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CINDISECON
WEEK 13: SECURITY SURVEY AND INSPECTION
Security Survey and Inspection
The basic instrument for determining security vulnerability is
the security survey. Most description of security surveys
refers principally to checklists, audits, or inventories of
security conditions.
Security System
A security system safeguards a home or building from intruders
by securing entry points, like doors and windows (including
basement windows), as well as its interior space. In most cases,
outside forces will trip a home security system's alarm and alert
law enforcement or homeowners so that they can interfere.
Survey
The term applied to the first detailed “look see” conducted by a
team.
Security Survey
A critical on-site examination and analysis of an industrial plant,
business, a home or public or private institution done to
ascertain the facility’s current security status, to identify
deficiencies or excess in current practices, to determine what
protection is needed and to make recommendations for
improving the overall level of security at that installation.
A security survey is a thorough on-site examination and analysis
of a facility to determine what assets are present and their value;
to evaluate the existing security program; to identify differences
or excesses; to determine the protection needed; and to support
recommendations to improve overall security.
Two Kinds of Security Survey
1. Entrance Conference
A conference or dialogue between the survey team and
management officials of a plan before security is
conducted.
2. Exit Conference
A conference similar to entrance conference done after
the completion of the security survey.
Objectives of Security Survey
1. To determine existing vulnerabilities to injury, death,
damage or destruction by natural causes.
2. To determine existing vulnerabilities of corporate
assets due to outside criminal activity.
3. To determine existing vulnerabilities of corporate
assets due to criminal activity within the organization.
4. To determine existing conditions of physical security of
corporate property.
5. To measure compliance of employees to security.
Planning a Security Survey
1. Verify the need.
2. Obtain organizational support.
3. State the survey’s executive.
4. Determine how data will be gathered.
5. Develop alternatives.
6. Prepare a schedule of activities.
7. Implement the plan.
The Security Survey Report
A good security survey report must encompass all aspects of
security risks and its accompanying security plan shall conform
sketches of the area and even floor plans of the building should
be availed of to indicate sensitive areas that would necessitate
the provision of adequate security.
Security Inspection
1. An important activity to ensure the integrity of the
overall security programs.
2. It complements security survey in its attempt to prevent
losses of company properties.
3. It is conducted for two reasons: to check on the degree
of compliance with the recommended
countermeasures and to determine the effectiveness
and adequacy of the countermeasures which are in
effect.
Types of Security Inspection
1. Continuous Inspection
• It is an on-going and never-ending activity.
2. Formal Inspection
• It is usually preceded by an announcement, and
the unit under inspection “prepares” for
events, including some housekeeping
activities that would not otherwise happen at
that point in time.
3. Informal Inspection
• It is usually the result of a long and firmly
entrenched inspection program.
• It is seriously and quietly executed in a spirit
of understanding and cooperation.
4. Structured Inspection
• It is one that moves systematically from one
area to the next and so on.
• There is a format or a logical sequence to the
process.
5. Unstructured Inspection
• It is conducted in a random manner.
• There is no formal or logical sequencing.
Security Investigation
It is a planned and organized determination of facts concerning
specific loss or damage of assets due to threats, hazards or
unsecured or unsecured conditions.
Tools of Investigation
1. Information – Knowledge which the investigation
gathers from other persons
2. Interview – The simplest questioning of a witness who
has no personal reason to withhold information.
3. Interrogation – The skillful questioning of a person
who is reluctant to divulge information concerning the
offense under investigation.
4. Instrumentation – The application of instruments and
methods of physical sciences to the detection of
crimes. In other words, the sum total of the application
of all sciences in crime detection otherwise known as
Criminalistics.
Security Education
Security Education is conducted to develop security awareness
among employees of the company. It should cover all
employees, regardless of rank or position.
It is the ''insight'' stage of an organization's security initiatives.
The goal is to help employees develop a true understanding of
how a company handles security and why things are the way
they are.
Phases of Security Education Program
1. Initial Interview – it is the first contact of the
prospective employee wherein the interviewer
determines the suitability of the applicant for
employment through his given answers on the different
type of questions being conducted. It is in this stage
where the interviewer may start providing the
necessary information as to the overview of company
security and at the same time on the employee
accountability and corresponding penalties that could
result from violation therefrom.
2. Orientation and Training – it is in this stage where
new employees receive detailed presentation of
personnel security policy. Usually, handouts or
employee’s manual is being distributed for reference.
New employees also requested to sign
acknowledgement that they have been aware of the
existing company policies and will abide the same.
3. Refresher conference – it is design to remind
employees of the company about their responsibilities,
review the guidelines and policies, introduction of new
policies and regulation and a moment of getting
employees feedback about the company policies that
is being implemented.
4. Security reminders – a phase which employs an
indirect approach of educating the employees such as
posting security posters and distributing fliers.
5. Security Promotion – it is the act of emphasizing the
importance and role of security achieving the company
goals and objectives. It involves securing employee
cooperation and support.
WEEK 14: RISK ANALYSIS AND SECURITY HAZARD
Risk – it is the potential damage or loss of an asset.
The level of risk is a combination of two factors: the value
placed on that asset by its owner and the consequence, impact
adverse effect of the loss or damage to that asset and the
likelihood that a specific vulnerability will be exploited by a
particular threat.
Factors considered in Risk Analysis
1. Adversary – it refers to any individual, group, or
government that conducts activities or has the intention and
capability to conduct activities detrimental to the individual,
private or government entity.
2. Asset – any information, facility, material information,
or activity which has a positive value to its owner whether it
is an individual, private or government entity.
3. Vulnerability – any weakness that can be exploited by
an adversary to gain access to an asset.
4. Probability – it is the chance or likelihood that a loss
will take place.
5. Criticality – the impact of a loss as measured in
functional terms.
6. Countermeasures – an action taken, or a physical
entity used to reduce or eliminate one or more
vulnerabilities. The cost of possible countermeasures may
be monetary but may also include non-monetary cost such
as reduced operational efficiency, adverse publicity
unfavorable working conditions, and political consequences.
Risk Analysis
The analysis of risk includes examinations of the vulnerability,
probability and critical of potential threats and include natural
and manmade risk.
Risk analysis is the process of identifying and analyzing
potential future events that may adversely impact a company.
Process of Risk Analysis
1. Identification of Risk
The First step comes as identifying the risk. Team members
shall gather all the inputs that shall be used in the projects and
recognize the outcome of the projects and the number of ways
such as risk involved in the process, etc.
2. Analyzing the Risk
After identifying risk, it’s likely to understand and assess the
extent of risk and nature of risk that most likely to happen and
to what extent it may occur to the organization shall be
analyzed.
3. Evaluating the Risk
Analyzing risk helps you to estimate the capacity of risk that may
happen. Hence, in evaluating the risk, the team shall rank the
calculated risk to decide whether to accept such risk or not.
4. Treat the Risk In this step, the team shall decide whether to
continue the project or not; if so, the project is accepted, then
they shall try to treat or resolve the issue by modifying any
changes required in the project.
5. Review the Risk
As the risk is uncertain at any point in time, reviewing risk is
essential to evaluate risk in the project from time to time to avoid
any future disturbance.
Risk Management
It is a process of selecting and implementing security
countermeasures to achieve an acceptable of risk at an
acceptable cost.
Risk Management Alternatives and Strategies
A risk management strategy is a key part of the risk
management lifecycle.
Risk Management is the ongoing process of identifying these
security risks and implementing plans to address them.
It is determined by considering the likelihood that known threats
will exploit vulnerabilities and the impact they have on valuable
assets.
1. Assets Valuation
It should suffice to group assets according to category except
where an item is especially attractive (from the point of view of
the thief) and valuable.
The following categories should include most assets for most
companies: Land, heavy machinery, office equipment, vehicles,
goodwill, raw material, buildings, production equipment, office
furniture, cash or negotiable instrument, public image, and
finished product.
2. Identifying Threats related to the Assets
Employee theft is the most consistent and damaging threat-
facing by any organization today.
❑ “The need to pay for high personal debt, a
lifestyle that exceeds income or drug or alcohol abuse”
❑ Robberies by non-employees are becoming a
serious threat.
❑ Fire can be the most devastating disaster to
the company’s business.
All these threats can cause harm to tourists, company image,
and money; therefore, the threats can damage or halt the
business operation.
3. Assess the Probability of Threats Occurring
(Vulnerability Test)
❑ This step is considered to be the hardest step
of risk management process.
❑ “Information must be collected and carefully
analyzed to determine its effect on the probability for
occurrence”
Probability ratings used in determining vulnerability of
Threats
Developers should assess and research threats to assets from
other businesses to help them decide which assets at the most
at risk and design the facility’s security system accordingly.
4. Countermeasures Identification in Relation to Probability
The cost for the countermeasures should be compensated by
the results they produce over time.
❑ “The most important thing to remember is that
dollar losses may be either direct or indirect and that they
may be so high as to be crippling”.
❑ Levels can be assigned to allow a
correlation to the four ratings of probability:
very serious, serious, moderately serious, and unimportant
5. Selecting Countermeasures
Countermeasures to handle risks that have made a significant
presence:
❑ CCTV Cameras and Security Officers
❑ Fire Alarms and Sprinkler Systems
Developers must make sure that the countermeasures selected
are reliable and cost efficient; the countermeasures must also
produce positive results.
6. Evaluation of the Selected Countermeasures
Testing countermeasures’ effectiveness in different conditions:
weather, day, or nighttime, and during heavy traffic of people
and vehicles in the establishment
Risk Management Alternatives and Strategies
After identifying risks and assessing the likelihood of them
happening, as well as the impact they could have, you will need
to decide how to treat them.
Risk Avoidance
Eliminating or removing the risk totally from the business,
government, or industrial environment for which the risk
manager has responsibility.
Risk Reduction
Decreasing the risk by minimizing the probability of the potential
loss. The reduction or criminal opportunity is often
accomplished by situational crime (prevention strategies to
discourage, deter, or deny criminal incidents.
A risk becomes less severe through actions taken to prevent or
minimize its impact.
Risk Spreading
Spreading the risk through compartmentation or
decentralization to limit the impact (critically) of the potential
loss.
Risk Transfer
Moving the financial impact of the potential loss-over to an
insurance company. A risk is transferred via a contract to an
external party who will assume the risk on an organization’s
behalf.
Risk Self-assumption
Planned assumption and acceptance of the potential risk by
making a deliberate managerial decision of doing nothing about
the threat or setting aside resources for use in case of a specific
loss incident. A risk is accepted with no action taken to mitigate
it.
Security Hazards
Any act or condition which may result in the compromise of
information, loss of life, loss or destruction of property or
disruption of the objective of the installation.
This simply means that anything that has the potential to cause
damage or harm can be considered a hazard.
The most common hazards are usually physical objects, which
include, but are not limited to unguarded machinery, pieces of
furniture, or chemicals.
Types of Hazards
1. Natural hazards
Are those caused by natural phenomena which cause damage,
disturbance, and problems of the normal functioning of human
activities, including security.
The following are types of natural hazards or disasters:
a. Floods caused by typhoons
b. Earthquakes
c. Fire (not caused by human action)
d. Storms typhoons, cyclones, tornado, and
hurricane)
e. Lightning storms
f. Extreme temperature and humanity
2. Human-Man made Hazards
These are acts or conditions which are the result of a state of
mind, attitude, weaknesses, or character traits of one or more
persons.
They can be acts of commission or omission, both overt and
covert, which can disrupt operation of a plant or installation.
The following are the types of human or man-made
hazards:
a. Carelessness- accidents and dissatisfaction
b. Disloyalty- subversion and sabotage
c. Espionage- pilferage and theft
d. Vandalism, etc.
Sabotage as a Security Hazard
1. Sabotage
Is a deliberate action aimed at weakening a polity, effort, or
organization through subversion, obstruction, disruption, or
destruction. One who engages in sabotage is a saboteur.
Description of a Saboteur
1. He is the most dangerous foe that security will
have to deal with while planning and implementing
security measures and techniques.
2. He is an ordinary looking like the next guy but
in his mind, he has the training in deception,
knowledge in incendiaries, explosives, chemistry,
bacteriology, mechanics, and psychology.
3. He can work alone, in-groups, or simultaneously in
several places.
2. Espionage
The activity of secretly collecting and reporting information,
especially secret political, military, business, or industrial
information.
Espionage, spying, or intelligence gathering is the act of
obtaining secret or confidential information.
A person who commits espionage is called an espionage agent
or spy.
Pilferage
Pilferage or pilfering is the act of stealing items of low value,
especially in small quantities, also called petty theft.
One of the most annoying and common human hazards which
security has to deal with. This activity it controlled can become
a financial drain if not a menace to smooth and orderly
operation.
Two (2) Types of Pilferers
1. Casual Pilferer
Is one who steal due to his inability to reset the unexpected
opportunity and has little fear by detection.
The Casual Pilferer steals primarily because of an inability to
resist the temptation of an unexpected opportunity and has little
fear of being caught. The thefts are usually not premeditated,
and the pilferer usually acts alone.
2. Systematic Pilferer
Is one who steal with preconceived plan and takes away any or
all types of items or supplies for economic gain.
The systematic pilferer steals plan for the purpose of selling the
stolen items or bartering them for other valuable commodities.
Pilferer invariably has four requirements to succeed in his
act, such as:
1. Location of Items to be pilfered – The systematic
pilferer surveys shopping and store areas, or through
contact from the firm themselves.
2. Access to the item to gain possession – Techniques
can be in the form of fake document, bribing guards, out-
smarting security, creating disturbance and other methods
to divert attention while pilferage goes on.
3. Removal of Items – This can be done as wearing the
stolen short or shoes, concealment in body.
4. Disposal of Items – There is need for “fence”, broker,
or clearing houses for these “hot” items.
3. Vandalism
Vandalism is the action involving deliberate destruction of or
damage to public or private property.
The term includes property damage, such as graffiti and
defacement directed towards any property without permission
of the owner.
Espionage as a Security
Hazard Description of an Espionage Agent
1. He is very dangerous adversary and his skills in
deception and his cunning should never be
underestimated.
2. He is usually a person of extensive training and will be
highly effective in gaining the confidence of people and of
extracting information of value to be relayed to his
employer or handler.
3. Even how well-trained an espionage agent he might
be, he is human like the saboteur, and he can be defeated
in his own game if proper methods and techniques are
undertaken.
Some Methods Employed by Espionage Agent
1. Stealing of information from employees.
2. Stealing information from records or other sources.
3. Using various methods of reproducing documents,
products, equipment or working models.
4. Using “front” as commercial concepts, travel agencies,
associations, business groups and other organizations to
obtain confidential information or data.
5. Using various form or threats to obtain information.
6. Using blackmail techniques by exposing intimate and
personal details concerning an individual or organization.
7. Picking or securing information in social and other
gatherings.
8. Penetration and operational tactics.
Subversive Activity as a Security
Hazard Threats of subversive Activity
1. It can be local or national in nature and their mission is
to undermine the authority, weaken the organization, and
eventually take over. This can be in business or any
activity.
2. This can be in the form of rumor mongering,
propaganda, undermining morale, and injecting defeatist
attitudes, and other emotional approaches.
3. It is an activity not easy to detect.
Pilferage as a Business Hazard
1. Pilferage in one of the most annoying and common
human hazards which security has to deal with. This
activity if uncontrolled can become financial drain if not a
menace to smooth and orderly operation.
2. Failure to detect shortage and inaccurate inventories
will cause inventory losses, which may be labeled as
pilferage.
Types of Pilferers
1. Casual Pilferer – one who steals due to his inability to
resist the unexpected opportunity and has little fear of
detection has no plan or premeditation and he is usually
a “loner” on the job. The temptation picks up the article is
basically due to poor security measure. The implication of
casual pilferage is the big cumulative cost if it remains
unchecked.
2. Systematic Pilferer – one who steals with
preconceived plans and takes away any or all types of
items or supplies for economic gain. Pilferers of this kind
can be employees or outsiders of the establishment.
Anatomy of Pilferage
1. When need or desire exists and opportunity is present,
theft is almost sure to result.
2. Pilferage occurs everywhere. Opportunities for
pilferage increase when supplies or goods are transported
from one place to another.
Factors considered by a Pilferer to be Successful on his Act
1. Location of items to be pilfered
2. Access to the items
3. Removal of item
4. Disposal of items
WEEK 15-16: IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONS
OF THE PRIVATE SECURITY AGENCY LAW OF THE
PHILIPPINES
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
Security Guard – sometimes called private security guard or
watchman shall include any person who offers or renders
personal services to watch or secure either a residence or
business establishment or both for hire or compensation, and
with a license to exercise profession. Security Guard Force –
is a group of force selected men, trained or grouped into
functional unit for the purpose of protecting operational
processes from those disruption which would impede efficiency
or halt operation at a particular plant, facility, installation or
special activity.
Private Security Agency – any person, association,
partnership, firm or private corporation, who contracts, recruits,
trains, furnishes or post any security guard to do its function or
solicit individuals business firms, or private, public or
government-owned or controlled corporations to engage his or
its services or those of his or its security guards, or hire,
commission or compensation.
Company Security Force – a security unit maintained and
operated by any private company or corporation for its own
security requirements only.
Government Security Unit – a security unit maintained and
operated by any government entity than military and/or a police
which is established and maintained for the purpose of securing
the office or compound and/or extension such government
entity.
License to Exercise Profession – shall mean any document
issued by the Chief, Philippine National Police or his duly
authorized representative recognizing a person to be qualified
to perform his duties as private security or training personnel.
License to Operate(LTO) – is a license certificate document,
issued by the Chief, Philippine National Police or his duly
authorized representative, authorizing a person to engage in
employing security guard or detective, or a juridical person to
establish, engage, direct, manage or operate an individual or a
private detective agency or private security agency company
security SAGSD – otherwise refer to the current PNP Civil
Security Group Security Agency and Guard Supervision
Division or any other PNP Office that may be designated later
as the primary office for supervision of the implementation of RA
5487.
PADPAO – refers to Philippine Association of Detective and
Protective Agency Operators, Inc. which is an association of all
licensed security agencies and company security forces.
Duty Detail Order – a written order or schedule issued by a
superior officer usually the private security agency or branch
manager or operations officer assigning the performance of
private security; detective services duties.
Republic Act Nr. 5487- it is the law that governs the
organization and operation of private security agency
throughout the Philippines. It is otherwise known as the “Private
Security Agency Law of the Philippines”. This act was approved
on October 3, 1972 and it was amended on October 8, 1994.
General Prohibitions
No license certificate shall be granted to any applicant for
license to operate or license to exercise security profession with
the following disqualification:
1. Having previous record of any conviction of
any crime.
2. Having previous record of any conviction of
any offense involving moral turpitude.
3. Having been dishonorably discharged or
separated from employment or service.
4. being a mental incompetent.
5. Being a user or addicted to the use of
prohibited drugs or narcotics.
6. Being a habitual drunkard
7. Dummy of a foreigner.
License to Operate
Any Filipino citizen or corporation, association, partnership, one
hundred percent (100%) of which is owned and controlled by
Filipino citizens, may organize and maintain a Private Security
Agency or Private Detective Agency. He must meet the
following basic requirements:
1. Filipino Citizen;
2. should not less than twenty five (25) years of
age;
3. college graduate and/or commissioned officer
in the inactive service or retired from the Armed Forces
of the Philippines or the Philippine National Police;
4. has taken a course or seminar on Industrial
Security Management and/or must have adequate
training or experience in security business, and
5. good moral character
New applicants for license to operate shall be required to obtain
a minimum capitalization of one million pesos (Php
1,000,000.00) with a minimum bank deposit of five hundred
thousand (Php 500,000.00) in order to start its business
operation.
Limitation, Disqualification and Prohibitions
1. No person shall or organize or even have an interest in
more than one agency
2. Elective or appointive government employees who
may be called upon on account of the functions of their
respective offices in the implementation and enforcement
of the provisions of RA 5487, and any person related to
such government employee by affinity or consanguinity in
the third civil degree, shall not hold an interest directly or
indirectly, in any security or watchman agency.
3. No agency shall offer, render or accept services in
gambling dens or other illegal business establishments or
enterprises.
4. The extent of the security guard services being
furnished by the security agency shall not go beyond the
compound and/or property of the person or establishment
contracting the security service except when the security
guards is escorting big amount of money or valuables.
5. All agencies shall maintain a main office in their
registered addresses. Branch offices may be established
and maintained in other provinces or cities where the
security agency has deployed guard.
6. All applicants for license to operate shall be required to
attend a private security agency or company guard force
operators and management seminar or workshop.
Prohibition on “Kabit System” Operators
a. No licensed security agency shall operate, promote
and enter into an agreement of merger or “kabit system”
with any person or group of persons for the purpose of
organizing a branch unit or subsidiary under separate
control and ownership. Merger of security and detective
agencies shall not be recognized without prior approval
from the Securities and Exchange Commission with respect
to their Articles of Incorporation and the Department of
Trade and Industry, with regards their business name.
b. Any of the following circumstances or a combination
thereof shall be considered prima-facie evidence of the
existence of “Kabit System”.
1. Maintaining a separate branch, unit or
subsidiary office aside from the main office of the
agency situated within the same locality.
2. Receiving direct payments from the agency’s
clientele and issuing official receipt of their own distinct
from that issued by the agency concerned.
3. Remitting directly Social Security System
premiums, Medicare contributions and other premium
 for other policy insurance benefits by the
aforementioned branch, unit or subsidiary office.
4. Keeping or maintaining separate payrolls for
the branch employees signed and/approved by the
branch manager only.
5. Absence of record of monthly income
remittance to the main office when said branch is
authorized to make collections from the clients of the
licensee.
6. All other similar acts tending to show separate
and distinct relationship or personality or ownership or
management.
On Membership
1. No regular license shall be granted to any private
security agency unless it has a minimum of two hundred
(200) licensed private security personnel under its employ.
2. No regular license shall be granted to any company
guard force or private detective agency unless it has
minimum of thirty (30) licensed private security personnel
under its employ.
3. The maximum number of private security personnel
that a PSA/CGF/PDA may employ shall be on thousand
(1000) including the branch and the subsidiary.
Status and Validity of License to Operate
1. Regular LTO – issued, after complying with licensing
requirements.
2. Temporary LTO – initial and conditional issuance to
new private security agencies and to PSAs holding regular
LTO not able to maintain the minimum number of security,
personnel or conform to standards, for them to be able to
attain the 200 minimum number of security personnel or
comply with license standards, prior to issuance or re-
issuance of regular LTO. Such issuance shall not be
renewable nor be extendible.
3. Unless sooner cancelled or revoked and provisions
hereof modified, all license to operate shall have a validity
of two (2) years. Temporary LTOs upon expiration are
automatically cancelled.
Renewal of License to Operate
1. Application for renewal of License to Operate shall be
field at least sixty (60) days before expiry date of LTO.
2. Renewal applications of holders of regular license not
able to maintain the 200 minimum number of security
personnel under its employ or license renewal
requirements at the time of filing of application shall be
reverted to temporary status and issued temporary LTO.
3. The Licenses to Operate of applications for renewal of
regular License to Operate who fail to file application 60
days after the expiry date of LTO subject of the renewal
application, SHALL
AUTOMATICALLY BE CANCELLED.
4. No application shall be approved unless a certification
is issued by FED-CSG to the effect that all licenses of
firearms of the agency concerned are updated or renewed
for at least one (1) year forthcoming during validity of the
renewed LTO.
License to Exercise Private Security Profession Basic
Requirements of private security personnel
1. Filipino Citizen
2. not be less than eighteen (18) years of age
3. Must have taken a private security course or seminar
and/or must have adequate training or experience in
security business or rendering security/detective services.
4. Of good moral character and must not have been
convicted of any crime or violation of these rules and
regulations carrying a penalty of prohibition to be licensed.
5. Must be physically and mentally fit.
Qualification of a Private Security Guard
1. Filipino Citizen
2. high school graduate
3. physically and mentally fit
4. not less than eighteen years of age nor more than fifty
years of age (for new applicants and SGs in non-
supervisory position)
5. Has undergone a pre-licensing training course or its
equivalent.
Qualification of Security Officer
1. Filipino citizen
2. holder of Baccalaureate Degree
3. physically and mentally fit
4. Has graduate from a Security Officer Training Course
or its equivalent.
Qualification of Consultant
1. Filipino citizen
2. physically and mentally fit
3. holder of a master’s degree in either Criminology,
Public Administration, MNSA, Industrial Security
Administration, or Law
4. Must have at least ten years’ experience in the
operation and management of security business.
Qualification of a Private Detective
1. Filipino citizen
2. physically and mentally fit
3. holder of Baccalaureate Degree preferably Bachelor of
Laws or Bachelor of Science in Criminology
4. Graduate of Criminal Investigation Course offered by
the PPNP or the NBI or any police training school, or a
detective training in any authorized or recognized training
center.
5. advance ROTC or CMT graduate or its equivalent
The 11 general orders
1. To take charge of this post and all government property
in view.
2. To walk my post in a military manner, keeping always
on the alert and observing everything that takes place
within sight or hearing.
3. To report all violations of orders I am instructed to
enforce.
4. To repeat all calls from posts more distant from the
guardhouse than my own.
5. To quit my post only when properly relieved.
6. To receive, obey and pass on to the sentry who
relieves me, all orders from the Commanding Officer,
Command Duty Officer, Officer of the Deck and Officers
and Petty Officers (Commanding Officer, Officer of the
Day, Officers and NonCommissioned Officers) of the
Watch only.
7. To talk to no one except in the line of duty.
 8. To give the alarm in case of fire or disorder.
9. To call the Officer of the Deck in any case not covered
by instructions.
10. To salute all officers and all colors and
standards not cased.
11. To be especially watchful at night and, during
the time for challenging, to challenge all persons on or near
my post and to allow no one to pass without proper
authority
WEEK 17: Basic Radio Operation and VIP Security
Two-way Radios
A two-way radio is a radio that can both transmit and receive
radio waves (a transceiver), unlike a broadcast receiver which
only receives content.
Other two-way radio systems operate in full-duplex mode, in
which both parties can talk simultaneously.
Basic Radio Operation
Are available in stationary (base station), mobile (installed in
vehicles), and hand-held portable models. Hand-held two-way
radios are often called walkie-talkies, handy-talkies or hand-
held.
Basic Radio Etiquette Rules
• The international radio language is English.
• When using a two-way radio, you cannot
speak and listen at the same time, as you can with a
phone.
• Do not interrupt if you hear other people
talking.
• Do not respond if you aren't sure the call is for
you. Wait until you hear your call sign to respond.
• Never transmit sensitive, confidential,
financial, or military information.
• Perform radio checks to ensure your radio is
in good working condition.
• Memorize call signs and locations of persons
and radio stations you communicate with regularly.
• Once the person replies, convey your
message
Radio Communication Tips
• Leave a second or two between "hand-offs"
to give others a chance to break in.
• It is always best to speak in short simple
phrases on the radio and toss the conversion back and
forth with the word "OVER."
• Don't speak immediately when you press the
PTT (push to talk), especially with digital radios which
among all their benefits have slightly longer delay. Wait
2-3 seconds.
• If you speak as soon you press the PTT
button, it can chop off the first syllable or word, making
you hard to understand. If that word doesn't make it,
you will just have to say it again and run down your
batteries faster.
Radio User’s Language
• Go Ahead – Resume transmission
• Say Again – Re-transmit your message
• Stand-by – Transmission has been acknowledged, but
I am unable to respond now.
• Roger – Message received and understood.
• Affirmative – Yes – Avoid yup, nope, etc.
Negative – No
• Over – Transmission finished.
• Out – Communication is over, and the channel is
available for others.
Standard NATO Alphabet

Think Before You Speak

Avoid long and complicated sentences. If your message is long,
divide it into separate shorter messages.
Do not use abbreviations unless they are well understood by
your group.

Four (4) Golden Rules of Radio Communication

1. Clarity: Your voice should be clear. Speak a little
slower than normal. Speak in a normal tone, do not shout.
2. Simplicity: Keep your message simple enough for
intended listeners to understand.
3. Brevity: Be precise and to the point.
4. Security: Do not transmit confidential information on Parts of a Two (2) way Radio
a radio unless you know the proper security technology is in 1. Antenna – Responsible in making the
place. Remember, frequencies are shared, you do not have communication clear.
exclusive use of the frequency. 2. Knob – It is the on/off knob as well as the
adjustment of volume.
Follow these easy steps to make a call.
3. PTT – Push-To-Talk. Press this button before
• First, listen to ensure the channel is clear for talking.
you.
4. Speaker – Hearing the output of the sender.
• Press the PTT (Push-To-Talk) button.
5. LCD, or Liquid Crystal Display – Mini
• After 2 seconds: monitor of the radio.
• Say "recipient's call sign" 6. Speaker and MIC Jack – Use as an
• Followed by "THIS IS" and "your call sign“ extension in using the headset.
VIP Security
VIP protection means providing high-profile clients and their
families with personal protection services to insure their peace
of mind, safety and security.
VIP (Very Important Person)
A well-known dignitary/ famous person who is known to be
wealthy (monetary or information) and who is venerable target
of execution.
Kidnapped
A sudden taking of person without his/ her consent for the
purpose of ransom or execution.
Common Modus Operandi:
1. Use of egg
2. Use of distracting materials
3. Side sweep
4. Sidewalk/ boxed type
Ambush
Sudden attack on a potential moving target.
Ambush can be executed in:
1. Humps and Sharp curve areas
Vehicle commonly slows down in a humps area wherein it is
a stable target for ambush.
2. High rise structure
• Due to the advantage of the
attacker, an ambush can be executed.
• High rise area or elevated area is a
nice spot to have an overview of the attack
area.
• Due to the advantage of the
attacker, an ambush can be executed.
VIP Security Techniques (SOP on Foot)
While on bodyguard assignments there are four basic
formations you will employ in the protection of your client
depending on the environment, threat level, circumstances, and
the number of bodyguards available.
Responsibilities & Position Categories
1. The Point Bodyguard
The point bodyguard guides the protective team, blocks and
heads-off potential threats from the front of the protective
formation.
2. The Rear Bodyguard
The rear bodyguard blocks and heads-off potential threats
from the back of the protective formation.
3. The Detail Leader
• The Detail Leader walks immediately to the
right of the principal.
• The Detail Leader should be no less than an
arm’s length away from the principal.
• He or she is responsible for immediately
shielding and removing the principal in the event of
an attack.
Shout the word “gun right” or “gun left” while concurrently
nullifying the assault. The other bodyguards upon hearing this
communication will simultaneously encircle and shield the client
with their bodies, withdrawing the client from the area to a
vehicle, a safe haven, or any other location where injury can be
avoided. High-level proficiencies are required.
VIP Security Techniques (SOP on Foot)
Teamwork is everything when it comes to the application of
Close Protection. Any team is only as good as its weakest link
as the saying goes. The one difference is Close Protection is
that you cannot afford to have ANY weak links
Protection is that you cannot afford to have ANY weak links
Wedge Formation
The wedge formation as the name suggests in the geometric
configuration of a wedge.
The rule in the wedge formation is to provide the client with 360
degrees of protection at all times.
Box Formation (4-man type)
The box formation as the name suggests in the geometric
configuration of a box.
The rule in the box formation is to always provide the client with
360 degrees of protection.
Three-man (V-type) Formation
Diamond Formation (4-man type)
The diamond formation as the name suggests in the geometric
configuration of a diamond.
The rule in the diamond formation is to always provide the client
with 360 degrees of protection.
One-On-One Formation (1-man type)
The one-on-one formation is normally utilized within a low threat
area on a low threat client.
The rule in the one-on-one formation is to always provide the
client with 360 degrees of protection while utilizing low public
profile techniques.
The lone bodyguard is responsible for the flank, point, tail, and
close-in protection of the client.
(SOP on Vehicle)
1. Engine on
• As a VIP driver, you should always have an
advance overview of the area.
• DO NOT off your engine when you have a
VIP.
• In case an ambush was made, you can easily
escape with the VIP
2. 7 o’ clock
In case of tight space and need a reverse tactics, put your
wheel in 7 o’clock position when making a reverse and speed
up forward.
3. Axle target
In case of blockage, speed up and hit the axle of the car
blockage, in this manner you can adjust the blockage for an
escape route.
4. Dummy
• Always set at least 2 dummy cars in convoy.
• Use same color of vehicle to confuse attacker
on which vehicle the VIP is seated.