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Contents
MyHistoryLab Video Series xvii Later Mesopotamian Civilization: A Series

MyhistoryLab Documents xix of Conquests 30
Visualizing The Past: Mesopotamia in Maps 31
Maps xxvii
Document: Hammurabi’s Law Code 32
Preface xxxi Ancient Egypt 33
Supplementary Instructional Materials xxxvii Thinking Historically: Women in Patriarchal
About the Authors xliii Societies 36
Egypt and Mesopotamia Compared 37
Prologue xlvii
Civilization Centers in Africa and the Eastern
Mediterranean 38
PART I The Issue of Heritage 41
Global Connections and Critical Themes: The Early
Early Human Societies, 2.5 million–600
Civilizations and the World 42
b.c.e.: Origins and Development 1
Further Readings 42
Chapter 1 The Neolithic Revolution and the Critical Thinking Question 43
Birth of Civilization 7
Human Life in the Era of Hunters and Chapter 3 Asia’s First Civilizations: India
Gatherers 9 and China 44
Document: Tales of the Hunt: Paleolithic Cave The Indus Valley and the Birth of South Asian
Paintings as History 13 Civilization 46
Agriculture and the Origins of Civilization: The Indo-European Incursions and Early Vedic Society
Neolithic Transformations 14 in India 50
Visualizing The Past: Representations of Women Document: Aryan Poetry in Praise of a War
in Early Art 18 Horse 52
The First Towns: Seedbeds of Civilization 19 A Bend in the River and the Beginnings of China 53
Thinking Historically: The Idea of Civilization The Decline of the Shang and the Era of Zhou
in World Historical Perspective 21 Dominance 57
Global Connections and Critical Themes: The Visualizing The Past: Mapping the Rise of
neolithic revolution as the basis for world Civilizations 59
history 23 Thinking Historically: Nomadic Contacts and
Further Readings 23 the Endurance of Asia’s First Civilizations 61
Critical Thinking Questions 23 Global Connections and Critical Themes:
Contrasting Legacies: Harappan and Early
Chapter 2 The Rise of Civilization in the Middle Chinese Civilizations 63
East and Africa 24 Further Readings 63
Early Civilization in Mesopotamia 25 Critical Thinking Question 64
vii
PART II The Rise and Decline of the Mauryas 128
Brahmanical Recovery and the Splendors of the
The Classical Period, 600 b.c.e.–600 c.e.: Gupta Age 131
Uniting Large Regions 68
Visualizing The Past: The Pattern of Trade in the
Chapter 4 Unification and the Consolidation Ancient Eurasian World 132
of Civilization in China 74 Intensifying Caste and Gender Inequities and Gupta
Philosophical Remedies for the Prolonged Crisis Decline 135
of the Later Zhou 76 Document: A Guardian’s Farewell Speech to a Young
Document: Teachings of the Rival Chinese Woman About to Be Married 136
Schools 79 Global Connections and Critical Themes: India and
The Triumph of the Qin and Imperial Unity 80 the Wider World 138
The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of China’s Further Readings 138
Classical Age 84 Critical Thinking Questions 139
Thinking Historically: Xunzi and the Shift from
Ritual Combat to “Real” War 85 Chapter 7 Rome and Its Empire 140
Visualizing The Past: Capital Designs and Patterns The Development of Rome’s Republic 142
of Political Power 91 Roman Culture 146
Global Connections and Critical Themes: Classical Document: Rome and a Values Crisis 147
China and the World 94 How Rome Ruled its Empire 148
Further Readings 94 Visualizing The Past: Religions in Rome 151
Critical Thinking Questions 95 The Evolution of Rome’s Economic and Social
Structure 151
Chapter 5 Classical Civilizations in the Eastern
Mediterranean and Middle East 96 Thinking Historically: The Classical Civilizations
in Comparative Perspective 153
The Persian Empire: A New Perspective in the
Middle East 98 The Origins of Christianity 154
The Political Character of Classical Greece 100 The Decline of Rome 157
The Hellenistic Period 104 Global Connections and Critical Themes: Rome and
the World 158
Visualizing The Past: Political Rituals in Persia 107
Further Readings 158
Greek And Hellenistic Culture 107
Critical Thinking Questions 159
Document: The Power of Greek Drama 109
Patterns of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Chapter 8 The Peoples and Civilizations of the
Society 112 Americas 160
Thinking Historically: Defining Social History 114 Origins of American Societies 162
Global Connections and Critical Themes: Persia, Spread of Civilization in Mesoamerica 167
Greece, and the World 117 Document: Deciphering the Maya Glyphs 172
Further Readings 117 Thinking Historically: Different Times for
Critical Thinking Questions 117 Different Peoples 173
Chapter 6 Religious Rivalries and India’s Golden The Peoples to the North 175
Age 118 The Andean World 177
The Age of Brahman Dominance 119 Visualizing The Past: Ancient Agriculture 180
An Era of Widespread Social Change 122 Global Connections and Critical Themes: American
Thinking Historically: Inequality as a Social Civilizations and the World 181
Norm 123 Further Readings 181
Religious Ferment and the Rise of Buddhism 126 Critical Thinking Questions 182
viii Contents
Chapter 9 The Spread of Civilizations and the From Arab to Islamic Empire: The Early Abbasid
Movement of Peoples 183 Era 260
The Spread of Civilization in Africa 186 Visualizing The Past: The Mosque as a Symbol of
Document: Myths of Origin 191 Islamic Civilization 262
Thinking Historically: Language as a Historical Document: The Thousand and One Nights as
Source 194 a Mirror of Elite Society in the Abbasid
Nomadic Societies and Indo-European Era 264
Migrations 195 Global Connections and Critical Themes: Early
Visualizing The Past: Varieties of Human Adaptation Islam and the World 266
and the Potential for Civilization 200 Further Readings 266
The Spread of Chinese Civilization to Japan 201 Critical Thinking Questions 267
The Scattered Societies of Polynesia 205 Chapter 12 Abbasid Decline and the Spread of
Global Connections and Critical Themes: The Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast
Emerging Cultures 210 Asia 268
Further Readings 210 The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late
Critical Thinking Questions 211 Abbasid Eras 270
Chapter 10 The End of the Classical Era: World Document: Ibn Khaldun on the Rise and Decline of
History in Transition, 200–700 c.e. 212 Empires 274
Upheavals in Eastern and Southern Asia 214 An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements 275
Document: The Popularization of The Coming of Islam to South Asia 278
Buddhism 216 Visualizing The Past: The Pattern of Islam’s Global
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 218 Expansions 279
Thinking Historically: The Problem of Decline and Thinking Historically: Conversion and
Fall 222 Accommodation in the Spread of World
The Development and Spread of World Religions 284
Religions 223 The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia 286
Visualizing The Past: Religious Geography 227 Global Connections and Critical Themes: Islam:
Global Connections and Critical Themes: The Late A Bridge between Worlds 288
Classical Period and the World 229 Further Readings 288
Further Readings 229 Critical Thinking Questions 289
Critical Thinking Questions 230 Chapter 13 African Civilizations and the Spread
of Islam 290
PART III
African Societies: Diversity and Similarities 291
The Postclassical Period, 600–1450: New Kingdoms of the Grasslands 295
Faith and New Commerce 235 Document: The Great Oral Tradition and the Epic
Chapter 11 The First Global Civilization: The Rise of Sundiata 298
and Spread of Islam 242 Visualizing The Past: The Architecture of
Desert and Town: The Harsh Environment of the Faith 301
Pre-Islamic Arabian World 244 The Swahili Coast of East Africa 301
The Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Peoples of the Forest and Plains 303
Islam 249 Thinking Historically: Two Transitions in the
The Arab Empire of the Umayyads 252 History of World Population 304
Thinking Historically: Civilization and Gender Global Connections and Critical Themes: Internal
Relationships 258 Development and Global Contacts 308
Contents ix
Further Readings 309 Thinking Historically: The “Troubling”
Critical Thinking Questions 309 Civilizations of the Americas 365
Chapter 14 Civilization in Eastern Europe: The Other Peoples of the Americas 368
Byzantium and Orthodox Europe 310 Global Connections The Americas and the
Civilization in Eastern Europe 311 World 371
The Byzantine Empire 313 Further Readings 371
Visualizing The Past: Women and Power in Critical Thinking Questions 372
Byzantium 315 Chapter 17 Reunification and Renaissance in
The Split between Eastern and Western Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang and
Christianity 317 Song Dynasties 373
Thinking Historically: Eastern and Western Rebuilding the Imperial Edifice in the Sui-Tang
Europe: The Problem of Boundaries 320 Era 374
The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe 321 Document: Ties That Bind: Paths to Power 379
The Emergence of Kievan Rus’ 321 Tang Decline and the Rise of the Song 381
Document: Russia Turns to Christianity 323 Tang and Song Prosperity: The Basis of a Golden
Global Connections and Critical Themes: Eastern Age 385
Europe and the World 326 Visualizing The Past: Footbinding as a Marker
Further Readings 326 of Male Dominance 389
Critical Thinking Questions 326 Thinking Historically: Artistic Expression and
Social Values 391
Chapter 15 A New Civilization Emerges in
Global Connections and Critical Themes: China’s
Western Europe 327
World Role 393
Stages of Postclassical Development 329
Visualizing The Past: Peasant Labor 331
Document: European Travel: A Monk Visits
Jerusalem 336 Chapter 18 The Spread of Chinese Civilization:
Thinking Historically: Western Civilization 339 Japan, Korea, and Vietnam 394
Western Culture in the Postclassical Era 339 Japan: The Imperial Age 396
Changing Economic and Social Forms in the The Era of Warrior Dominance 400
Postclassical Centuries 343 Thinking Historically: Comparing
The Decline of the Medieval Synthesis 346 Feudalisms 402
Global Connections and Critical Themes: Medieval Korea: Between China and Japan 405
Europe and the World 349 Between China and Southeast Asia: The Making of
Further Readings 349 Vietnam 408
Critical Thinking Questions 350 Visualizing The Past: What Their Portraits Tell Us:
Gatekeeper Elites and the Persistence of
Chapter 16 The Americas on the Eve of Civilizations 412
Invasion 351 Document: Literature as a Mirror of the Exchanges
Postclassic Mesoamerica, 1000–1500 c.e. 353 among Asian Centers of Civilization 414
Aztec Society in Transition 358 Global Connections and Critical Themes: In the Orbit
Document: Aztec Women and Men 360 of China: The East Asian Corner of the Global
Twantinsuyu: World of the Incas 362 System 415
Visualizing The Past: Archeological Evidence Further Readings 415
of Political Practices 363 Critical Thinking Questions 416
x Contents
Chapter 19 The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: Colonial Expansion 476
From Chinggis Khan to Timur 417 Document: Western Conquerors: Tactics and
The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Motives 478
Khan 419 Global Connections and Critical Themes: The
Document: A European Assessment of the Virtues World Economy—and the World 483
and Vices of the Mongols 423 Further Readings 483
The Mongol Drive to the West 425 Critical Questions 484
Visualizing The Past: The Mongol Empire as a
Bridge between Civilizations 428 Chapter 22 The Transformation of the West,
The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History 429 1450–1750 485
Thinking Historically: The Global Eclipse of the The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce,
Nomadic Warrior Culture 433 1450–1650 487
Global Connections and Critical Themes: The Mongol The Commercial Revolution 492
Linkages 435 The Scientific Revolution: The Next Phase of
Further Readings 435 Change 495
Critical Thinking Questions 436 Visualizing The Past: Versailles 497
Political Change 497
Chapter 20 The World in 1450: Changing Thinking Historically: Elites and Masses 498
Balance of World Power 437 The West by 1750 500
Key Changes in the Middle East 439 Document: Controversies about Women 501
The Structure of Transregional Trade 440 Global Connections and Critical Themes: Europe
The Rise of the West 442 and the World 504
Visualizing The Past: Population Trends 443 Further Readings 504
Document: Bubonic Plague 444 Critical Thinking Questions 504
Outside the World Network 448
Chapter 23 Early Latin America 505
Thinking Historically: The Problem of
Ethnocentrism 450 Spaniards and Portuguese: From Reconquest to
Conquest 507
Global Connections and Critical Themes: 1450 and the
World 451 Document: A Vision from the Vanquished 513
Further Readings 452 The Destruction and Transformation of Indigenous
Societies 515
Colonial Economies and Governments 516
PART IV Thinking Historically: An Atlantic
History 518
The Early Modern Period, 1450–1750: The Brazil: The First Plantation Colony 521
World Shrinks 457 Multiracial Societies 523
Chapter 21 The World Economy 464 Visualizing The Past: Race or Culture? A Changing
The West’s First Outreach: Maritime Power 465 Society 524
Thinking Historically: Causation and the West’s The 18th-Century Reforms 526
Expansion 470 Global Connections and Critical Themes:
The Columbian Exchange of Disease and Food 471 Latin American Civilization and the World
Toward a World Economy 473 Context 531
Visualizing The Past: West Indian Further Readings 531
Slaveholding 474 Critical Thinking Questions 532
Contents xi
Chapter 24 Africa and the Africans in the Age of Visualizing The Past: Art as a Window into the Past:
the Atlantic Slave Trade 533 Paintings and History in Mughal, India 593
Africa and the Creation of an Atlantic Global Connections and Critical Themes:
System 534 Gunpowder Empires and the Restoration of the
The Atlantic Slave Trade 536 Islamic Bridge among Civilizations 598
African Societies, Slavery, and the Slave Further Readings 598
Trade 540 Critical Thinking Questions 599
Thinking Historically: Slavery and Human
Society 542 Chapter 27 Asian Transitions in an Age of Global
White Settlers and Africans in Southern Africa 547 Change 600
The African Diaspora 549 The Asian Trading World and the Coming of the
Europeans 602
Document: An African’s Description of the Middle
Passage 551 Ming China: A Global Mission Refused 609
Visualizing The Past: The Cloth of Kings in an Document: Exam Questions as a Mirror of Chinese
Atlantic Perspective 553 Values 611
Global Connections and Critical Themes: Visualizing The Past: The Great Ships of the
Africa and the African Diaspora in World Ming Expeditions That Crossed the Indian
Context 556 Ocean 616
Further Readings 556 Thinking Historically: Means and Motives for
Overseas Expansion: Europe and China
Compared 617
Chapter 25 The Rise of Russia 558 Fending Off the West: Japan’s Reunification and the
Russia’s Expansionist Politics under the First Challenge 618
Tsars 559 Global Connections and Critical Themes: An Age of
Thinking Historically: Multinational Eurasian Proto-Globalization 622
Empires 562 Further Readings 622
Russia’s First Westernization, 1690–1790 563 Critical Thinking Questions 623
Document: The Nature of Westernization 565
Themes in Early Modern Russian History 569 PART V
Visualizing The Past: Oppressed Peasants 570 The Dawn of the Industrial Age,
Global Connections and Critical Themes: Russia 1750–1900 628
and the World 572
Chapter 28 The Emergence of Industrial Society
in the West, 1750–1900 635
Context for Revolution 636
Chapter 26 The Muslim Empires 573 The Age of Revolution 638
The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Visualizing The Past: The French Revolution in
Builders 575 Cartoons 640
Document: An Islamic Traveler Laments the Muslims’ The Industrial Revolution: First Phases 643
Indifference to Europe 583 The Consolidation of the Industrial Order,
The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids 584 1850–1900 645
Thinking Historically: The Gunpowder Empires Document: Protesting the Industrial
and the Shifting Balance of Global Power 586 Revolution 647
The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization Cultural Transformations 650
in India 590 Western Settler Societies 653
xii Contents
Thinking Historically: Two Revolutions: Industrial Chapter 31 Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman
and Atlantic 654 Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing
Diplomatic Tensions and World War I 657 China 713
Global Connections and Critical Themes: Industrial From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the
Europe and the World 659 Birth of Turkey 715
Further Readings 659 Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab
Critical Thinking Questions 660 Islamic Heartlands 718
Thinking Historically: Western Global Dominance
Chapter 29 Industrialization and Imperialism: The and the Dilemmas It Posed for the Peoples and
Making of the European Global Order 661 Societies of Africa and Asia 719
The Shift to Land Empires in Asia 664 The Rise and Fall of the Qing Dynasty 724
Thinking Historically: Western Education and the Visualizing The Past: Mapping the Decline of Two
Rise of an African and Asian Middle Class 669 Great Empires 725
Industrial Rivalries and the Partition of the World, Document: Transforming Imperial China into
1870–1914 671 a Nation 733
Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Global Connections and Critical Themes: Muslim
Change 675 and Chinese Retreat and a Shifting Global
Document: Contrary Images: The Colonizer versus Balance 734
the Colonized on the “Civilizing Mission” 676 Further Readings 734
Visualizing The Past: Capitalism and Critical Thinking Questions 735
Colonialism 679
Chapter 32 Russia and Japan: Industrialization
Global Connections and Critical Themes: Outside the West 736
A European-Dominated Early Phase of
Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance 738
Globalization 684
Document: Conditions for Factory Workers in
Russia’s Industrialization 742
Protest and Revolution in Russia 744
Chapter 30 The Consolidation of Latin America, Japan: Transformation without Revolution 747
1810–1920 686 Thinking Historically: The Separate Paths of Japan
From Colonies to Nations 688 and China 749
New Nations Confront Old and New Visualizing The Past: Two Faces of Western
Problems 692 Influence 752
Latin American Economies and World Markets, Global Connections and Critical Themes: Russia
1820–1870 694 and Japan in the World 755
Document: Confronting the Hispanic Heritage: Further Readings 756
From Independence to Consolidation 699 Critical Thinking Questions 756
Societies in search of themselves 702
Thinking Historically: Explaining PART VI
Underdevelopment 705
The Newest Stage of World History:
Visualizing The Past: Images of the Spanish-American
1900–Present 761
War 708
Global Connections and Critical Themes: New Chapter 33 Descent into the Abyss: World War I
Latin American Nations and the World 711 and the Crisis of the European Global Order 769
Further Readings 711 The Coming of the Great War 772
Critical Thinking Questions 712 A World at War 774
Contents xiii
Visualizing The Past: Trench Warfare 776 Nationalism and Decolonization in South and
Failed Peace and Global Turmoil 781 Southeast Asia and Africa 849
The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Visualizing The Past: National Leaders for a New
Order 782 Global Order 852
Document: Lessons for the Colonized from the Global Connections and Critical Themes: Persisting
Slaughter in the Trenches 783 Trends in a World Transformed by War 857
Thinking Historically: Women in Asian and Further Readings 857
African Nationalist Movements 791 Critical Thinking Questions 858
Global Connections and Critical Themes: World
War and Global Upheavals 795 Chapter 36 Western Society and Eastern Europe
Further Readings 795 in the Decades of the Cold War 859
Critical Thinking Questions 796 After World War II: A New International Setting
for the West 861
Chapter 34 The World between the Wars: The Resurgence of Western Europe 864
Revolutions, Depression, and Authoritarian Thinking Historically: The United States
Response 797 and Western Europe: Convergence and
The Roaring Twenties 798 Complexity 868
Revolution: The First Waves 804 Cold War Allies: The United States, Canada,
Thinking Historically: A Century of Australia, and New Zealand 870
Revolutions 809 Culture and Society in the West 872
The Global Great Depression 816 Visualizing The Past: Women at Work in France
The Nazi Response 819 and the United States 874
Authoritarianism and New Militarism in Key Eastern Europe after World War II: A Soviet
Regions 821 Empire 877
Visualizing The Past: Guernica and the Images of Soviet Culture: Promoting New Beliefs and
War 822 Institutions 880
Document: Socialist Realism 827 Document: A Cold War Speech 885
Global Connections and Critical Themes: Economic Global Connections and Critical Themes: The Cold
Depression, Authoritarian Response, and War and the World 887
Democratic Retreat 830 Further Readings 887
Further Readings 830 Critical Thinking Questions 888
Chapter 37 Latin America: Revolution
Chapter 35 A Second Global Conflict and the and Reaction into the 21st Century 889
End of the European World Order 833 Latin America after World War II 891
Old and New Causes of a Second World War 835 Radical Options in the 1950s 893
Thinking Historically: Total War, Global Visualizing The Past: Murals and Posters: Art and
Devastation 836 Revolution 895
Unchecked Aggression and the Coming of War Document: The People Speak 898
in Europe and the Pacific 838 The Search for Reform and the Military
The Conduct of a Second Global War 840 Option 899
Document: Japan’s Defeat in a Global War 846 Thinking Historically: Human Rights in the 20th
War’s End and the Emergence of the Superpower Century 902
Standoff in the Cold War 848 Societies in Search of Change 905
xiv Contents
Global Connections and Critical Themes: Further Readings 963
Struggling Toward the Future in a Global Critical Thinking Questions 964
Economy 909
Further Readings 910 Chapter 40 Power, Politics, and Conflict in World
Critical Thinking Questions 910 History, 1990–2014 965
The End of the Cold War 966
Chapter 38 Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in Visualizing The Past: Symbolism in the Breakdown
the Era of Independence 911 of the Soviet Bloc 973
The Challenges of Independence 913 The Spread of Democracy 974
Document: Cultural Creativity in the Emerging Document: Democratic Protest and Repression in
Nations: Some Literary Samples 920 China 975
Thinking Historically: Artificial Nations and the The Great Powers and New Disputes 976
Rising Tide of Communal Strife 922
The United States as Sole Superpower 979
Postcolonial Options for Achieving Economic
Thinking Historically: Terrorism, Then and
Growth and Social Justice 924
Now 981
Delayed Revolutions: Religious Revivalism and
Global Connections and Critical Themes: New
Liberation Movements in Settler Societies 930
Global Standards, New Divisions 983
Visualizing The Past: Globalization and Postcolonial
Societies 934
Global Connections and Critical Themes:
Postcolonial Nations in the Cold War World Chapter 41 Globalization and Resistance 986
Order 935
Global Industrialization 987
Globalization: Causes and Processes 990
Document: Protests against Globalization 995
Chapter 39 Rebirth and Revolution: The Global Environment 997
Nation-Building in East Asia and the Pacific Resistance and Alternatives 1000
Rim 937 Thinking Historically: How Much Historical
East Asia in the Postwar Settlements 939 Change? 1001
The Pacific Rim: More Japans? 945 Visualizing The Past: Two Faces of
Visualizing The Past: Pacific Rim Growth 947 Globalization 1003
Thinking Historically: The Pacific Rim as a U.S. Toward the Future 1004
Policy Issue 949 Global Connections and Critical Themes:
Mao’s China: Vanguard of World Revolution 950 Civilizations and Global Forces 1005
Document: Women in the Revolutionary Struggles Further Readings 1005
for Social Justice 955 Critical Thinking Questions 1006
Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam 957 Glossary G-1
Global Connections and Critical Themes: East
Credits C-1
Asia and the Pacific Rim in the Contemporary
World 962 Index I-1
Contents xv
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MyHistoryLab Video Series
Note: The following videos, available at MyHistoryLab.com, expand Chapter 21: The Beginnings of a Global Trade System
on key topics discussed in each of the chapters. and the Columbian Exchange 465
Chapter 22: Martin Luther 486
Chapter 1: Food Production 8
Chapter 23: Spanish and Portuguese Empires 506
Chapter 2: Introduction to Ancient Egypt 25
Chapter 24: The African Diaspora 534
Chapter 3: Chinese Writing 45
Chapter 25: The Westernization of Russia under Peter
Chapter 4: Confucianism 75 the Great 559
Chapter 5: Athenian Democracy 97 Chapter 26: The Multicultural Empire
Chapter 6: The Rise of Buddhism 119 of the Ottomans 574
Chapter 7: Administration of the Empire 141 Chapter 27: The Ming Dynasty 601
Chapter 8: Mayan Culture 161 Chapter 28: The Significance of the French
Chapter 9: Bantu Dispersal 184 Revolution 636
Chapter 10: The Fall of the Roman Empire 213 Chapter 29: The Origins of the British Empire in South
Asia 662
Chapter 11: The Spread of Islam after
Muhammad 243 Chapter 30: The Causes of Political Change in Latin
America 687
Chapter 12: Islamic Civilization Becomes an
Empire 269 Chapter 31: The Ottoman Decline 714
Chapter 13: Arrival of Islam in North Africa 291 Chapter 32: Revolutionaries Seek to Transform Russian
Society 737
Chapter 14: The Split between Eastern and Western
Christianity 311 Chapter 33: The Causes of World War I 770
Chapter 15: Charlemagne and the Carolingian Chapter 34: The Rise of Fascism in Europe 798
Renaissance 328 Chapter 35: The Holocaust 834
Chapter 16: Inca Culture 352 Chapter 36: The Ideological Origins of the Cold War 860
Chapter 17: Chinese Commercial Innovations 374 Chapter 37: The Cuban Revolution 890
Chapter 18: The Rise of Japan’s Provincial Warrior Chapter 38: Apartheid in South Africa 912
Elite 395 Chapter 39: Post-War Resurgence of Japan 938
Chapter 19: Chinggis Khan 418 Chapter 40: The Collapse of Communist Rule 966
Chapter 20: Italy: The Cradle of the Renaissance 438 Chapter 41: The Global Environment 987
xvii
MyhistoryLab Documents
Note: The following documents, available at www.myhistorylab.com, Li Si and the Legalist Policies of Qin Shihuang
are referenced in the margins of the text and above illustrations (280–208 b.c.e) 82
and maps. Document titles bearing a red speaker are available with
audio.
Excerpt from The Art of War (2nd Century bc) 86
Chapter 1 Chapter 5
A Visitor from the Neolithic Age 7
Darius the Great: Ruler of Persia (522 b.c.e.) 99
Marshall Sahlins, “The Original Affluent Society” 11
The “Cyrus Cylinder” 100
The Toolmaker 3300 bce 13
Aristotle, The Creation of the Democracy in Athens 102
David Rindos, from “Symbiosis, Instability, and the
Origins and Spread of Agriculture: A New Model” 15 Plutarch on Alexander the Great 106
Aristotle on Slavery (4th c. b.c.e.) 113

Chapter 2
Herodotus on the Egyptians 24
Chapter 6
An Egyptian Hymn to the Nile 33
Hindu Creation Myth and the Caste System 122
Praise of the Scribe’s Profession: Egyptian Letter 35
Transmigration of Souls in the Upanishads
Egyptian Folk Tale, c. 2000 b.c.e. 35 (600 b.c.e). 124
Excerpt from the Ramayana 125

Chapter 3
Selections from the Rig Veda 51 Kautilya, from Arthashastra, “The Duties of
Government Superintendents” 129
Excerpt from the Shi Jing (Book of Songs) 62
Emperor Asoka, from the Edicts of Asoka 131
Chapter 4 Cast(e)aways? Women in Classical India (200 c.e.,
Confucius: Selections from the Analects 78 6th c. c.e.) 135
Confucian Political Philosophy: An Excerpt

from Mencius 78 Chapter 7
Livy, The Rape of Lucretia and the Origins of the
The Way of the State (475–221 b.c.e.) 81 Republic 143
Sima Qian, The Life of Meng Tian, Builder of the Great Appian of Alexandria, “War, Slaves, and Land Re-
Wall 82 form: Tiberius Gracchus” (ca. 150 ce) 145
xix
Vitruvius, “On Symmetry” from The Ten Books on Harun al-Rashid and the Zenith of the Caliphate 260
Architecture 148
Sunni versus Shi’a: Letter from Selim I to Ismail I 261
Polybius: “Why Romans and Not Greeks Govern
the World,” c. 140 b.c.e. 150 Baghdad: City of Wonders 261
Slaves in the Roman Countryside, c. 150 Chapter 12

b.c.e.—50 c.e. 152
A Muslim View of the Crusades: Behâ-ed-Din, Richard
The Roman and Christian Views of the Good Life 156 I Massacres Prisoners after Taking Acre, 1191 273
Chapter 8 The Rubaiyat (11th c. ce) Omar Khayyam 276

Two Nineteenth-Century Archaeologists Provide the Ibn Battuta, Selections from the Rihla 277
First Scientific Description of the Indian Mounds of
the Mississippi Valley 166 Science and Mathematics: Al-Ghazzali, “On the
Separation of Mathematics and Religion” 277
From the Popol Vuh: The Great Mythological Book of
the Ancient Maya [ca. 1550] 170 Rabi’a al-’Adawiyya, “Brothers, My Peace Is in My
Aloneness.” 278
Chapter 9
Ghana and Its People in the Mid-Eleventh Century 190 Giovanni Di Piano Carpini on the Mongols 279
Al-Umari Describes Mansa Musa of Mali 194 A World Traveler in India (1300s) Ibn Battuta 281
Ammianus Marcellinus on the Huns 197

Chapter 13
Germania (1st c. c.e.) Tacitus 198 Al-Umari Describes Mansa Musa of Mali 290
Buddhism in Japan: The Taika Reform Edicts 204 Ghana and Its People in the Mid-Eleventh Century 296
Chapter 10 Leo Africanus Describes Timbuktu 297

From the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and “Askia Muhammad al-Turi and Reform in Songhai” 299
Trade in the Indian Ocean 218
Leo Africanus’ Description of Africa (1500) 299
Eusebius of Caesarea, Selections from Life of
Constantine 220 A Tenth-Century Arab Description of the East African
Sidonius Apollinaris, Rome’s Decay and a Glimpse of Coast 302
the New Order 220 Hans Mayr, Account of Francisco d’Almeida’s Attack
Pope Leo I on Bishop Hilary of Arles 226 on Kilwa and Mombasa 303
From the Rule of St. Benedict (6th c.) (Excerpt) by St. Chapter 14
Benedict of Nursia 227 Chronicle of the Fourth Crusade (12th–13th c.)
Geoffrey de Villhardouin 319
Chapter 11
The Holy Qur’an (7th c. c.e.) 250 Nestor-Iskander on the Fall of Constantinople
(1450s) 319
Al-Tabari and Ibn Hisham, from “The Founding of the
Caliphate” 252 Ibn Fadlan’s Account of the Rus 322
xx MyhistoryLab Documents
Chapter 15 Chapter 19
On Feudal Obligations, “Mutual Duties of Vassals and Excerpt from William of Rubruck’s Account of the
Lords” (1020) Fulbert of Chartres 329 Mongols 420
Description of Cluny 331 On Chinghis Khan (1270s) Marco Polo 421
Life of Charlemagne (early 9th c.) Einhard 333 The Mongols: An Excerpt from the Novgorod
Chronicle, 1315 426
Medieval Town: Customs of the Town of Chester,
England, 1085 333 Marco Polo on Chinese Society Under the Mongol
Rule (1270s) 430
The Magna Carta, 1215 335
Marco Polo at the Court of Kublai Khan, c. 1300 431
Fulcher of Chartres, The First Crusade
(1100s ce) 337 Mongols and Trade on the Silk Roads 432
Professor Abelard Confronts Bernard of Clairvaux, c. A Contemporary Describes Timur 434

1140 340
Chapter 20
Chapter 16 Kritovoulos on the Fall of Constantinople
The Midwife Addresses the Woman Who Has Died in (1450s) 438
Childbirth—Anonymous 359
Ibn Rushd (Averröes) (12th c.) 439
Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, “Indians of the
Rio Grande” 370 A Ming Naval Expedition (15th c.) 441
Black Death (1349) Henry Knighton 442

Chapter 17
Tang Daizong on the Art of Government 377 Excerpt from the Travel Journal of Vasco da
Gama 448
An Essay Question from the Chinese Imperial
Examination System 378 Voyage from Lisbon 448
Ibn Wahab, An Arab Merchant Visits Tang China 381 Chapter 21

Christopher Columbus, Journal Excerpt and Letter 467
Poems by Li Bai and Du Fu (8th c.) 390
Voyage from Lisbon to the Island of São Thomé
Chapter 18 (1540) 468
Guidelines for Tributary Missions, Qing Dynasty,
1764 394 Jan van Linschoten on Dutch Business in the Indian
Ocean 469
The Seventeen Article Constitution from the Nihongi
(604 ce) 397 Jacques Cartier: First Contact with the Indians
(1534) 471
Buddhism in Japan: The Taika Reform Edicts 397
José de Acosta, The Columbian Exchange
Murasaki Shikibu, Selections from The Tale of Genji 399 (1590) 472
Preface to the Ten Diagrams of Sage Learning (1568) Multatuli, Max Havelaar: Or the Coffee Auctions of the
Yi Hwang (T’oegye) 407 Dutch Trading Company 475
MyhistoryLab Documents xxi

Chapter 22 Chapter 25
Adan Olearius: A Foreign Traveler in Russia (early
The Prince (1519) Machiavelli 488
17th c.) 563
Martin Luther’s “Ninety-Five Theses,” 1517 489
On the Corruption of Morals in Russia (late 18th c.)
Calvin on Predestination (16th c.) 490 Prince Mikhail Mikhailovich Shcherbatov 566
Lomonosov: Panegyric to the Sovereign Emperor Peter

Council of Trent (1545–1563) 490
the Great (1741) 567
The Edict of Nantes, 1598 491 Adam Mickiewicz: Excerpts from The Books of the
Polish Nation 1830–31 571
Galileo Galilei, “Letter to Madame Christine of
Lorraine, Grand Duchesse of Tuscany” 495
Chapter 26
John Locke, Essay Concerning Human
Mehmed II (15th c.) 576
Understanding 496
Venetian Observations on the Ottoman Empire (late
Jean Domat, on Social Order and Absolutist
16th c.) 578
Monarchy 499
An Ambassador’s Report on the Ottoman Empire
Chapter 23 (1555) Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq 580
Privileges and Prerogatives Granted by Their
Portrait of an Ottoman Gentleman 580
Catholic Majesties to Christopher Columbus:
1492 508 Defeat of Ottoman Turks (1683) King John
Sobieski 582
Smallpox Epidemic in Mexico, 1520, from Bernardino
de Sahagún, Florentine Codex: General History of the Sunni versus Shi’ite: Letter from Selim I to
Things of New Spain, 1585 509 Ismail I 585
Bartolomè de Las Casas, “Of the Island of Hispaniola” Fathers Simon and Vincent Report on Shah Abbas I,
(1542) 512 the Safavid Ruler of Persia 587
The Second Letter of Hernán Cortés to King
Charles V of Spain (1519) Hernán Cortés 512 Chapter 27
Jean Baptiste Colbert, “Mercantilism: Dissertation on
Excerpt from Bartolome de las Casas’ In Defense of the
Alliances” 604
Indians 515
Duarte Barbosa, Accounts of Duarte Barbosa’s
Bartolomé de las Casas, The Devastation of the Indies, Journeys to Africa and India 605
(1565) 515
The English in South Asia and the Indian Ocean, early
Chapter 24 1600s 606
Leo Africanus’ Description of West Africa (1500) 535 Saint Francis Xavier on Conversion of the Indians 608
Letters from the Kings of Portugal to the China: Rules Regulating Foreign Trading in
King of Kongo 537 Guangzhou 613
Job Hortop and the British Enter the Slave Trade, Matteo Ricci’s Journals (late 16th c.) Matteo
1567 538 Ricci 615
xxii MyhistoryLab Documents

A European View of Asia (1590) 615 Chapter 30
Tokugawa Shogunate, The Laws for the Military House, Jose Morelos, Sentiments of the Nation (Mexico),
1615 620 1813 689
Simon de Bolívar, “Address to Second National
Chapter 28 Congress” (Venezuela), 1819 690
Thomas Malthus’s An Essay on the Principle of Friederich Hassaurek, How to Conduct a Latin
Population, 1798 638 American Revolution, 1865 693
Franklin and the British Parliament, “Proceedings Millenarianism in Late-Nineteenth-Century Brazil—
Regarding The Stamp Act” 639 Canudos 702
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, What Is the Third Estate? 639 Francisco García Calderón, Excerpt from Latin
Declaration of the Rights of Man America: Its Rise and Progress 707
and the Citizen, 1789 639
James Watt on Steam Engines (mid to late 1700s) 643
Chapter 31
The Turkish Atrocities in Bulgaria (1876) J. A.
The Chartist Movement: British Workers Call for MacGahan 716
Political Enfranchisement, 1878 644
An Ottoman Government Decree Defines the Official
Fustel de Coulanges, Letter to German Historian Notion of the “Modern” Citizen, June 19, 1870 717
Theodor Mommsen, 1870 648
The Young Turk Revolution, 1908, Halide Edib
The Communist Manifesto (1848) Karl Marx and Ady’var 718
Friedrich Engels 649
A British View of Egyptian Agriculture (1840) John
Bowring 721
Chapter 29
Arrival of the British in the Punjab (mid-19th c.) Disraeli Purchasing Controlling Interest in the Suez
Prakash Tandon 668 Canal 722
Edmund Burke, Speech on Fox’s East India Bill 670 Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, “Lecture on Teaching
and Learning” 722
T. B. Macaulay, Speech on Parliamentary Reform 670
China: Rules Regulating Foreign Trading in
An Indian Nationalist on Hindu Women and Guangzhou 727
Education (early 19th c.) Ram Mohun Roy 671
The Treaty of Nanjing (1842) 730
Amrita Lal Roy, English Rule in India, 1886 671
Carl Peters Calls for German Colonization of Africa, Chapter 32
1884 673
Adam Mickiewicz: Excerpts from The Books
Letter of Phan Chu Trinh to the French of the Polish Nation 1830–31 739
Governor-General, 1906 673
Emancipation Manifesto (1861) 741
Orishatuke Faduma, “African Negro Education,”
1918 677 Working Conditions of Women in the Factories (early
20th c.) M. I. Pokrovskaia 745
Rudyard Kipling’s “The White Man’s Burden,”
1899 677 Russo-Japanese War: Imperial Rescript, 1904 746
MyhistoryLab Documents xxiii

Emperor Meiji, The Constitution of the Empire of Chapter 35
Japan 750
Korea: Suffering Japanese Torture, 1934 835
Sketches of Japanese Manners and Customs (1867)–
Transcript of the Rape of Nanjing Sentencing 838
Silver 753
Adolf Hitler, “The Obersalzberg Speech” 839
Chapter 33
The Vichy Regime in France 840
Carl Peters Calls for German Colonization
Winston Churchill Rallies the British People to
of Africa, 1884 773
Fight the Nazis, 1940 841
The Murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo,
Anna Petrovna Ostroumova-Lebedeva Describes
1914, Borijove Jevtic 774
the Siege of Leningrad, 1941 843
Soldiers’ Accounts of Battle (World War I) 775
Rudolf Hess Describes the Extermination
British Soldiers on the Battle of the Somme 775 Procedures at Auschwitz, 1946 843
Jinnah, the “Father” of Pakistan 851

A Turkish Officer Describes the Armenian
Genocide (1915–1916) 779
Chapter 36
George Clemenceau, “French Demands at the John Lewis, Address at the March on Washington
Peace Conference” 781 (1963) 866
Gandhi on Civil Disobedience (1910s) 789 A Common Market and European Integration

(1960) 867
Chapter 34
The Teenage Consumer, Life (1959) 869
Advertisements (1925, 1927) 800
The Truman Doctrine (1947) 871
Frederick Winslow Taylor, Employees and Productivity,
from Scientific Management (1919) 801
Chapter 37
Benito Mussolini, “The Political and Social Doctrine of Juan Perón and Post-War Populism (1946) 892
Fascism” 802
John F. Kennedy, Cuban Missile Crisis Address
Bolshevik Seizure of Power, 1917 807 (1962) 897
Stalin Demands Rapid Industrialization of the USSR Camilo Torres and Liberation Theology
(1931) 811 (1950s) 899
Mao Zedong, “A Single Spark Can Start a Prairie Fire,” Brazil’s Constitution of 1988 901
1953 815 Ronald Reagan, Support for the Contras (1984) 905
Heinrich Hauser, with Germany’s Unemployed
(1933) 817 Chapter 38
Jomo Kenyatta, from Facing Mt. Kenya: The Tribal Life
The Great Depression: An Oral Account of the Gokuyu 914
(1932) 817
Nelson Mandela, Closing Address at the 13th
Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (1923) 820 International AIDS Conference, July 2000 917
xxiv MyhistoryLab Documents

Indian Declaration of Independence (1930) 918 Mikhail Gorbachev on the Need for Economic
Reform (1987) 969
China: A Farmer’s Perspective, 2002 919
Winona LaDuke, The Indigenous Women’s Network, The Balkan Proximity Peace Talks Agreement
Our Future, Our Responsibility (1995) 920 (1995) 977
Kwame Nkrumah, from I Speak of Freedom: George H.W. Bush Announces Action in the Persian
A Statement of African Ideology 924 Gulf (1991) 977
Gamal Abdel Nasser, Speech on the Suez Canal Israel-PLO Declaration of Principles on Interim
(Egypt), 1956 929 Self-Government Arrangements (1993) 978
Jawaharlal Nehru, “Why India is Non-Aligned” (India), Alain Destexhe, from Rwanda and Genocide in the
1956 929 Twentieth Century 978
François Mitterrand, Speech to the United Nations,

Chapter 39 1990 979
The Constitution of Japan (1947) 940
North and South Korean Accord (2000) 941 Chapter 41

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant
Mao Zedong, “From the Countryside to the City,” Responsibility Act of 1996 994
1949 951
The McDonaldization of Society (Ritzer) 994
China’s One-Child Family Policy (1970s) 954
Deng Xiaoping, on Introducing Capitalist Principles to Let Them Eat Fat: The Heavy Truths about American
China 956 Obesity (Critser) 995
Ho Chi Minh, “Equality!” 959 World Bank–Supported Day Care Programs in

Uganda 1990s 997
Resolution Establishing the Viet Minh, 1941 960
Al Gore, Global Warming (2006) 999
Dwight D. Eisenhower, Dien Bien Phu (1954) 960
Osama bin Laden World Islamic Front Statement,
1998 1002
Chapter 40
Ronald Reagan, Speech to the House of Commons “America Enters a New Century with Terror,”
(1982) 968 N. R. Kleinfield, The New York Times,
2001 1003
Mikhail Gorbachev, Speech to the 27th Congress of the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union 969
MyhistoryLab Documents xxv

Maps
1.1 The Spread of Human Populations, c. 10,000 7.3 Origins and Early Spread of Christianity, to
b.c.e. 12 4th–5th Century 156
1.2 The Spread of Agriculture 16 8.1 Civilizations of Central and South America 166
2.1 Early Sumer 26 8.2 Mesoamerican Settlements 168
2.2 Mesopotamia in Maps 31 8.3 Andean Societies 178
2.3 Egypt, Kush, and Axum, Successive Dynasties 34 9.1 Africa: Variations in Climate 187
2.4 The Eastern Mediterranean, c. 1100 b.c.e. 38 9.2 Bantu Migrations 189
3.1 India in the Age of Harappa and the Early Aryan 9.3 West African States 193
Migrations 47 9.4 Germanic and Slavic Peoples on the Move,
3.2 China in the Shang and Zhou Eras 54 375–450 c.e. 199
3.3 Harappan South Asia 59 9.5 East Asia at the End of the Classical Period 202
3.4 Ancient Egypt in the Middle of the Second 9.6 The Rise of Japanese Civilization 203
Millennium b.c.e. 60
9.7 The Spread of Polynesian Peoples 206
3.5 Core Regions of Chinese Civilization 60
10.1 Asia, c. 600 c.e. 215
4.1 The Era of Nomadic Incursions and Warring
10.2 Indian Ocean Trading Routes in the Classical
States 75
Period 218
4.2 China from the Later Zhou Era to the Han Era 80
10.3 Germanic Kingdoms after the Invasions 220
4.3 Ancient Capitals 91
10.4 Major Religions of the Modern World 227
5.1 The Persian Empire in Its Main Stages 97
11.1 Arabia and Surrounding Areas before and during
5.2 The Greek World 101 the Time of Muhammad 245
5.3 Greece and Greek Colonies of the World, c. 431 11.2 The Expansion of Islamic Civilization,
b.c.e. 103 622–750 254
5.4 Alexander’s Empire and the Hellenistic World, 11.3 Emergence of the Abbasid Dynasty 260
c. 323 b.c.e. 106
12.1 The Abbasid Empire at Its Peak 271
6.1 India at the Time of Ashoka 120
12.2 The Spread of Islam, 10th–16th Centuries 277
6.2 The Spread of Buddhism in Asia, 400 b.c.e.–600
c.e. 130 12.3 Early Islam in India 280
6.3 Eurasian and African Trading Goods and Routes, 12.4 The Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia 287
c. 300 b.c.e. to 300 c.e. 132 13.1 Empires of the Western Sudan 296
6.4 The Gupta Empire 133 13.2 The Swahili Coast; African Monsoon Routes and
7.1 The Expansion of the Roman Republic, Major Trade Routes 302
133 b.c.e. 144 14.1 The Byzantine Empire under Justinian 314
7.2 The Roman Empire from Augustus to 180 c.e. 150 14.2 The Byzantine Empire, 1000–1100 319
xxvii
14.3 East European Kingdoms and Slavic Expansion, 24.1 Portuguese Contact and Penetration of
c. 1000 322 Africa 536
15.1 Charlemagne’s Empire and Successor States 332 25.1 Russian Expansion under the Early Tsars,
15.2 Western Europe toward the End of the Middle 1462–1598 561
Ages, c. 1360 c.e. 336 25.2 Russia under Peter the Great 564
15.3 Leading Trade Routes within Western and Central 25.3 Russia’s Holdings by 1800 568
Europe and to the Mediterranean 343 26.1 The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal
16.1 Central Mexico and Lake Texcoco 355 Empires 576
16.2 Inca Expansion 362 26.2 The Expansion of the Ottoman Empire 577
16.3 The Ancient Cities of Peru 364 26.3 The Safavid Empire 584
17.1 China during the Age of Division 375 26.4 The Growth of the Mughal Empire, from Akbar to
Aurangzeb 590
17.2 The Sui Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty 376
27.1 Routes and Major Products Exchanged in the
17.3 China in the Song and Southern Song Dynastic
Asian Trading Network, c. 1500 603
Periods 383
27.2 The Pattern of Early European Expansion in
18.1 Key Centers of Civilization in East Asia in the Asia 607
First Millennium c.e. 395
27.3 Ming China and the Zheng He Expeditions,
18.2 Japan in the Imperial and Warlord Periods 397 1405–1433 614
18.3 The Korean Peninsula during the Three 27.4 Japan during the Rise of the Tokugawa
Kingdoms Era 406 Shogunate 619
18.4 South China and Vietnam on the Eve of the Han 28.1 Napoleon’s Empire in 1812 641
Conquest 409
28.2 Industrialization in Europe, c. 1850 645
19.1 The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis
Khan 418 28.3 The Unification of Italy 648
28.4 The Unification of Germany, 1815–1871 649
19.2 The Four Khanates of the Divided Mongol
Empire 426 28.5 Early 19th-Century Settlement in the
United States, Canada, Australia, and New
19.3 The Mongol Empire and the Global Exchange
Zealand 656
Network 428
28.6 The Balkans after the Regional Wars, 1913 658
20.1 Polynesian Expansion 449
29.1 European Colonial Territories, before and after
21.1 Spain and Portugal: Explorations and
1800 664
Colonies 468
29.2 The Stages of Dutch Expansion in Java 665
21.2 French, British, and Dutch Holdings, c. 1700 471
29.3 The Growth of the British Empire in India, from
22.1 Western Europe during the Renaissance and
the 1750s to 1858 667
Reformation 490
29.4 The Partition of Africa between c. 1870 and
22.2 Europe under Absolute Monarchy, 1715 492 1914 673
22.3 European Population Density, c. 1600 494 29.5 The Partition of Southeast Asia and the Pacific to
23.1 Major Spanish Expeditions of Conquest in and 1914 674
from the Caribbean Region 509 30.1 Independent States of Latin America in
23.2 Colonial Brazil 510 1830 692
23.3 Spanish and Portuguese South America around 31.1 British Egypt and the Anglo-Egyptian
1800 528 Sudan 723
xxviii Maps
31.2 Ottoman Empire from Late 18th Century to 36.1 Soviet and Eastern European Boundaries by
World War I 725 1948 862
31.3 Qing Empire from Opium War of 1839–1841 to 36.2 Germany after World War II 863
World War I 726 36.3 The European Union 867
31.4 Coastal China and Its Hinterland in the 19th 37.1 U.S. Military Interventions, 1898–2000 904
Century 729
38.1 The Emergence of New Nations in Africa after
32.1 Russian Expansion, 1815–1914 740 World War II 915
32.2 The Russo-Japanese War 746 38.2 The Partition of South Asia: The Formation of
32.3 Japanese Colonial Expansion to 1914 754 India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka 916
33.1 World War I Fronts in Europe and the Middle 38.3 The New West African Nations 924
East 772 38.4 The Middle East in the Cold War Era 927
33.2 Africa during World War I 778 39.1 The Pacific Rim Area by 1960 939
33.3 The Middle East after World War I 788 39.2 China in the Years of Japanese Occupation and
34.1 From Dominions to Nationhood: Formation of Civil War, 1931–1949 950
Canada, Australia, and New Zealand 802 39.3 Vietnam: Divisions in the Nguyen and French
34.2 Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, Periods 957
1919–1939 803 39.4 North and South Vietnam 959
34.3 China in the Era of Revolution and Civil War 814 40.1 Post–Soviet Union Russia, Eastern Europe, and
34.4 The Expansion of Japan to the Outbreak of World Central Asia by 1991 972
War II 826 40.2 The Implosion of Yugoslavia, 1991–2008 977
35.1 World War II in Europe and the Middle East 841 40.3 Main U.S. Overseas Military Installations
35.2 Asia and the Pacific in World War II 845 by 2007 983
35.3 The Partition of Palestine after World War II 856 41.1 Multinational Corporations in 2000 992
Maps xxix
Preface
World history explores the human past, around the globe, to help World Civilizations: The Global Experience identifies six peri-
us understand the world we live in today. It seeks to identify how ods in world history. Each period is determined by three basic cri-
major forces have developed over time, like patterns of migration teria: a geographical rebalancing among major civilizational areas,
or world trade. It explores the cultures and political institutions of an increase in the intensity and extent of contact across civilizations
different regions, to help explain commonalities and differences. (or, in the case of the earliest period, cross-regional contact), and the
World history builds on a growing amount of historical scholarship, emergence of new and roughly parallel developments in many major
some of which has truly altered the picture of the past. It involves civilizations. The book is divided into six parts corresponding to
a rich array of stories and examples of human variety, intriguing in these six major periods of world history. In each part, basic character-
themselves. It helps develop skills that are vital not just to the his- istics of each period are referred to in chapters that discuss the major
tory classroom, but to effective operation in a global society—skills societies in the Middle East, Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas,
like comparing different societies, appreciating various viewpoints, and in several cross-cutting chapters that address larger world trends.
identifying big changes and continuities in the human experience. Each period offers a distinctive set of themes, or Big Concepts, that
Always, however, it uses the past as a prologue to the present. World are defined in general terms and then explored in terms of particular
historians argue that no one society, past or present, can be under- regions. Part introductions identify the fundamental new characteris-
stood without reference to other societies and to larger global forces. tics and new levels of interaction that define each period.
They argue, even more vigorously, that the present—which clearly Part I, Early Human Societies, 2.5 Million–600 b.c.e.: Origins
involves relationships that embrace the whole world—cannot be and Development, sketches the hunting-and-gathering phase of
grasped without a sense of the global historical record. human existence, then focuses on the rise of agriculture and the
From its first edition, World Civilizations: The Global Experi- emergence of civilization in parts of Asia, Africa, Central America,
ence has aimed at capturing a truly global approach by discussing and southeastern Europe—the sequence of developments that set
and comparing major societies and focusing on their interactions. world history in motion from the origin of the human species until
The goal is to present a clear factual framework while stimulating about 3000 years ago.
analysis about global contacts, regional patterns, and the whole pro- Part II, The Classical Period, 600 b.c.e.–600 c.e.: Uniting Large
cess of change and continuity on a world stage. This kind of world Regions, deals with the growing complexity of major civilizations
history, focused on the development over time of the forces that in several areas of the world. During the classical period, civiliza-
shape the world today, helps students make sense of the present and tions developed a new capacity to integrate large regions and diverse
prepare to meet the challenges of the future. It is hard to imagine a groups of people through overarching cultural and political sys-
more important topic. tems. Yet many regions and societies remained unconnected to the
Embracing the whole world’s history obviously requires selectiv- increasingly complex centers of civilization. Coverage of the classical
ity and explicit points of emphasis. This text gains coherence through period of world history, then, must consider both types of societies.
decisions about time, about place, and about topic. In all three cases, The period covered in Part III, The Postclassical Period, 600–
the book encourages analysis, relating facts to vital issues of interpre- 1450: New Faith and New Commerce, saw the emergence of new
tation. Through analysis and interpretation students become active, commercial and cultural linkages that brought most civilizations
engaged learners, rather than serving as passive vessels for torrents into contact with one another and with nomadic groups. The decline
of historical facts. Underpinning analysis, the issues of time, place, of the great classical empires, the rise of new civilizational centers,
and topic are the three keys to an intelligible global past. and the emergence of a network of world contacts, including the
spread of major religions, are characteristics of the postclassical era.
Developments in world history over the three centuries from
Decisions About Time: 1450 to 1750 mark a fourth period in world history, which is cov-
ered in Part IV, The Early Modern Period, 1450–1750: The World
Periodization Shrinks. The rise of the West, the intensification of global contacts,
This text pays a great deal of attention to periodization, or the iden- the growth of trade, and the formation of new empires define this
tification of major points of change in the global experience. This period and separate it from the preceding postclassical period.
is an essential requirement for coherent presentation—going well Part V, The Dawn of the Industrial Age, 1750–1900, covers
beyond the one-thing-after-another type of chronology—and ulti- the period of world history dominated by the advent of industri-
mately a precondition of relating the past to the present. alization in western Europe and growing European imperialism.
xxxi
The increase and intensification of commercial interchange, tech- bands of humans, after all, could number no more than sixty peo-
nological innovations, and cultural contacts all reflected the growth ple. No world history survey can even approach that level of detail.
of Western power and the spread of Western influence. World history seeks legitimate ways to define larger regions and
The Newest Stage of World History: 1900–Present, the focus of societies that serve as the basis for meaningful contacts and reac-
Part VI, defines the characteristics of this period as the retreat of tions to global forces.
Western imperialism, the rise of new political systems such as com- Major regions of the world depend on a combination of geog-
munism, the surge of the United States and the Soviet Union, and raphy and historical developments in the form of shared institutions
a variety of economic innovations, including the achievements of and beliefs. This book uses several regions as frameworks for dis-
Japan, China, Korea, and the Pacific Rim. Part VI deals with this cussing patterns of activity and larger interactions: east Asia; south
most recent period of world history and some of its portents for and southeast Asia; the Middle East, ultimately with the addition of
the future. north Africa; sub-Saharan Africa; Europe, often with some division
between eastern and western; and the Americas. Australia and key
island groups, and also patterns in central Asia, must be added in
Underlying Issues as well.
In several regions, beginning in key cases several thousand
Two related themes and one standard historical complexity rise years ago, major civilizations helped organize and define regional
above the six-stage world history periodization. The first involves characteristics. East Asia, to take one example, would be profoundly
the interaction between tradition and change—and in recent peri- shaped by emerging features of Chinese civilization. Civilizations
ods, modern change. Many societies established key ideas and used economic surpluses, beyond basic survival needs, to gener-
institutions early on, at least by the classical period. These tradi- ate relatively elaborate political institutions, cities, and trading
tions would then condition responses to change and modernity. networks. They also emphasized particular kinds of institutional
Elements of this interplay become visible from the post-classical arrangements and value systems that would provide a recognizable
period onward; the tradition-change encounter remains vivid in identity, differentiating their civilization from other societies. Using,
the 21st century, though in forms very different from a thousand but also debating, the concept of civilization helps organize the geo-
years ago. Each world history period involves important shifts in the graphical foundation of world history by introducing not only key
interaction between change and tradition. regions but regional characteristics and identities. Civilizations pro-
Theme two involves divergence and convergence. Societies vide the basis for key comparisons, with each other and in terms of
emerged separately in many parts of the world, though the process regional reactions to larger forces for change. The internal devel-
was almost always affected by some wider contacts. This is part of opments in major civilizations, along with mutual interaction and
the first phase of the human experience. Separation, or divergence, responses to broader factors like migration or missionary religions,
did not always mean difference, for many societies solved key prob- form much of the stuff of world history for the past 5000 years. At
lems in similar ways; but it did tend to produce separate identities. the same time, other types of societies, including nomadic groups,
With growing contacts over time, opportunities and pressures pro- played a vital role throughout world history, particularly as they
duced various forms of imitation and convergence. The interplay long dominated strategically vital regions like central Asia. Most
between divergence and convergence is lively in the 21st century, of these other societies were smaller than civilizations, in terms of
but its shape has changed greatly over time. Here, too, each period population, but they played crucial functions in world history and
involves a different statement of the balance between divergence developed successful cultural and institutional forms.
and convergence. Attention to the major regions of the world does more than
Periodization emphasizes change, including changes in the set the stage for comparative analysis in each of the chronological
basic frameworks in which traditions interacted with new forces periods in world history. It also promotes a sense of geographic bal-
and in which separate identities confronted new levels of conver- ance that is vital to the field. Many earlier historical efforts under-
gence. Always, however, change must be complicated by recogni- standably focused on developments in one’s own society, assuming
tion of key continuities from the past. At various points in human that the rest of the world was unimportant or somehow revolved
history, including recently, huge new forces prompt some people to around what was happening nearer home. Until recently, many
claim that “everything has changed.” In fact, strong traces of the past Americans were urged to pay primary attention to the history of
always linger. The challenge is to figure out how the balance works. western Europe and the expansion of Western civilization across
the Atlantic. These remain valid themes, but in the world history
context they become only a part of a larger and more complicated
Place: Regions and civilizational pattern. The transition from Western to world his-
Civilizations tory is still under discussion, but the global context gains ground
steadily because it more accurately mirrors the world around us
Usable world history requires decisions about coherence in place as today. This book, paying attention to Western developments as
well as time. Even in the present day, and certainly in the past, key part of the larger world story, and showing their interaction with
developments did not occur evenly across the whole globe: regional other societies and other influences, strives to distribute appropri-
conditions always come into play. At the same time, not every defin- ate attention to all the major regions and to their changing roles in
able society can be encompassed—early hunting-and-gathering the larger global story.
xxxii Preface
Topics and Themes directly to MyHistoryLab resources such as primary source docu-
ments, videos, and maps.
A final way to focus world history, intersecting with decisions about Learning Objective questions have been added to each chapter to
time and place, involves the kinds of human and social activities highlight central themes and ideas. Each question is linked to one of
that are highlighted. The first theme follows obviously from the the chapter’s main sections. Critical Thinking Questions were added
uses of periodization and the need to deal coherently with world at the end of each chapter to reinforce important concepts covered in
history over time: World Civilizations: The Global Experience deals the chapter and to serve as possible essay or class discussion topics.
consistently with change and continuity and with the causes of basic Further Readings were updated in most chapters, bringing the schol-
changes in global dynamics from one period to the next. arship for the new edition up-to-date. In many chapters, the authors
Interactions among the major regions and societies, the second reference cultural regions that were underrepresented in earlier edi-
theme, focus attention on the ways individual regions and civilizations of the book—particularly the Middle East and Oceania.
tions were shaped by contacts with other areas. Contacts include Specific changes in the content of this edition are as follows:
trade, of course, but also war, diplomacy, and international organi- • In Chapter 1, there are new sections on animism and
zations from religious entities to the multinational companies and pastoralism and the section on first cities has been expanded.
global agencies of more modern times. • In Chapter 3, there is an increased focus on environmental
A cluster of factors deal with economic activities and popula- factors.
tion patterns as they affect people, societies, and the environment. • Chapter 4 features an increased emphasis on the impact of
Technology has a key role here, but also population structures and political and technical change on the environment. Also, there
disease, labor systems, migrations, plus manufacturing and agri- are extensive changes in the Further Readings.
culture. Each civilization must be discussed with these patterns in • Chapter 5 includes expanded treatment of Persia.
mind, as well as the broader diffusion of trade, technologies, and • In Chapter 7, there is now a comparison of Roman and
population exchange as they formed core parts of the larger pat- Chinese empires. Coverage of Rome’s development has been
terns of interaction. expanded and there is new coverage of Rome’s environmen-
Each society featured characteristic social and gender struc- tal impact. Finally, there is a new section called Cities of the
tures that organized and tried to justify various systems of inequal- World: Rome
ity. Dealing with how social systems changed over time and com- • Chapter 8 now includes an explanation of the Mayan system
paring them from one region to the next are core features of world of assigning dates to events and features expanded coverage
history; social systems could also be affected by changing patterns of Chavín culture.
of contact. • In the Chapter 9 Further Readings, scholarship on New Zea-
The fifth thematic area clusters around culture—belief systems, land has been added or updated.
values, and artistic styles—as these emerged in religions, intellectual • In Chapter 10, the section on the Spread of World Religions
systems, and science. Here too, change over time and the results has been expanded.
of interactions among societies form key elements in the cultural • Chapter 12, the discussion of Sufis and their roles in science
dynamics of world history. and philosophy has been expanded.
Finally, politics demands emphasis: the functions and struc- • Chapter 14 includes increased coverage of the Byzantine
tures of states, as they formed and changed, along with ideas about Empire. Also, there are new sections titled Cities in World
politics and political identity (political culture). In modern centu- History: Kiev and Global Connections and Critical Themes:
ries, this topic embraces the emergence of nation states and also Eastern Europe and the World.
their limitations in global context. • Chapter 16 features a stronger, more effective comparison of
The topical themes of this book help organize discussions of Aztecs and Incas.
change over time but also the possibility of developing comparisons • Chapter 18 includes new coverage of the importance of
from one society to the next. Interactions among the themes—how women in Vietnamese resistance movements and in society
new trading patterns affected, and were affected by, cultural systems, in general.
for example—help structure more challenging analytical efforts. • In Chapter 19, the Further Readings have been expanded.
• Chapter 20 includes expanded coverage of the fifteenth
What Is New to This Edition? century as a transition. There is a new section called The
The seventh edition of World Civilizations: The Global Experience Structure of Transregional Trade. Coverage of critical themes
has been revised to reflect the latest developments in historical of the Italian Renaissance has been revised. And there is new
research and benefits from the addition of a host of new features to coverage of the impact of the Mongol era.
assist student learning. The most significant pedagogical innovation • In Chapter 22, there is expanded coverage of changes dur-
has been the seamless integration of documents, maps, videos, illus- ing the early modern period and an explanation of cultural
trations, and other resources from MyHistoryLab into the textbook. changes during the 18th century.
A new pedagogically driven design highlights a clear learning path • Chapter 23 now has added material on the Columbian
through the material and offers a visually stunning learning expe- exchange and the early Caribbean.
rience in print or on a screen. With the Pearson eText, featuring a • Chapter 24 features expanded sections on slaves and sugar
new streamlined design for tablet devices, students can transition plantations. There is new coverage of Africans in the
Preface xxxiii

Americas and African actions in era of emancipation. Data Part Introductions
on the African slave trade has been updated.
• Part introductions, reviewed for this edition, discuss the conditions
Chapter 25, formerly Chapter 23 in the sixth edition, has
that set the stage for the developments that define each new period
been relocated to facilitate comparison with other gunpowder
in world history. They identify the characteristics of the period of
empires. Also, there is expanded coverage of Russian societal
world history covered in the part, and recap the continuities that
changes.
• exist from one period to the next. Two world maps at the beginning
In Chapter 26, the new edition includes a greater emphasis
of each part introduction provide a graphic reference for the major
on flourishing cities and there are further efforts to avoid the
changes of the period. Part timelines list the major events of the
outdated Ottoman decline refrain.
• chronological period covered.
Chapter 27 has an expanded section on the Jesuits’ influence
with the Qing emperors and their eventual failure to convert.
There is a new section on the Tokugawa system of controlling Part tHe OveRvieW
allied and vassal daimyos.

V M
aps tell a crucial story for the “long” 19th century—a period whose characteristics ran
The Dawn of the Industrial Age,

from the late 18th century to 1900. A radically new kind of technology and economy
arose in a few parts of the world in what began to be called the industrial Revolution.
•
the industrial Revolution greatly increased industrial production as well as the speed and volume
Chapter 28 expands the definition of the Industrial Revo- 1750–1900 of transportation. Areas that industrialized early gained a huge economic lead over other parts
of the world, and massive regional inequalities resulted.
the industrial revolution must be understood in two ways. First, it was a process that trans-
formed agricultural economies, leading to growing urbanization, new social classes, new styles
lution and includes a discussion on the Second Industrial

of life. this process began in western europe, but it would later spread to other regions; it is still
going on today. industrialization as a global development, in other words, extends over several
centuries. But second, in the 19th century itself industrialization was a largely Western monopoly,
although with huge impact on other parts of the world. ironically, the new output of Western fac-
tories actually reduced manufacturing in many places, like india and latin America. Many regions
Revolution.
faced rising pressures to increase agricultural and raw materials production at low cost. it was this
growing imbalance that particularly shaped world history in the century and a half after 1750.
For industrial countries gained a number of power advantages over the rest of the world,
thanks to new, mass-produced weaponry, steamships, and developments in communications.
• Chapter 29 now contains more information on technology

Western europe led a new and unprecedented round of imperialism, taking over Africa, Oceania,
and many parts of Asia. even countries that began industrialization a bit later, like Russia and
Japan, were adding to their empires by 1914.
industrialization was not the only fundamental current in the long 19th century. Dramatic
political changes in the Atlantic world competed for attention, although imperialism overshad-
and militaries and emphasizes the role of soldiers that Euro-

owed liberal reform ideals in other parts of the world. industrialization, however, was the domi-
nant force. its impact spread to art, as some artists sought to capture the energies of the new
machines while others, even stylistic innovators, emphasized nostalgic scenes of nature as a con-
trast to industrial reality. industrialization also supported a new level of global contacts, turning
Il Quarto Stato (The Fourth State) by artist Guiseppe Pellizza da Volpedo depicts a crowd of Italian socialists. Socialism was a key outcome of
the proto-industrial framework of the early modern period into globalization outright.
peans recruited in colonies from Vietnam to India.

industrial conditions and 19th century political change. (Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo, “Il Quarto Stato” 1901. Oil on canvas, 283 cm x 550 cm.
Photo by Marcello Saporetti. Copyright Comune di Milano.)
Pa r t O u t l i n e
• In Chapter 31, several section titles were changed to clarify or Chapter 28 the emergence of industrial Society in the West,
1750–1914
Chapter 29 industrialization and imperialism: the Making of
Chapter 31 Civilizations in Crisis: the Ottoman empire, the
islamic Heartlands, and Qing China
Chapter 32 Russia and Japan: industrialization Outside the
bring them into accord with recent scholarship.

the european Global Order West
Chapter 30 the Consolidation of latin America, 1830–1920
• In Chapter 33, the introduction to the Document has been

revised with additional information.
• Chapter 34 includes expanded information on Stalin. 628
A sketch of the first successful steam-powered locomotive.
Part V The Dawn of the Industrial Age, 1750–1900 629
• Chapter 35 features further clarification on World War II M28_STEA6309_07_SE_C28.indd 628 10/07/13 10:50 PM M28_STEA6309_07_SE_C28.indd 629 10/07/13 10:50 PM
and the Cold War as well as expanded coverage of key points

throughout the chapter. End-of-Part Analysis
• Chapter 37 has expanded coverage of leadership in Cuba and
Following the final chapter in each part is an essay that revisits the
Brazil. There is also expanded coverage of female leadership
dominant cross-civilizational (or cross-regional) contacts and divi-
in Latin America. The population table has been updated and
sions that occurred during the era under examination. These sections
there are updates on the political situation in Cuba, Mexico,
encourage analysis of the dominant contact patterns in the period as
and Brazil. Finally, there is a closer examination of Latin
well as the relationship to them of major individual societies.
America’s leftward swing.
• In Chapter 38, coverage of environmental factors and the
impact of massive population increase and migration to PART
urban centers has been expanded.
• Chapter 39 has a new short section on U.S. efforts to promote IV R e v i s i t i n g
The Early Modern Period
Japanese reconstruction in the era of the Korean and Viet- CONTACTS AND THeIr LIMITS
nam wars as well as enhanced coverage of U.S./China rela- I

n the context of world history, all the basic changes during the early modern period involved
new levels of contacts. Merchants from many parts of the world participated in the new
world economy. Their military superiority at sea allowed europeans to reach new areas,
especially along coasts and islands. Chinese merchants continued to trade in southeast Asia,
encountering europeans in the Philippines as well as through the port of Macao. The Columbian
tions through the present. There is expanded information on

exchange was based on contacts—Asians learning of new foodstuffs, like the sweet potato,
from the Americas, or Americans experiencing diseases brought by contacts with europeans
and Africans. An obvious result of new contacts was the emergence of overseas empires, but
even land-based empires brought new connections. russians, for example, came into con-
tact with new Muslim and Jewish minorities as their conquests expanded, while the Ottoman
China’s environment and population and the regime-made

empire included Muslims, Jews, and Christians, not only in the general population but in the
state bureaucracy as well.
Contacts involved new migration patterns. In key cases, they promoted new types of environ- Interior of a Turkish Caffinet in Constantinople. The use of coffee and coffee houses promoted new forms of
mental change. Food exchange and disease exchange interacted to produce important popula- consumerism and socialization in several regions.
famine linked to the Great Leap Forward.

tion effects in many world regions.
On the whole, the contacts of the early modern period moved things—types of foods,
germs, and goods—more than ideas. New foods from the Americas reached China, for example,
which also took in massive amounts of New World silver. But the Chinese did not incorporate actually knew no more than their local counterparts; otherwise, outside scientific developments
•
many new ideas or technologies from their new contacts. Small numbers of european mission- were largely ignored.
In Chapter 40, the world events timeline has been updated

aries, seen as harmless, were tolerated, and many of them took on Chinese dress and habits. There were exceptions to this pattern in which exchanges of goods outweighed inter-
early in the 18th century, even this tolerance declined as China began to repress Christian mis- change of ideas. extensive Christian conversions in the Philippines, where the Spanish occu-
sionary efforts. The Mughal empire, initially interested in wide cultural contacts, also became pied directly, contrasted with the experience in most of Asia, where european Christian
less tolerant over time. And of course Japan turned toward more general isolation even more missionaries made only limited inroads on established affiliations to Buddhism, Hinduism, or
and there is new coverage of the Arab Spring.

quickly. For their part, europeans gladly welcomed new products and wealth from other parts Islam. The Ottoman empire opened new cultural links between the Balkans and Islam. russia,
of the world. Indeed, many europeans became dependent on items like sugar, one of the first of course, became an avid imitator of Western techniques and styles, although only at the elite
great international consumer goods that involved mass taste. europeans also eagerly imported level of society.
the habit of coffee drinking, and coffee houses, initially developed in the Middle east, sprang The Americas, specifically Latin America, formed another special case. Outside goods—
up throughout europe. european rulers, however, criticized coffee drinking as a foreign and germs, animals, but also european-manufactured guns and art work—were imported exten-
• Chapter 41 features new and expanded sections on Globaliza-

dissolute habit and urged their subjects to stick to beer and wine. A new sense of superiority sively. europeans also introduced new ideas, especially pressure to convert to Christianity.
limited europeans’ openness to institutions and ideas from other regions. The Ottoman empire Native Americans combined these imports with local traditions, merging some of their own
also kept a lid on many kinds of contacts, even as it experienced growing interaction with gods with the roster of Christian saints or using traditional native art in Christian celebrations.
european as well as African and Asian merchants. Despite knowledge of the printing press, for The outcome, a classic result of contact, contained the outlines of a new culture that was nei-
example, Ottoman rulers forbade presses in the empire until the mid-18th century, on grounds ther traditional nor fully western. In some regions, imported African rituals and habits added
tion and Global Industrialization. There are new sections on

they might be used to spread subversive ideas. Ottoman rulers did import Western doctors, who to this mix of influences.
the Global Environment and Global Disease and there is new 624 CHAPTER 27 Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change 625
information on global environmental issues. M27_STEA6309_07_SE_C27.indd 624 10/07/13 9:12 PM M27_STEA6309_07_SE_C27.indd 625 10/07/13 9:12 PM
Chapter Introductions
Features Each chapter introduction tells a compelling story about a par-
ticular pattern, individual, or incident to spark students’ interest
The features in World Civilizations: The Global Experience have and introduce chapter material in an engaging and dramatic way.
been carefully constructed and honed over the course of seven edi- The opening story concludes with an explanation of how the story
tions. Our aim has been to provide students with tools to help them relates to the chapter content and the key themes and analytical
learn how to analyze change and continuity. issues that will be examined in the chapter.
xxxiv Preface
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
DANCE ON STILTS AT THE GIRLS’ UNYAGO, NIUCHI
Newala, too, suffers from the distance of its water-supply—at least

the Newala of to-day does; there was once another Newala in a lovely
valley at the foot of the plateau. I visited it and found scarcely a trace
of houses, only a Christian cemetery, with the graves of several
missionaries and their converts, remaining as a monument of its
former glories. But the surroundings are wonderfully beautiful. A
thick grove of splendid mango-trees closes in the weather-worn
crosses and headstones; behind them, combining the useful and the
agreeable, is a whole plantation of lemon-trees covered with ripe
fruit; not the small African kind, but a much larger and also juicier
imported variety, which drops into the hands of the passing traveller,
without calling for any exertion on his part. Old Newala is now under
the jurisdiction of the native pastor, Daudi, at Chingulungulu, who,
as I am on very friendly terms with him, allows me, as a matter of
course, the use of this lemon-grove during my stay at Newala.
FEET MUTILATED BY THE RAVAGES OF THE “JIGGER”
(Sarcopsylla penetrans)
The water-supply of New Newala is in the bottom of the valley,

some 1,600 feet lower down. The way is not only long and fatiguing,
but the water, when we get it, is thoroughly bad. We are suffering not
only from this, but from the fact that the arrangements at Newala are
nothing short of luxurious. We have a separate kitchen—a hut built
against the boma palisade on the right of the baraza, the interior of
which is not visible from our usual position. Our two cooks were not
long in finding this out, and they consequently do—or rather neglect
to do—what they please. In any case they do not seem to be very
particular about the boiling of our drinking-water—at least I can
attribute to no other cause certain attacks of a dysenteric nature,
from which both Knudsen and I have suffered for some time. If a
man like Omari has to be left unwatched for a moment, he is capable
of anything. Besides this complaint, we are inconvenienced by the
state of our nails, which have become as hard as glass, and crack on
the slightest provocation, and I have the additional infliction of
pimples all over me. As if all this were not enough, we have also, for
the last week been waging war against the jigger, who has found his
Eldorado in the hot sand of the Makonde plateau. Our men are seen
all day long—whenever their chronic colds and the dysentery likewise
raging among them permit—occupied in removing this scourge of
Africa from their feet and trying to prevent the disastrous
consequences of its presence. It is quite common to see natives of
this place with one or two toes missing; many have lost all their toes,
or even the whole front part of the foot, so that a well-formed leg
ends in a shapeless stump. These ravages are caused by the female of
Sarcopsylla penetrans, which bores its way under the skin and there
develops an egg-sac the size of a pea. In all books on the subject, it is
stated that one’s attention is called to the presence of this parasite by
an intolerable itching. This agrees very well with my experience, so
far as the softer parts of the sole, the spaces between and under the
toes, and the side of the foot are concerned, but if the creature
penetrates through the harder parts of the heel or ball of the foot, it
may escape even the most careful search till it has reached maturity.
Then there is no time to be lost, if the horrible ulceration, of which
we see cases by the dozen every day, is to be prevented. It is much
easier, by the way, to discover the insect on the white skin of a
European than on that of a native, on which the dark speck scarcely
shows. The four or five jiggers which, in spite of the fact that I
constantly wore high laced boots, chose my feet to settle in, were
taken out for me by the all-accomplished Knudsen, after which I
thought it advisable to wash out the cavities with corrosive
sublimate. The natives have a different sort of disinfectant—they fill
the hole with scraped roots. In a tiny Makua village on the slope of
the plateau south of Newala, we saw an old woman who had filled all
the spaces under her toe-nails with powdered roots by way of
prophylactic treatment. What will be the result, if any, who can say?
The rest of the many trifling ills which trouble our existence are
really more comic than serious. In the absence of anything else to
smoke, Knudsen and I at last opened a box of cigars procured from
the Indian store-keeper at Lindi, and tried them, with the most
distressing results. Whether they contain opium or some other
narcotic, neither of us can say, but after the tenth puff we were both
“off,” three-quarters stupefied and unspeakably wretched. Slowly we
recovered—and what happened next? Half-an-hour later we were
once more smoking these poisonous concoctions—so insatiable is the
craving for tobacco in the tropics.
Even my present attacks of fever scarcely deserve to be taken
seriously. I have had no less than three here at Newala, all of which
have run their course in an incredibly short time. In the early
afternoon, I am busy with my old natives, asking questions and
making notes. The strong midday coffee has stimulated my spirits to
an extraordinary degree, the brain is active and vigorous, and work
progresses rapidly, while a pleasant warmth pervades the whole
body. Suddenly this gives place to a violent chill, forcing me to put on
my overcoat, though it is only half-past three and the afternoon sun
is at its hottest. Now the brain no longer works with such acuteness
and logical precision; more especially does it fail me in trying to
establish the syntax of the difficult Makua language on which I have
ventured, as if I had not enough to do without it. Under the
circumstances it seems advisable to take my temperature, and I do
so, to save trouble, without leaving my seat, and while going on with
my work. On examination, I find it to be 101·48°. My tutors are
abruptly dismissed and my bed set up in the baraza; a few minutes
later I am in it and treating myself internally with hot water and
lemon-juice.
Three hours later, the thermometer marks nearly 104°, and I make
them carry me back into the tent, bed and all, as I am now perspiring
heavily, and exposure to the cold wind just beginning to blow might
mean a fatal chill. I lie still for a little while, and then find, to my
great relief, that the temperature is not rising, but rather falling. This
is about 7.30 p.m. At 8 p.m. I find, to my unbounded astonishment,
that it has fallen below 98·6°, and I feel perfectly well. I read for an
hour or two, and could very well enjoy a smoke, if I had the
wherewithal—Indian cigars being out of the question.
Having no medical training, I am at a loss to account for this state
of things. It is impossible that these transitory attacks of high fever
should be malarial; it seems more probable that they are due to a
kind of sunstroke. On consulting my note-book, I become more and
more inclined to think this is the case, for these attacks regularly
follow extreme fatigue and long exposure to strong sunshine. They at
least have the advantage of being only short interruptions to my
work, as on the following morning I am always quite fresh and fit.
My treasure of a cook is suffering from an enormous hydrocele which
makes it difficult for him to get up, and Moritz is obliged to keep in
the dark on account of his inflamed eyes. Knudsen’s cook, a raw boy
from somewhere in the bush, knows still less of cooking than Omari;
consequently Nils Knudsen himself has been promoted to the vacant
post. Finding that we had come to the end of our supplies, he began
by sending to Chingulungulu for the four sucking-pigs which we had
bought from Matola and temporarily left in his charge; and when
they came up, neatly packed in a large crate, he callously slaughtered
the biggest of them. The first joint we were thoughtless enough to
entrust for roasting to Knudsen’s mshenzi cook, and it was
consequently uneatable; but we made the rest of the animal into a
jelly which we ate with great relish after weeks of underfeeding,
consuming incredible helpings of it at both midday and evening
meals. The only drawback is a certain want of variety in the tinned
vegetables. Dr. Jäger, to whom the Geographical Commission
entrusted the provisioning of the expeditions—mine as well as his
own—because he had more time on his hands than the rest of us,
seems to have laid in a huge stock of Teltow turnips,[46] an article of
food which is all very well for occasional use, but which quickly palls
when set before one every day; and we seem to have no other tins
left. There is no help for it—we must put up with the turnips; but I
am certain that, once I am home again, I shall not touch them for ten
years to come.
Amid all these minor evils, which, after all, go to make up the
genuine flavour of Africa, there is at least one cheering touch:
Knudsen has, with the dexterity of a skilled mechanic, repaired my 9
× 12 cm. camera, at least so far that I can use it with a little care.
How, in the absence of finger-nails, he was able to accomplish such a
ticklish piece of work, having no tool but a clumsy screw-driver for
taking to pieces and putting together again the complicated
mechanism of the instantaneous shutter, is still a mystery to me; but
he did it successfully. The loss of his finger-nails shows him in a light
contrasting curiously enough with the intelligence evinced by the
above operation; though, after all, it is scarcely surprising after his
ten years’ residence in the bush. One day, at Lindi, he had occasion
to wash a dog, which must have been in need of very thorough
cleansing, for the bottle handed to our friend for the purpose had an
extremely strong smell. Having performed his task in the most
conscientious manner, he perceived with some surprise that the dog
did not appear much the better for it, and was further surprised by
finding his own nails ulcerating away in the course of the next few
days. “How was I to know that carbolic acid has to be diluted?” he
mutters indignantly, from time to time, with a troubled gaze at his
mutilated finger-tips.
Since we came to Newala we have been making excursions in all
directions through the surrounding country, in accordance with old
habit, and also because the akida Sefu did not get together the tribal
elders from whom I wanted information so speedily as he had
promised. There is, however, no harm done, as, even if seen only
from the outside, the country and people are interesting enough.
The Makonde plateau is like a large rectangular table rounded off
at the corners. Measured from the Indian Ocean to Newala, it is
about seventy-five miles long, and between the Rovuma and the
Lukuledi it averages fifty miles in breadth, so that its superficial area
is about two-thirds of that of the kingdom of Saxony. The surface,
however, is not level, but uniformly inclined from its south-western
edge to the ocean. From the upper edge, on which Newala lies, the
eye ranges for many miles east and north-east, without encountering
any obstacle, over the Makonde bush. It is a green sea, from which
here and there thick clouds of smoke rise, to show that it, too, is
inhabited by men who carry on their tillage like so many other
primitive peoples, by cutting down and burning the bush, and
manuring with the ashes. Even in the radiant light of a tropical day
such a fire is a grand sight.
Much less effective is the impression produced just now by the
great western plain as seen from the edge of the plateau. As often as
time permits, I stroll along this edge, sometimes in one direction,
sometimes in another, in the hope of finding the air clear enough to
let me enjoy the view; but I have always been disappointed.
Wherever one looks, clouds of smoke rise from the burning bush,
and the air is full of smoke and vapour. It is a pity, for under more
favourable circumstances the panorama of the whole country up to
the distant Majeje hills must be truly magnificent. It is of little use
taking photographs now, and an outline sketch gives a very poor idea
of the scenery. In one of these excursions I went out of my way to
make a personal attempt on the Makonde bush. The present edge of
the plateau is the result of a far-reaching process of destruction
through erosion and denudation. The Makonde strata are
everywhere cut into by ravines, which, though short, are hundreds of
yards in depth. In consequence of the loose stratification of these
beds, not only are the walls of these ravines nearly vertical, but their
upper end is closed by an equally steep escarpment, so that the
western edge of the Makonde plateau is hemmed in by a series of
deep, basin-like valleys. In order to get from one side of such a ravine
to the other, I cut my way through the bush with a dozen of my men.
It was a very open part, with more grass than scrub, but even so the
short stretch of less than two hundred yards was very hard work; at
the end of it the men’s calicoes were in rags and they themselves
bleeding from hundreds of scratches, while even our strong khaki
suits had not escaped scatheless.
NATIVE PATH THROUGH THE MAKONDE BUSH, NEAR

MAHUTA
I see increasing reason to believe that the view formed some time
back as to the origin of the Makonde bush is the correct one. I have
no doubt that it is not a natural product, but the result of human
occupation. Those parts of the high country where man—as a very
slight amount of practice enables the eye to perceive at once—has not
yet penetrated with axe and hoe, are still occupied by a splendid
timber forest quite able to sustain a comparison with our mixed
forests in Germany. But wherever man has once built his hut or tilled
his field, this horrible bush springs up. Every phase of this process
may be seen in the course of a couple of hours’ walk along the main
road. From the bush to right or left, one hears the sound of the axe—
not from one spot only, but from several directions at once. A few
steps further on, we can see what is taking place. The brush has been
cut down and piled up in heaps to the height of a yard or more,
between which the trunks of the large trees stand up like the last
pillars of a magnificent ruined building. These, too, present a
melancholy spectacle: the destructive Makonde have ringed them—
cut a broad strip of bark all round to ensure their dying off—and also
piled up pyramids of brush round them. Father and son, mother and
son-in-law, are chopping away perseveringly in the background—too
busy, almost, to look round at the white stranger, who usually excites
so much interest. If you pass by the same place a week later, the piles
of brushwood have disappeared and a thick layer of ashes has taken
the place of the green forest. The large trees stretch their
smouldering trunks and branches in dumb accusation to heaven—if
they have not already fallen and been more or less reduced to ashes,
perhaps only showing as a white stripe on the dark ground.
This work of destruction is carried out by the Makonde alike on the
virgin forest and on the bush which has sprung up on sites already
cultivated and deserted. In the second case they are saved the trouble
of burning the large trees, these being entirely absent in the
secondary bush.
After burning this piece of forest ground and loosening it with the
hoe, the native sows his corn and plants his vegetables. All over the
country, he goes in for bed-culture, which requires, and, in fact,
receives, the most careful attention. Weeds are nowhere tolerated in
the south of German East Africa. The crops may fail on the plains,
where droughts are frequent, but never on the plateau with its
abundant rains and heavy dews. Its fortunate inhabitants even have
the satisfaction of seeing the proud Wayao and Wamakua working
for them as labourers, driven by hunger to serve where they were
accustomed to rule.
But the light, sandy soil is soon exhausted, and would yield no
harvest the second year if cultivated twice running. This fact has
been familiar to the native for ages; consequently he provides in
time, and, while his crop is growing, prepares the next plot with axe
and firebrand. Next year he plants this with his various crops and
lets the first piece lie fallow. For a short time it remains waste and
desolate; then nature steps in to repair the destruction wrought by
man; a thousand new growths spring out of the exhausted soil, and
even the old stumps put forth fresh shoots. Next year the new growth
is up to one’s knees, and in a few years more it is that terrible,
impenetrable bush, which maintains its position till the black
occupier of the land has made the round of all the available sites and
come back to his starting point.
The Makonde are, body and soul, so to speak, one with this bush.
According to my Yao informants, indeed, their name means nothing
else but “bush people.” Their own tradition says that they have been
settled up here for a very long time, but to my surprise they laid great
stress on an original immigration. Their old homes were in the
south-east, near Mikindani and the mouth of the Rovuma, whence
their peaceful forefathers were driven by the continual raids of the
Sakalavas from Madagascar and the warlike Shirazis[47] of the coast,
to take refuge on the almost inaccessible plateau. I have studied
African ethnology for twenty years, but the fact that changes of
population in this apparently quiet and peaceable corner of the earth
could have been occasioned by outside enterprises taking place on
the high seas, was completely new to me. It is, no doubt, however,
correct.
The charming tribal legend of the Makonde—besides informing us
of other interesting matters—explains why they have to live in the
thickest of the bush and a long way from the edge of the plateau,
instead of making their permanent homes beside the purling brooks
and springs of the low country.
“The place where the tribe originated is Mahuta, on the southern
side of the plateau towards the Rovuma, where of old time there was
nothing but thick bush. Out of this bush came a man who never
washed himself or shaved his head, and who ate and drank but little.
He went out and made a human figure from the wood of a tree
growing in the open country, which he took home to his abode in the
bush and there set it upright. In the night this image came to life and
was a woman. The man and woman went down together to the
Rovuma to wash themselves. Here the woman gave birth to a still-
born child. They left that place and passed over the high land into the
valley of the Mbemkuru, where the woman had another child, which
was also born dead. Then they returned to the high bush country of
Mahuta, where the third child was born, which lived and grew up. In
course of time, the couple had many more children, and called
themselves Wamatanda. These were the ancestral stock of the
Makonde, also called Wamakonde,[48] i.e., aborigines. Their
forefather, the man from the bush, gave his children the command to
bury their dead upright, in memory of the mother of their race who
was cut out of wood and awoke to life when standing upright. He also
warned them against settling in the valleys and near large streams,
for sickness and death dwelt there. They were to make it a rule to
have their huts at least an hour’s walk from the nearest watering-
place; then their children would thrive and escape illness.”
The explanation of the name Makonde given by my informants is
somewhat different from that contained in the above legend, which I
extract from a little book (small, but packed with information), by
Pater Adams, entitled Lindi und sein Hinterland. Otherwise, my
results agree exactly with the statements of the legend. Washing?
Hapana—there is no such thing. Why should they do so? As it is, the
supply of water scarcely suffices for cooking and drinking; other
people do not wash, so why should the Makonde distinguish himself
by such needless eccentricity? As for shaving the head, the short,
woolly crop scarcely needs it,[49] so the second ancestral precept is
likewise easy enough to follow. Beyond this, however, there is
nothing ridiculous in the ancestor’s advice. I have obtained from
various local artists a fairly large number of figures carved in wood,
ranging from fifteen to twenty-three inches in height, and
representing women belonging to the great group of the Mavia,
Makonde, and Matambwe tribes. The carving is remarkably well
done and renders the female type with great accuracy, especially the
keloid ornamentation, to be described later on. As to the object and
meaning of their works the sculptors either could or (more probably)
would tell me nothing, and I was forced to content myself with the
scanty information vouchsafed by one man, who said that the figures
were merely intended to represent the nembo—the artificial
deformations of pelele, ear-discs, and keloids. The legend recorded
by Pater Adams places these figures in a new light. They must surely
be more than mere dolls; and we may even venture to assume that
they are—though the majority of present-day Makonde are probably
unaware of the fact—representations of the tribal ancestress.
The references in the legend to the descent from Mahuta to the
Rovuma, and to a journey across the highlands into the Mbekuru
valley, undoubtedly indicate the previous history of the tribe, the
travels of the ancestral pair typifying the migrations of their
descendants. The descent to the neighbouring Rovuma valley, with
its extraordinary fertility and great abundance of game, is intelligible
at a glance—but the crossing of the Lukuledi depression, the ascent
to the Rondo Plateau and the descent to the Mbemkuru, also lie
within the bounds of probability, for all these districts have exactly
the same character as the extreme south. Now, however, comes a
point of especial interest for our bacteriological age. The primitive
Makonde did not enjoy their lives in the marshy river-valleys.
Disease raged among them, and many died. It was only after they
had returned to their original home near Mahuta, that the health
conditions of these people improved. We are very apt to think of the
African as a stupid person whose ignorance of nature is only equalled
by his fear of it, and who looks on all mishaps as caused by evil
spirits and malignant natural powers. It is much more correct to
assume in this case that the people very early learnt to distinguish
districts infested with malaria from those where it is absent.
This knowledge is crystallized in the
ancestral warning against settling in the
valleys and near the great waters, the
dwelling-places of disease and death. At the
same time, for security against the hostile
Mavia south of the Rovuma, it was enacted
that every settlement must be not less than a
certain distance from the southern edge of the
plateau. Such in fact is their mode of life at the
present day. It is not such a bad one, and
certainly they are both safer and more
comfortable than the Makua, the recent
intruders from the south, who have made USUAL METHOD OF
good their footing on the western edge of the CLOSING HUT-DOOR
plateau, extending over a fairly wide belt of
country. Neither Makua nor Makonde show in their dwellings
anything of the size and comeliness of the Yao houses in the plain,
especially at Masasi, Chingulungulu and Zuza’s. Jumbe Chauro, a
Makonde hamlet not far from Newala, on the road to Mahuta, is the
most important settlement of the tribe I have yet seen, and has fairly
spacious huts. But how slovenly is their construction compared with
the palatial residences of the elephant-hunters living in the plain.
The roofs are still more untidy than in the general run of huts during
the dry season, the walls show here and there the scanty beginnings
or the lamentable remains of the mud plastering, and the interior is a
veritable dog-kennel; dirt, dust and disorder everywhere. A few huts
only show any attempt at division into rooms, and this consists
merely of very roughly-made bamboo partitions. In one point alone
have I noticed any indication of progress—in the method of fastening
the door. Houses all over the south are secured in a simple but
ingenious manner. The door consists of a set of stout pieces of wood
or bamboo, tied with bark-string to two cross-pieces, and moving in
two grooves round one of the door-posts, so as to open inwards. If
the owner wishes to leave home, he takes two logs as thick as a man’s
upper arm and about a yard long. One of these is placed obliquely
against the middle of the door from the inside, so as to form an angle
of from 60° to 75° with the ground. He then places the second piece
horizontally across the first, pressing it downward with all his might.
It is kept in place by two strong posts planted in the ground a few
inches inside the door. This fastening is absolutely safe, but of course
cannot be applied to both doors at once, otherwise how could the
owner leave or enter his house? I have not yet succeeded in finding
out how the back door is fastened.
MAKONDE LOCK AND KEY AT JUMBE CHAURO

This is the general way of closing a house. The Makonde at Jumbe
Chauro, however, have a much more complicated, solid and original
one. Here, too, the door is as already described, except that there is
only one post on the inside, standing by itself about six inches from
one side of the doorway. Opposite this post is a hole in the wall just
large enough to admit a man’s arm. The door is closed inside by a
large wooden bolt passing through a hole in this post and pressing
with its free end against the door. The other end has three holes into
which fit three pegs running in vertical grooves inside the post. The
door is opened with a wooden key about a foot long, somewhat
curved and sloped off at the butt; the other end has three pegs
corresponding to the holes, in the bolt, so that, when it is thrust
through the hole in the wall and inserted into the rectangular
opening in the post, the pegs can be lifted and the bolt drawn out.[50]
MODE OF INSERTING THE KEY
With no small pride first one householder and then a second

showed me on the spot the action of this greatest invention of the
Makonde Highlands. To both with an admiring exclamation of
“Vizuri sana!” (“Very fine!”). I expressed the wish to take back these
marvels with me to Ulaya, to show the Wazungu what clever fellows
the Makonde are. Scarcely five minutes after my return to camp at
Newala, the two men came up sweating under the weight of two
heavy logs which they laid down at my feet, handing over at the same
time the keys of the fallen fortress. Arguing, logically enough, that if
the key was wanted, the lock would be wanted with it, they had taken
their axes and chopped down the posts—as it never occurred to them
to dig them out of the ground and so bring them intact. Thus I have
two badly damaged specimens, and the owners, instead of praise,
come in for a blowing-up.
The Makua huts in the environs of Newala are especially
miserable; their more than slovenly construction reminds one of the
temporary erections of the Makua at Hatia’s, though the people here
have not been concerned in a war. It must therefore be due to
congenital idleness, or else to the absence of a powerful chief. Even
the baraza at Mlipa’s, a short hour’s walk south-east of Newala,
shares in this general neglect. While public buildings in this country
are usually looked after more or less carefully, this is in evident
danger of being blown over by the first strong easterly gale. The only
attractive object in this whole district is the grave of the late chief
Mlipa. I visited it in the morning, while the sun was still trying with
partial success to break through the rolling mists, and the circular
grove of tall euphorbias, which, with a broken pot, is all that marks
the old king’s resting-place, impressed one with a touch of pathos.
Even my very materially-minded carriers seemed to feel something
of the sort, for instead of their usual ribald songs, they chanted
solemnly, as we marched on through the dense green of the Makonde
bush:—
“We shall arrive with the great master; we stand in a row and have
no fear about getting our food and our money from the Serkali (the
Government). We are not afraid; we are going along with the great
master, the lion; we are going down to the coast and back.”
With regard to the characteristic features of the various tribes here
on the western edge of the plateau, I can arrive at no other
conclusion than the one already come to in the plain, viz., that it is
impossible for anyone but a trained anthropologist to assign any
given individual at once to his proper tribe. In fact, I think that even
an anthropological specialist, after the most careful examination,
might find it a difficult task to decide. The whole congeries of peoples
collected in the region bounded on the west by the great Central
African rift, Tanganyika and Nyasa, and on the east by the Indian
Ocean, are closely related to each other—some of their languages are
only distinguished from one another as dialects of the same speech,
and no doubt all the tribes present the same shape of skull and
structure of skeleton. Thus, surely, there can be no very striking
differences in outward appearance.
Even did such exist, I should have no time
to concern myself with them, for day after day,
I have to see or hear, as the case may be—in
any case to grasp and record—an
extraordinary number of ethnographic
phenomena. I am almost disposed to think it
fortunate that some departments of inquiry, at
least, are barred by external circumstances.
Chief among these is the subject of iron-
working. We are apt to think of Africa as a
country where iron ore is everywhere, so to
speak, to be picked up by the roadside, and
where it would be quite surprising if the
inhabitants had not learnt to smelt the
material ready to their hand. In fact, the
knowledge of this art ranges all over the
continent, from the Kabyles in the north to the
Kafirs in the south. Here between the Rovuma
and the Lukuledi the conditions are not so
favourable. According to the statements of the
Makonde, neither ironstone nor any other
form of iron ore is known to them. They have
not therefore advanced to the art of smelting
the metal, but have hitherto bought all their
THE ANCESTRESS OF
THE MAKONDE
iron implements from neighbouring tribes.
Even in the plain the inhabitants are not much
better off. Only one man now living is said to
understand the art of smelting iron. This old fundi lives close to
Huwe, that isolated, steep-sided block of granite which rises out of
the green solitude between Masasi and Chingulungulu, and whose
jagged and splintered top meets the traveller’s eye everywhere. While
still at Masasi I wished to see this man at work, but was told that,
frightened by the rising, he had retired across the Rovuma, though
he would soon return. All subsequent inquiries as to whether the
fundi had come back met with the genuine African answer, “Bado”
(“Not yet”).
BRAZIER
Some consolation was afforded me by a brassfounder, whom I

came across in the bush near Akundonde’s. This man is the favourite
of women, and therefore no doubt of the gods; he welds the glittering
brass rods purchased at the coast into those massive, heavy rings
which, on the wrists and ankles of the local fair ones, continually give
me fresh food for admiration. Like every decent master-craftsman he
had all his tools with him, consisting of a pair of bellows, three
crucibles and a hammer—nothing more, apparently. He was quite
willing to show his skill, and in a twinkling had fixed his bellows on
the ground. They are simply two goat-skins, taken off whole, the four
legs being closed by knots, while the upper opening, intended to
admit the air, is kept stretched by two pieces of wood. At the lower
end of the skin a smaller opening is left into which a wooden tube is
stuck. The fundi has quickly borrowed a heap of wood-embers from
the nearest hut; he then fixes the free ends of the two tubes into an
earthen pipe, and clamps them to the ground by means of a bent
piece of wood. Now he fills one of his small clay crucibles, the dross
on which shows that they have been long in use, with the yellow
material, places it in the midst of the embers, which, at present are
only faintly glimmering, and begins his work. In quick alternation
the smith’s two hands move up and down with the open ends of the
bellows; as he raises his hand he holds the slit wide open, so as to let
the air enter the skin bag unhindered. In pressing it down he closes
the bag, and the air puffs through the bamboo tube and clay pipe into
the fire, which quickly burns up. The smith, however, does not keep
on with this work, but beckons to another man, who relieves him at
the bellows, while he takes some more tools out of a large skin pouch
carried on his back. I look on in wonder as, with a smooth round
stick about the thickness of a finger, he bores a few vertical holes into
the clean sand of the soil. This should not be difficult, yet the man
seems to be taking great pains over it. Then he fastens down to the
ground, with a couple of wooden clamps, a neat little trough made by
splitting a joint of bamboo in half, so that the ends are closed by the
two knots. At last the yellow metal has attained the right consistency,
and the fundi lifts the crucible from the fire by means of two sticks
split at the end to serve as tongs. A short swift turn to the left—a
tilting of the crucible—and the molten brass, hissing and giving forth
clouds of smoke, flows first into the bamboo mould and then into the
holes in the ground.
The technique of this backwoods craftsman may not be very far
advanced, but it cannot be denied that he knows how to obtain an
adequate result by the simplest means. The ladies of highest rank in
this country—that is to say, those who can afford it, wear two kinds
of these massive brass rings, one cylindrical, the other semicircular
in section. The latter are cast in the most ingenious way in the
bamboo mould, the former in the circular hole in the sand. It is quite
a simple matter for the fundi to fit these bars to the limbs of his fair
customers; with a few light strokes of his hammer he bends the
pliable brass round arm or ankle without further inconvenience to
the wearer.
SHAPING THE POT
SMOOTHING WITH MAIZE-COB
CUTTING THE EDGE

FINISHING THE BOTTOM
LAST SMOOTHING BEFORE

BURNING
FIRING THE BRUSH-PILE

LIGHTING THE FARTHER SIDE OF
THE PILE
TURNING THE RED-HOT VESSEL
NYASA WOMAN MAKING POTS AT MASASI

Pottery is an art which must always and everywhere excite the
interest of the student, just because it is so intimately connected with
the development of human culture, and because its relics are one of
the principal factors in the reconstruction of our own condition in
prehistoric times. I shall always remember with pleasure the two or
three afternoons at Masasi when Salim Matola’s mother, a slightly-
built, graceful, pleasant-looking woman, explained to me with
touching patience, by means of concrete illustrations, the ceramic art
of her people. The only implements for this primitive process were a
lump of clay in her left hand, and in the right a calabash containing
the following valuables: the fragment of a maize-cob stripped of all
its grains, a smooth, oval pebble, about the size of a pigeon’s egg, a
few chips of gourd-shell, a bamboo splinter about the length of one’s
hand, a small shell, and a bunch of some herb resembling spinach.
Nothing more. The woman scraped with the
shell a round, shallow hole in the soft, fine
sand of the soil, and, when an active young
girl had filled the calabash with water for her,
she began to knead the clay. As if by magic it
gradually assumed the shape of a rough but
already well-shaped vessel, which only wanted
a little touching up with the instruments
before mentioned. I looked out with the
MAKUA WOMAN closest attention for any indication of the use
MAKING A POT. of the potter’s wheel, in however rudimentary
SHOWS THE a form, but no—hapana (there is none). The
BEGINNINGS OF THE embryo pot stood firmly in its little
POTTER’S WHEEL
depression, and the woman walked round it in
a stooping posture, whether she was removing
small stones or similar foreign bodies with the maize-cob, smoothing
the inner or outer surface with the splinter of bamboo, or later, after
letting it dry for a day, pricking in the ornamentation with a pointed
bit of gourd-shell, or working out the bottom, or cutting the edge
with a sharp bamboo knife, or giving the last touches to the finished
vessel. This occupation of the women is infinitely toilsome, but it is
without doubt an accurate reproduction of the process in use among
our ancestors of the Neolithic and Bronze ages.
There is no doubt that the invention of pottery, an item in human
progress whose importance cannot be over-estimated, is due to
women. Rough, coarse and unfeeling, the men of the horde range
over the countryside. When the united cunning of the hunters has
succeeded in killing the game; not one of them thinks of carrying
home the spoil. A bright fire, kindled by a vigorous wielding of the
drill, is crackling beside them; the animal has been cleaned and cut
up secundum artem, and, after a slight singeing, will soon disappear
under their sharp teeth; no one all this time giving a single thought
to wife or child.
To what shifts, on the other hand, the primitive wife, and still more
the primitive mother, was put! Not even prehistoric stomachs could
endure an unvarying diet of raw food. Something or other suggested
the beneficial effect of hot water on the majority of approved but
indigestible dishes. Perhaps a neighbour had tried holding the hard
roots or tubers over the fire in a calabash filled with water—or maybe
an ostrich-egg-shell, or a hastily improvised vessel of bark. They
became much softer and more palatable than they had previously
been; but, unfortunately, the vessel could not stand the fire and got
charred on the outside. That can be remedied, thought our
ancestress, and plastered a layer of wet clay round a similar vessel.
This is an improvement; the cooking utensil remains uninjured, but
the heat of the fire has shrunk it, so that it is loose in its shell. The
next step is to detach it, so, with a firm grip and a jerk, shell and
kernel are separated, and pottery is invented. Perhaps, however, the
discovery which led to an intelligent use of the burnt-clay shell, was
made in a slightly different way. Ostrich-eggs and calabashes are not
to be found in every part of the world, but everywhere mankind has
arrived at the art of making baskets out of pliant materials, such as
bark, bast, strips of palm-leaf, supple twigs, etc. Our inventor has no
water-tight vessel provided by nature. “Never mind, let us line the
basket with clay.” This answers the purpose, but alas! the basket gets
burnt over the blazing fire, the woman watches the process of
cooking with increasing uneasiness, fearing a leak, but no leak
appears. The food, done to a turn, is eaten with peculiar relish; and
the cooking-vessel is examined, half in curiosity, half in satisfaction
at the result. The plastic clay is now hard as stone, and at the same
time looks exceedingly well, for the neat plaiting of the burnt basket
is traced all over it in a pretty pattern. Thus, simultaneously with
pottery, its ornamentation was invented.
Primitive woman has another claim to respect. It was the man,
roving abroad, who invented the art of producing fire at will, but the
woman, unable to imitate him in this, has been a Vestal from the
earliest times. Nothing gives so much trouble as the keeping alight of
the smouldering brand, and, above all, when all the men are absent
from the camp. Heavy rain-clouds gather, already the first large
drops are falling, the first gusts of the storm rage over the plain. The
little flame, a greater anxiety to the woman than her own children,
flickers unsteadily in the blast. What is to be done? A sudden thought
occurs to her, and in an instant she has constructed a primitive hut
out of strips of bark, to protect the flame against rain and wind.
This, or something very like it, was the way in which the principle
of the house was discovered; and even the most hardened misogynist
cannot fairly refuse a woman the credit of it. The protection of the
hearth-fire from the weather is the germ from which the human
dwelling was evolved. Men had little, if any share, in this forward
step, and that only at a late stage. Even at the present day, the
plastering of the housewall with clay and the manufacture of pottery
are exclusively the women’s business. These are two very significant
survivals. Our European kitchen-garden, too, is originally a woman’s
invention, and the hoe, the primitive instrument of agriculture, is,
characteristically enough, still used in this department. But the
noblest achievement which we owe to the other sex is unquestionably
the art of cookery. Roasting alone—the oldest process—is one for
which men took the hint (a very obvious one) from nature. It must
have been suggested by the scorched carcase of some animal
overtaken by the destructive forest-fires. But boiling—the process of
improving organic substances by the help of water heated to boiling-
point—is a much later discovery. It is so recent that it has not even
yet penetrated to all parts of the world. The Polynesians understand
how to steam food, that is, to cook it, neatly wrapped in leaves, in a
hole in the earth between hot stones, the air being excluded, and
(sometimes) a few drops of water sprinkled on the stones; but they
do not understand boiling.
To come back from this digression, we find that the slender Nyasa
woman has, after once more carefully examining the finished pot,
put it aside in the shade to dry. On the following day she sends me
word by her son, Salim Matola, who is always on hand, that she is
going to do the burning, and, on coming out of my house, I find her
already hard at work. She has spread on the ground a layer of very
dry sticks, about as thick as one’s thumb, has laid the pot (now of a
yellowish-grey colour) on them, and is piling brushwood round it.
My faithful Pesa mbili, the mnyampara, who has been standing by,
most obligingly, with a lighted stick, now hands it to her. Both of
them, blowing steadily, light the pile on the lee side, and, when the
flame begins to catch, on the weather side also. Soon the whole is in a
blaze, but the dry fuel is quickly consumed and the fire dies down, so
that we see the red-hot vessel rising from the ashes. The woman
turns it continually with a long stick, sometimes one way and
sometimes another, so that it may be evenly heated all over. In
twenty minutes she rolls it out of the ash-heap, takes up the bundle
of spinach, which has been lying for two days in a jar of water, and
sprinkles the red-hot clay with it. The places where the drops fall are
marked by black spots on the uniform reddish-brown surface. With a
sigh of relief, and with visible satisfaction, the woman rises to an
erect position; she is standing just in a line between me and the fire,
from which a cloud of smoke is just rising: I press the ball of my
camera, the shutter clicks—the apotheosis is achieved! Like a
priestess, representative of her inventive sex, the graceful woman
stands: at her feet the hearth-fire she has given us beside her the
invention she has devised for us, in the background the home she has
built for us.
At Newala, also, I have had the manufacture of pottery carried on
in my presence. Technically the process is better than that already
described, for here we find the beginnings of the potter’s wheel,
which does not seem to exist in the plains; at least I have seen
nothing of the sort. The artist, a frightfully stupid Makua woman, did
not make a depression in the ground to receive the pot she was about
to shape, but used instead a large potsherd. Otherwise, she went to
work in much the same way as Salim’s mother, except that she saved
herself the trouble of walking round and round her work by squatting
at her ease and letting the pot and potsherd rotate round her; this is
surely the first step towards a machine. But it does not follow that
the pot was improved by the process. It is true that it was beautifully
rounded and presented a very creditable appearance when finished,
but the numerous large and small vessels which I have seen, and, in
part, collected, in the “less advanced” districts, are no less so. We
moderns imagine that instruments of precision are necessary to
produce excellent results. Go to the prehistoric collections of our
museums and look at the pots, urns and bowls of our ancestors in the
dim ages of the past, and you will at once perceive your error.
MAKING LONGITUDINAL CUT IN
BARK
DRAWING THE BARK OFF THE LOG
REMOVING THE OUTER BARK

BEATING THE BARK
WORKING THE BARK-CLOTH AFTER BEATING, TO MAKE IT

SOFT
MANUFACTURE OF BARK-CLOTH AT NEWALA

To-day, nearly the whole population of German East Africa is
clothed in imported calico. This was not always the case; even now in
some parts of the north dressed skins are still the prevailing wear,
and in the north-western districts—east and north of Lake
Tanganyika—lies a zone where bark-cloth has not yet been
superseded. Probably not many generations have passed since such
bark fabrics and kilts of skins were the only clothing even in the
south. Even to-day, large quantities of this bright-red or drab
material are still to be found; but if we wish to see it, we must look in
the granaries and on the drying stages inside the native huts, where
it serves less ambitious uses as wrappings for those seeds and fruits
which require to be packed with special care. The salt produced at
Masasi, too, is packed for transport to a distance in large sheets of
bark-cloth. Wherever I found it in any degree possible, I studied the
process of making this cloth. The native requisitioned for the
purpose arrived, carrying a log between two and three yards long and
as thick as his thigh, and nothing else except a curiously-shaped
mallet and the usual long, sharp and pointed knife which all men and
boys wear in a belt at their backs without a sheath—horribile dictu!
[51]
Silently he squats down before me, and with two rapid cuts has
drawn a couple of circles round the log some two yards apart, and
slits the bark lengthwise between them with the point of his knife.
With evident care, he then scrapes off the outer rind all round the
log, so that in a quarter of an hour the inner red layer of the bark
shows up brightly-coloured between the two untouched ends. With
some trouble and much caution, he now loosens the bark at one end,
and opens the cylinder. He then stands up, takes hold of the free
edge with both hands, and turning it inside out, slowly but steadily
pulls it off in one piece. Now comes the troublesome work of
scraping all superfluous particles of outer bark from the outside of
the long, narrow piece of material, while the inner side is carefully
scrutinised for defective spots. At last it is ready for beating. Having
signalled to a friend, who immediately places a bowl of water beside
him, the artificer damps his sheet of bark all over, seizes his mallet,
lays one end of the stuff on the smoothest spot of the log, and
hammers away slowly but continuously. “Very simple!” I think to
myself. “Why, I could do that, too!”—but I am forced to change my
opinions a little later on; for the beating is quite an art, if the fabric is
not to be beaten to pieces. To prevent the breaking of the fibres, the
stuff is several times folded across, so as to interpose several
thicknesses between the mallet and the block. At last the required
state is reached, and the fundi seizes the sheet, still folded, by both
ends, and wrings it out, or calls an assistant to take one end while he
holds the other. The cloth produced in this way is not nearly so fine
and uniform in texture as the famous Uganda bark-cloth, but it is
quite soft, and, above all, cheap.
Now, too, I examine the mallet. My craftsman has been using the
simpler but better form of this implement, a conical block of some
hard wood, its base—the striking surface—being scored across and
across with more or less deeply-cut grooves, and the handle stuck
into a hole in the middle. The other and earlier form of mallet is
shaped in the same way, but the head is fastened by an ingenious
network of bark strips into the split bamboo serving as a handle. The
observation so often made, that ancient customs persist longest in
connection with religious ceremonies and in the life of children, here
finds confirmation. As we shall soon see, bark-cloth is still worn
during the unyago,[52] having been prepared with special solemn
ceremonies; and many a mother, if she has no other garment handy,
will still put her little one into a kilt of bark-cloth, which, after all,
looks better, besides being more in keeping with its African
surroundings, than the ridiculous bit of print from Ulaya.
MAKUA WOMEN

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World Civilizations: The Global

Experience, Volume 1 7th Edition,

MyHistoryLab Video Series xvii Later Mesopotamian Civilization: A Series

Aristotle on Slavery (4th c. b.c.e.) 113

Excerpt from the Ramayana 125

Confucian Political Philosophy: An Excerpt

Slaves in the Roman Countryside, c. 150 Chapter 12

Chapter 8 The Rubaiyat (11th c. ce) Omar Khayyam 276

Ammianus Marcellinus on the Huns 197

Chapter 10 Leo Africanus Describes Timbuktu 297

Description of Cluny 331 On Chinghis Khan (1270s) Marco Polo 421

Professor Abelard Confronts Bernard of Clairvaux, c. A Contemporary Describes Timur 434

Black Death (1349) Henry Knighton 442

Ibn Wahab, An Arab Merchant Visits Tang China 381 Chapter 21

MyhistoryLab Documents xxi­

Lomonosov: Panegyric to the Sovereign Emperor Peter

xxii MyhistoryLab Documents

MyhistoryLab Documents xxiii­

Jinnah, the “Father” of Pakistan 851

Gandhi on Civil Disobedience (1910s) 789 A Common Market and European Integration

xxiv MyhistoryLab Documents

François Mitterrand, Speech to the United Nations,

North and South Korean Accord (2000) 941 Chapter 41

Ho Chi Minh, “Equality!” 959 World Bank–Supported Day Care Programs in

MyhistoryLab Documents xxv­

Preface ﻿ ﻿ xxxiii­

allied and vassal daimyos.

The Dawn of the Industrial Age,

lution and includes a discussion on the Second Industrial

• Chapter 29 now contains more information on technology

and militaries and emphasizes the role of soldiers that Euro-

peans recruited in colonies from Vietnam to India.

bring them into accord with recent scholarship.

• In Chapter 33, the introduction to the Document has been

Part V The Dawn of the Industrial Age, 1750–1900 629

and the Cold War as well as expanded coverage of key points

The Early Modern Period

nam wars as well as enhanced coverage of U.S./China rela- I

tions through the present. There is expanded information on

China’s environment and population and the regime-made

famine linked to the Great Leap Forward.

In Chapter 40, the world events timeline has been updated

and there is new coverage of the Arab Spring.

• Chapter 41 features new and expanded sections on Globaliza-

tion and Global Industrialization. There are new sections on

Newala, too, suffers from the distance of its water-supply—at least

The water-supply of New Newala is in the bottom of the valley,

NATIVE PATH THROUGH THE MAKONDE BUSH, NEAR

MAKONDE LOCK AND KEY AT JUMBE CHAURO

MODE OF INSERTING THE KEY

With no small pride first one householder and then a second

Some consolation was afforded me by a brassfounder, whom I

SMOOTHING WITH MAIZE-COB

CUTTING THE EDGE

LAST SMOOTHING BEFORE

FIRING THE BRUSH-PILE

TURNING THE RED-HOT VESSEL

NYASA WOMAN MAKING POTS AT MASASI

DRAWING THE BARK OFF THE LOG

REMOVING THE OUTER BARK

WORKING THE BARK-CLOTH AFTER BEATING, TO MAKE IT

MANUFACTURE OF BARK-CLOTH AT NEWALA

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MyhistoryLab Documents xxi

MyhistoryLab Documents xxiii

MyhistoryLab Documents xxv

Preface xxxiii