig. 2.3.- Base Insulation Method
Another method that is not widely used but can be used to advance time and space:
✓ Jacket method:
Jacket method is the modification and strengthening method used. to increase the bearing
capacity after changing the design or to ensure the integrity of the design due to the failure of
the elements. This technique is used on vertical surfaces such as walls, columns and other joints
such as side beams and foundations.
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It consists of additional concrete and longitudinal and transverse reinforcements around the
existing lines. Sheathing is the process of fixing some of the elements of the existing structure
to its size or enlarging its size by wrapping it with the necessary material. A support cage or
composite bandage placed in shot or cast-in-place concrete can be built around the damaged
area. Sheathing is especially useful in repairing damaged lines, piers and piles and can be used
easily in underwater applications. The process is designed to protect concrete, steel and wooden
parts from further deterioration and strengthening. The jacket increases the axial and shear
strength of the column and can prevent the large support of the foundation.
Advantages of Sheathing
• Increases edge shock.
• Less work as root development is not required.
• Increases the shear strength of the column.
• It also causes stones to be covered in each column.
• Do not add weights to columns and save development time (fix).
Different sheathing types:
Reinforced Concrete Sheathing

Reinforcing reinforcement elements is a task that the structural engineer must follow. Here are
some tips on how hardening should be done. RC columns are best strengthened by cladding
with additional longitudinal and transverse tensile reinforcement cages and cast rings provided
around the column. Reinforced concrete beams can also be sheathed as described above. In this
case, holes must be drilled in the plate to fix the stirrups.
Steel Sheaths
steel sheath is also a good way to make the base strong. The steel sheath not only provides
adequate insurance, but also prevents damage to the concrete, which is the main cause of
buckling and bond breakage of the longitudinal reinforcement. Metal casing means that the
section is wrapped with steel sheet and the cavity is filled with non-shrinking grout. It is a very
good way to make defects such as insufficient shear strength of longitudinal reinforcement in
major and redundant joints. However, it can be expensive and the fire must be dealt with. The
most commonly used support systems in practice are strips and corners.
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Fig. 2.4.- Steel Coating
Introducing Fiber Reinforced Polymers:

The combination of new materials and innovations over the past year has done a lot. This
information will strengthen the concrete structure.
One of these applications is reinforced concrete reinforcement and glass fiber reinforced
polymer (GFRP) materials for reinforcement. The design of glass fiber materials includes
prediction of behavior in important properties such as tensile, compression, bending and
shear, as well as other effects such as creep, thermal response and moisture migration. Glass
fiber reinforced concrete has high strength, alkali resistant glass fibers embedded in the
concrete matrix. In this form, both fiber and matrix maintain their physical and chemical
properties, providing a combination of properties that cannot be combined with either
performance. In general, the fibers are the main carriers, the surrounding matrix holding them
in the desired position and orientation while acting as a medium for the transport of the fibers
and protecting them from environmental damage. Glass fibers can be embedded in the matrix
in continuous or irregular length.
Fig. 2.5.- Water fiber reinforced polymer
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Fig. 2.6.- Finished Fiber reinforced polymer method
Shell Bonding:
When outer plates or strips are used to support the concrete, the method is called shell
bonding. This method is particularly useful for increasing the shear strength of beams by
overlapping slabs over the joints of columns or beams.
Fig. 2.7- Exterior slab joint
The main purpose and purpose of the current renovation is to protect the property
(Government Group 4 building) as well as provide adequate energy and update it to
withstand more moving objects and seismic loads. Now government agencies and
organizations support existing buildings as an important step to reduce pollution and
prevent global warming. Changing some high-level information can also help conserve
natural resources, which is an important step in preserving biodiversity and ecosystems.
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SELECTION OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
A) Performance Materials
Construction Materials are important for the seismic performance and durability of the
structure. The safest building will be an all-steel building (even heavy - more earthquake-
prone), because it's such a strong material. The best material for earthquake resistant
construction is reinforced concrete. It's very useful, durable, and home-made, but only if it's
well designed. As seen in the earthquake in Latour, most of the stone buildings survived
without much damage. But during the earthquake in Gujarat, many RCC-built buildings were
damaged or collapsed due to poor construction.
B) Other information
Brick, stone or mud building collapses despite shock. However, this information is only
available when supplemented with RCC's summary of key points. The wall can become brittle
when large deformations occur, so RCC tapes regularly support them. Wooden buildings are
good because they absorb shocks evenly and vibrate with earthquakes, making them less prone
to accidents. The danger of wood construction is that it is highly flammable and has limited
use, i.e. one or two floors at most.
DESIGN OF BUILDINGS FOR EARTHQUAKE EFFECT
Therefore, the following aspects should be considered when constructing buildings:

a) The strength and type of seismic excitation.
b) The natural vibration period of structures and their materials and construction. Earthquake
response standards Design standards for building materials can be calculated from one of the
following.
1. Earthquake coefficient method
2. Response Spectrum Method (Modal Analysis)
3. Time History Analysis.
Depending on the complexity and importance of the model, one of the three methods above
can be used. Since it is the most widely used method, only the seismic coefficient method is
presented here. Seismic forces can be calculated in all directions of the structure, but the
direction of greatest damage is horizontal (at least the transverse direction).
The horizontal seismic force is calculated as:
VB (or F) = Ah W (1)
where
VB (or F) = total force due to earthquake or seismic foundation slip
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W = earthquake weight of the building; sum of seismic weights of all floors (appropriate live
load according to DL + IS: 1893)
Ah = design horizontal seismic factor.
Vertical acceleration coefficient, Earth can be taken as 2/3 Ah
SEISMIC COEFFICIENT METHOD (AS PER IS: 1893 - 2002)

The horizontal seismic coefficient Ah of the model is determined as IS from the table below:
1893 – 2002:
Ah = (Z /2) x (Sa/g) / (R/I)
for any structure with T 0.
a) Seismic zone factor, Z:
The value of the seismic zone factor Z indicates a larger value of the effective ground
acceleration of the maximum earthquake (MCE) for each earthquake zone. These values are
given in Table 1 according to the revised 1893 specification. A factor of 2 in the denominator
of Z is used to reduce the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) Area Factor to the Design
Baseline Earthquake Efficiency (DBE).
Table 2.1 - Seismic Zone Factor, Z
Seismic Zone II III IV V
Seismic Intensity Low Moderate Severe Very severe
Zone Factor 0.1 0.16 0.24 0.36
Regional conditions for some major cities have also been updated. These are given in Annex
E of the specification.
For example, Lucknow, Kanpur, etc. for 0.16.
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b) Importance Factor, I:
Buildings should be constructed according to their use before and after the earthquake. For
example, hospitals, schools, important bridges, power plants, monumental structures,
telephone exchanges, fire stations, fire, courts, subways, etc. important services and community
structures, such as It has a value of 1. It should be designed according to the 5 IS code. For
buildings and general buildings, its value can be 1.0.
c) The Concept of Response Reduction Factor, the procedure adopted in Regulation R:
is the first to calculate the actual force that the structure will have during the maximum
earthquake if it is required to remain elastic. The idea of reducing the response in cracks due
to ductile deformation or friction stress cracking is then put into practice in the law by denoting
the response reduction "R" instead of the previous performance. Table 2.1 provides some useful
results for reduced responses.
Reduced response due to seismic damage performance of the structure characterized by cracks
or cracks, provided the ratio (I/R) does not exceed 1.0 R, d) Average acceleration response
value, Sa/g: Soil samples Acceleration response to vibration, base soil material is a function of
material, size and design of structures, and floor materials. Response spectra are now listed for
three types of basis formations, i.e. As shown in three different sections of Figure-7, one for
rocky or hard soil, the second for medium soil and the third for soft soil. It is considered that
the soil type is not suitable for construction activities in seismic zones.
d) Average acceleration response coefficient, Sa/g:
The acceleration response of a structure to ground vibrations is a function of the ground

foundation, the material, the size and structure of the model, and the characteristics of the
ground motion. The field spectra are now listed for three types of base formation, i.e. As shown
in three different sections of Figure-7, one for rocky or hard soil, the second for medium soil
and the third for soft soil. It is considered that the soil type is not suitable for construction
activities in seismic zones.
Table 2.2 - Some values for the building response attenuation factor "R"
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S. No. Lateral Load Resisting System R
A. Building Frame System Alone
1. Ordinary RC Moment-Resisting Frame 3
2. Special RC Moment-Resisting Frame 5
3. Steel Frame with Concentric Braces 4
4. Steel Frame with Eccentric Braces 5
5. Steel Moment Resisting Frame 5
B. Load Bearing Masonry Wall Buildings
1. Un-reinforced 1.5
2. Reinforced with horizontal RC Bands 2.5
3. Reinforced with horizontal RC Bands and vertical bars at Corners 3
& Jambs
C. Ordinary Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls 3
D. Ductile Shear Walls 4
The average acceleration response coefficient Sa/g, for 3 types of soil sites as given in Figure-
7, is based on the appropriate natural period and 5% damping value of the structure. Natural
period of vibration can be calculated by usual methods or as given below for multi-story
building. A normal structure in concrete will have a damping value of about 5% for which the
curves are given. For other damping values, a multiplying factor is given in IS: 1893, and
reproduced here in Table – 3. Some empirical relations can also give values of Sa/g.
Table 2.3- Equivalent specifications for non-5% damping levels
% Damping 0 2 5 7 10 15 20 25 30
Factor 3.20 1.40 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.55 0.55
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E) Building Category:
After finding the value of all the parameters given in Equation 2, the Ah value can be found.
Then, according to the seismic coefficient Ah, the category of the building can be defined as
shown in Table 4.
Table 2.4 – Classification of Building Categories
Range Of Ah Building Category

Less than 0.05 A
0.05 to 0.06 B
0.06 to 0.08 C
0.08 to 0.12 D
> 0.12 E
ESTIMATED RELATIONSHIP FOR CRITICAL MOMENT OF VIBRATION
An example of how to estimate the critical moment "T" of multiple stories with fixed period
can be found from the following relationships (as given in IS: 1893):
a) Approximate values Time-stable with brick-filled panels natural vibration moment "T" of
frame buildings: Ta = 0.075 h 0.75 - for RCC frame buildings -¦3(a) = 0.085 h 0.75 - for steel
frame buildings - 3(b)
b) Brick infill panel moment The estimated duration of the natural period of "T" vibration for
all other buildings, including its frame, can be estimated as Ta = 0.09 / ïƒ–d -¦4 where Ta =
vibration duration in seconds h = building height in meters. D = foot size at floor level of the
building, in meters in the direction of lateral force.
27
LITERATURE REVIEW
1) Foundation Insulation for Seismic Retrofitting of Structural Improvements - Vasant A.
Matsagar and R. S. Jangid
"Old, traditional" heritage buildings, such as monuments and historic buildings, and
unrestored government buildings are often subject to earthquakes. not good. Many of these
structures were built using only the skills of masons and builders, without structural design
or earthquake engineering, at a time when solid concrete was not widely used.
But the best architectural techniques from antiquity to the first half of the 20th century can
be found in these historic buildings. In addition, old structures are more prone to damage
than new structures due to damage caused by various factors such as age, moisture, soil
erosion, pollution, earthquakes and neglect. Therefore, the seismic performance of historic
buildings needs to be improved, especially if they are located in seismically active areas.
Due to the preservation of the historic architectural character of the building, central
subtraction becomes the obvious choice as a reinforcement method for the structure.
2) Decision Analysis for Seismic Retrofitting of Structures - Ryan J.Williams and Paolo
Gardoni
Using the model described in this document, the economic consequences of a particular
retrofit process can be included. A parametric analysis was performed to find out how
specific features affect the feasibility of seismic retrofitting. A case study of building
structures in Memphis and San Francisco was conducted using a simple retrospective
method. According to the results of parametric testing and case studies, seismic retrofitting
of existing buildings is generally more economical in San Francisco than in Memphis.
The following list contains the main results found in this study: Buildings designed for
gravitational loads are more likely to exceed the best possible efficiency within a year
compared to other buildings in non-seismic zones. If a 2% earthquake is used as the design
basis, the reliability (or probability of collapse) of the structure will not be the same across
Delhi. It is not financially feasible to retrofit a building by gravity load design unless the
indirect cost (critical use, expensive elements, human life, etc.) is significantly greater than
the direct cost. This can happen in places like hospitals and emergency rooms.
3) Comparison of various decision making methods for seismic structural Reinforcement-

N. Caterino, I. Iervolino, G. Manfredi & E. Cosenza
Choosing a method to seismically replace existing structures is a difficult problem. Today,
there are many techniques to achieve this. In addition, there are often conflicting options
when assessing the effectiveness of each skill. Decision support tools such as
multidimensional decision making process (MCDM) can be used to determine outcomes
that are as relevant and objective as possible. This article examines the performance of
various MCDM methods for seismic strengthening of structures. The most common and
widely used methods are discussed and compared. Based on concrete concrete design as an
example for comparison, the results obtained are generally valid. Two of the methods used
28
in decision making, TOPSIS and VIKOR, are able to cope with many decisions, the results
are clear, the limits and options can be easily determined and managed.
4) Thrust Seismic Analysis and Reinforcement Method Applied to Low-Rise Concrete

Buildings Fu-Pei Hsiao, Yusak Octavianus, Yu-Chen Ou, Cong-Hieu Luu, and Shyh-Jiann
Hwang
Abstract discussed mostly in a non-working type of structure. Other examples of real

schools have drafts in certain places, such as stairs or bathroom windows. This study also
sought to solve three problems that engineers often encounter when designing school
renovations using TEASPA as a seismic test. These problems are the removal of columns
in the building, choosing the best place for the reinforced concrete cladding and
maintaining the reinforced concrete cladding technology, explaining the plans and facade
of the school traditional paper used in this study. Push analysis relies on methods from both
positive and negative aspects.
There are two ways the fabric can deteriorate. The first operation is activated when the base
shear force reaches its maximum value. Only bending fracture of the structure occurs
during this process. The second process is when the foundation process undergoes shear
failure and completely loses its axial capacity. This active ingredient acts like a pre-existing
inactive ingredient.
5) Control document for seismic strengthening of structures Kirtika Gupta, Abhishek

Kumar, Mohd. Afaque Khan
Modifying an existing structure to increase its seismic resistance, ground movement, or

ground damage caused by earthquakes is called seismic retrofitting. The following
strategies can be used to achieve this: By reducing the seismic requirements of the
individual components of the structure and increasing the capacity of the members
The three elements that have seismic response requirements during reinforcement are
stiffness, strength and ductility. However, the choice of equipment depends on the local
materials and equipment, the associated costs, the dimensions of the project, and the
architectural, functional and aesthetic. Seismic retrofit projects can be global or local,
depending on how many members of the structure are using them.
Spherical (Structural Level) Conventional reinforcement method or non-traditional

techniques such as increasing the seismic resistance of the structure (reducing the need for
seismic resistance) The most popular reinforcement method uses cladding and can be used
with:
1. Shrinkage composite reinforced glass fiber such as carbon and aramid fibers reinforced
polymers.
2. External steel meshes are used in the shackle procedure.
3. fence
29
Compared to the examples above, the use of shear wall techniques in retrofit situations
creates new ways to improve structural quality. Technical, financial constraints, time
constraints and architecture, functionality and aesthetics.
Seismic retrofit projects can be global or local, depending on how many members of the
structure are using them.
6) Seismic retrofitting of structures - Yogendra Singh (2003)
There are many existing buildings in India that are vulnerable to seismic forces and the
number of these buildings is growing very fast. The last earthquake clearly shows this. Any
existing building that needs to be renovated is a daunting task that requires expertise;
however, doing this in reinforced concrete structures is particularly difficult due to the
complex nature of the material. In addition to the size and number of elements and supports,
the performance of buildings during earthquakes is often affected by the preparation and
content of the supports.
Due to the way India is built, poor construction is often seen making recycling even more
difficult. Follow the step-by-step guide below to set objectives, performance levels for
buildings, and earthquake risk assessments.
• Analysis and review of existing drawings and documents.

• Preparation of design-based drawings and assessment of energy consumption and
degradation.
•) Identify security vulnerabilities and prepare detailed reviews.
• Quality assessment of strength, ductility and degradation.
• Develop remediation plans based on identified vulnerabilities.
• Building reinforcements are evaluated.
7) Giuseppe Oliveto and Massimo Marletta (2005)
One of them examines the seismic retrofitting of buildings subjected to earthquakes and
provides a brief introduction to basic concepts and technologies. The seismic retrofit
method as a mitigation is the most relevant of all methods. The idea of series springs made
on the extraction base has been used in practice to check this idea. The structure is
represented by one of two springs connected in series, the other representing central
isolation. The benefit of this method has been demonstrated by increasing the earthquake
resistance of buildings and its use has led to an increase in seismic performance.
30
8) Abdullah and Takiguchi (2003)
They studied squares when circular and square reinforced concrete were used under
compression and cyclic loading. Three different strains were evaluated for the study. The
three lines, designated CJ-AL10-6L, CJAL15-6L, and CJAL20-6L, are reinforced with a
concrete circle of six layers of steel mesh before being tested in various conditions. axial
stresses 13. To examine the performance and strength of the main characteristics of the
wire mesh RC column, the CJAL15-6/3L model, supported by several layers of wire mesh,
was observed in the central area. To investigate the effect of various sheath shapes, two
reference lines, SJ-AL15-4L and SJAL15-6L, were reinforced with square wire mesh
sheaths made of four- and six-layer wire mesh, respectively.
9) Turgay et al. aluminum. (2010)
They studied the effects and failure mechanisms of large square/rectangular beams coated
with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP). As part of a research study, the performance of large
square RC columns covered with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets was
analyzed. In addition, the main purpose of this study is to examine the length, flexibility of
the FRP jacket and its effect on the behavior of concentrically loaded systems in general.
The 28-day and 60-day standard composite compressive strengths are 18.08 MPa and 19.36
MPa, respectively. Pressure is applied to each sample in a monotonically increasing fashion
until it breaks. When the half-wrapped line indicates the failure of the end of the closed
area, the 5:1 full pack breaks the upper or lower quarter.
10) Taub et al. aluminum. (2011)
Reinforcement Bars (FS) After research on the load capacity and flexibility of reinforcing
bars, the use of reinforcing bars (FS) has been proposed to improve the compressive
strength and ductility of concrete combined with additional concrete. In uniaxial
compression, the performance of cement-reinforced columns was compared with columns
filled with bar-mat mortar (BS) and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP). We have 105mm and
150mm (diameter) x 450mm stone cylindrical columns in these dimensions.
After 24 hours of humidification, the samples were sent to the heat treatment room for 27
days. 105 mm (diameter) models are available as FS or BS, and 150 mm (diameter) models
are available as FRP. Comparison of these samples showed a 30% increase in compressive
strength of the FS column.
11) Analysis of seismic retrofitting for URM-M. El Gawady, P.Lestuzzi, M. Badoux
There are many masonry buildings in many seismically active parts of the world. Most of
these structures cannot withstand seismic loads. As recent earthquakes have shown, many
structures are seismically unstable and should be considered for retrofitting. The strength
and/or ductility of unreinforced masonry walls can be increased by using various types of
31
reinforcement. This study reviews and discusses the current state of seismic reinforcement
of brick walls with a focus on traditional methods. This study examines the strengthening
process, the advantages, disadvantages, limitations and benefits of each strengthening
method. According to (1989), masonry accounts for more than 70% of all existing buildings
worldwide. Strong to moderate earthquakes can destroy cities and communities, causing
high death rates and widespread destruction. The demolition of weak buildings (URM) is
the cause of these losses.
Removing and replacing these stones is often not possible for many reasons, so the question
arises of how the buildings should be restored. Nuti and Vanzi (2003) propose a simple
process for determining whether an innovation is valuable.
12) Controversial concepts related to seismic assessment and restoration of modern

structures: Understanding and following ancient heritage - Stefano Pampanin
Alternative seismic methods for retrofitting and retrofitting have been studied in the past
and used in the real world. These range from traditional methods using scaffolds, sheaths
or fillers to more modern ways of using insulation, additional damping devices or materials
such as fiber-reinforced polymers or FRP or shape memory alloys or SMA. Most of these
empowerment processes have been implemented successfully, but the hardest part of the
intervention is still its cost, impact, and feasibility. Also, determining the seismic
susceptibility of the structure is an important step before choosing the best retrofit plan.
Consider the latest information from earthquake disasters and the in-depth study and
research done over the past few years.
For example, it has been recognized that significant problems may arise when a) deciding
whether and how much amplification is necessary, b) using other analytical/numerical tools
and methods to measure and predict the desired seismic response, and c) determining the
impact. statement of the seismic behavior of the entire structure of infill materials,
diaphragms, or "non-structural" elements; e) Selective Performance Improvements for
Improvements in Strength, Tensile or Ductility Capabilities;
13) Seismic Analysis and Strengthening of Mesoamerican Bridges - Eunsoomik4 4

Academic Papers4
This study is the Critical Method used to determine the most important internal shear force
and moment required for the construction of important infrastructures that must survive a
major earthquake. earthquake with little or no damage. Inverse dynamic analysis and
nonlinear optimization techniques are used to estimate critical acceleration based on
available data. The is treated as a belt driven model and modeled as a 2D cutting structure
to illustrate the process. A reference band was placed on the 18th floor and time history
analysis was used to determine the difference between baseline excitations (0-T*) based on
ground motion limitation and maximizing internal shear forces.
32
Select one of the critical acceleration values that produce the highest internal cutting force.
If the given data is limited to power and PGA (Case 1) or power to PGA and PGV (Case
2), the resulting earthquakes are found to be very strong and give rise to shear forces. Since
the amplitude Fourier spectra in cases (3) and (4) are limited, there is little in the shear
value after the earthquake.
Cases 3 and 4 can be used for less important structures or where earthquakes will not occur.
The proposed method is easy to use and effective in calculating the maximum internal shear
force required to form the main structure.
14) Strengthening Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
Composites - Review: Namasivayam Aravind, Amiya K. Samanta, D. K. Singha Roy, and
Joseph V.
Thanikal
Modern research in architecture focuses on the repair and reinforcement of aging structures
using cutting materials. Shear and bending reinforcement of concrete panels using various
fiber-reinforced polymers and adhesives has been the subject of extensive research over the
past two decades. Old buildings should be added to make them last as long as expected.
The expected life of reinforced concrete (RC) can be reduced for many reasons, including
deterioration of the concrete due to the ingress of chemicals and the appearance of cracks,
poor design, and unexpected external factors such as wind or earthquake. This is also the
reason for the failure of the elements of the structure. The application of polymer
composites in the processing of structures, this material has high corrosion resistance, high
strength, high hardness, excellent fatigue strength and excellent resistance to antibiotics,
etc. supported by its excellent quality.
In this article, 14 articles on the repair of reinforced concrete (BS) beams are reviewed.
This article discusses the various properties of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) and
carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites and adhesives and the role of beam
size and loading rate in failure. This work introduces a new mathematical model and an
improved method for restoring curve properties.
15) Comparative Study of Static and Dynamic Seismic Analysis of Multi-Storey Buildings
A Gottala, KSN Kishore, S Yajdhani
Static force analysis and design of buildings has now become a routine due to the
availability of affordable computers and special programs, It can be done. . used for
analysis. On the other hand, dynamic analysis is a time-consuming process that requires
additional input regarding sample size as well as understanding sample dynamics to
interpret the assessment. Reinforced Concrete (RC) carcass buildings, which are the most
common building type in Indian cities, are exposed to various forces such as static forces
due to dead and live loads and dynamic forces due to earthquakes throughout their working
life. This study explains the effect of seismic loads, which is one of the most important
33
dynamic loads, and the factors that should be considered during the evaluation of the
structure. In this study, multiple layers of (G+9) samples were selected. Linear seismic
analysis of buildings by static method (seismic coefficient method) and dynamic method
(response spectrum method) using STAAD-Pro according to IS-1893-2002-Part-1. Make
comparisons between static and non-static measurements, observe, compare and record all
details for beams, columns and structures such as bending moments, node displacements
and image type during analysis.
16) Examination of seismic analysis method of cross section of soil structure using static
finite element method A Tateishi – Structural Engineering/Earthquake Engineering, 2005
Based on the technology output, the author proposed a static seismic study, Soil response,
Model and surrounding soil for subsurface modeling using finite element representation.
By comparing the existing seismic analysis methods, it has been verified that the response
of the ground acceleration to the buried structure gives results close to that obtained from
the response in the ground. However, FEM seismic deformation method gives different
results. Therefore, the authors proposed a new seismic load equivalent to seismic soil strain
and modified the finite element seismic deformation method.
17) Seismic Design of Foundations—Strengthening Existing Foundations Geoffrey R.

Martin; Ignatius Po Lam
Traditional US laws and standards for seismic design have focused on preventing collapse
and identifying structures that empirically reduce the elastic seismic response that reflects
the inelastic behavior of samples. contents. These rules also treat the principles as rigid or
assume that they deform elastically and allow the load operation to be less than the capacity
of the principle. However, in recent years the massive damage to structures caused by
earthquakes has led to the recognition of the need for advanced analysis to improve the
performance of the damage stage structure, while the traditional power generation process
may be negligible. replacement costs, including standards and key points. New guidelines
for seismic retrofitting design of buildings and bridges in the USA include other methods
of structural analysis that are invariant and successful in structure as a measure of seismic
demand.
In this new system, the load-deflection and capacities of the foundation elements play an
important role in reducing the seismic reinforcement costs. The concept of allowing
movement at the end of the foundation's capacity during an earthquake represents a major
change from the traditional design of geotechnical engineers. Nonlinear modeling of
shallow foundations of buildings and pile foundations of bridges is the focus of this article.
For the lower-level foundations of structure, discussion focuses on behavior and structure
that changes over time, including the effects of rocking uplift and settlement caused by
periods of uplift. The development of a nonlinear SPRING model adapted to the computer
code process is presented. The model has applications in (a) evaluating resource group
related solutions and (b) reducing connection demand.
34
OBJECTIVE
✓ Seismic Analysis of Government Buildings:
According to recent analyses, Delhi has been classified as an Earthquake Zone due to the
fact that earthquakes occur in this region. But old buildings were designed for living and
dead people, not for the seismic loads that put the structure at high risk. Therefore, when
assessing risk, seismic loads are the biggest threat and need to be resolved, so when
assessing seismic loads, bending moment and shear force should be calculated and failure
points that exist in STAAD pro at gradually increasing seismic loads should be obtained. .
The main purpose of finding demolition points is to determine the current strength of the
structure so that it can be analyzed and rehabilitated.
✓ Government Building Retrofit:
When performing seismic load analysis, there must be a collapse point where the building
collapses, so redesign and retrofitting is required to gain strength and durability now. Now,
when it comes to modification, there are many methods that can be used, some of them
very advanced. They were chosen to be creative so that the building is preserved and
nothing is lost.
35
METHODOLOGY
Site visit and measurement for information:

Visit the site in Delhi to check the house and get some measurements and word of mouth
details mostly to gather information. Many research articles have been used as references
to learn about seismic analysis and to improve the process with different methods.
Calculation of loads according to IS 456:1978

By taking various measurements of the buildings at the construction site, the residual load
calculation will be made according to IS 456:1978 and the current bending time and slip
image will be obtained by applying gradually increasing seismic. loads.
Building Modelling and Analysis in STAAD

After calculating all loads including earthquake loads, all structural components will be
created in STAAD pro design software and modelled according to the frame of the
structural building, and then the strength of the slabs is calculated, columns and beams are
as follows.
It is designed according to IS 456:2000 and IS 1893:2016.

Now the results clearly show the failure where the building was demolished and this point
is seen as in need of renovation i.e. rebuilding the building to be able to carry the material
according to IS 456:2000 and IS 1893:2016.
Number of Calculation Sample Errors

After the structure is rebuilt, it should be checked whether it carries the necessary loads, so
it will be modelled in staad pro using loads (live and dead) and seismic loads like pr IS 875
36
PROBLEM
Outdated construction practices:

Many government buildings in New Delhi were built in 1991 using old codes such as hard
work and M15 grade concrete conforming to IS 456: 1978. In the last years of the 21st
century, we have seen the effectiveness of the discipline. by transferring architecture as an
empirical study, Western architectural project management to another in the world. So the
fact that culture has given rise to different architectural practices around the world is true.
With the development of tourism, communication and finance, the world today has seen great
changes in this world and perhaps in recent years the construction industry has seen
cooperation across the country. This includes changes in the construction team made up of
architects, developers, engineers, project managers, contractors, workers and suppliers from
different parts of the world.
Delivery methods: Delivery arrangements differ in the EU and even in each country because
different projects and customers need or want different delivery methods.
Asia:
India: The most common type of construction in India is masonry, mostly brick masonry,
mud, cement is used due to less use of natural disasters and good use of sand and mud used in
steel construction. Non-engineering buildings take longer than usual to build compared to
their western counterparts.
Pakistan: There are three types of non-engineered buildings in Pakistan compared to
neighboring countries. These; constrained masonry, unlimited masonry and reinforced
concrete. Many raw materials are available in the Indian subcontinent.
Indonesia: Generally, there are three types of construction in Indonesia: free brick or
concrete masonry, enclosed masonry, and reinforced stone pillars with infill walls.
In today's environment, business development and similar applications, especially in terms of
communication and information. However, as in everything else, there is room for
improvement in the field of architecture.
The reuse of sustainable building materials should be given top priority, which requires
ongoing research to minimize the use of recycled materials in construction work.
37
Change in design standards:
Reinforced Concrete Specification IS 456 was revised in 2000 to specify a minimum grade of
M20 and to use the boundary state method for design. Also, due to increased seismic activity,
IS 1893 seismic code was revised in 2002 and 2016, moving New Delhi to Zone IV.
The nature of the construction industry is complex and uncertain because different companies
are involved from the start-up to the commissioning stage. Design is the process of creating a
definition of a new space, often represented by detailed plans and specifications;
Construction planning is the process of determining the activities and resources that need to
be done to create reality. The seismic design of the model has turned into a multidisciplinary
engineering project with many future developments.
The most important of these are: (a) thorough analysis and design; (b) performance against
established standards; (c) several years of hazard reports on response spectrum acceleration
and peak ground acceleration for better ground location, topography and near effects; (d) new
methods and equipment other than civil engineering materials and methods; (e) new and
improved analytical tools to provide estimation of structural response, including further non-
linearity, strength and stiffness degradation due to cyclic loading, geometric effects and
degradation of the main infrastructure in the ground. This article discusses some of the
important developments that will be seen in the coming years.
Seismic design is an important process of analyzing the structure when constructing a

building that will be subject to seismic ground motion so that the facility continues to operate
and do its job even after an earthquake. Earthquake engineering has been around for a while
and complex analyzes that used to involve many changes in the structure are now available in
ETABS, STAAD etc. done with tools. Pro, ROBOT, TEKLA, etc. These tools deliver good
results, including but not limited to security, durability and stability, as well as good design
and affordable prices.
Hospitals and schools are private buildings with a 25-50% higher value than residential or
commercial buildings. The seismic performance of buildings, seismic isolation systems,
energy distribution systems and active control systems, etc., by dissipating lateral energy
without damaging the process. can be improved using different types of structures.
The development of new processes and equipment will introduce unconventional materials
and processes. By treating this approach as a dynamic analysis, it is possible to better
represent the behavior when simulated against seismic design conditions.
38
• Risk of collapses and damages:
Existing structures designed for older structures may have a higher risk of collapse
or damage during a major earthquake, resulting in injury, loss of life and job losses.
Earthquakes are the worst disasters in human history. During this disaster, hundreds
of thousands of people lost their lives and billions of dollars in property damage
occurred. The high-intensity earthquake, which has been going on for about twenty
years, shows that these losses continue. For reinforced concrete (R/C) buildings,
collapse can be caused by weak floors, strong beams and weak beams, short beams,
hammering, free walls, in-plane/out-of-plane displacement, etc. due to bad design.
These are the main reasons. In addition, poor performance of equipment, poor
workmanship, lack of engineering services and construction with insufficient
process details are other causes of damage. In terms of design flaws, the main cause
of damage to masonry buildings will appear to be heavy earth roofs, inadequate
detailing of wall-to-wall connections and wall-to-ceiling connections, lack of
connecting cables, large openings. However, local material production and poor
workmanship according to traditional regulations are another reason for the failure
of these buildings. This section of the book describes earthquakes and the causes of
damage to concrete and masonry buildings.
Appropriate solutions are also mentioned. Some buildings are specially designed
for earthquake damage. This page provides details on some of these buildings.
Some of the easiest structures to damage are soft floors and buildings. Residential
buildings for sale are defined as upper part residential buildings constructed prior to
the latest model, with garage doors and windows with large openings in the ground
to accommodate parking or commercial space.
Learn more about floor construction.
Damage assessments: In earthquakes, ground shaking causes these structures to
sway and sometimes collapse. Station structures have not performed well in past
earthquakes.
Retrofit Methods: Building an apartment is more difficult than building a residence.
Power-ups must include solutions specifically designed by Quake Buster.
Reinforcing a building with a large outdoor car park will add support (steel frames
or curtain walls) to the lowest floor and connect the supports to the ground above.
In taller buildings, some high walls may need support.
39
• Large number of under-designed structures:
Many of the structures are poorly designed: Many of the buildings are poorly
designed causing seismic adjustment pressure to ensure the safety and stability of
these structures. The earthquake directly affects the earthquake, tsunami, ground
shaking that can cause liquefaction of the ground, and may cause damage to the
shaking and similar structures. Answers affecting buildings are described here.
Section
Why is it corrupted?
The response of structures to earthquakes is a function of the soil properties at the
base; material, form, size and structure; and the timing and character of ground
movements.
The typical response of a building during an earthquake is shown in Figure 4(a).
This response depends on the natural vibration period and the damping properties
of the structure. During an earthquake, vibration amplitudes usually record several
cycles. A graph showing the amplitude increase of an object in different seismic
excitation cycles.
Fig. 7.1 Fig. 7.2

• Fig. 7.1 – Typical Response of a Structure to Earthquake Vibrations (with varying
damping)
• Fig. 7.2 – Typical Amplitude Build up during continued Vibrations
Therefore, if the earthquake lasts longer, the magnitude of the vibration will be
greater, i.e. more and damage to the structure will occur. Ground force moves the
building from one direction to the other, making it difficult for the superstructure to
constantly balance its load due to inertial effects. The result: When the lines could
bend, the building broke and collapsed like a stick as the stone moved.
40
• Focus on techniques for seismic upgradation:
The current goal is to strengthen and upgrade existing buildings to meet today's
seismic standards and develop strategies to reduce structural collapse in
earthquake-prone areas such as New Delhi.
In addition to increasing the external strength of the building, there are other ways
to reduce strength-related earthquakes, which can be achieved by reducing the size
of the structure and/or reducing its rigidity. Reducing the size can be achieved by
using lighter walls, removing floors, etc. stiffness reduction can be achieved using a
separate foundation and energy dissipation systems, some of which may be solid.
As shown in the picture. While describing the main categories of seismic
modification for reinforced concrete structures, Table 1 lists the most common
measures and the features they affect. The specific process will be described in
detail in the next section of this document.
In addition to increasing the building's external strength, there are other ways to
reduce strength-related earthquakes that can be achieved by reducing the size
and/or stiffness of the structure. Reducing the size can be achieved by using lighter
walls, removing floors, etc. stiffness reduction can be achieved using a separate
foundation and energy dissipation systems, some of which may be solid. Figure 7.3
shows the main points of seismic regulation for reinforced concrete structures,
while Table 1 shows the most common measures and characteristics of their
impact. The specific process will be described in detail in the next section of this
document.
Fig. 7.3- Seismic Upgrading Techniques
41
Adding New Shear Walls:
• Often used to fix non-ductile reinforced frame buildings.
• Can surpluses be disposed of? In situ or precast concrete elements.
• New items have been placed on the exterior of the best building.
• Not preferred in models to avoid inner laths.
Fig. 7.4.- Additional Shear Wall
Additional Steel Support

• Useful when large openings are required.
• Because it is stronger and more stable, it can provide an opening for lighting, less work,
more efficient because it can reduce the base cost and add more weight to the existing
structure. Ding Steel Bracings
Fig. 7.5- Reinforced concrete building reinforced with steel supports
42
Sheathing (Local Retrofitting Technique):
This is the most common method of strengthening the building.
Case Type:
1.Hlau Sheath,
2. Reinforced Concrete Sheath,
3. Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite (FRPC) Sheath
Fig. 7.6- Column Sheathing Fig. 7.7- Beam Sheathing
Seismic Reinforcement Techniques in Concrete Structures:

It has become a reliable machine in recent years. But basic intelligence is lacking. The main
challenge is to meet the desired performance at the lowest cost, which can be achieved
through detailed nonlinear analysis. An optimization process is required to understand the
best fit for a model. Develop appropriate policies to be provided as codes of practice for
business professionals. Seismic Retrofitting is a suitable technology for protection of a
variety of structures. It has matured in the recent years to a highly reliable technology. But,
the expertise needed is not available in the basic level. The main challenge is to achieve a
desired performance level at a minimum cost, which can be achieved through a detailed
nonlinear analysis. Optimization techniques are needed to know the most efficient retrofit for
a particular structure. Proper Design Codes are needed to be published as code of practice for
professionals related to this field.
43
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF G+3 BUILDING
Following are results of analysis and design of the give G+3 Structure using STAAD pro.
Fig. 8.1- Different Load Cases
44
Fig. 8.2- Seismic Parameters of a building
IRREGULAR BUILDING
When some measurements are abnormal beyond the limits specified by the standard, the
standard is called irregular. IS1893:2016 (Part 1) specifies limits for mass (M), stiffness (S),
vertical geometry (VG), concave angle (REC), and torsional (T) irregularities. Irregular
housing forms a large part of modern urban infrastructure. Irregularities in the mass, stiffness
and strength of the building are called irregular structures. Non-standard buildings are located
in earthquake-prone areas; The role of the model designer is more complex.
45
Fig: Elevation (Front View)
Fig: Isometric View
46
Fig: 3D Rendered View
LOAD CASES (DL+LL)
Fig: Force in X direction
47
Fig: Force in Y direction (shear force)
Fig: Bending Moment Diagram
48
Fig: Deflection
LOAD CASES (DL+LL+ELX)
49
50
Fig: Deflection
LOAD CASES (DL+LL-ELX)
51
52
Fig: Deflection
LOAD CASES (DL+ELX)
53
54
Fig: Deflection
LOAD CASES (DL-ELX)
55
56
Table 8.1- Displacement according to different load cases
Table 8.2- Maximum Relative Displacement
Table 8.3- Maximum Relative Displacement according to load cases
REGULAR BUILDING:
From this point of view, the building is considered regular in the following cases: - In
principle, it combines all the elements of the frame below and there is bending. Normal
models with no irregularities in planning or vertical configuration. Rough models have some
physical irregularities in the plan or elevation, or both, that affect the model's ability to
withstand traffic.
57
Fig: Elevation (Front View)
Fig: Top View
58
Fig: Isometric View
Fig: 3D Rendered View
59
LOAD CASES (DL+LL)
60
Fig: Deflection
61
LOAD CASES (DL+LL+ELX)
62
Fig: Deflection
63
LOAD CASES (DL+LL-ELX)
64
Fig: Deflection
65
LOAD CASES (DL+ELX)
66
Fig: Deflection
67
LOAD CASES (DL-ELX)
68
Fig: Deflection
69
Table 8.4- Displacement according to different load cases
Table 8.5- Maximum Relative Displacement
Table 8.6- Maximum Relative Displacement according to the load cases
70
Fig: Results according to (IS 1893:2016)
Fig: Results according to (IS 1893:1984)

ANALYSIS BASED CALCULATIONS:
Vb as per IS 1893: 2016 = 0.06 X 5633.94 = 338.04KN
Vb as per IS 1893: 1984 = 0.0442 X 5633.94 = 249.02KN
Deficiency = Vb(2016) - Vb(1984) =338.04 - 249.02
= 89.02KN
Vb (on Z axis) as per IS 1893: 2016 = 0.06 X 5633.94 = 338.04KN
Vb (on Z axis) as per IS 1893: 1984 = 0.047 X 5633.94 = 264.79KN
Deficiency = Vb(2016) - Vb(1984)=338.04 - 264.79
71
= 73.25 KN
Table 8.7- Storey Displacement for each storey
Fig: Storey Displacement Graph
Table 8.8- Lateral Force for each storey
72
Fig: Lateral Force on each storey
Fig: Maximum Displacement and forces on a building
73
RETROFITTING OF STRUCTURE:
Table 8.9- Table showing storey displacement and retrofit displacement for each storey
Fig: Storey Displacement Graph
74
Fig: Different Node Cases
75
Table 8.10- Different Forces on Nodes
Table 8.11- Different Forces on Nodes
76
CONCLUSION
Heritage structures such as old government structures or monuments cannot be rebuilt, but they
can be rebuilt through the following seismic analysis to achieve the required strength.
Retrofitting is only required when the structure cannot meet the requirements of most structures
in the current state for which they were designed. As a result, although the field measurements
and data show the quality and robustness of the building, which is seen as 'bad' and therefore
in need of refurbishment. Staad pro software was used for design and modeling and the data
shows that it cannot withstand seismic loads in the Delhi area, but would be easy to withstand
if built in other areas (Zone 1 or 2). The Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA) in staad pro shows
the failure points that tell the building's collapse story to a certain extent, so nature
reconstruction models to meet the need to move capital based on various IS codes and
calculations.
After the reinforcement is complete, choose a function for it by covering the beams and
columns and using some fiber elements. The innovation model proposes an approach to
business restructuring rather than redesigning the entire model. With the developments in
building materials in recent years, powerful designs that have increased in number can easily
be seen.
We conducted a literature review to better understand the basic issues of seismic retrofitting of
reinforced concrete buildings. Many lessons were learned on earthquake repair of workplaces,
hospitals, apartments and schools. Many researchers deal with seismic retrofitting and
retrofitting of existing buildings. Most researchers use the following methods: concrete lining
of subfloor columns, subfloor brick wall infill, X and V support, shear walls and FRP for
columns and columns. More research is needed on each of these issues in order to strengthen
reinforced concrete structures against earthquakes. With the help of software and analytics,
we've had great results.
77
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80

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Major Project Report

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree

VAIBHAV GARG (A2315819029)

MR NILESH BRINDAVAN MISHRA

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Nilesh Brindavan Mishra

Department of Civil Engineering

Amity School of Engineering and Technology

FIGURES PAGE NO.

Figure 1.1. Building collapse due to earthquake.

Figure 1.2. Bridge collapse due to earthquake.

How do earthquakes happen?

Fig.1.5. Seismic Zoning Map of India

HOW TO MAKE BUILDING QUAKE RESISTANT?

Why does a Building Collapse?

Fig.1.11– RC building in Ahmedabad collapsed during Gujarat earthquake (2001 - poorly

✓ Excessive eccentricity and side loads

✓ Design errors during construction

✓ Damage caused by seismic forces

✓ Corrosion due to penetration - Honeycomb Design admitted for Life

✓ Money and save economy

✓ Contribute and strengthen the building

However, it has some advantages as well as some disadvantages, for example:

✓ Be careful because irresponsibility can cause more damage

✓ It will be demolished if renovation is done near a historical landmark.

✓ Shear Wall Addition:

✓ Additional steel support:

Figure 2.2 - Reinforcement

✓ Foundation isolation method:

Fig. 2.3.- Base Insulation Method

Different sheathing types:

Reinforced Concrete Sheathing

Introducing Fiber Reinforced Polymers:

Fig. 2.5.- Water fiber reinforced polymer

Fig. 2.7- Exterior slab joint

DESIGN OF BUILDINGS FOR EARTHQUAKE EFFECT

Therefore, the following aspects should be considered when constructing buildings:

SEISMIC COEFFICIENT METHOD (AS PER IS: 1893 - 2002)

a) Seismic zone factor, Z:

c) The Concept of Response Reduction Factor, the procedure adopted in Regulation R:

d) Average acceleration response coefficient, Sa/g:

The acceleration response of a structure to ground vibrations is a function of the ground

Table 2.3- Equivalent specifications for non-5% damping levels

Range Of Ah Building Category

ESTIMATED RELATIONSHIP FOR CRITICAL MOMENT OF VIBRATION

3) Comparison of various decision making methods for seismic structural Reinforcement-

4) Thrust Seismic Analysis and Reinforcement Method Applied to Low-Rise Concrete

Abstract discussed mostly in a non-working type of structure. Other examples of real

5) Control document for seismic strengthening of structures Kirtika Gupta, Abhishek

Modifying an existing structure to increase its seismic resistance, ground movement, or

Spherical (Structural Level) Conventional reinforcement method or non-traditional

6) Seismic retrofitting of structures - Yogendra Singh (2003)

• Analysis and review of existing drawings and documents.

7) Giuseppe Oliveto and Massimo Marletta (2005)

9) Turgay et al. aluminum. (2010)

10) Taub et al. aluminum. (2011)

11) Analysis of seismic retrofitting for URM-M. El Gawady, P.Lestuzzi, M. Badoux

12) Controversial concepts related to seismic assessment and restoration of modern

13) Seismic Analysis and Strengthening of Mesoamerican Bridges - Eunsoomik4 4

17) Seismic Design of Foundations—Strengthening Existing Foundations Geoffrey R.

✓ Seismic Analysis of Government Buildings:

✓ Government Building Retrofit:

Site visit and measurement for information:

Calculation of loads according to IS 456:1978