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 CONTENT
ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Bekimbetova G.M. Bogush L.
INCREASING THE EVALUATION OF INVESTMENT PROJECTS UKRAINE’ LABOR POTENTIAL: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
BY INVESTING IN INNOVATIVE PRODUCTION PROCESSES ... 3 OF COMPETITIVE FUNCTIONING ........................................10
Bibutova Sh.S.
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL OF
THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY .................................................... 6

MEDICAL SCIENCES
Abasova D., Kazimova S., Kozovyi V., Shukailyk O., Chemnuy T.
Macidova N., Shirinova T., Babayeva Sh. PREVILITY OF A NUMBER OF DISEASES AMONG THE
STUDY OF STOKIN STATUS IN PATIENTS WITH POPULATION OF UKRAINE AND THE CARPATIA REGION IN
TOXOPLASMOSIS ................................................................ 17 PARTICULAR ........................................................................20

PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
Talgatov Ye., Baiturina A., Nashenova A.
TEAMWORKING AND INTERACTION IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE
EDUCATION ........................................................................ 23

PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Hasan A.H. Sevinj Aziz
DEBUNKING MYTHS OF SCHWA: STRESS, VARIABILITY, AND THE IMAGE OF WOMEN IN JANE AUSTEN'S NOVELS ..........32
TRANSCRIPTION IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION ................. 27

PHYSICAL SCIENCES
Vidmachenko A.P.
SEASONAL ACTIVITY OF “TIGER” STRIPES ON SATURN’S
MOON ENCELADUS ............................................................ 35

SOCIAL SCIENCES
Yandola K., Zinchenko A.
THE ROLE OF MEM CULTURE IN ASYMMETRIC WARS ....... 41

TECHNICAL SCIENCES
Mammadova K.A., Ahmadov T.T. Sazhin V.B.
EVALUATION METHODOLOGY OF INFORMATION SECURITY ASSESSMENT OF HYDRODYNAMICS OF FLOWS IN THE
OF IT SYSTEMS BASED ON FUZZY RULES ............................ 44 APPARATUS,........................................................................54
Marushchak M.P.
DESIGNING THE PROFILE OF A LINEAR BUILDING IN A
RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM ............................... 50
Annali d’Italia №50/2023 3

ECONOMIC SCIENCES
INCREASING THE EVALUATION OF INVESTMENT PROJECTS BY INVESTING IN
INNOVATIVE PRODUCTION PROCESSES

Bekimbetova Gulnora Maratovna

PhD of the department “Economics and Business”
Tashkent State University of Economics
Islam Karimov,49, 100003, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0982-5741

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ОЦЕНКИ ИНВЕСТИЦИОННЫХ ПРОЕКТОВ ПУТЁМ ИНВЕСТИРОВАНИЯ В

ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА

Бекимбетова Гулнора Маратовна

PhD кафедры “Экономика и бизнес”
Ташкентский государственный экономический университет
Ислама Каримова, 49, 100003, Ташкент, Узбекистан

Abstract
The article discusses the issue of increasing the assessment of investment projects by investing in innovative
production processes, as one of the important aspects of economic growth, and also examines the impact of inno-
vation in development in companies.
Аннотация
В статье рассматривается вопрос о повышении оценки инвестиционных проектов путём
инвестирования в инновационные процессы производства, как один из важнқх аспектов экономического
роста, а также рассмотрено влияние инновации в развитии в компаниях.

Keywords: innovation, growth, evaluation of investment projects, competitiveness, management technolo-

gies.
Ключевые слова: инновации, рост, оценка инвестиционных проектов, конкурентоспособность,
технологии управления.

Introduction Theoretical analysis of the research

The introduction of innovative processes into pro-
duction is a necessary condition for economic growth
and improving the quality of life in any country. It de-
pends on the economic, scientific and technical poten-
tial of the state, its innovation policy and resources, and
determines the level of competitiveness of the country.
The globalization of scientific and innovation processes
in the global market space requires the use of new or-
ganizational mechanisms to implement the transition to
an innovative economy. The Law of the Republic of
Uzbekistan “On Innovation Activity” was developed in
pursuance of the Decree of the President of the Repub-
lic of Uzbekistan dated September 8, 2017 No. UP-
5185 and in order to implement the roadmap for the ef-
fective implementation of the Concept of administra-
tive reform of the Republic of Uzbekistan to strengthen
innovation activity1, which shows that it is urgently im-
portant to study the theoretical and practical aspects of
risk analysis in assessing the effectiveness of invest-
ment projects when introducing innovative processes
into production.
Innovation ensures the sustainable functioning
and development of any industry, since a characteristic
feature of the modern economy is the high rate of
change within industries and individual organizations,
requiring the introduction of innovations. Under the in-
fluence of a changing external environment, enterprises
change not only their product range, pricing policy and
promotion methods, but also their organizational struc-
ture, standards and management technologies. The
most effective way of change, development and imple-
mentation of innovations is determined using an inno-
vation strategy based on long-term forecasting, taking
into account internal and external factors and resource
limitations. An innovation strategy involves creating a
product that has no analogues on the market, focused
on new needs. The theoretical and methodological
foundation of innovative growth of the national econ-
omy begins with the theory of economic development
of J. Schumpeter, in which he defined innovation as one
of the factors of economic reproduction of an entrepre-
neur, determining the progress of the economic system.
N.D. Kondratiev in the 20s. last century, he substanti-

1 Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Innovation Activ-

ity” dated September 8, 2017 No.5185.
4 Annali d’Italia №50/2023
ated the theory of large cycles of economic develop-
ment lasting 50–60 years and proved that the transition
to a new cycle is associated with technical progress -
inventions and discoveries, changes in production and
exchange techniques. In the second half of the twenti-
eth century, the essence of innovation was interpreted
by many scientists, such as F. Betts, T. Bryan, J. Grossi,
etc.2 The desire for greater economic freedom has led
to a doubling in the size of the global economy in recent
decades. This progress has lifted hundreds of millions
of people out of poverty and reduced global poverty by
two-thirds. Greater economic freedom has had a posi-
tive impact not only on the number of people living in
poverty, but also on the degree of poverty that some still
experience. For those still living in poverty, levels of
individual-level deprivation in education, health and
living standards are on average significantly lower in
Methods for evaluating investment projects
Statistical method
countries with higher levels of economic freedom. Eco-
nomic freedom has declined slightly over the past year.
Around the world, internal tensions between the con-
trolling tendencies of governments and the entrepre-
neurial freedom of free markets have increased, most
notably in the rise of protectionism and politically mo-
tivated government spending.
Methodological analysis of the research
The research for evaluating investment projects
examined the methods used by international financial
institutions and foreign companies: The World Bank;
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(EBRD); Goldman, Sachs & Co.; Ernst & Young;
United Nations Industrial Development Organization
(UNIDO) and Little-Mirrlis. In world practice, the
method for evaluating the effectiveness of investment
projects proposed by the World Bank Group.
Dynamic method

Return on Payback Net Modified

Present Profitability Discounted Internal
Investment period Payback Internal
Value Index (PI) Rate of Rate of
(ROI) (PP) Period Return
(NPV) Return
(DPP) (IRR) (MIRR)
Fig. 2. The main methods for assessing the effectiveness of investment projects[1]
𝑁𝑃𝑉
In the statistical method for evaluating the 𝑃𝐼 = (4)
𝐼𝐶
effectiveness of investment projects, two indicators are 3. Indicator of the discounted payback period of
calculated. Including: the investment
1. Return on investment indicator - ROI[2]: (DPP) - eliminates the disadvantage of the static
𝐼−𝐶
𝑅𝑂𝐼 = ∗ 100% (1) method of the payback period and takes into account
𝐶
where: I - revenue, C - expenses. the value of money over time[5]:
𝐶𝐹𝑡
2. The return on investment (PP) is an important 𝐷𝑃𝑃 = ∑𝑛𝑡=1 > 𝐼𝐶 (5)
(1+𝑟)𝑡
indicator that provides a simplified way to know how 4. Internal rate of return (IRR) - shows the loan
long it will take to recover the initial costs and is calcu- rate at which there will be no investment loss, all cash
lated using the following formula[3]: inflows and outflows in the amount will be equal to
𝐼𝐶
𝑃𝑃 = (2) zero. In this case, the investment will be recouped by
𝑃+𝑃1
future cash flows from the project[6]:
where: P - average cash receipts; IC - initial in- 𝐶𝐹𝑡
vestment; P1 - is the period of time from the start of the 𝑁𝑃𝑉 = −𝐼𝐶 + ∑𝑛𝑡=1 𝑡 = 0 (6)
(1+𝐼𝑅𝑅)
project implementation to reaching the design capacity. However, in world practice, among the dynamic
The traditional method of efficiency of investment methods for evaluating the effectiveness of the above
projects is assessed in a dynamic way according to four investment projects, in some cases, they began to use a
indicators. modified internal rate of return (MIRR). The Modified
1. Net cash flow value (NPV) - determines the pro- Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) is the rate of return on
ject's own economic efficiency and compares several investment adjusted for the reinvestment rate and is cal-
investment objects with each other [4]: culated using the following formula [7].
𝐶𝐹
𝑁𝑃𝑉 = ∑𝑛𝑡=1 𝑡 𝑡 − 𝐼𝐶 (3) 𝑁 +
𝑁 ∑𝑖 𝐶𝐹𝑖 (1+𝑊𝐴𝐶𝐶)
𝑁−𝑖
(1+𝑟)
𝑀𝐼𝑅𝑅 = √ 𝐶𝐹− (7)
where: CF - discounted cash flow; t - year of cal- ∑𝑖𝑁 𝑖
(1+𝑟)𝑖
culation;
r is the discount rate; n - discount period. Where: 𝐶𝐹𝑖+ – income of the i-th period; 𝐶𝐹𝑖− –
2. The profitability index (PI) is the main method costs (investments) of the i-th period; WACC is the
when deciding on the choice of an investment project, weighted average cost of capital; r is the discount rate;
which focuses on the speed with which the initial in- N is the duration of the project. According to the au-
vestment made in the project will be reimbursed by sub- thors, the need to use this methodology when assessing
sequent cash flows[3]:

2Макушина А. Ю. Роль малого бизнеса и частного пред-

принимательства в инновационном развитии Респуб-
лики Узбекистан. "BIZNES - ЭКСПЕРТ", №3 (135) -
2019.
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
the effectiveness of investments in the innovative de-
velopment of enterprises in Uzbekistan[8]. The re-
search shows that each of the listed indicators sepa-
rately makes it possible to evaluate an investment pro-
ject to one degree or another, complementing the result,
and therefore it is recommended to use all the listed in-
dicators for a comprehensive assessment of the effec-
tiveness of investment projects[9]. Each indicator is
used based on the objectives of evaluating investment
projects.
Analysis of the research
World practice shows that small businesses pro-
duce almost 60 percent of gross domestic product, a
third of industrial products, 98 percent of agricultural
products, and also provide half of investments. In many
areas, small businesses account for 70 to 90 percent of
exports. During 6 months of this year, the number of
business entities increased by 60 thousand 3. As you
know, the Doing Business rating reflects the level of
ease of running a small and medium-sized business.
Currently, a total of 11 indicators are assessed: job cre-
ation, obtaining building permits, access to electricity,
property registration, access to credit, protection of mi-
nority investors, payment of taxes, cross-border trade,
compliance mechanisms, bankruptcy, and the market
labor. ease of editing. Doing Business is one of the most
popular ratings describing the investment climate of
countries. And most importantly, this is the level of re-
search activity, which is one of the main indicators of
the country’s scientific and technological development
and is calculated as the total number of scientific mate-
rials published in edited scientific journals and publica-
tions included in the index of scientific sources4.
According to the authors, investments and
innovations serve to increase the profitability of
the enterprise and expand production, as well as
reduce variable and fixed costs, and reduce the
cost of finished products. It should be noted that
factors such as modernization, diversification,
differentiation, widespread use of corporate
governance principles, employee motivation play
an important role in increasing the efficiency of
investment projects in the development of
innovative activities of enterprises. At the same
time, promising investment projects will remain
relevant in adapting the enterprise to modern
market mechanisms. It is also important to
constantly improve the methods of evaluating
investment projects that serve the innovative
development of the enterprise, the optimal use of
advanced foreign experience.
Conclusion
The research of this topic allowed us to put for-
ward the following conclusions:
1. In the context of the development of innova-
tive activities of enterprises, it is advisable to widely
use statistical and dynamic methods to help make the
right decisions in improving the efficiency of evaluat-
ing investment projects. As a result of the study, the
factors influencing the evaluation of projects were
identified, and they were systematized. The expediency
3 4
https://mfa.uz/ - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Repub-
lic of Uzbekistan.
5
of using a modified internal rate of return has been sub-
stantiated, which accurately reflects the cost and prof-
itability of the project.
2. To make an optimal investment decision, the
project organizers must carry out a lot of analytical and
financial work, including, in particular, all calculations
for the implementation of the investment project, as
well as assessing the effectiveness of investment pro-
jects based on the concept of the time value of money.
3. Determination of the main directions of in-
vestment decisions based on the development of an in-
vestment project/program associated with the coordina-
tion of a system of general monitoring and control over
the implementation of project investments in accord-
ance with the intended goal. Almost all types and meth-
ods of financial calculations and financial ones can be
used for this purpose, control ones, which, in turn, are
accompanied by corresponding expected forecasts.
References
1. Ш. Н. К. Новоскольцева, Ю Ю.,
“Методические аспекты комплексной оценки
эффективности инвестиционных проектов,”
Вопросы управления, pp. 273–278, 2016.
2. Черников А.Ю., “The methodology of
evaluation return of investments in the training,” no. 6,
pp. 330–333, 2013.
3. O. Sourse, “Payback Period, PP.pdf.” 2020.
4. Савчук В.П., “Оценка эффективности
инвестиционных проектов. Учебник. – М.: 1998. –
114 с.,” 1998.
5. Непомнящий Е.Г., “Инвестиционное
проектирование,” 2003.
6. Марголин A.M., Экономическая оценка
инвестиционных проектов: Учебник для вузов.
2007.
7. O. Sourse, “Модифицированная внутренняя
норма рентабельности (MIRR),” 2000.
8. N.Raupova, “WAYS OF EFFECTIVE
DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES
AT PRODUCTION ENTERPRISES OF THE
REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN,” vol. 7838, no.
October, pp. 30–31, 2020.
9. O. Žižlavský, “Net Present Value Approach:
Method for Economic Assessment of Innovation
Projects,” Procedia - Soc. Behav. Sci., vol. 156, no.
April, pp. 506–512, 2014, doi:
10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.11.230.
10. Макушина А. Ю. Роль малого бизнеса и
частного предпринимательства в инновационном
развитии Республики Узбекистан. "BIZNES -
ЭКСПЕРТ", №3 (135) -2019.
11. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Inno-
vation Activity” dated September 8, 2017 No.5185.
12. https://invest.gov.uz/ - Agency for attracting
foreign investments under the Ministry of Investments
and Foreign Trade of the Republic of Uzbekistan;
13. https://mfa.uz/ - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
the Republic of Uzbekistan.
https://invest.gov.uz/ - Agency for attracting foreign in-
vestments under the Ministry of Investments and Foreign
Trade of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
6 Annali d’Italia №50/2023
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

Bibutova Shakhlo Sadullayevna

independent researcher of Tashkent State University of Economics

СИСТЕМА УПРАВЛЕНИЯ И ПОТЕНЦИАЛ РАЗВИТИЯ ХИМИЧЕСКОЙ ОТРАСЛИ

Бибутова Шахло Саъдуллаевна

независимый соискатель Ташкентского государственного экономического университета

Abstract
The article discusses the issue of the management system and the development potential of the chemical
industry. It is known that to develop the potential of the chemical industry, the management system must be flex-
ible, innovative and results-oriented. It is also necessary to actively collaborate with scientific and research insti-
tutions, government agencies and other interested parties to exchange knowledge, experience and resources that
demonstrate the relevance of the chosen topic.
Аннотация
В статье рассматривается вопрос о системе управления и потенциал развития химической отрасли.
Известно, что развивать потенциал химической отрасли, и система управления должна быть гибкой, ин-
новационной и ориентированной на результаты. Необходимо также активно сотрудничать с научными и
исследовательскими учреждениями, государственными органами и другими заинтересованными сторо-
нами для обмена знаниями, опытом и ресурсами что показывает об актуальности выбранной темы.

Keywords: management system, development potential, chemical industry, safety, innovation, sustainable
development, environmental responsibility.
Ключевые слова: система управления, потенциал развития, химическая отрасль, безопасность, ин-
новации, устойчивое развитие, экологическая ответственность.

Introduction.
The chemical industry is an important industrial
sector involved in the production of chemicals, materi-
als and products. The management system in this indus-
try plays a key role in ensuring the efficient operation
of enterprises and ensuring production safety. To
achieve sustainable development in the chemical indus-
try, it is necessary to take into account its potential and
use an adaptive system of priorities. An adaptive sys-
tem of priorities means that an enterprise must ade-
quately respond to new operating conditions and have
the potential for survival and adaptation. To achieve
this, a set of management actions is being developed
aimed at achieving certain goals and maintaining stra-
tegic potential. An important aspect is the maximum
use of all internal reserves and resources of the enter-
prise through a system of potentials.
The system of potentials represents interconnected
and interdependent reserves and resources of the enter-
prise, which, when used correctly, contribute to the
achievement of synergy and provide opportunities for
defining, forming and implementing a sustainable de-
velopment strategy. It allows us to predict an adequate
response to the process of achieving the potential for
sustainable development of an enterprise and interac-
tion with the external environment. The management
system and development potential of the chemical in-
dustry require an integrated approach, taking into ac-
count the internal reserves and resources of the enter-
prise, as well as adaptability to changing conditions.
This will help ensure the efficient operation and sus-
tainable development of enterprises in the chemical in-
dustry.
Theoretical aspects of research.
The theoretical aspects of the management system
and the development potential of the chemical industry
still remain unsolved by a number of conceptual prob-
lems, uncertainty in the theoretical interpretation of
which complicates applied decisions in the field of stra-
tegic management. The most important intellectual fac-
tor in the successful implementation of the economic,
social and environmental goals of sustainable develop-
ment of mankind, proclaimed in 2000 by the UN Gen-
eral Assembly, are scientifically based methods of the
theory of engineering of chemical technological sys-
tems, including methods for analyzing the optimization
and synthesis of chemical technological systems, in-
dustrial implementation and digitalized management in
this industry5. The research by the author A.A. Shubin
is devoted to “problems of post-crisis functioning and
development of this industry.” In particular, the author
examines theoretical and methodological aspects re-
lated to the management and optimization of market
and innovation potential and highlights the results of
testing the proposed recommendations using the exam-
ple of one of the chemical enterprises. Author A.D.
Nekipelova notes in her work that “the current state of
all industries, including the chemical industry, indicates
a fairly low share of innovation in production and the

5В.П.Мешалкин Актуальные теоретические и приклад- гающих высоконадежных химико-технологических си-

ные исследования по инжинирингу энергоресурсосбере- стем/ теоретические основы химической технологии,
2021, том 55, № 4, с. 399-427
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
low knowledge intensity of products. Ensuring eco-
nomic growth and bringing the economy to a new level
will only be possible by intensifying innovation activi-
ties, especially in the chemical industry, as one of the
most knowledge-intensive”6. By authors explore the
challenges and opportunities in implementing a man-
agement system for sustainable development in the
chemical industry. It discusses various aspects such as
environmental management, resource efficiency, and
corporate social responsibility7. This article investi-
gates the development potential of a chemical industry
cluster in Jiangsu Province, China. It examines factors
such as industrial structure, technological innovation,
and policy support, providing insights into the manage-
ment system and growth prospects of chemical clus-
ters8. This research utilizes an input-output analysis to
assess the development potential of the chemical indus-
try in Saudi Arabia. It examines the interdependencies
between the chemical industry and other sectors, high-
lighting the importance of effective management sys-
tems for sustainable growth9. This empirical research
7
investigates the relationship between management sys-
tems and environmental performance in the chemical
industry. It examines the implementation of environ-
mental management systems and their impact on pollu-
tion prevention, waste management, and regulatory
compliance10. This article analyzes the factors influenc-
ing the development potential of the chemical industry
in Russia. It discusses aspects such as research and de-
velopment activities, technological capabilities, and in-
novation policies, shedding light on the management
system required for industry growth11.
Globalization of business, the formation of strate-
gic alliances and networks, the development of infor-
mation systems - all this makes it possible to create an
organization that is unified in all respects, in which any
function and process is implemented at the global level,
which is impossible to achieve in a single company. As
a result, higher efficiency of business processes is
achieved, capitalization and investment attractiveness
of corporations increases12.

Table 1.
Aspects of the management system and development potential of the chemical industry 13
Name Definition
The chemical industry is characterized by complex production processes that require
Production and
precision, safety and efficiency. Production and operations management systems
Operations
must be optimized to ensure high productivity, maintain safety and quality standards,
Management
and minimize waste and environmental impact.
The chemical industry is a key source of innovation in many other industries such as
Innovation and pharmaceuticals, energy, agriculture and many others. Management systems must en-
Research courage and support research and development of new materials, technologies and
processes to ensure competitiveness and meet market needs.
The chemical industry depends on complex supply chains involving raw material
Supply Chain suppliers, logistics companies and customers. Management systems must ensure ef-
Management fective planning, synchronization and coordination of all stages of the supply chain
to minimize risks, reduce time delays and improve customer service.
In the chemical industry, product quality and safety are of paramount importance.
Quality and safety Management systems must include strict quality control procedures, compliance with
management safety standards and regulatory requirements, as well as systems for detecting and
preventing potential risks and emergencies.
In light of growing environmental concerns and the need for sustainable develop-
Sustainable develop- ment, the chemical industry must take measures to reduce its negative impact on the
ment and environ- environment. Management systems must include planning and implementation of en-
mental responsibility vironmentally and energy efficient production methods, waste management, reduc-
tion of pollutant emissions and compliance with environmental standards.

6А.Д.Некипелова Инновационный потенциал как основа 9M.Al-Zahrani and B.Al-Fawzan Development Potential of
развития химической отрасли России / А. Д. Некипе- the Chemical Industry in Saudi Arabia: An Input-Output
лова. — Текст : непосредственный // Актуальные во- Analysis, Sustainability, 2019.
просы экономики и управления : материалы V Между- 10R. Orsato and F.Sroufe Management Systems and Envi-

нар. науч. конф. (г. Москва, июнь 2017 г.). — Москва : ronmental Performance in the Chemical Industry: An Em-
Буки-Веди, 2017. - С. 44-47. pirical Study, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2004.
7 N.Kalogerakis, D.Assael, and E. Mitsoulis-Mandrekas 11N.Kolesnikova, E.Gokhberg, and Y.Simachev Factors In-

Management System for Sustainable Development in the
Chemical Industry, Journal of Environmental Management,
2017.
"Q.Hua, Q.Li, and X.Hu Assessing the Development Poten-
tial of a Chemical Industry Cluster: A Case Study of Jiangsu
Province, China, Sustainable Development, 2017.
fluencing the Development Potential of the Chemical Indus-
try in Russia, Foresight and STI Governance, 2018
12 Саксин А.Г. Стратегия и тактика развития химиче-
ского комплекса в условиях инновационной экономики
[Текст]: монография / А.Г. Саксин; Нижегор. гос. архи-
тектур. -строит. ун-т. – Н.Новгород: ННГАСУ, 2010. –
284 с.
13 Подготовлено автором в ходе исследования.
8 Annali d’Italia №50/2023
Analysis and result.
The main aspects of the analysis of the manage-
ment system and development potential of the chemical
industry are as follows:
Technological innovation: The chemical industry
actively applies the latest technologies in production
and management processes. Development opportuni-
ties include the use of nanomaterials, the development
of more efficient catalysts, the use of renewable energy
sources, and the development of cleaner and more effi-
cient methods of producing chemicals. The develop-
ment of such innovations can help improve productiv-
ity, reduce costs and minimize negative environmental
impacts.
Digitalization and automation: The introduction
of digital technologies and automation plays an im-
portant role in the modern management system of the
chemical industry. This includes the use of manufactur-
ing execution systems (MES), monitoring and control
systems, data analytics, artificial intelligence and ma-
chine learning. Digitalization allows you to more accu-
rately control processes, improve forecasting and make
informed decisions based on data.
Sustainable development: One of the main direc-
tions of development of the chemical industry is the
transition to more sustainable and environmentally
friendly production methods. This includes reducing
emissions and carbon footprints, using resources effi-
ciently and developing more environmentally friendly
products. Management systems should be aimed at
achieving these objectives and ensuring compliance
with relevant regulations and standards.
Levels of Integration14
№ Integration level Characteristic
Level of separate pro-
Integration between dif-
1. duction and economic
ferent discrete units
entities
Integration of enter-
2. Industry level prises from the same in-
dustry
3. Regional level Integration in the region
4. National level Integration of regions
Integration between na-
5. International level tional economic sys-
tems of states
Integration development of competitiveness can
be considered as the process of creating specialized
structures in the marketing support system of industry
and territorial production complexes and the subse-
quent formation of specific connections in order to ac-
quire competitive advantages in the market and in-
crease the efficiency of the systems in question as a
14Саксин А.Г. Стратегия и тактика развития химического комплекса в условиях инновационной экономики [Текст]:
монография / А.Г. Саксин; Нижегор. гос. архитектур. -строит. ун-т. – Н.Новгород: ННГАСУ, 2010. – 284 с.
Global Trends and Market Opportunities: The
chemical industry is closely linked to other industries
and is driven by market needs. It is important to analyze
global trends and changes in consumer demand to iden-
tify potential areas of development. For example, grow-
ing demand for electric vehicles and alternative energy
sources could create new opportunities for the chemical
industry, such as the production of lithium batteries or
the development of new materials.
Today, the concept of integration is widely used
in a variety of contexts and refers to the process of
bringing together or bringing together different ele-
ments, systems, organizations or groups to achieve a
stronger and more coherent whole. Successful integra-
tion of enterprises requires careful analysis and consid-
eration of factors in the internal environment of each
enterprise, as well as the development of appropriate
strategies and plans to manage these factors during the
integration process.
Among the motives for the integration of indus-
trial integrated groups, the following stand out: ensur-
ing guaranteed conditions for the supply of raw materi-
als and sales of products, reducing costs, increasing
equipment utilization, compensating for business risks,
and increasing the technological level. The integration
connections of the system are constantly changing;
There is an active change in the state of integration con-
nections depending on the changing environment. At
the present stage of development of economic relations,
integration is manifested at various levels (Table 2).
Table 2.
Manifestation
Development of new, expansion of old connections
Development of concentration, specialization, com-
bination. Construction of vertically integrated struc-
tures
Joint resolution of issues of rational placement of
production forces, deepening specialization and co-
operation
Development of cooperation ties, construction of
vertically integrated structures, expansion of trade
between regions
The rapprochement and mutual adaptation of na-
tional economies, which is ensured by the concentra-
tion and interweaving of capital, the implementation
of a coordinated policy
whole. This process is defined as integration interac-
tion, which is the mutual rapprochement and penetra-
tion of elements of various economic subsystems at the
national, regional and local levels. In general, the de-
velopment of a development strategy for enterprises in
the chemical complex is formed under the influence of
a combination of external and internal factors of direct
and indirect influence.
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
Conclusion
Overall, the management system in the chemical
industry must be adaptive, innovative and focused on
sustainability. The development of new technologies,
digitalization, sustainable production and analysis of
market opportunities are key factors that can determine
the future development potential of the chemical indus-
try. However, it is worth noting that specific aspects of
the management system and development potential
may vary depending on the region, country or specific
enterprise.
References
1. В.П.Мешалкин Актуальные теоретиче-
ские и прикладные исследования по инжинирингу
энергоресурсосберегающих высоконадежных хи-
мико-технологических систем/ теоретические ос-
новы химической технологии, 2021, том 55, № 4, с.
399-427.
2. А.Д.Некипелова Инновационный потен-
циал как основа развития химической отрасли Рос-
сии / А. Д. Некипелова. — Текст: непосредствен-
ный // Актуальные вопросы экономики и управле-
ния: материалы V Междунар. науч. конф. (г.
Москва, июнь 2017 г.). — Москва: Буки-Веди, 2017.
- С. 44-47.
3. Саксин А.Г. Стратегия и тактика разви-
тия химического комплекса в условиях инноваци-
онной экономики [Текст]: монография / А.Г. Сак-
син; Нижегор. гос. архитектур. -строит. ун-т. –
Н.Новгород: ННГАСУ, 2010. – 284 с.
9
4. A.T. Kearney Chemicals Vision 2030/ Suc-
cess factors for the European chemical business/ Sum-
mit of chemical, pharmaceutical, plastics and rubber in-
dustries of Slovenia/ y 43/05.2012/20003
(https://www.gzs.si/pripone/04_Lewe_Success%20Fa
ctors%20for%20the%20European%20Chemi-
cal%20Business.pdf)
5. United Nations Industrial Development Or-
ganization/GLOBAL PROMOTION AND
IMPLEMENTATION OF CHEMICAL LEASING
BUSINESS MODELS IN INDUSTRY/chemical leas-
ing/ Vienna – 2016.
6. N.Kalogerakis, D.Assael, and E. Mitsoulis-
Mandrekas Management System for Sustainable De-
velopment in the Chemical Industry, Journal of Envi-
ronmental Management, 2017.
7. Q.Hua, Q.Li, and X.Hu Assessing the Devel-
opment Potential of a Chemical Industry Cluster: A
Case Study of Jiangsu Province, China, Sustainable
Development, 2017.
8. M.Al-Zahrani and B.Al-Fawzan Develop-
ment Potential of the Chemical Industry in Saudi Ara-
bia: An Input-Output Analysis, Sustainability, 2019.
9. R. Orsato and F.Sroufe Management Sys-
tems and Environmental Performance in the Chemical
Industry: An Empirical Study, Journal of Cleaner Pro-
duction, 2004.
10. N.Kolesnikova, E.Gokhberg, and Y.Sima-
chev Factors Influencing the Development Potential of
the Chemical Industry in Russia, Foresight and STI
Governance, 2018.
10 Annali d’Italia №50/2023
UKRAINE’ LABOR POTENTIAL: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF COMPETITIVE
FUNCTIONING

Larysa Bogush
PhD in Economics
Ptoukha Institute for Demography and Social Studies of the
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

Abstract
The efficiency of labor potential’ reproduction and use is one of the key factors of competitive businesses’
management, socium progress and social harmony in the conditions of neo- and post-industrial economic modes
that have been spreading throughout the world and its macro-regions. The organization, regulation priorities of
labor potential’ reproductive environment and employment sphere, trends and problems of their functioning de-
termine a multiplicative cluster of incentives and disincentives for the life quality in Ukraine in a number of its
manifestations, among which, in particular, – the characteristics of the living environment (household, work), re-
source base, indicators and features of human resources’ reproduction and use that are of great importance for
recovering from war losses and damages in Ukraine’ post-war realities against the backstage of modern competi-
tive globalized world. Socially recognized practice and already achieved parameters of the life quality and labor
potential reproduction outline the long term material and immaterial incentives and motivators of individual and
community human development, parameters and processes of diversification of the national economy’ and the
labor market’ territorial segments, and therefore – the expectations and sustainability of positive post-war socio-
economic and, among other, demographic, professional and qualification, migration shifts.

Keywords: labor potential, workforce, employment sphere, competitiveness, Ukraine’ socio-economic pol-
icy.

Introduction. The efficiency of labor potential’
reproduction and use is one of the key factors of com-
petitive businesses’ management, socium progress and
social harmony in the conditions of neo- and post-in-
dustrial economic modes that have been spreading
throughout the world and its macro-regions at the same
time with intensification of communications’ spectrum
(including cross-border logistics), globalization of liv-
ing practices’ set of compact human communities (up
to the level of separate state entities and their political
associations). The principles and priorities of labor po-
tential’ reproduction and use, the sequence of relevant
long-term guidelines serve as the basis for the repro-
duction and improvement of the level and quality of life
of the entire population, i.e. factors that (along with sys-
tematic national policy of innovative modernization,
economic diversification, socium solidarity, including
by social protection’ means) will provide a powerful re-
verse influence on the sustainable competitive develop-
ment’ rate of post-war Ukraine against the modern
background of the world further globalization.
The organization (mechanisms, tools), regulation
priorities of labor potential’ reproductive environment
and employment sphere, trends and problems of their
functioning determine a multiplicative cluster of incen-
tives and disincentives for the life quality in Ukraine
and other countries all over the world in a number of its
manifestations, among which, in particular, – the char-
acteristics of the living environment (household, work),
resource base, indicators and features of human re-
sources’ reproduction and use that are also of great im-
portance for recovering from war losses and damages
in Ukrainian post-war realities.
It’s worth to mention generalized key factors of
the orientation and quality of the processes of formation
and improvement of the living standard and living en-
vironment, reproduction and use of human resources
and, in particular, labor potential, such as:
 aggregate (direct and indirect) expenses for the
workforce reproduction – financial, other material – in
the prime cost and the market value of production of
each economic activity, especially in the specialization
branches in the national and foreign markets;
 legislatively regulated potential and realities of
local budgets’ practice regarding the accumulation of
business entities’ taxes in the locations of their produc-
tion base and economic activity;
 mechanisms of distribution and redistribution of
budget and other targeted funds in practices of social
protection, individual and community human capital’
increasing, activation of the population’ employment
and entrepreneurial initiatives.
Brief literature review. The problems, peculiari-
ties, mechanisms of national labor potential’ use and
reproduction in the context of the favorable implemen-
tation of systemic socio-economic challenges, mitiga-
tion and overcome of the current period’ threats, expec-
tations of Ukraine’ competitive post-war revival are
highlighted in works, where:
 methodological principles of human capital’ and
employment potential’ use, social institutions of their
organization in the realities of the national market econ-
omy in the globalized world have being developed [1–
3];
 positive and negative trends in the employment
sphere’ functioning, national and territorial practices of
reproduction and improvement of the efficiency of the
labor potential’ use in the near pre-war period, as well
as in the conditions of nowadays military operations
and delayed negative consequences of martial law pe-
riod have being determined [4–6];
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
 approaches to increasing the strategy’ and pol-
icy’ effectiveness of the population’ productive em-
ployment, including on the basis of modernization of
the market infrastructure, balancing the supply of labor
and demand for it, improving the competitiveness of its
professional and qualification characteristics at the in-
dividual and community levels, have been substanti-
ated [7–9].
At the same time, its worth to carry out further
identification of the problems that will have the most
acute impact on the competitiveness of the national la-
bor potential and economy, as well as the population’
productive employment at the stages of Ukraine’ post-
war stabilization and further development.
The purpose of the article is to determine the
problems and priorities of Ukraine’ labor potential use
and reproduction in the conditions of socio-economic
development’ challenges and threats to the employment
sphere’ functioning, which will remain relevant at var-
ious stages of the post-war revival, taking into account
their influence on the realization of the national econ-
omy’ competitiveness factors in the globalized world
(and precisely the needs for: diversifying the economic
complex and its territorial subsystems; accelerated de-
veloping and clustering of innovative and knowledge-
intensive activities; raising and implementing standards
of productive employment, decent work and life qual-
ity).
Main results. Most generally, on the one hand, the
competitive functioning of Ukrainian labor potential
implies the diversified employment sphere, the compo-
nents of which (branches, business entities) are com-
petitive on the national and foreign markets, so they can
offer and guarantee decent wages. On the other hand,
this phenomenon is based on the quality socium envi-
ronment of work and non-work (household, public) life
activities, which stimulates and promotes reproduction
and improvement of individual and community profes-
sional and qualification potential. Such conditions ac-
tualize the consistent diversification of the national
economic complex and its territorial subsystems to-
wards the accelerated development of innovative and
science-intensive activities (in particular, with a funds’
fast turnover, attractive for entrepreneurship). The fore-
cast made in 2023 by the Ministry of Economy also
serves as an argument for the urgent need to diversify
economy’ structure and competitive specialization, be-
cause it noted the necessity to engage at least 4.5 mil-
lion employees on the Ukraine’ labor market over the
next ten years [10].
Large-scale military actions force us to expect cat-
astrophic losses of the economically active population,
because, according to the United Nations Organization,
6.3 million Ukrainian refugees were registered in the
countries all over the world in 2023; according to ex-
pert calculations, there were about 3.7 – 4.8 million
people in European countries. At least half of the forced
migrants were children, and most of the adults were
women aged 25–49. From 40 to 60% of migrants may
remain abroad, as the propensity to return (primarily
among families with children, young people) signifi-
cantly decreases over time [10]. According to the most
11
balanced assessments (in our opinion), due to the con-
sequences and results of military operations and ex-
pected irreversible migration Ukraine will loss up to
23-32% of the working population [11–13].
According to the analysis of vacancies that em-
ployers submitted to the State Employment Service, the
most sought after in mid-2023 were: skilled workers
with tools – 21%; workers for maintaining, operating
equipment and machines – 16%; workers in the sphere
of trade and services – 15% [14]. However, the average
salary in these vacancies was only UAH 11,000. There-
fore, employers are not ready to finance their own need
for qualified workers (even of a rather narrow speciali-
zation). Thus, according to the Construction Industry
Trade Union, the salary of crane operators and con-
struction workers is very low – nowadays such workers
can rarely earn more than UAH 20,000, even with the
salary’ unofficial part [15]. As of 2023, the experts of
the Construction Industry Trade Union estimated a de-
cent wage for work, which also guarantees its safety for
the employed, in the amount of UAH 200 per hour.
The currently widespread non-tariff wage systems
and corporate standards for evaluating the suitability of
the employees’ qualifications for the positions they
hold and job duties’ scope, which are weakly consistent
with the relevant state standards, contribute to numer-
ous manipulations with salaries’ rates and enterprises’
wage funds. The source of the problems is the vague
regulation of non-tariff wage systems in national legis-
lation, which allows employers to save on the wage
fund at the employee’ expense, while paying a united
social contribution from the monthly minimum wage.
According to the letter of the Ministry of Social
Policy dated March 20, 2017 No. 766/0/101-17/28, the
state guarantee that must be observed for workers with
hourly payment is the minimum wage in an hourly (not
monthly) amount. Therefore, if an employee (whom
hourly rate is set or whose work is paid according to the
qualification characteristics and certain work results
determined by the employer) has fulfilled the monthly
labor rate, but the accrued salary amount turned out to
be less than the minimum monthly salary, then no ad-
ditional payment is made to it. In turn, in accordance
with subsection 2 of part 5 of article 8 of the Law «On
the collection and accounting of united contribution to
mandatory state social insurance» dated 07/08/2010
No. 2464, as well as with the clarification of the State
Fiscal Service dated 04/13/2018 No. 1549/IPK/15-32-
13-01-10, the monthly salary may be less than the
monthly minimum wage, without requiring the em-
ployer to pay the difference. At the same time, only the
mandatory deduction of the united social contribution
is controlled.
A significant role in the accumulation and aggra-
vation of the problems of the employment sphere’ func-
tioning, which affect the situation and prospects of do-
mestic demographic and migration processes, is played
by the government’ orientation to the consistent reduc-
tion of trade unions’ role, downsizing the spread of col-
lective-contractual regulation of employment and
working conditions.
On the conviction of the regional associations of
Ukrainian trade unions, in particular, expressed as early
12
as 2021, the course to implementing neoliberal policies
in the economy and social sphere, weakening the state’
regulatory function that was taken by the authorities, as
well as an effective social dialogue’ lack (especially in
establishing of a range of significant social minimums)
leads to deepening of labor results’ unfair distribution
and poverty’ growth, destabilization of demand and
supply in the labor market, further labor migration in-
crease and aggravation of social confrontation in the
country [16]. With the government help, a significant
part of business avoids collective bargaining, which
negatively affects the observance of citizens’ labor, so-
cial and economic rights.
The number of collective agreements concluded
and registered in Ukraine in 2010-2015 decreased by
27.6% (from 105 thousand to 76 thousand), in 2010-
2017 – by 39.7% (to 63.4 thousand), in 2010-2021 – by
58.9% (to almost 43.2 thousand) [17; 18]. At the end of
2021, 5064.4 thousand or 70.2% of full-time employ-
ees were covered by collective agreements [18].
According to sociological studies of the social di-
alogue’ parameters on the compliance of employment
with the decent work criteria, conducted in a number of
settlements and regions, the lowest level of collective
agreement regulation was registered among workers in
such types of economic activities as temporary accom-
modation and organization of meals, wholesale and re-
tail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles, real
estate transactions [17]. At the same time, the level of
collective bargaining was high in industry, financial
and insurance activities, arts, sports, entertainment and
recreation. The fulfillment level of the collective agree-
ments’ provisions, according to the employees’ assess-
ment, is also heterogeneous. Its highest indicators were
observed in professional, scientific and technical activ-
ities, while the worst – in education and real estate
transactions [17].
The privatization processes and other forms of
state-owned enterprises’ reorganization, which are car-
ried out in order to fill the state budget, have revealed a
number of acute problems of observing the social and
labor rights of their collectives that affect the preserva-
tion of the professional and qualification potential of
industries and the economy in general. According to the
assessment of Mechanical Engineering and Instrument
Engineering trade union, one of the main problems is
the maximum retention of highly qualified employees,
ensuring their protection and compliance with labor
legislation in the reorganization process [19].
Branch trade unions also often note significant
contradictions between the parameters of the labor leg-
islation’ adaptation of Ukraine and European Union,
the implementation of international norms of labor or-
ganization and safety, as well as realities of the national
practice of the employment sphere’ reforming. In par-
ticular, specialists of the trade union of agro-industrial
complex’ employees and the trade union IUF interna-
tional organization found contradictions between a
number of documents ratified by Ukraine (International
Labor Organization’ Conventions No. 129 on labor in-
spection in agriculture, No. 135 on the protection of the
rights of workers’ representatives at the enterprise and
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
the opportunities that provided to them, No. 155 on oc-
cupational safety and hygiene and the production envi-
ronment, No. 184 on occupational safety and hygiene
in agriculture) and the draft law «On the safety and
health of workers at work» developed by the Ministry
of Economy [20]. The trade union community believes
that this draft law carries the risk of destroying the sys-
tem of institutions of national legislation, narrows the
rights and guarantees of workers for healthy occupa-
tional conditions. First of all, they are talking about
risks in the workplace, the safety and health of women
workers in agriculture, ensuring the special needs of
women in connection with pregnancy, breastfeeding
and reproductive health [20].
The Law «On amendments to certain legislative
acts on simplifying the labor relations’ regulation in the
field of small and medium-sized entrepreneurship and
reducing the administrative burden on entrepreneurial
activity», which was adopted on 07/19/2022, according
to the conclusion of the Professional Unions’ Federa-
tion, significantly limits fundamental constitutional la-
bor rights and guarantees of hundreds of thousands of
workers in this category and puts them in unequal con-
ditions with others, as it introduces extreme forms of
labor relations’ liberalization and discrimination re-
garding the rights of workers who work at enterprises
with up to 250 employees [21].
According to the experts’ conclusions, the provi-
sions of this Law contradict the Constitution of
Ukraine, ILO Conventions, EU Directives and in prac-
tice will lead to the deterioration of the employment
contract conditions for hired personnel in comparison
to the current legislation due to the unfavorable condi-
tions’ imposition in the individual employment con-
tract, employees’ discrimination and the weakening of
the rights-protecting role of trade unions, as well as
their legal representatives. The result of this law imple-
mentation will be the destruction of the interests’ bal-
ance between the employment contract’ parties and the
formalization of opportunities for the employer abso-
lute dictation in relation to the employee [21].
The 111th International Labor Conference empha-
sized the need for systematic coordination of political
actions at the international, regional and national levels
with social issues, since only such a strategy will allow
to resist growing economic inequality (in particular, in
dimensions of: citizens’ deprivation from social protec-
tion; wages below subsistence minimum; tendencies to-
wards bankruptcy of micro- and small enterprises; gen-
der inequality in wages, when women on average earn
up to 20% less than their male colleagues) [22]. For ref-
erence, it should be noted that in the first half of 2023
in Ukraine, men’s wages were higher than women’s by
almost 19% [23]. The ILO announced the following
priorities:
 ensuring a balanced consideration of environ-
mental, economic and social aspects, in particular, dur-
ing the international financial system’ restructuring;
 conducting a coordinated policy on issues of so-
cial protection and decent work and increasing invest-
ments in this sphere [22].
In addition to the current extremely acute security
threats, their immediate and long-term consequences
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
for the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the la-
bor force and employment, Ukraine (so as the whole
world) will face numerous new economic and social
challenges in the near future. Their content is associated
with overcoming the economic recession’ conse-
quences, the national markets’ further globalization, at
the same time as the segmentation of sectoral foreign
markets, the digitalization of work, the transition to
new professional standards based on a modernized na-
tional classifier. As a result, we should expect the re-
duction of jobs in the economy’ traditional sectors, the
large-scale spread of employment non-standard forms,
which, among other, will lead to a decrease in trade un-
ion membership and the limitation of trade union mech-
anisms for the hired labor protection [16].
According to expert estimates, over the next 5
years 83 million jobs will be lost and 69 million new
ones will be created on the world labor market, which
will lead to the elimination of 17% of jobs at least [24].
In general, administrative positions and jobs in the
spheres of security and trade are at risk of the biggest
reductions. Cashiers, accountants, administrators, sec-
retaries and a number of other workers may be out of a
job due to the expectations of automation and digitiza-
tion of some processes. Among these workers we
should also mention: security guards; household work-
ers; collectors and factory workers; postal service em-
ployees; bank cashiers; shop assistants; telemarketing
specialists; customer service personnel; managers of
business services and administration; door-to-door
salesmen (in fields), street vendors, as well as related
workers. Workers with basic education and women are
also expected to face significant challenges, as employ-
ers would look for experienced professionals and men
for labor vacancies [24].
The forecasted world trends, while multiplying by
an outdated structure, unsatisfactory diversification,
significant resource-raw material and logistics-
transport specialization of the national economy and its
territorial subsystems, may have a sharp impact on the
Ukrainian labor potential and employment sphere, es-
pecially if we compare them with the modern demand
dynamics on the labor market.
According to the recruitment management system
Work.ua [25], sales consultant, sales manager, driver,
cook and accountant were consistently dominated
among the five most in-demand positions in the sum-
mer of 2023. In turn, the largest increase in June 2023
was shown only by the seasonally significant small
group of primary school teacher vacancies (+44%, in
absolute terms – approximately from 2.3 to 5.9% of the
total demand for the above-mentioned most sought-af-
ter positions), which is related to the search of private
schools and kindergartens for temporary staff in order
to prepare children for school during the summer vaca-
tions.
In October 2023, the most part of vacancies were
offered in the following categories: «Working special-
ties, production» (+2% increase by September 2023,
20,018 vacancies); «Sphere of services» (19,417 job of-
fers, 4% less than in September); «Sales, purchases»
(+2%, 14,012); «Retail trade» (-1%, 12,755);
«Logistics, warehousing, foreign economic activities»
13
(+3%, 11,265); «Hotel and restaurant business, tour-
ism» (-7%, 10,518); «Medicine, pharmaceuticals»
(6,583 vacancies, -1% by September) [26]. According
to the level of demand increase for workers, it was most
noticeable in insurance (+7%, 205 job vacancies),
sphere of security and safety (+5%, 2164), real estate
operations (+5%, 767), jurisprudence (+4%, 1,245); fi-
nance and banking (+3%, 4,300 vacancies). Among the
positions, the greatest growth was shown by the de-
mand for tire fitting masters (+23% by September),
couriers (+22%), crane operators (+17%), furniture de-
signers (+14%), media buyers (+14%), stackers, pack-
aging workers (+12%), office managers (+10%), sales
coordinators (+10%) [26].
Therefore, the long-term orientations of changes
in the labor potential and labor market, related to the
national economy’ innovative modernization, as well
as the increase of the share of highly qualified workers
and specialists for the specialization branches in the
employment structure, are still not traced.
Conclusions. We should outline the range of
problems that will have the most noticeable impact on
the significant aspects of the labor force use and repro-
duction at the stages of Ukraine’ post-war stabilization
and further development due to reducing the competi-
tiveness of the national human capital and the economy
in general, complicating the economic complex’ diver-
sification, the professional and qualification potential’
improvement, the population’ productive employment
provision, as well as implementation of decent work’,
work and non-work life quality’ standards. First of all
they include:
 unsystematic and unsatisfactory consequence of
the national policy for harmonizing economic, foreign
economic and social issues towards combating eco-
nomic inequality and low efficiency of social protec-
tion;
 inconsistency of minimum wage guarantees
with socially acceptable living standards, which gener-
alize physiological and social subsistence minimums;
 the widespread practice of misbalance between
offered salary, on the one hand, and complexity of per-
formed work, as well as demand on certain specialties
and specializations in the labor market (in particular, on
workers with tools, workers for maintaining, operating
equipment and machines, engineering and technical
specialists), on the other hand;
 manipulative practices of savings on the wage
fund due to unsatisfactory control over the justification
of non-tariff wage systems, as well as corporate stand-
ards for assessing the suitability of the employees’
qualifications for the positions they hold and the scope
of their job duties;
 deterioration of the regulatory and legal provi-
sion of a number of employees’ social and labor rights
under the pretext of reforming labor legislation, in par-
ticular, in accordance with the requirements of the As-
sociation Agreement with the EU, as well as external
creditors;
 reduction of the scope of collective bargaining
regulation of employment and labor conditions, espe-
cially at enterprises with up to 250 employees; the con-
14
sistent removal of trade unions from effective mecha-
nisms for defending decent work standards;
 the inevitable transformation of national and
macro-regional labor markets under the influence of:
the need for overcoming the world’ economic recession
consequences; further globalization of goods and ser-
vices markets at the same time as competition’ increase
in sectors of internal markets; labor digitization; mod-
ernization of professional and qualification standards
against the backstage of innovative activities’ and their
clusters’ diversification; contradictory trends in the
spread of employment’ non-standard forms and the
consequent complication of practices and mechanisms
for hired labor’ protection.
The sustainability and public recognition of com-
fortable quantitative and qualitative parameters of
household and work life play a key role in improving
the labor potential’ professional and qualification pa-
rameters, initiating and implementing incentives for di-
versifying the employment sphere and territorial labor
markets, expanding the country’ foreign economic spe-
cialization, increasing the national producer competi-
tiveness in clusters of modern technological modes’
branches (neo-, post-industrial).
The life quality of employees and their family
members is based on:
 the consistency of mechanisms for guaranteeing
decent wages, social protection and activation of eco-
nomic and educational initiatives of the working and
pre-working age population, which ensure the suffi-
ciency of labor income and redistributed resources of
social protection for the natural, professional and qual-
ification reproduction of the labor potential, workforce’
labor and social mobility, stimulation of vulnerable cat-
egories’ range, progressive pension provision;
 the comfort of socio-cultural and socio-political
conditions and country’ development trends the for the
spectrum of ethno-religious communities that inhabit it,
including the viability of values and guidelines for the
consolidation and evolution of the macro-social sys-
tem;
 the quality of the environment’ natural and an-
thropogenic components, their balance and ergonomics
in the context of the sustainable development princi-
ples.
These factors, while potentiating by established
socially recognized practice and already achieved pa-
rameters of the life quality, in the Ukrainian post-war
realities will outline the long term material and imma-
terial incentives and motivators of individual and com-
munity human development, parameters and processes
of diversification of the national economy’ and the la-
bor market’ territorial segments, and therefore – the ex-
pectations and sustainability of positive socio-eco-
nomic and, among other, demographic professional and
qualification, migration shifts.
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Annali d’Italia №50/2023 17

MEDICAL SCIENCES
STUDY OF STOKIN STATUS IN PATIENTS WITH TOXOPLASMOSIS

Abasova Dunya,
Head of department of Immunology
Scientific Research Institute of Medical Prophylaxis named after V. Akhundov
Kazimova Sevda,
Researcher
Scientific Research Institute of Medical Prophylaxis named after V. Akhundov
Macidova Nazrin,
Senior laboratory assistant
Scientific Research Institute of Medical Prophylaxis named after V. Akhundov
Shirinova Telli,
Senior laboratory assistant
Scientific Research Institute of Medical Prophylaxis named after V. Akhundov
Babayeva Shalala
Researcher
Scientific Research Institute of Medical Prophylaxis named after V. Akhundov

Abstract
The problem of opportunistic infections is becoming an urgent problem of modern times is becoming, which
is a constant increase in the number of people infected with HIV, it is related to the increase in aggressive treatment
methods of oncopathologies. This infections Pathogens that can normally cause disease in healthy individuals
caused by Up to 20 typical causative agents of opportunistic infections are known, and in modern infectious dis-
eases this list is constantly growing. without symptoms: 60% - cytomegalovirus, 90% - first and second type
herpavirus, 30% are toxoplasma carriers.
During the research, 100 people infected with toxoplasmosis were studied. The research shows that during
the exacerbation of the disease, the level of cytokines increases in comparison to healthy people, year-6, year-10.
Cytokine balance depends on the severity of the disease. The aim of the study is to study the level of production
of the main cytokines (year-6, year-10) that help to study the functional activity of immunocompetent cells and
the severity of the infectious process in patients infected with toxoplasma.

Keywords: Cytokines, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, toxoplasmosis

At present, the high level of infection of the popu-
lation with toxoplasmosis, the damage of the fetus in-
side the womb, the loss of the organ of vision and its
functions - even leading to blindness, and the fact that
it causes severe relapses in AIDS patients create serious
problems for the health system.
Immunity during toxoplasmosis is non-sterile. The
effectiveness of the defense system depends on the fac-
tors of humoral and cellular immunity. Against the
background of the normal state of cellular immunity,
the synthesis of specific antibodies prevents the symp-
tomless passing of the disease, re-infection, and trans-
plant transmission of the pathogen.
Despite the adaptive capabilities of the immune
system, changes in its components become chronic and
lead to the formation of immunopathologies. As modu-
lators of the immune system, cytokines ensure intercel-
lular cooperation, positive and negative immune regu-
lation. Cytokines play an important role in regulating
the immune response by ensuring the proliferation and
differentiation of immunocompetent immune cells.
(4,5,6) At the same time, immune system dysfunctions
against the background of immunodeficiency cause
dysfunction in the cytokine system. It has been proven
that cytokines affect the endothelial cells infected with
viruses and cause the inflammation process to decrease.
Cytokines simulate the antiviral effects of polymorpho-
nuclear leukocytes of macrophages, natural killer and
other cells. (7.8) The character of cytokines depends on
their levels.
The diagnostic importance of determining the
level of cytokines is related to their role in the patho-
genesis of infection. The products synthesized by Th-1
(11-2, il-3, il-13, etc.) (year-4, year 5, year-6, year-10,
year-13) are responsible for the activity of antibodies.
The importance of the evaluation of the cytokine con-
tent is to determine the relationship between the level
of cytokines in a certain patient and the course of the
disease (8).
The purpose of the study: The purpose of the
study is to study the production level of the main cyto-
kines (year-1, year-6, year-10) that help to study the
functional activity of immunocompetent cells and the
severity of the infectious process in patients infected
with toxoplasma.
Materials and methods: In the studies, the im-
mune indicators of 100 patients infected with toxo-
plasma (55 women, 45 men) were studied. Of these, 50
patients had mild, 35 moderate, and 15 severe cases. 30
completely healthy people were selected as the control
group. The diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical
manifestations and determination of specific antibodies
against toxoplasmosis by immunoenzyme analysis.
18 Annali d’Italia №50/2023
Patients were studied in the acute and remission As a result of the immunostimulatory effect of Il-
stages of the disease, and during the exacerbation pe- 1, differentiation and functional activity of lympho-
riod, patients received standard antiviral therapy. In or-
cytes, synthesis of Il-2 antibodies by lymphocytes, pro-
der to evaluate the cytokine profile in patients infected
liferation of lymphocytes increases. Thus, il-1 has a
with toxoplasma, the concentration of cytokines of wide spectrum of biological activity; By increasing the
year-1, year-6, year-year-10 was determined by the IFA functional activity of the T-set of cellular immunity and
method. the cells of the natural spleen, it induces the synthesis
The results of the conducted research were pro- of its own interferon in the host organism (endoge-
cessed with Microsoft Excel and statistics computer nous). In patients with toxoplasmosis, an increase in the
programs. At this time, regression and correlation level of il-6 during the period of exacerbation of the
methods were used. disease was observed, while during the period of remis-
Conclusion and discussion sion, this level was lower than the norm. (table 1)
In patients with relapsed toxoplasmosis, during The change in the amount of il-6 in the blood sam-
the exacerbation of the disease - the first 3 days, theples of a patient with toxoplasmosis also depends on the
level of il-1 rose to the maximum level. During the re-severity of the disease. IL-6, a typical inflammatory cy-
mission period, this indicator decreased, but did not tokine, activates neutrophils and increases their func-
reach the indicator of healthy (considered) individuals.
tional activity.
The concentration of il-1 in the blood serum de- Il-6 activates the synthesis of immunoglobulins
pended on the severity of the disease. Taking into ac- belonging to IgM, IgG, IgA class and acute phase pro-
count the role of il-1 in the elimination of the pathogen,
teins in hepatocytes. It stimulates the proliferation and
this change can be considered legitimate. . differentiation of acute phase proteins and T lympho-
cytes. On the other hand, it determines the production
of 1-6 1-1
Table 1
The composition of the main stocks in patients with toxoplasmosis according to the period of the study.
Studied Indicators Research period N Xmin- Xmax Х± m P
Healthy 30 32-64 48±1.9 -
I 100 90-194 120±9.2 <0.001
IL-I
II 35 85-164 100±5.2 <0.001
III 65 72-118 82±2.1 <0.001
Healthy 30 28-36 25±1.6 -
I 100 65-88 52±1.2 <0.001
IL-6
II 35 52-70 46±2.5 <0.001
III 65 38-64 39±1.4 <0.001
Healthy 30 40-63 40.2±0.7 -
I 100 57-84 78.3±0.98 <0.001
IL-10
II 35 46-76 65.9±0.94 <0.001
III 65 40-58 37.3±0.62 <0.001

Note; I-acute period of the disease II-early conva-
lescence period, III-delayed convalescence period, P-
N-amount of studies X-average numerical value,+M -
average numerical error. Il-10 acts as a negative regu-
lator for inflammatory processes. This cytokine is asso-
ciated with a decrease in cytokine production and anti-
gen presentation in Th-1 cells and monocytes. Il-10 is
a regulatory and anti-inflammatory alternative for mac-
rophages, but also Th-2 and Th-1 therefore, il-10 is an
anti-inflammatory cytokine for all Th-1 cells and pre-
vents inflammation. It is assumed that the immunosup-
pressiveness of viruses is controlled by affecting the
balance of il-10 and il-12. the reduction of markers (il-
1B-6-il-10), at the same time stimulates proliferation of
B lymphocytes and humoral immunity.
Activated T lymphocytes increase il-10, and its
level increases during the exacerbation of the disease,
but decreases during remission, but is higher than the
norm. When the course of the disease increases, the
level of il-10 stocks also increases. il-1B, il-6 and il-10
stocks level increased compared to healthy people.
Thus, the study of the role of cytokines in a given
infection will allow us to understand a number of mech-
anisms by which internal cellular processes and inter-
cellular interactions are used to maintain the body's de-
fense forces and the life cycle of replication. helps to
develop a control system for toxoplasmosis infection.
Results
1. The study of the production of cytokines in pa-
tients showed that, compared to healthy donors, an in-
crease in the synthesis of il-1B, il-6, and il-10 cytokines
is noticeable during the exacerbation of diseases. In
parallel, the level of cytokines gradually decreases in
the positive dynamics of the disease.
2. The balance of stocks depends on the severity
of the disease; as the disease worsens, the level of
stocks also rises.
3. The study of Stoke's balance allows to under-
stand the pathogenesis of the infection, the tropism and
virulence of the virus, thereby helping to develop a con-
trol system for toxoplasmosis infection.
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20 Annali d’Italia №50/2023
PREVILITY OF A NUMBER OF DISEASES AMONG THE POPULATION OF UKRAINE AND THE
CARPATIA REGION IN PARTICULAR

Volodymyr Kozovyi,
ORCID: 0009-0005-7275-5124
Ostap Shukailyk
Taras Chemnuy
Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University
Department of Medical Biology and Medical Genetics

ПОШИРЕНІСТЬ РЯДУ ЗАХВОРЮВАНЬ СЕРЕД НАСЕЛЕННЯ УКРАЇНИ ТА ПРИКАРПАТТЯ

ЗОКРЕМА

Володимир Козовий
ORCID: 0009-0005-7275-5124
Остап Шукайлик
Тарас Чемний
Івано-Франківський національний медичний університету
кафедра медичної біології і медичної генетики

Abstract
As a result of the growth of depopulation, which has been ongoing since 1991, the population of Ukraine has
decreased by more than 6 million people. The demographic situation in Ukraine is a crisis, the signs of which are
low birth rates and an excessively high death rate, an unprecedented decrease in life expectancy, especially for
men, large-scale illegal labor migration of economically active citizens abroad, and, as a result, the relentless aging
of the population. The labor and reproductive potential is threatened by a 4.9-fold (compared to the European
Union) mortality rate for men and 3.2-fold for women (age group 30–44). Over the past 20 years, the population
of Ukraine has decreased by almost 7 million people, and according to the forecasts of experts of the World Bank,
it will decrease by another 24% by 2025. Among the causes of death in 2012 (as in previous years), diseases of
the circulatory system dominated - 65.8% of the total number of deaths. The study is based on the analysis of the
prevalence of a number of diseases among the population of Ukraine and Prykarpattia in particular.
Анотація
Унаслідок зростання депопуляції, що триває з 1991 р., чисельність населення України скоротилася
більше, ніж на 6 млн осіб. Демографічна ситуація в Україні є кризовою, ознаками чого є низькі показники
народжуваності та зависокий рівень смертності, безпрецедентне зниження тривалості життя, особливо чо-
ловіків, масштабна нелегальна трудова міграція економічно активних громадян за кордон, і, як наслідок,
невпинне старіння населення. Загрозу трудовому та репродуктивному потенціалу створює перевищення
(порівняно з країнами Європейського Союзу) в 4,9 рази смертності чоловіків, а жінок – у 3,2 рази (вікова
група 30–44 рр.). За останні 20 років чисельність населення України скоротилася майже на 7 млн осіб, а за
прогнозами фахівців світового банку до 2025 р. скоротиться ще на 24 %. Серед причин смерті в 2012 р. (як
і в попередні роки) домінували хвороби системи кровообігу – 65,8 % від загалу померлих. Дослідження
грунтується на аналізі поширеності ряду захворювань серед населення України та Прикарпаття зокрема.

Keywords: morbidity, prevalence, hypertensive disease

Ключові слова: захворювансть, поширеність, гіпертонічна хвороба

Актуальність дослідження. Сучасна вітчиз-
няна система охорони здоров’я спрямована бі-
льше на лікування, ніж на профілактику захворю-
вань і пропаганду здорового способу життя. Як
наслідок, за останні п’ять років кількість захво-
рювань і смертність у більшості класів хвороб
зростають. Стан здоров’я населення України ха-
рактеризується значною поширеністю хронічних
хвороб та соціально небезпечних захворювань.
При цьому високими залишаються рівні інвалід-
ності та смертності за короткої середньої трива-
лості життя .
У зростанні питомої ваги хронічних захворю-
вань внутрішніх органів, провідні місця посіда-
ють хвороби системи кровообігу. Однак нині ізо-
льований перебіг останніх зустрічається вкрай
рідко. Тобто типовою характеристикою клінічної
картини захворювань сучасного пацієнта є полі-
патія (множинні хвороби) – випадки, коли хворий
страждає водночас від кількох захворювань. Тен-
денція до постаріння населення, збільшення випа-
дків хронізації захворювань, підвищення впливу
ушкоджувальних чинників довкілля, призводить
до збільшення кількості осіб з коморбідною пато-
логією. Останнє засвідчують результати дослі-
джень про наявність 8 – 15 патогенетично зв’яза-
них між собою хвороб у пацієнтів старших 65 ро-
ків. Проблема мульти- та коморбідності не тільки
нагальна для практичної та наукової медицини, а
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
й має велике соціально-економічне значення.
Якщо стан мультиморбідності лише відображає
інволюційні процеси (захворювання, які накопи-
чуються з віком), то поняття коморбідності хара-
ктеризує патогенетичну спільність, детерміно-
вану можливість поєднання захворювань. Окрім
паспортного віку, існує поняття про біологічний
вік, який характеризується морфо-функціональ-
ним станом внутрішніх органів та систем. З часом
у людини деякі внутрішні органи стають менш
функціонально спроможніми, що викликає клі-
ніку ряду хронічних захворювань. Найчастішими
супутниками старіння є ряд захворювань: ішемі-
чна хвороба серця, артеріальної гіпертензії, осте-
опороз, остеоартроз, рак легень, хронічний гаст-
рит, бронхіальна астма, пневмонії, туберкульоз,
дизбактеріози. При цьому артеріальна гіпертензія
в поєднанні з порушенням опорно-рухового апа-
рату входять в групу провідних хронічних захво-
рювань внутрішніх органів серед людей похилого
віку. При цьому серцево-судинні захворювання
залишаються основною причиною захворювано-
сті і смертності.
Мета дослідження. Вивчення стану демогра-
фічних показників у поєднанні із станом рівня за-
хворювань населення в Україні та на Прикарпатті.
Матеріали і методи дослідження. Проведено
аналіз даних звітів обласного управління статис-
тики, інформаційно-аналітичного центру медичної
статистики та звітної медичної документації Івано-
Франківського обласного клінічного кардіологіч-
ного диспансеру. Аналіз показників стану здоров’я
населення Прикарпаття вивчали за період із 1998 по
2017 рр у контексті серцево-судинної патології та
частоти порушень кістково-м’язової системи і спо-
лучної тканини. Основні демографічні зміни на-
селення вивчались за 1995-2017 роки.
Результати дослідження. Тенденцією остан-
ніх років є зниження рівня смертності в Україні. У
2015 році померло 594,8 тис. осіб. осіб, у 2016 році
– 583,6 тис (-1,9%), у 2017 році – 574,1тис (-1,6%).
У 2018 році смертність зросла на 2,4% до 587,7 тис.
осіб, але потім знову почало скорочуватися: у 2019
році 581,1 тис. (-1,1%). 549,2 тис осіб померло у
2020 році (+6,1%).
Смертні випадки внаслідок: захворювання си-
стеми кровообігу. Більшість людей помирає від се-
рцево-судинних захворювань. За даними Держс-
тату, у 2015 році від цих захворювань померло
404,6 тис. осіб. українців. У 2016 році смертність
від цих хвороб знизилася на 3% до 392,3 тис. поме-
рлих, а у 2017 році зменшилася на 1,9% до 384,8
тис. смерті. У 2018 році від хвороб системи крово-
обігу померло 392,1 тис. осіб. українців (+1,9%), у
2019 році – 389,3 тис (-0,7%). За січень-листопад
2020 року померло 365,5 тис. осіб.
Майже 80 тисяч українців щороку помирають
від пухлин – раку, лейкемії тощо. Рівень смертності
вже кілька років залишається приблизно таким же:
79,5 тисяч. осіб у 2015 році 79 тис у 2016 році
78,3тис у 2017 році 78,6тис у 2018 році 78,2тис у
2019 році та 71,3 тис за перші 11 місяців 2020 року.
21
За даними ВООЗ, ішемічна хвороба серця, ін-
сульти та хронічна обструктивна хвороба легень
були одними з найпоширеніших причин смерті у
світі в 2000-2016 роках.
Практично в усіх країнах світу, в тому числі в
Україні, найвища смертність від хвороб серця, і ця
цифра постійно зростає. У 2000 році в усьому світі
від хвороб серця померло понад 7 мільйонів людей.
У 2010 році вона становила 8,5 млн осіб, у 2015 році
- 9,3 млн осіб, а в 2016 році - 9,4 млн осіб.Смерт-
ність від інсультів посідає друге місце у світі: 5,2
млн осіб у 2000 році, 5,4 млн осіб у 2010 році, 5,6
млн осіб у 2015 році та 5,8 млн осіб у 2016 році.
Хронічна обструктивна хвороба легень посідає
третє місце серед основних причин смерті: у 2000
році від неї померло майже 3 мільйони людей, про-
тягом десяти років – 2,8 мільйона людей, у 2015
році – 3 мільйони людей, а у 2016 році – понад 3
мільйони людей.
Аналізом основних демографічних показників
встановлено, що загальна кількість населення на
Прикарпатті за 20 осттанніх років зменшилась на
5,76 % Схожа тенденція зберігалася й у всій Укра-
їні.
Також, за досліджуваний період зафіксовано
позитивну кореляцію між зменшенням загальної кі-
лькості населення області та зменшенням кількості
осіб працездатного та старших за працездатний вік.
Тому закономірним продовженням роботи стало
дослідження стану здоров’я населення.
Одним із негативних індикаторів здоров’я по-
пуляції є показник смертності населення. Так, цей
показник зріс на 21,38 % за досліджуваний період
(1998-2014 рр). Серед причин смертності тради-
ційно основне місце займали хвороби системи кро-
вообігу, що складало 58,2 % населення області в
1998 році та 60,9 % в 2007 році. В працездатному
віці даний показник коливався від 29,9 до 23,3 %, а
у населення старше за працездатний вік від 66,8 до
72,4 %. Детальнішим аналізом встановлено, що лі-
дером рівня смертності від окремих нозологічних
форм була ішемічна хвороба серця. Найменшим у
досліджуваному періоді даний показник був у м.
Івано-Франківську та Калуському районі. Найви-
щим показник реєструвався у м. Болехові, Рогатин-
ському, Галицькому, Тлумацькому та Городенків-
ському районах, залежно від років дослідження.
Наступним показником був рівень захворюва-
ності всього населення області. Встановлено, що за
досліджуваний період найменше реєстрували но-
вих випадків хвороб у Надвірнянському районі та в
м. Болехів, а найбільше – у місті Івано-Франківську
та Рогатинському районах. Серед спектру хвороб
населення Івано-Франківської області чільне місце
зайняли хвороби системи кровообігу. Слід відмі-
тити, що з 1998 по 2014 роки їх число збільшилося
в 2,33 раза (з 22704,9 до 52941,3 на 100 тис. насе-
лення).
Наступним етапом дослідження було вивчення
показників загальної та первинної захворюваності
на гіпертонічну хворобу, ішемічну хворобу серця, у
тому числі, стенокардію та гострий інфаркт міока-
22
рда серед дорослого населення. Так, за досліджува-
ний період збільшились показники загальної захво-
рюваності на гіпертонічну хворобу (ГХ) (всі фо-
рми) в 2,89 раза, а первинної в 1,89 раза
Порівнюючи отримані результати з аналогіч-
ними по Україні загалом, встановлено незначне пе-
ревищення досліджуваного показника в 2006 та
2009 - 2013 роках. Вивчення частоти загальної за-
хворюваності на ГХ по районах області показало,
що в 1998 році лідерами були м. Болехів та Косів-
ський район, де даний показник був 14655,0 та
13096,5 на 100 тис дорослого населення, відпо-
відно. Однак, в 2007 році в м. Болехові кількість
хворих на ГХ була найменшою серед всіх районів
Івано-Франківської області. Рогатинський та Тлу-
мацький райони мали найвищі показники загальної
захворюваності на ГХ за останні 7 досліджуваних
років.
Висновок. Отже, за аналізом основних демо-
графічних показників спостерігається зменшення
кількості людей працездатного віку. Основними
причинами смертності є захворювання серцевосу-
динної системи, онкологічні захворювання.
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
Список літератури
1. Kozovyi R.V. Determination of mathemati-
cal relation between qualitative and quantitative indices
in the conducted longevity research. Art of Medicine,
2019; 4: 73-79
2. Legrand R, Nuemi G, Poulain M,
Manckoundia P. Description of Lifestyle, Including So-
cial Life, Diet and Physical Activity, of People ≥90
years Living in Ikaria, a Longevity Blue Zone. Int J
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doi:10.3390/ijerph18126602
3. Вакалюк ІП, Козовий РВ, Федоров СВ.
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ров’я населення Івано-Франківської області за
останні сімнадцять років. Архів клінічної меди-
цини. 2016;2(22):64-8.
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схильності до артеріальної гіпертензії та
остеоартрозу у довгожителів Прикарпаття .
Український терапевтичний журнал. 2017;1:65-9.
5. Kozovyi R. Vakalyuk I, Yatsyshyn R. Fre-
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2010;1:98–100.
Annali d’Italia №50/2023 23

PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
TEAMWORKING AND INTERACTION IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE EDUCATION

Talgatov Yerasyl,
Baiturina Anita,
Nashenova Adina
Kazakh Ablai Khan University of international relations and world languages
Almaty, Kazakhstan

Abstract
The evolution of foreign language education towards an individualized approach, emphasizing student-cen-
tered interactions and facilitated by teachers, underscores the pivotal role of team-based learning strategies, fos-
tering communicative competency. Teamworking and interaction between students play crucial role in the model
of student-student rather than teacher-student. The role of the teacher is now facilitating and giving the direction
in the educational process, adequately organizing interaction between students, which leads to the development of
their communicative competency. Interactive strategies as collaborative projects, peer teaching, debates etc. highly
valuated among researchers and methodologists and with the development of the new model of teaching in the
context of FLE more and more methods and theories appear in FLE process.

Keywords: Foreign language education (FLE), facilitating, interactive, teamwork, collaboration.

Literature review Methods:

The theme of interactive learning of students is not
new theme nowadays. Johnson & Johnson (1981) pro-
vided ide that the interactive student-student learning
model is the most effective one. Mercer (1995) delves
into the guided construction of knowledge through
communication between teachers and learners. His
work explores how the learning process discourse
among educators and students shapes. Vygotsky's
(1978) influential work examines how social interac-
tions and cultural tools shape cognitive development.
He emphasizes the role of social context in higher psy-
chological functions. Ghaith (2003) examined the cor-
relation between cooperative learning, student motiva-
tion, and academic achievement. This study sheds light
on how collaborative methods affects student out-
comes. In my earlier work (2023) I suggested the class-
time model which provides the idea of independent col-
laboration of students.
Introduction
In foreign language education, the integration of
teamwork and interaction forms the cornerstone of ef-
fective learning. Collaborative endeavors within the
classroom, whether through group discussions, partner
activities, or team projects, provide a dynamic platform
for students to engage actively with the language. These
interactions not only facilitate the practical application
of language skills but also nurture communication abil-
ities, cultural awareness, and linguistic fluency.
Through shared experiences and collective participa-
tion, learners navigate diverse perspectives, reinforce
their understanding of grammar and vocabulary, and
develop the confidence needed to express themselves
in the target language. Such collaborative environments
not only enhance language proficiency but also culti-
vate a deeper appreciation and understanding of the cul-
ture embedded within the language being studied.
Effectively organized teamwork and idea commu-
nication between students may be the most effective
way to develop learners’ competencies. Working in a
groups give teachers opportunity to be more flexible,
give all the students an opportunity to participate in
small discussions and engage them. While working
with adults individual works may be considered as an
effective one, while in classroom it is very important to
motivate the students and develop their communicative
abilities. As the students are not capable to know eve-
rything, they need to collaborate their knowledge and
work together to deal with questions, especially in the
context of FLE. Teacher, in the student centered class-
room, is playing the role of facilitator more than re-
translater of information or knowledge, it gradually de-
velop students ability to collaborate, actively search the
question and take an action.
By the new format of education, the emotional aim
of working in a group is to provide appropriate envi-
ronment for difficult questions. Students’ communica-
tive competence and collaboration may generate ideas
more effectively than in individual work. Even the most
talented students need some peer collaboration to sim-
plify the task. Interactive learning strategies, including
its components develop some students’ competences
more than other strategies can do (see figure 1). Active
interaction means active communication ideas with in-
teraction between students. Communicate idea itself is
the subcompetency of globally competent students and
refer to the effective communication (verbally and non-
verbally) with other participants of the group. Of
course, active interaction and communication in class
develop students’ major competence (Communicative
competence) in FLE class.
24 Annali d’Italia №50/2023

Figure 1. Reflection of group work to the competencies.

During the active discussion, students may debate
inside the group and evaluate each other. It will include
all the components of cognitive competency of learners
like logical reasoning and critical thinking. Since stu-
dents work in a group, they have to follow the common
aim, work together analyzing and correcting each
other’s mistakes. Competition plays crucial role in mo-
tivating students. The role of competition cannot be
overestimated, as students will be more motivated to
win the competition. There may be problem that the
students will be more preferable to win the competition
rather than get the knowledge. According to Mercer N.
(1995) cumulative talk and debate (disputational) fo-
cuses more on the communication and the process of
talk rather than the developing the idea or working with
knowledge than exploratory, which focuses on
knowledge. Teacher as a facilitator should find the way
to develop contextual competency of the learners. The
aspect of competition and peer evaluation are good
stimulus for the learners try to do the best. Class should
also have both types of peer evaluation, which are in-
group and inter-group evaluation (see figure 2).

Student’s name Self-evaluation In-group evaluation Other group’s eval- Final

uation score
Preparation part X
Presentation part X
Extra evaluation (questions, etc.)
Figure 2. Example of evaluation list for the group work.

The effectiveness of using teamworking and inter-
action in class do not mean that all the lessons students
should work in a group. It would be better if teacher
will allow the learners form the groups or interact with
each other if they want it. The given task may be either
hard or easy, based on students’ ability. As the facilita-
tor, teacher should not set strict rules like do not discuss
the question or do not speak in class. If the students are
given more chances to interact and find answers to-
gether, they will have big competency of interconnec-
tion in the world were the individuals’ role became less
important. In modern democratic class, students should
be able to use all the means of educational process in-
cluding teachers’ advice, have access to work in the
group or individually based on their requirements,
class-time model by Talgatov & Shalkarkyzy gives un-
derstanding of the students’ in class freedom (see fig-
ure 3).

Figure 3. Class-time model

Annali d’Italia №50/2023
Result:
By the survey among the student where 100 stu-
dents took part, it was found to what extend students
Figure 4. Objectivity of peer evaluation
Figure 5. How student prefer to work
Discussion:
The outcomes of this research have provided in-
sight into the differences in preferences in types of in-
teraction. As it is provided in the results of the survey,
as compared with individual work (31%), group work
was more suitable for students (39%) among survey
participants. However, according to the answers of the
question participants, it can be concluded that every-
thing depends solely on the task itself. Future studies
should explore observation of student interaction
choices based on individual preferences and character-
istics. As we navigate the diverse landscape of student
learning styles and preferences, understanding how to
tailor interactions to individual needs is key.
Active interaction and competitiveness of the
learning process may have a pressure on students.
Young learners may have some problems with the in-
teraction between each other, or differences in behav-
ior. Teacher should not force the student to work in a
25
value objectivity of the students peer assessment (fig-
ure 4) and how the students prefer to work in class (fig-
ure 5).
group or interfere to the process of creating the groups
(teacher may only help the students to find the group, if
they do not have). Creating the groups by themselves
and working in groups, have a good conversations help
the students develop their social competency.
To mitigate subjectivity in peer assessment, im-
plementing structured evaluation criteria is crucial. De-
signing objective rubrics with clear, quantifiable met-
rics aids in delineating performance levels. Conducting
training sessions familiarizes students with assessment
criteria and examples, while calibration activities align
their perspectives. Anonymity or blind evaluation re-
moves biases, and involving multiple evaluators aver-
ages scores for balanced assessments. Structured feed-
back, teacher oversight, and encouraging peer discus-
sions further refine assessments, ensuring objectivity
and fairness in the evaluation process.
Methods of working in a group differs based on
the aim of this type of work. Using interaction teacher
26
may develop knowledge of the students engage them
with the help of competition or try to economize the
time. For the active developing of the knowledge
teacher may form groups to conduct the practical re-
search or do some practical task. As groups formed to
make the solution of the problem easier and find the
answer together, students form the groups and partici-
pate in exploratory talk where everybody try to give
ideas and knowledge that they have. In that kind of
class students should be extra motivated by teacher not
to lose the motivation. Jigsaw method and peer teach-
ing may be very effective to form the knowledge of the
students. The Jigsaw method is a cooperative learning
strategy where students become "experts" in a specific
topic or area of study and then collaborate with peers
who specialize in different aspects. Each student's ex-
pertise contributes to the overall understanding of a
larger concept or topic, fostering teamwork, communi-
cation skills, and a deeper comprehension through the
sharing and synthesis of information within the group.
By “Jigsaw method” students are given only part of the
context and should connect and interact with other stu-
dents to get the full content of the theme. Jigsaw
method stands not only for collaborative learning be-
tween students it is also process of critical thinking and
analyzes of the content.
Conclusion:
The evolution of foreign language education to-
wards an individualized approach underscores the piv-
otal role of student-student interaction and teamwork in
the learning process. This shift places teachers in a fa-
cilitative role, orchestrating interactions that foster
communicative competency among students. Collabo-
rative projects, debates, and peer teaching emerge as
highly valued interactive strategies, driving the devel-
opment of new methodologies in language education.
Embracing collaborative environments not only en-
hances language proficiency but also cultivates deeper
cultural appreciation. Organized teamwork and idea ex-
change empower learners, encouraging active partici-
pation and collaborative problem-solving. However,
the integration of group dynamics should balance com-
petition with knowledge development, ensuring that
learning isn't eclipsed by the pursuit of victory. The
teacher's role as a facilitator is crucial, guiding students
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
toward constructive discussions and leveraging diverse
evaluation methods to motivate and assess group dy-
namics. Yet, the introduction of teamwork and interac-
tion should accommodate individual preferences, fos-
tering a democratic classroom where students have the
freedom to engage collectively or individually, aligning
with their needs. Various methods, such as the Jigsaw
technique, serve as powerful tools, not just for collabo-
rative learning but also for nurturing critical thinking
and content analysis. As foreign language education
evolves, embracing teamwork and interaction serves as
a catalyst, empowering students to navigate linguistic
complexities while fostering a global, interconnected
worldview.
References
1. Brown, H. Douglas. (2007). Principles of
Language Learning and Teaching. Pearson Longman.
2. Gillies, Robyn M. (2016). Cooperative
Learning: Review of Research and Practice. Australian
Journal of Teacher Education, 41(3), 39-54.
3. Ghaith, Ghazi. (2003). The Relationship Be-
tween Cooperative Learning, Students' Motivation, and
Achievement. Education, 124(3), 446-453.
4. Johnson, D. W, & Johnson R. T. (1981). Stu-
dent-student interaction: The neglected variable in ed-
ucation. Educational Researcher, 10(January), 5-10.
5. Kagan, Spencer. (1992). Cooperative Learn-
ing. Resources for Teachers, Inc.
6. Mercer, N. (1995). The Guided Construction
of Knowledge: Talk amongst Teachers and Learners.
Multilingual Matters.
7. Talgatov Yerasyl Kuatuly, & Shalkarkyzy
Togzhan. (2023). STRATEGIES TO AVOID
CHEATING ON HOME TASK IN ENGLISH
LANGUAGE TEACHING FOR SECONDARY
SCHOOL STUDENTS. European Research Materials,
(4). Retrieved from https://ojs.publisher.agency/in-
dex.php/ERM/article/view/2418
8. Tuckman, Bruce W. (1965). Developmental
Sequence in Small Groups. Psychological Bulletin,
63(6), 384-399.
9. Vygotsky, Lev. S. (1978). Mind in Society:
The Development of Higher Psychological Processes.
Harvard University Press.
Annali d’Italia №50/2023 27

PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
DEBUNKING MYTHS OF SCHWA: STRESS, VARIABILITY, AND TRANSCRIPTION IN ENGLISH
PRONUNCIATION

Hasan Alisoy Huseyn oglu

Nakhchivan State University lecturer
ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0247-476X

Abstract
The schwa ([ə]), a mid-central vowel sound, is a fundamental yet often misunderstood element of English
phonetics. Traditionally perceived as invariably unstressed and ubiquitous in unstressed syllables, the schwa's role
in English pronunciation has been a topic of extensive debate and analysis. This article critically examines the
longstanding perceptions of the schwa, focusing on its stress attributes and variability across American and British
English dialects. Through empirical observations and phonetic analyses, we challenge the conventional view of
the schwa as exclusively unstressed, highlighting instances of its occurrence in stressed syllables. The discussion
extends to the implications of this variability in phonemic transcription practices, contrasting the approaches in
different linguistic resources and dictionaries. We delve into the diverse manifestations of the schwa in various
English accents, from Received Pronunciation (RP) in British English to General American (GA) in American
English, underscoring the necessity of context-specific teaching approaches in English Language Teaching (ELT).
This exploration aims to reshape the understanding of the schwa in linguistic education, emphasizing the need to
embrace its dynamic nature and the inherent diversity in English phonetics. The article concludes by highlighting
the importance of a nuanced approach to teaching the schwa, acknowledging its variability and complexity for a
comprehensive understanding of English phonetics.

Keywords: Schwa, English Phonetics, Stress Patterns, Phonemic Transcription, Dialectal Variations, Lan-
guage Teaching, Received Pronunciation, General American, Linguistic Misconceptions.

1. Introduction 2. Understanding Schwa in American and Brit-

In linguistic phonetics, the schwa ([ə]), a mid-cen-
tral vowel sound, is often characterized by its apparent
ubiquity and its supposed invariable unstressed nature
in English pronunciation. This vowel, frequently ap-
pearing in unstressed syllables in words such as "sofa"
and "about," has been the subject of considerable de-
bate and analysis in the field. A prevalent assertion
within this discourse is the notion that schwa is exclu-
sively unstressed, a concept widely disseminated in
both academic and pedagogical contexts. However,
emerging evidence and linguistic inquiry challenge this
convention, revealing a more nuanced reality of the
schwa's application and stress patterns across different
dialects of English.
This article aims to critically examine the
longstanding perceptions of the schwa sound, particu-
larly focusing on its stress attributes and variability
across American and British English dialects. Drawing
upon empirical observations and phonetic analyses, the
discussion will deconstruct the traditional view of the
schwa as an unstressed phoneme, exploring instances
where it appears in stressed syllables. Furthermore, the
article will delve into the implications of this variability
in phonemic transcription practices, contrasting the ap-
proaches adopted in various linguistic resources and
pronunciation dictionaries. The exploration will under-
score the dynamic nature of the schwa sound, challeng-
ing the rigidity of its conventional portrayal in linguis-
tic education and highlighting the diversity inherent in
English phonetics.
ish English
Description and Phonetic Representation of
Schwa
The schwa ([ə]) is a mid-central, unrounded vowel
in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), often oc-
curring in unstressed syllables. It is characterized by its
neutrality of articulation, where the tongue is posi-
tioned in the central, mid-way part of the mouth, not too
high or low, front or back. This quality makes it a 'neu-
tral' vowel in terms of articulation, leading to its fre-
quent occurrence in various forms of spoken English.
In the context of English Language Teaching (ELT),
understanding the schwa is crucial as it significantly in-
fluences the rhythm and fluency of speech (Alisoy,
2023).
Differences in American and British English
The manifestation of the schwa sound exhibits no-
table differences between American and British Eng-
lish, both in terms of frequency and phonetic quality. In
American English, the schwa often serves as a replace-
ment for other vowels in unstressed syllables, leading
to a more consistent application across different words.
This can be observed in words like 'computer' or 'ba-
nana,' where the middle syllable is reduced to a schwa
sound.
In contrast, British English tends to maintain a
greater distinction between the schwa and other vowels,
even in unstressed positions. This distinction leads to a
richer variety of vowel sounds in speech, even in non-
stressed syllables. For example, in Received Pronunci-
ation (RP), a non-rhotic variety of British English, the
schwa sound is distinct in words like 'doctor' or 'letter,'
28
with the final vowel sound being a clear schwa (Gass &
Selinker, 2008; Harmer, 2007).
Furthermore, the use of the schwa in different di-
alects within the UK can vary significantly. For in-
stance, some northern English accents might use a
vowel closer to [ʊ] (as in 'foot') rather than a schwa in
certain words, demonstrating the diversity within Brit-
ish English itself (Long, 1985; Nunan, 1999).
These variations in schwa usage between Ameri-
can and British English have implications for English
language teaching, as highlighted by Richards and
Rodgers (2014) and Scrivener (2011). Teachers need to
be aware of these differences to provide accurate mod-
els for learners, particularly those aiming for profi-
ciency in a specific dialect. Additionally, understanding
these differences can aid learners in developing listen-
ing skills necessary for comprehending a range of Eng-
lish accents (Richards, 2006; Willis, 1996).
In summary, while the schwa is a common ele-
ment in both American and British English, its applica-
tion and phonetic quality display notable variations, re-
flecting the rich diversity of the English language.
These differences are essential considerations in the
realm of ELT, emphasizing the need for context-spe-
cific teaching approaches.
3. The Myth of the Unstressed Schwa
The Prevailing Belief
A pervasive belief in phonetics and English lan-
guage teaching is that the schwa sound is inherently un-
stressed. This understanding posits that the schwa ([ə])
invariably appears in unstressed syllables, forming a
cornerstone of English pronunciation patterns. This
concept is rooted in the idea that the schwa's neutral
vowel quality is most suited to the reduced intensity and
shorter duration typical of unstressed syllables. Educa-
tional materials often reinforce this notion, depicting
the schwa as a hallmark of unstressed syllables across
various words in English (Harmer, 2007; Scrivener,
2011).
Challenging the Convention
However, recent linguistic inquiry and empirical
observations have begun to challenge the dogma of the
unstressed schwa. Researchers have identified in-
stances in both American and British English where the
schwa does appear in stressed syllables, albeit less
commonly than in unstressed ones. This phenomenon
is particularly notable in certain dialects and in the cas-
ual or rapid speech of native speakers, where the schwa
may emerge in stressed positions due to vowel reduc-
tion in specific contexts (Gass & Selinker, 2008;
Nunan, 1999).
For example, in some regional accents of British
English, words such as 'sofa' or 'banana' may bear a per-
ceptible stress on the schwa-containing syllable, con-
trary to the standard pronunciation models. Similarly,
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
in American English, certain words can exhibit a
stressed schwa, especially in informal speech. This can
be observed in words like 'supply' or 'support,' where
the initial syllable, typically transcribed with a schwa,
may carry stress in natural speech (Richards & Rodg-
ers, 2014; Willis, 1996).
Furthermore, the role of the schwa in lending
rhythm and cadence to speech, particularly in English
as a Second Language (ESL) contexts, has been a sub-
ject of discussion. Alisoy (2023) notes the importance
of understanding the variability of stress in schwa for
non-native speakers, as it significantly affects the natu-
ralness and fluency of their spoken English. This vari-
ability underscores the need for a more nuanced ap-
proach in teaching pronunciation, recognizing the
schwa's potential occurrence in stressed syllables
(Richards, 2006; Long, 1985).
So, while the schwa is predominantly found in un-
stressed syllables, the notion that it is exclusively un-
stressed is overly simplistic. Linguistic evidence sug-
gests that the schwa's occurrence in stressed syllables,
though less frequent, is a valid and noteworthy aspect
of English pronunciation. Acknowledging this com-
plexity is crucial for a comprehensive understanding
and teaching of English phonetics.
4. Variations in Schwa Pronunciation Across
Accents
The schwa sound, while a fundamental element of
English phonetics, exhibits a remarkable range of vari-
ations across different English accents. These varia-
tions can be seen not only in the sound quality of the
schwa itself but also in its distribution and usage within
words. Understanding these differences is crucial for
both linguistic analysis and effective language teach-
ing.
Regional Examples in British English
In British English, particularly in regional accents,
the pronunciation of the schwa can vary significantly.
For example, in the Merseyside area, known for its dis-
tinct dialect, the schwa often sounds closer to a short
[ʊ] sound, as in 'book,' especially in words where RP
(Received Pronunciation) would use a clear schwa.
North American Variations
In North American English, particularly in Gen-
eral American (GA) accents, the schwa appears with a
relatively consistent quality. However, it can often be
heard in places where other dialects might use a differ-
ent vowel, for example, in words like 'sofa' or 'banana.'
Comparative Overview of Schwa Pronuncia-
tion
To illustrate these variations more clearly, the fol-
lowing table provides a comparative overview of schwa
pronunciation in different English dialects:
Annali d’Italia №50/2023 29
Aspect British English (RP) American English (GA) Notes and Variations
More distinct, less
Pronunciation More centralized Variations in regional accents
centralized
Frequency in Common in unstressed Common, may replace Influenced by dialectal
Words syllables other vowels differences
Can appear in stressed syl- Depends on word context and
Stress Patterns Typically unstressed
lables speech style
Pronunciation can vary in cas-
Examples 'camera' ([ˈkæmərə]) 'sofa' ([ˈsoʊfə])
ual speech
Transcription Distinct schwa Schwa may appear in Reflected in dictionary
Variations representation stressed positions transcriptions
Stress on standard
Educational Focus Emphasis on variability Implications for ESL teaching
pronunciation

This table serves as a quick reference to under- Transcription Variations in Dictionaries

stand the differences and similarities in schwa pronun- Differences in the transcription of the schwa are
ciation across these dialects. particularly noticeable between British and American
Recognizing the diversity in the pronunciation of English dictionaries. British dictionaries, such as the
the schwa sound across English dialects is essential for Oxford English Dictionary, often align their transcrip-
linguistic accuracy and effective language instruction. tion with Received Pronunciation (RP), using the
By exploring these variations, linguists and educators schwa predominantly in unstressed syllables. This is
can better prepare learners for the rich tapestry of Eng- evident in the transcription of words like 'camera'
lish accents and dialects. ([ˈkæmərə]) where the final two syllables are repre-
5. Schwa in Phonemic Transcription sented by the schwa (Richards & Rodgers, 2014).
Schwa Representation in Phonetics In American dictionaries, like Merriam-Webster,
The schwa ([ə]), represented by an inverted 'e' in the schwa's usage in transcription reflects the nuances
the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), is a central of General American (GA) pronunciation. Here, the
element in the phonemic transcription of English. Its schwa may appear in places where RP employs differ-
representation, however, varies across different dic- ent vowel sounds, emphasizing the dialectal variations
tionaries and linguistic resources, reflecting diverse ap- in American English (Gass & Selinker, 2008).
proaches to English phonetics.
British English (RP) American English (GA)
Word Notes
Transcription Transcription
Camera [ˈkæmərə] [ˈkæm(ə)rə] Schwa in final syllables
Support [səˈpɔːt] [səˈpɔrt] Schwa in initial syllable
Banana [bəˈnɑːnə] [bəˈnænə] Schwa in initial and final syllables
Sofa [ˈsəʊfə] [ˈsoʊfə] Schwa in final syllable
Laboratory [ləˈbɒrətəri] [ˈlæbərəˌtɔri] Schwa varies in position and stress

This table showcases how different English dic-
tionaries transcribe the same words, highlighting the
usage and placement of the schwa sound in each dia-
lect. The examples chosen illustrate common words
where the schwa's representation can differ between
Received Pronunciation (RP) and General American
(GA). Such a comparison can provide readers with con-
crete examples of the variability in schwa transcription,
enhancing their understanding of the phonetic differ-
ences between these dialects.
Implications for Language Learning
The varying representations of schwa in phonemic
transcription underscore the complexity of English pro-
nunciation and highlight the importance of context in
language learning. These differences necessitate a flex-
ible approach in teaching English pronunciation, partic-
ularly for ESL learners who may encounter diverse ac-
cents and dialects. Understanding the nuances in schwa
transcription can aid learners in developing a more
comprehensive and adaptable pronunciation skill set.
6. The Role of Stress in Schwa Pronunciation
Influence of Stress on Schwa
The pronunciation of the schwa sound is signifi-
cantly influenced by stress patterns in speech. Tradi-
tionally, the schwa is associated with unstressed or
weakly stressed syllables, where it serves as a reduced
vowel sound. However, the relationship between stress
and schwa pronunciation is more complex, with stress
potentially altering the quality and perceptibility of the
schwa.
Schwa in Stressed Syllables
While it is less common, the schwa can occur in
stressed syllables, particularly in certain dialects and in-
formal speech. In these instances, the schwa does not
exhibit the typical characteristics of a fully reduced
vowel. Instead, it can carry a degree of stress, albeit not
as prominently as other vowel sounds.
For example, in some dialects of American Eng-
lish, words like 'sofa' ([ˈsoʊfə]) or 'support' ([səˈpɔːrt])
may feature a schwa that bears stress, especially in
rapid or casual speech. In such cases, the schwa in the
initial syllable of 'support' differs from its traditional
representation as a purely unstressed sound. This vari-
30
ation in stress can subtly alter the vowel quality, mak-
ing it slightly more pronounced than the typical schwa
in an unstressed position (Gass & Selinker, 2008).
Implications for Pronunciation and Teaching
The occurrence of stress in syllables containing a
schwa challenges the conventional understanding of
English pronunciation. It highlights the dynamic nature
of spoken English and the need for flexibility in teach-
ing pronunciation, particularly for ESL learners. Ac-
knowledging the variability of stress in schwa pronun-
ciation can help learners develop a more nuanced un-
derstanding of English speech patterns, enhancing their
ability to adapt to different accents and speaking styles.
This approach aligns with contemporary language
teaching methodologies that emphasize the importance
of exposure to a variety of linguistic inputs and real-
world language use (Richards & Rodgers, 2014).
7. Linguistic and Educational Implications
Implications of Misconceptions in Language
Teaching
The misconceptions surrounding the schwa, par-
ticularly its invariable association with unstressed syl-
lables, have significant implications for both language
teaching and linguistic research. In language education,
especially in ESL (English as a Second Language) con-
texts, a rigid interpretation of the schwa as always un-
stressed can lead to an oversimplified view of English
pronunciation. This might result in learners developing
a stilted or unnatural speech rhythm, as they might not
fully appreciate the nuances of English stress patterns.
In linguistics, these misconceptions can limit the
understanding of the dynamic nature of spoken English.
Overlooking the variability in schwa pronunciation
across different dialects and contexts may result in in-
complete or skewed phonetic analyses.
Approaches for Teaching Schwa
To effectively teach the schwa sound, educators
and linguists can adopt several strategies:
1. Highlighting Variability: Educators should em-
phasize the variability of the schwa in different dialects
and contexts. By exposing learners to a range of accents
through audio and video resources, they can develop a
more adaptable and nuanced understanding of English
pronunciation (Richards & Rodgers, 2014).
2. Contextual Learning: Incorporating the teach-
ing of schwa within the broader context of word stress
and intonation patterns can help students understand its
role in the rhythm and melody of English. This ap-
proach aligns with modern language teaching method-
ologies that prioritize contextual learning over rote
memorization (Gass & Selinker, 2008).
3. Phonetic Training: Linguists and educators can
provide phonetic training that focuses on the produc-
tion and perception of the schwa in various phonetic
environments. This can include exercises that involve
distinguishing between stressed and unstressed schwas
in different words and sentences.
4. Practical Application: Encouraging students to
practice using the schwa in real-life communication
scenarios can aid in developing a natural and fluid
speech pattern. Role-plays, conversation practice, and
listening exercises can be particularly effective in this
regard.
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
5. Raising Awareness of Misconceptions: Educa-
tors should inform learners about the common miscon-
ceptions regarding the schwa, explaining its potential
occurrence in stressed syllables and its variability
across accents. This knowledge can empower learners
to approach English pronunciation with a more critical
and informed perspective.
Addressing the misconceptions surrounding the
schwa is crucial for both linguistic research and effec-
tive language teaching. By adopting a more nuanced
approach that acknowledges the variability and com-
plexity of the schwa sound, educators and linguists can
enhance the accuracy and effectiveness of English lan-
guage instruction.
8. Conclusion
Summary of Key Points
This article has explored the multifaceted nature
of the schwa sound in English pronunciation, challeng-
ing long-held misconceptions and highlighting its vari-
ability across dialects. Key points discussed include:
1. Nature of Schwa: The schwa ([ə]) is a central,
unrounded vowel, often perceived as the epitome of un-
stressed sounds in English. However, its occurrence
and pronunciation are more dynamic than traditionally
believed.
2. Variability in English Dialects: The schwa ex-
hibits notable differences in pronunciation between
American and British English, as well as within re-
gional dialects. These variations reflect the diverse pho-
netic landscapes of English accents.
3. Myth of Unstressed Schwa: The common belief
that the schwa is exclusively unstressed has been con-
tested. Instances of the schwa appearing in stressed syl-
lables, particularly in certain dialects and informal
speech, have been identified, adding complexity to its
traditional understanding.
4. Representation in Phonemic Transcription: The
transcription of the schwa varies across dictionaries and
linguistic resources, reflecting different approaches to
English phonetics and dialects.
5. Role of Stress in Pronunciation: Stress can sig-
nificantly influence the pronunciation of the schwa,
with its presence in stressed syllables challenging the
conventional views of English pronunciation patterns.
6. Educational Implications: Misconceptions
about the schwa can impact language teaching and
learning. A nuanced approach to teaching the schwa,
acknowledging its variability, is crucial for developing
a comprehensive understanding of English phonetics.
Importance of Understanding Schwa Variabil-
ity
Understanding the variability and complexity of
the schwa is essential for linguists, language educators,
and learners alike. Recognizing the schwa's diverse
manifestations across different dialects and contexts
enriches the understanding of English phonetics. For
language educators, this knowledge is crucial in devel-
oping effective teaching strategies that cater to the
needs of learners aiming to acquire a natural and fluent
command of English pronunciation. It underscores the
importance of moving beyond oversimplified phonetic
models to embrace the dynamic and varied nature of
spoken English. In doing so, learners can be better
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
equipped to navigate the rich tapestry of English ac-
cents and dialects, enhancing their communicative
competence and linguistic flexibility.
References
1. Gass, S. M., & Selinker, L. (2008). Second Lan-
guage Acquisition: An Introductory Course. Routledge.
2. Harmer, J. (2007). The Practice of English Lan-
guage Teaching. Pearson Education Limited.
3. Richards, J. C., & Rodgers, T. S. (2014). Ap-
proaches and Methods in Language Teaching. Cam-
bridge University Press.
4. Alisoy, Hasan. (2023). The Efficacy of Concept
Mapping in University-Level ELT. International Jour-
nal of Philosophical Studies and Social Sciences, 3(5),
44–50.
31
5. Ladefoged, P., & Johnson, K. (2014). A Course
in Phonetics. Cengage Learning.
6. Roach, P. (2009). English Phonetics and Pho-
nology: A Practical Course. Cambridge University
Press.
7. Celce-Murcia, M., Brinton, D. M., & Goodwin,
J. M. (2010). Teaching Pronunciation: A Course Book
and Reference Guide. Cambridge University Press.
8. Jenkins, J. (2000). The Phonology of English as
an International Language. Oxford University Press.
9. Crystal, D. (2008). A Dictionary of Linguistics
and Phonetics. Blackwell Publishing.
10. Yavas, M. (2011). Applied English Phonol-
ogy. Wiley-Blackwell.
32 Annali d’Italia №50/2023
THE IMAGE OF WOMEN IN JANE AUSTEN'S NOVELS

Sevinj Aziz
Nakhchivan State University

Abstract
The article studies the work of Jane Austen as a pioneer of realism in Britain. The image of women created
by the writer had an enormous influence on the works of novelist’s future ages of 18-19. It also deals with the
profound impact Jane Austen had on the evolution of British literature, particularly her major role in ushering in
the era of realism. Austen’s remarkable ability to intricately weave together with tapestry of human emotions, and
nuances of everyday life forms the cornerstone of her legacy.
Furthermore, the article explores how Austen’s influence persists in contemporary literature and culture. Ul-
timately, Jane Austen’s contribution in British literature remains unparalleled, leaving mark in literary landscape.

Keywords: realism, the image of women, innovation, invariably, cliché, satire, sentimental

Introduction well: therefore, her novels may seem intimate, limited

Jane Austen is a great British writer who, with her
works, proclaimed realism in British literature. Her
books are universally recognized masterpieces and cap-
tivate with their purity and “soft” British humor.
Thanks to her work, J. Austin became the “First Lady”
in literature and remains so to this day. The name of J.
Austin has been criticized more than once, but, never-
theless, it is, as before, widely known. Nowadays,
women's activities include the political, economic and
cultural spheres. Western representatives of the
“weaker sex” are actively seeking equal rights in soci-
ety, proving that they can be self-sufficient, bright indi-
viduals with enormous creative potential. The creative
heritage of the writer aroused the interest of many liter-
ary scholars, but the specifics of female characters in
Austen’s novels were not the subject of separate study.
Jane Austen is referred to as the first lady of English
literature. Because of her extensive knowledge of and
accurate portrayal of English life, traditions, etiquette,
and manners in the context of essentially English nature
at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries.
Jane Austen is considered a representative of the
literary movement of realism, but her best novels are on
the border between romanticism and realism. From ro-
manticism in her books is the idealization of love rela-
tionships, and from realism is deep psychologism and
immersion in the inner world of the characters. All Jane
Austen's novels are distinguished by a set of character-
istic features: the simplicity of the plot, invariably
crowned with a happy ending (a magnificent wedding),
presented with gentle irony and what later came to be
called “purely English humor” - the humor of phrases,
not situations. Jane Austen was the first to use the so-
called “outside perspective” in her novels - this is where
humor and irony are contained. But the main thing is
the young, sweet, modest girl at the center of the story
who loves to read books and is afraid to give in to pas-
sions.
Throughout her life, the writer’s aesthetic princi-
ples did not change: she remained a convinced realist
who strived to truthfully depict the world around her. A
distinctive feature of realism is the appeal of art to a
direct depiction of the everyday life of people, devoid
of any religious or mythological plot motivation. At the
same time, Austen wrote only about what she knew
to the sphere of image. Austen does not cover in any
way the historical events of which she was a contem-
porary: The Great French Revolution, the Napoleonic
Wars, the Irish Rebellion and the first Luddite
speeches. She deliberately limited herself to depicting
the everyday life of the provincial nobility - the circle
of people to which she herself belonged, whose life she
knew and observed well.
Her books are recognized masterpieces and capti-
vate with their sincerity and simplicity of plot against
the backdrop of deep psychological insight into the
souls of the characters and ironic, soft, truly “English”
humor. Walter Scott compared Jane Austen's works to
ivory miniatures. “Again, for at least the third time, I
re-read Miss Austen’s superbly written novel ‘Pride
and Prejudice’.
The place of the writer Jane Austen in the history
of world literature leaves no doubt. This author is right-
fully considered a classic. Of course, if it were not for
this great writer in world literature, the world would not
have a sense of what English literature really is.
Jane Austen was one of the first writers to boldly
explore the lives of women in English society of her
time. Her novels often focus on the fates of heroines,
their expectations and restrictions associated with so-
cial norms and marriage. Jane Austen, as a woman in
her own right, introduced alternative models for
women, including the possibility of marriage for love
rather than just social obligation.
The main characters of the English novelist are
women, and the world depicted by Austen is shown
through their perception of this world. In connection
with the literary tradition of the 19th century, the
reader’s attention turns to the story of a girl from a quite
prosperous provincial family. The author, revealing the
life experience of the main character, shows the ways
of forming her moral positions through overcoming
life's obstacles. Its development directly reflects the ed-
ucational essence that a person’s spiritual growth oc-
curs in the process of comprehending life and constant
struggle aimed at overcoming the difficulties that arise
for the individual.
We should pay attention to the fact that the heroine
reveals the strong or weak sides of her character. The
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
realism of the narrative in Jane Austen's works some-
times remains in the description of sensitive scenes and
the state of the characters, characteristic elements of
English “sensitive” novels. Most of the artistic epics -
“Pride and Prejudice”, “Common Sense and Sensibil-
ity”, “Northanger Abbey”, “Emma” - show the reader
the complex psychological world of the heroine from
the first main event to the final scene with the happy
main character and her chosen one. “Mansfield Park” is
the only work in which the author models the heroine’s
life path from childhood to marriage, and “Persuasion”
describes events more than eight years ago, committed
by the heroine under the influence of others. We are
talking about a mistake, which, fortunately for her,
turns out to be correctable as the action progresses.
In Jane Austen’s novels, women are depicted with
complexity and depth, reflecting the expectations of the
late 18th and early 19th centuries. Austen’s female char-
acters often navigate the limitations imposed by their
social status, economic dependence, and the rigid gen-
der roles of the time. Austen’s female characters pos-
sess a strong sense of morality. Characters like Eliza-
beth from “Pride and Prejudice” or Emma from the
novel “Emma” defy societal norms in pursuit of their
own happiness.
Moreover, Austen’s female characters come from
various social backgrounds, allowing her to explore the
diversity of women’s experiences in that period. From
the Dashwood sisters in “Sense and Sensibility”, repre-
senting different reactions to social pressures, to Fancy
Price in “Mansfield Park”, who faces challenges as a
poor relation within her wealthy family, Austen pro-
vides a portrayal of women’s roles in society. Austen’s
novels not only critique the limitations placed upon
women but also display their intelligence, and capacity
for growth. Through her characters, she addresses the
importance of individual agency, the struggle of auton-
omy, and the complexities of relationships in a society
where marriage was often a woman’s primary means of
securing her future.
Most of the works are devoted to the theme of love
and marriage. It should be added to what has been said
that Austen did not at all consider marriage to be the
most cherished dream of every girl. The author consid-
ered “Pride and Prejudice” “her favorite brainchild”.
Even the title "First Impressions" (1796-1797) reflects
sentimental notes. The final choice of the title of Aus-
ten’s novel was made based on the remark of Dr. Lister
(F. Burney “Cecilia” (1782)), which contained the key-
words “the result of Pride and Prejudice”. Having
shown the conflict of the beginning, the pride and prej-
udice of the characters, the author could not refuse to
depict the deceptiveness of first impressions. The dom-
inant theme of this text was the protagonist’s deliver-
ance from errors dictated by primary perception, their
correction and the active work of the mind.
In Austin's works, heroines often find themselves
in socio-economic constraints, dependent on their fa-
thers or husbands. They are forced to adapt to generally
accepted norms and restrictions, putting their own feel-
ings and desires in the background. However, many of
33
Austen's heroines display strength of will and the abil-
ity to think for themselves, which makes them interest-
ing and complex characters.
The author's themes smoothly flow from one work
to another, without leaving, however, a feeling of sec-
ondary nature, and without turning into a cliché with
different names. It is worth considering some of the fea-
tures of Jane Austen's creative direction, using some of
her most famous works.
“Pride and Prejudice” is considered one of Jane
Austen's most famous works and exemplifies her femi-
nine perspective on marriage and society. The main
character, Elizabeth Bennet, refuses a marriage pro-
posal from a profitable candidate, preferring her own
feelings and respect. This demonstrates Austen's bold
approach to the theme of female independence and
choice.
Pride and Prejudice remains relevant more than
two centuries after its original release. This happened
for several reasons:
Universal Themes: Jane Austen's novel deals with
universal themes such as love, society, family relation-
ships and choosing a path in life. These topics are al-
ways relevant and understandable to readers of any
time.
Strong Female Heroes: Jane Austen's heroines, in-
cluding Elizabeth Bennet, embody the independence,
intelligence, and courage of women. Their images will
always inspire and motivate readers, especially women.
Satire and humor: The novel is full of witty satire
and bright humor, which will always attract readers
with its lightness and wit.
The images of the main characters reflect the au-
thor's ideal of personality: Jane Austen did not accept
either a complete rejection of the principles of rational-
ity, blind following of passions, or naked rationalism.
Feeling and reason, according to the writer, must be
balanced, must be in harmony. Heroes who deviate
from this rule violate the norm of rationality and find
themselves in difficult situations; they cannot under-
stand other people and the motives of their actions.
Issues of marriage, not only the structure of life
itself, but the responsibility in choosing a partner and
companion that parents and young people themselves
bear, is one of the main themes in “Pride and Preju-
dice.”
The writer continued the traditions of G. Fielding
and created “mixed characters”, devoid of monolinear-
ity. Her heroes are multifaceted, they are often deluded
and make mistakes, but they are able to soberly assess
themselves and overcome weaknesses and delusions.
Under the influence of circumstances, the environment,
and chance, their characters develop and their person-
ality develops.
Real, widespread recognition came to Jane Austen
only in the 20th century. Her psychological art, perme-
ated with graceful irony, turned out to be in tune with
the ideas of writers of the turn of the century and the
first decades of the 20th century: G.-K. Chesterton, R.
Aldington, S. Maugham, W. Woolf, E. Bowen, J.B.
Priestley, E.-M. Forster. “Of all the great writers, Jane
Austen is the most difficult to convict of greatness; she
34
has a special completeness and perfection,” said Vir-
ginia Woolf.
Conclusion
The work of J. Austen in British literature, alt-
hough it includes romantic tendencies, is expressively
outlined by the marker of realism. Her works had a
huge influence on subsequent English novelists of the
18th and 19th centuries. It was with the help of Jane
Austen’s writing talent that the image of an intelligent,
independent woman with a strong character confidently
entered literature. The new heroine took the main posi-
tion along with novels where exclusively the qualities
of a man predominated. Austen's influence is great, and
her works are still very popular today.
Jane Austen is not just a great writer, but also a
philosopher, explorer of the female soul and a master
of words. Her work leaves a mark on the hearts of read-
ers, and her feminine perspective on literature contin-
ues to inspire and reflect on important aspects of life
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
and society. In her work, women find inspiration and
support in finding their place in the world.
References
1. Janet M. The Cambridge Introduction to Jane
Austen. New York: Cambridge University Press,
2006.
2. Grant G. Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice:
A Novel of Real Reality Princeton: Princeton Univer-
sity Press, 2003. 94 р.
3. Lynch, Deidre, ed. Janeites: Austen’s Disci-
ples and Devotees. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univer-
sity Press, 2000.
4. Sutherland, K. Jane Austen’s Textual Lives:
From Aeschylus to Bollywood / К. Sutherland. – Ox-
ford: Oxford University Press, 2005. – 408 р.
5. Austen Jane. Pride and Prejudice//
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1342/1342-h/1342-
h.htm
Annali d’Italia №50/2023 35

PHYSICAL SCIENCES
SEASONAL ACTIVITY OF “TIGER” STRIPES ON SATURN’S MOON ENCELADUS

Vidmachenko A.P.
Doctor Phys.-Math. Sci., Professor, Professor of Department of Physics
National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine

Abstract
The significant inclination of the plane of the satellite’s equator to the plane of the orbit of the central planet
allows us to record differences in the flow of solar energy to different latitudinal zones during their rotation around
the Sun. The equator of Enceladus, like Saturn itself, is inclined to the plane of the planet’s orbit by almost 27°.
With a significant eccentricity of the planet's orbit (0.06), Enceladus and Saturn pass the perihelion of the orbit at
a distance of 9 AU in summer in the southern hemisphere, and aphelion – at a distance of more than 10 AU
during the summer season in the northern hemisphere. This leads to the fact that the southern hemisphere of Saturn
and Enceladus receive on average a quarter more energy from the Sun than the northern. Such conditions affect
on the influx of sunlight to the latitudinal zones and changes in physical characteristics on the surface of the satel-
lite and in the atmosphere of the planet. The images obtained by “Cassini” devices show that almost the entire
polar region is covered with fresh ice, shows geyser emissions, the presence of “tiger” stripes up to 130 km long,
up to 2 km thick and up to 0.5 km deep. It is through them that water is released into the surrounding space from
the ocean below the surface of the satellite. Spectral data obtained by “Cassini” equipment also indicated an ab-
normally high flow of heat through these bands, which are the source of water geysers. Our analysis showed that
in 2022, Enceladus is moving from the polar day in the northern hemisphere, and is approaching the equinox in
2024-2025, and later – to the summer season in satellite southern hemisphere. And this should cause a significant
increase in geyser activity in the polar region. Therefore, it will be useful to observe the seasonal increase in geyser
activity in the “tiger” stripes around the satellite’s south pole, and to dedicate to this fact a special program of
observations using infrared equipment on Keck telescopes, Very Large Telescope and space telescopes.

Keywords: Enceladus, seasonal changes, geyser activity, water ocean, ice surface, tiger stripes.

Features of solar irradiation of planets and
their satellites. For the planets Venus, Earth, Mars,
Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, there is a significant tilt
between the planes of their equators and orbits. There-
fore, during the rotation of these planets around the
Sun, we register significant differences in the arrival of
solar energy to their different latitude zones. For exam-
ple, the equator of the planet Saturn is significantly in-
clined to the plane of its orbit. We have been studying
the changing seasons in its atmosphere since 1977. In
works [20, 22, 26, 27, 30] we registered significant
changes in the visible atmosphere of Saturn. We ex-
plained them as seasonal variations in incoming solar
energy. For our analysis, we used the results of numer-
ous observational data at the equinoxes in 1966, 1980,
1995 and 2010. Our calculations [24] showed that the
southern hemisphere of Saturn, on average, receives a
quarter more energy from the Sun than the northern
one.
The period of rotation of the planet around the Sun
is 29.45 years. Saturn's orbit has a significant eccen-
tricity (0.06). Moreover, the planet passes the perihe-
lion of its orbit at a distance of about 9 AU in the epoch
of summer in the southern hemisphere, and aphelion –
at a distance of more than 10 AU during the summer in
the northern hemisphere (Fig. 1). For this reason, the
southern hemisphere receives 25% more energy from
the Sun than the northern hemisphere. This happens be-
cause the equatorial plane of the planet is inclined to
the plane of its orbit by an angle of almost 27°. And at
the equinoxes, Saturn is at an average distance from the
Sun.
36 Annali d’Italia №50/2023

Fig. 1. The dependence of the change in the radius-vector (Δ) of Saturn upon changes in the Saturnicentric
inclination () in 1966-2025 [29].

Especially noticeable changes in the supply of solar energy are observed at high latitudes of the planet. After
all, at the maximum angles of inclination, they can exceed the energy input by orders of magnitude if the rings of
Saturn are visible from the edge (Fig. 2) [29].

Fig. 2. The arrival of solar energy to different latitudes () of Saturn depending on the saturnocentric inclination
B [29].

To conduct this research, we used the results of and space telescopes [12], received in the period from
our photometric and spectral observations [8, 22-26, 1964 to 2020. During this time, there were four consec-
30], the results of observations by many amateurs and utive passages of the plane of the rings of the planet
other scientists [6, 14, 21] and data from space vehicles through the plane of the Earth's orbit at the equinoxes.
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
They were repeated on Saturn every 14.7 years: in
1966, 1980, 1995 and in 2010, when Saturn was at the
average distance to the Sun, and both hemispheres were
irradiated by it equally (Fig. 1). And since Enceladus
(as well as most of Saturn's satellites) moves practically
in the equatorial plane of the planet (inclination less
than 0.02°), when the libration is less than 1.5°, it is al-
most equally indicated on the physical characteristics
of the upper atmosphere of the planet and the surface of
the satellite.
The subsurface sea in the southern polar re-
gion. In the period from 2004 to 2017, "Cassini" made
almost one and a half hundred approaches, making
more than 2 dozen fairly close flybys of Enceladus. Its
entire surface was covered with ice. It was using the
data collected during the operation of the apparatus that
a global infrared map of this satellite was created. On
Fig. 3. Maps of different hemispheres of Enceladus (https://universemagazine.com/wp-
content/uploads/2020/09/A_new_view_of_Enceladus_annotated_pillars.jpg).
The south polar region of Enceladus attracted at-
tention due to the presence of a thermal anomaly inside
it [17] and the ejection of water geysers through cracks
in its surface [4, 13, 16, 35]. Observational data showed
the presence of a thin icy lithosphere there and the pos-
sible presence of liquid quite close to the surface. This
does not coincide with the point of view proposed in
[13], that the shape of Enceladus most closely corre-
sponds to a body that has not passed the stage of inter-
nal differentiation. An alternative explanation for the
shape of Enceladus is proposed in [2], in which there is
local heating in the southern polar region, which leads
to the melting of ice at a certain depth under the crust
and the formation of an internal polar sea. Density esti-
mates (1.609 g/cm3) indicate that it is almost entirely
water ice, with significant percentages of silicates and
37
Fig. 3 shows five different views of Enceladus' surface.
The three images in the top row show the front, trailing,
and Saturn-facing hemispheres of the satellite; the two
in the bottom row show the northern and southern polar
regions. The colors indicate differences in the proper-
ties of the ice on the surface: red - corresponds to fresh
and smooth ice, blue - to older ice. This map shows that
the polar region around the South Pole is covered with
a lot of very fresh ice. Its presence is well explained by
geysers, which actively eject water into the surrounding
space from the ocean beneath the surface of Enceladus.
Four faults of "tiger" stripes, 130 km long, are clearly
visible there. And in this place, not a single impact
crater was found near the bands. This indicates the ge-
ological youth of these formations. That is, the origin
of the bands is related to the processes in the bowels of
the satellite.
iron. Therefore, it is believed that its interior can be sig-
nificantly heated due to the decay of radioactive ele-
ments. To maintain the observed geological activity,
the core of Enceladus must be partially molten. Helping
to maintain such a high temperature of some areas in
the interior of the satellite can also provide tidal heat-
ing. It should be the main source of existing geological
activity.
If the interior of Enceladus were heated only by
internal radiogenic heat sources, its energy output
would be up to 300 MW [5]. However, the estimated
heat balance shows that such amount of it would clearly
not be enough to support melting in a thick icy sub-
stance without involving ideas about the ice of an unu-
sual composition and about the additional insulation of
this layer. To obtain an estimate of a reasonable thick-
38
ness (50-100 km) of the water ice shell under the radi-
ogenic scenario, changes in the core temperature would
barely reach 10-30 K above the surface temperature of
70-75 K. Additional internal energy is required to fur-
ther heat the polar sea below the surface, can be ob-
tained from the tidal mechanism due to changes in the
eccentricity of the orbit as a result of resonant interac-
tion with another satellite of Saturn – Dione [3, 17, 18].
The presence of propane and acetylene found in
the southern polar geysers during spectral observations
may indicate that water on Enceladus is in contact with
the hot silicate layer of the core [9]. That is, in fact, the
warming and melting of the ice sheet is quite deep. In
[13], the shape of Enceladus is represented by an ellip-
soid with an axis directed to Saturn of 256.6±0.5 km,
directed along the orbit of 251.4±0.2 km, and a polar
Fig. 4. Model of the internal structure of Enceladus with the south polar depression from heating, melting and
geyser eruptions [2].
To explain the increase in temperature and the ap-
pearance of geyser activity there, such hypotheses were
proposed as the release of heat from a subsurface reser-
voir of liquid water at a temperature of up to 273 K [13,
15], sublimation of ice on the outer surface at a temper-
ature above 180 K [17], decompression and dissocia-
tion of clathrates [7] at a temperature in the crevices of
about 140 K, and in the course of heating directed to
the surface of the satellite [11]. Elevated temperatures
in the vents of geyser emissions should heat nearby ar-
eas on the surface. Such processes may explain some of
the thermal effects observed with "Cassini".
The maps of the southern polar region obtained by
the "Cassini" apparatus [1, 17] also confirmed the lo-
calization of heated material along the "tiger" stripes
(Fig. 3). The results presented in [1] showed that the
heating in the "tiger" stripes occurs precisely through
these faults, and then through the holes on the outer sur-
face, a liquid is released from the sea, which can be the
direct cause of the observed thermal emission.
Change in the activity of the hemispheres of
Saturn's satellite. So, the results of research on Encel-
adus showed that linear features in the southern polar
region of the satellite, called "tiger" stripes, have abnor-
mally high heat sources and are the obvious source of
geysers observed in 2004-2011. Infrared maps of En-
celadus showed their alignment with geological activity
around the south pole. Moreover, similar features in in-
frared rays are visible in the front hemisphere already
near the northern polar region of the satellite. This in-
dicates that there are places covered with fresh ice. And
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
axis of 248.3±0.2 km. The observed deviation from the
ellipsoid at the south pole with a larger radius of curva-
ture can be interpreted as evidence of a peculiar bend-
ing of the surface in the southern polar region due to the
formation of the internal polar sea there (Fig. 4), and
the ejection of a significant amount of water from it
through geysers. The possible reason for the presence
of a thermal anomaly and geysers at the south pole of
Enceladus is indicated in the article [10]. There is a sce-
nario for the periodic reorientation of Enceladus' rota-
tion axis due to the differentiation of molten rocky ma-
terial of low density and warm ice in the middle of the
satellite. A similar process can lead to a change in the
rotational moment of the satellite. You can try to regis-
ter it with the help of a gravimeter during the next close
flybys of spacecraft near Enceladus.
therefore, similar geological processes occur in both
hemispheres of this satellite of Saturn. The appearance
of fresh ice in the Northern Hemisphere can be associ-
ated either with the same currents as in the Southern
Hemisphere, or with the gradual percolation of material
from the subglacial ocean to the surface.
The ocean under the ice crust of the surface is in a
liquid aggregate state, possibly due to tidal forces. Ac-
cording to the samples obtained in 2014, taken by the
Cassini apparatus in emissions from the surface of the
planet during a close flyby, it was possible to obtain
some conclusions about the composition of this water.
Emissions consisted of almost 93% H2O, up to 4% ni-
trogen, up to 3% CO2, up to 1% methane and traces of
ammonia, acetylene, propane, etc. These data may even
indicate the presence of microbial forms of extraterres-
trial life on the satellite. Water reservoirs on Saturn's
moon are up to 30 km deep and can cover its entire sur-
face. If the shallowest layers of water in the Earth's
ocean are on the surface, then on Enceladus the deeper
the water, the warmer the water becomes. Studies point
to the possibility of the existence of oceanic currents in
the ocean of Enceladus, as well as in the Earth's. Their
existence is indicated by the study of the icy surface of
the satellite. So, it turned out that the ice layer is quite
uneven, and near the poles it is much thinner than at the
equator. It is clear that the thin areas are the result of
melting, and the thicker ones are the result of freezing.
We believe that the reason that the ice crust near
the poles is thinner is the presence of seasonal changes
in the heating of the polar regions during the rotation of
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
Enceladus together with the central planet around the
Sun. We will remind that the long polar day for the
southern polar circle takes place at distances of about 9
AU. And for the northern polar circle, the polar day oc-
curs by more than 1 AU further - at a distance of more
than 10 AU. This excess heat of more than 25% in the
southern polar circle may prove to be quite enough for
the conditions in the southern polar regions to allow the
formation of much more powerful geyser emissions
than is the case in the northern polar regions of the sat-
ellite. Not only that, but such excess thermal energy
also leads to the formation of the well-known four
"tiger" stripes – faults up to 130 km long, up to 2 km
wide and up to 0.5 km deep. It is believed that the thick-
ness of the crust near the south pole can be only about
2 km. While near the North Pole, the thickness can be
up to 10 km. At middle and near-equatorial latitudes,
the thickness is even greater.
Comparison of data from Fig. 3 and from the
change in the radius-vector (Δ) of Saturn (Fig. 1) shows
that in 2015-2017 we moved to the polar day already
beyond the Arctic Circle. And although the distance
from the Sun has increased by almost 0.9 a. o., and yet
the maps in Fig. 3 show new formations of fresh ice
(reddish shade) on the front summer hemisphere of the
satellite, most likely as a result of local geyser erup-
tions. We now have a moment when in 2022 Enceladus,
like Saturn, is leaving the polar day in the northern
hemisphere, and we are approaching the equinox in
2024-2025 [34]. After that, there will be a gradual tran-
sition to the summer season in the southern hemisphere
of Enceladus. And this, in turn, will cause a significant
increase in geyser activity in the southern polar region.
Therefore, it would be very interesting to follow
the gradual growth of geyser activity in the "tiger"
stripes around the south pole of Enceladus. This fact of
seasonal growth of geyser activity beyond the southern
polar circle of Enceladus could be devoted to a special
program of observations with the help of infrared
equipment on Keck Telescopes, the Very Large Tele-
scope and on space telescopes.
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Annali d’Italia №50/2023 41

SOCIAL SCIENCES
THE ROLE OF MEM CULTURE IN ASYMMETRIC WARS

Yandola Krystyna
Zinchenko Anna
Ivan Kozhedub Kharkiv National Air Force University

РОЛЬ МЕМ-КУЛЬТУРИ В АСИМЕТРИЧНИХ ВІЙНАХ

Кристина Яндола,
Анна Зінченко
Харківський національний університет Повітряних Сил імені Івана Кожедуба

Abstract
The importance of memes as a tool in asymmetric conflicts, where the battle for public opinion and
information space becomes decisive, are analyzed in the article. Focusing on contemporary conflicts, the authors
examine the role of memes in shaping society's attitudes, perceptions, and attitudes. In their own research, the
authors analyze the effect of memes on the audience, their ability to perceive and remember information through
humor and emotional perception. Based on the analysis of scientific literature and the processing of the results of
their own research, the authors summarize the functions of memes in the conditions of asymmetric war.
Анотація
В статті проаналізовано важливість мемів як інструменту в асиметричних конфліктах, де битва за гро-
мадську думку та інформаційний простір стають вирішальними. Зосереджуючись на сучасних конфліктах,
автори розглядають роль мемів у формуванні настроїв, уявлень та поглядів суспільства. У власному дос-
лідженні автори аналізують вплив мемів на аудиторію, їхню здатність сприймати та запам'ятовувати інфо-
рмацію через гумор та емоційне сприйняття. На основі аналізу наукової літератури та обробки результатів
власного дослідження автори узагальнюють функції мемів в умовах асиметричної війни.

Keywords: meme, asymmetric war, asymmetric response, meme-culture, propaganda.

Ключові слова: мем, асиметрична війна, асиметрична відповідь, мем-культура, пропаганда.

Сучасні війни характеризуються глобальні-
стю, гібридністю, асиметричністю. Доказом того є
сучасна російсько-українська війна. Асиметричні
конфлікти - це ситуації, коли воюючі сторони вияв-
ляють різний рівень військових, економічних, соці-
альних або політичних ресурсів. Одна сторона за-
звичай є значно сильнішою за рахунок більшої кіль-
кості або передової технології, а інша - менша, з
меншими ресурсами та можливостями.
Такі конфлікти відрізняються від класичних
військових конфліктів, оскільки протистояння між
сторонами не ґрунтується виключно на військовій
силі чи прямій збройній боротьбі. Замість цього, ці
конфлікти можуть включати тактики непрямого
впливу, такі як терористичні атаки, гібридні війни,
кібератаки, інформаційну, психологічну війну
тощо. Саме тому актуальним є розгляд того, які ін-
струменти можливо та доцільно використовувати в
умовах асиметричності.
Оскілки асиметрична війна проявляє себе біль-
шою мірою в інфополі, то можна говорити, що ме-
діаосвіта грає критичну роль у сучасних асиметрич-
них конфліктах.
Перш за все, медіаосвіта допомагає людям ро-
зрізняти правдиву інформацію від маніпуляцій та
фейків, що є критично важливим у конфліктній си-
туації. Люди, які мають навички критичного мис-
лення, здатні аналізувати джерела інформації, пе-
ревіряти факти і розуміти можливі мотиви за їхнім
поширенням.
Додатково, медіаосвіта допомагає формувати
світогляд, який базується на об'єктивних знаннях і
розумінні різноманітних точок зору. Вона сприяє
розвитку емпатії й толерантності, сприймаючи
різноманітність поглядів та культур як невід'ємну
складову суспільства.
На важливість дослідження впливу мас-медіа в
інформаційну епоху наголошували Р. Барт, Ж
.Бодріяр, М. Маклюен, Е. Тоффлер, Н. Луман тощо.
Технології медіапропаганди стали фокусом ви-
вчення у працях Н. Карпчука, Ф. Золмана, С. Кар-
ноускоса, О. Курбана тощо. Враховуючи той факт,
що гібридність війни значно впливає на культурну
складову, то варто зазначити праці Н. Зражевської,
Н. Кирилової, І. Ломачинської, Б. Ломачинського,
Ю. Калиновського, О. Дзьобаня тошо.
Особливу увагу хочемо привернути до такого
явища в онлайн-середовищі як «мем-культура», яка
має потужний вплив на суспільство, особливо в
умовах асиметричних конфліктів.
І хоч науковцями, які опікуються питаннями
меметики як науки, вивчають сутність, функції, то-
пологію та особливості мемів, розглядають їх як
феномен інтернет-комунікації представлена значна
кількість робіт (С. Блекмор, Р. Броуді, О. Дзюбіна,
42
Р. Докінз, Е. Тірон, В. Бережний, С. Катаєв; Ю. Да-
нилова, М. Жулінська, Д. Радченко, Н. Смоляр, К.
Соколова тощо), залишається коло для досліджень
враховуючи досвід саме сучасної російсько-україн-
ської війни.
Метою нашого дослідження стало визначення
функцій мемів як інструменту асиметричної відпо-
віді у контексті сучасної війни.
Для досягнення поставленої мети слід: узага-
льнити сутність мем-культури у контексті Інтер-
нету, провести дослідження впливу мемів як асиме-
тричної відповіді на події сучасної війни, сформу-
лювати функції мемів в умовах асиметричної війни.
Мем-культура - це сукупність певних ідей,
символів, фотографій, відео, фраз чи концепцій, які
поширюються швидко та широко через Інтернет.
Термін «мем» походить від слова «меметика», яке
пояснює процес передачі культурних ідей та по-
ведінкових моделей між людьми [2].
У контексті Інтернету, меми можуть бути чи-
мось більшим, ніж просто розважальним контентом
- вони можуть виражати певні концепції, смішні си-
туації, політичні погляди, культурні нюанси, спо-
соби вираження емоцій тощо. Вони часто репліку-
ються та перетворюються, створюючи свої власні
варіації, що дозволяє їм розвиватися та адаптува-
тися до різних ситуацій.
Меми є частиною культурного обміну в Інтер-
неті і можуть впливати на сприйняття подій, відоб-
ражаючи ставлення суспільства до різних явищ.
Вони також є засобом комунікації та виразу емоцій,
сприяючи формуванню спільнот та вираженню
соціальних поглядів.
Сьогодні виокремлюють так і види Інтернет-
мемів креолізованні меми (зображення, текст) і тек-
стові меми. Креолізовані Інтернет-меми мають
смислову систему, в якій виділяються структурні
рівні – вербальний, візуальний і музично-звуковий,
вони відіграють роль диспенсерамовного матеріалу
в соціальній мережі. Текстові меми – меми-слова;
фразові меми, меми-словосполучення [1].
В умовах ведення асиметричної війни можна
зазначити, що меми стали ефективним інструмен-
том інформаційної війни через свою здатність шви-
дко поширюватися та впливати на суспільну думку.
Вони можуть бути використані для маніпуляції ін-
формацією, формування певних стереотипів або
навіть спотворення фактів у конфліктній ситуації.
Також меми часто використовуються для
мобілізації суспільства. Вони можуть стимулювати
громадян до участі у різних діях, формувати певний
настрій або підтримувати конкретні погляди, що
може бути важливим у часи конфлікту. Крім того,
меми допомагають формувати спільноти з однако-
вими цінностями та поглядами. У контексті асимет-
ричних конфліктів це може призвести до фор-
мування груп, що підтримують певні політичні або
ідеологічні позиції. Меми можуть ткож виступати
як засіб виразу протесту або критики влади, що доз-
воляє суспільству висловлювати свою думку та
ставлення до подій у конфліктному середовищі.
Для того, щоб виділити функції, які виконують
меми в умовах асиметричної війни, ми провели
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
опитування. Цільовою аудиторією опитування
стали україніці різного віку і такій пропорції: 72,4%
- 18-25 років, 12,2 % - 25-35 років, 10,2% більше 45
років.
Питання створеної анкети містили декілька
блоків питань: ставлення до мемів та сприйняття/не
прийняття їх як інструменту пропаганди; актив-
ність в медіапросторі щодо популяризації та розпо-
всюдження мемів в медіапросторі; мемотворчість.
Обробка результатів опитування продемон-
струвала наступне. 68,4 % респондентів часто див-
ляться меми, 14,3% - мають свою улюблену колек-
цію, а 17,3 % - не звертають на них уваги.
49% респондентів зазначають, що перегляд ме-
мів психологічно розвантажував на початку повно-
масштабного вторгнення РФ на територію України.
Значна доля вибірки (а саме 74,5 %) вважають, що
меми потрібні суспільству і більшість переконана,
що меми впливають на настрій (71,4 %). 72,4% вва-
жають, що меми під час війни це спосіб відволік-
тись.
Для 50% вибірки важливим є так званий «мем-
ний супровід подій». 11,2 % вважають, що меми є
інструментом пропаганди і тому їм треба приділяти
увагу. Тим не менш 12,2% респондентів (переважно
у віковійї аудиторії більше 45 років) думають, що
за мемами спостерігають лише ті, у кого є багато
вільного часу і 26,5% не замислювались над тим,
наскільки важлива функція мемів в контексті подій,
які виникають.
Цікавим виявилося те, що для 82,7% респонде-
нтів меми ворога не мають жодного впливу, лише
на 6,1% вважають, що вони також впливають на
ставлення до певних подій.
Такі результати говорять про те, що в умовах
асиметричної війни меми є значним засобом впливу
на суспільство, оскільки вони швидко поширю-
ються та можуть впливати на переконання, уяв-
лення та настрої людей.
Знати, як суспільство сприймає меми, дозволяє
краще розуміти його настрої, уявлення та реакції на
певні події чи інформацію. Це дає змогу визначити,
які теми чи підходи можуть бути більш успішними
в контексті асиметричної війни, якщо мета полягає
вплинути на громадську думку, розголошення пев-
них ідей чи дискредитації опонентів.
Меми можуть створювати або підтримувати
певні настрої, формувати погляди на події або осіб,
тому вони можуть бути важливим інструментом у
медіастратегії під час асиметричної війни. Знання
того, як суспільство реагує на меми, дає змогу
більш ефективно керувати інформаційним просто-
ром та впливати на думки та переконання людей.
Враховуючи сказане вище, важливо розуміти
наскільки суспільство активно з точки зору ство-
рення та розповсюдження мемів.
Безумовно меми з одного боку впливають, а з
іншого залежать від особливостей психічно-пізна-
вальних процесів. В нашій вибірці 43,9% респонде-
нтів вважають, що меми розвивають пам’ять (а,
отже, можна передбачати, що події з мемів швидше
запам’ятовуються), при цьому 28,6% не замислюва-
лись над цим. 74,5% респондентів відповіли, що
Annali d’Italia №50/2023 43
меми розвивають уяву, а також 78,6 % називають Це один з найефективніших способів розпов-
меми творчістю. І незважаючи на те, що 69,4% ви- сюдження мемів є репости. Коли користувач репос-
бріки ніколи не створювали меми, все ж таки є й тить мем, він поділяє його зі своїм аудиторією,
такі (30,6%), що спробували себе в якості мемотво- включаючи його до власного контенту. Це може зна-
рців (переважно з розважальною метою, створені чно розширити аудиторію мему, оскільки він потра-
меми не стосувалися війни). пляє до нових споживачів інформації через соціаль-
З точки зору розповсюдження інформації в су- ний граф користувача.
часному інформаційному середовищі важливою є Достатню активність продемонструвала вибі-
відповідальна медіаповедінка. А, отже, навіть не рка з точки зору розповсюдження реакцій на меми
створюючи власні медіапродукти, коментарями, та, власне, самих мемів. Так, 71,4% респондентів
вподобайками та репостами ми просуваємо чиїсь залишають «вподобайку» під мемами, які їм дуже
ідеї (в тому числі ті, що закладені в меми). Так, на- сподобались, 13,3% не ставлять «вподобайку» та
приклад, вподобайки можуть бути першим кроком 11,2% взагалі не ставлять «вподобайки». Крім того,
у поширенні мему. Коли людина вподобає мем, це 36,7% роблять репост, мемів коли ті їм дуже сподо-
сигнал для алгоритмів соціальних мереж показу- баються, 32,7% - ніколи, а 28,6% - інколи роблять
вати цей контент іншим користувачам у їх стрічках. репости. Серед респондентів виявилося 57,1% тих,
Вподобання допомагають мему отримати більше які ніколи не залишають коментарі під мемами, а
уваги (а , отже зробитиподію більш значимою). 26,5% роблять це інколи, коли мають час. 15,3%
Коментарі можуть викликати додаткову увагу відповіли, що залишають коментарі тільки у випа-
до мему. Користувачі можуть обговорювати мем, дку, якщо тема перетинається з їх інтересами.
додавати свої інтерпретації або реакції, що може Таким чином, можна виділити такі функції ме-
збільшити зацікавленість та взаємодію з контентом. мів в умовах асиметричної війни (табл. 1).
Таблиця 1
Функції мемів в умовах асиметричної війни
Функція Зміст
1 2
Створення на- Меми можуть викликати різні емоції, такі як сміх, обурення, захоплення тощо. Ці
строю та емоцій- емоції можуть впливати на сприйняття подій в умовах війни, формуючи певний
ного відгуку емоційний фон або ставлення до конфлікту
Меми можуть використовуватися для мобілізації суспільної думки щодо підтримки
Підтримка або
або протесту проти війни. Вони стають засобом вираження позиції щодо конфлікту
протест проти
та можуть змінювати уявлення суспільства про справедливість або недоліки війсь-
війни
кових дій
Розповсюдження Меми можуть бути використані для розповсюдження певних поглядів, ідеологій або
інформації та по- інформації про конфлікт. Вони швидко привертають увагу та можуть сприяти по-
глядів ширенню конкретної точки зору або дізнанню важливих фактів
Меми можуть впливати на спосіб, яким суспільство сприймає події війни. Вони мо-
Сприйняття по-
жуть легалізувати певні аспекти воєнного конфлікту або, навпаки, привертати увагу
дій
до негативних аспектів і допомагати зберегти критичний погляд
Платформа для Меми можуть слугувати платформою для вираження громадської думки, протесту
вира-ження го- чи критики військових дій. Вони можуть підтримувати або заперечувати війну як
лосу таку
Меми можуть створювати відчуття спільноти серед тих, хто переживає подібні си-
Формування спі-
туації чи досвіджує подібні емоції. Вони об'єднують людей, надаючи підтримку й
льнот
усвідомлення того, що не самотні в своїх переживаннях.
Використання мемів може стимулювати креативність та адаптацію. Це дозволяє лю-
Креативність та
дям знаходити нові способи реагування на ситуації, зберігаючи гнучкість та мож-
адап-тація
ливість швидкого адаптування до змін

У цілому, мем-культура може мати значний

вплив на суспільство під час асиметричних війн,
змінюючи динаміку інформаційних потоків, фор-
муючи погляди та сприйняття подій, а також мобі-
лізуючи громадян для певних дій чи підтримки кон-
кретних ідеї.
Меми мають значний вплив на поведінку сус-
пільства в умовах війни або конфлікту. Вони є пот-
ужним засобом комунікації, який може швидко по-
ширюватися через соціальні мережі та онлайн-
платформи, впливаючи на емоції, ставлення та
думки людей.
Список джерел
1. Белла М.В. Мем як ефект построльової
домінанти в інтернеткомунікації Матеріали Все-
української науково-практичної інтернет-конфе-
ренції «Актуальні питання сучасної науки»: зб.
наук. праць. Бережани, 2017. Вип.2. С. 250 – 253.
2. Бровко Л. Меметика у війні: як меми ста-
ють зброєю Pressa URL
https://pressassociation.org.ua/ua/memetika-u-vijni-
yak-memi-stayut-bro%D1%94yu/
44 Annali d’Italia №50/2023

TECHNICAL SCIENCES
EVALUATION METHODOLOGY OF INFORMATION SECURITY OF IT SYSTEMS BASED ON
FUZZY RULES

Mammadova K.A.,
Ahmadov T.T.
Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Az1010, Bakı., Azadlıg 20

Abstract
There is a growing tendency to incorporate biometric elements into complex technical systems designed by
humans in order to imitate natural systems. This trend is especially evident in the field of information technology,
where artificial neural networks come to the fore. The topological structure of neural networks is similar to the
structure of the nervous system in biological systems, as well as the architecture of modern IT systems, such as
corporate telecommunications networks.
Using fuzzy input vectors, the structural and parametric adjustment of the neuro-fuzzy classifier block for the
adaptive security mechanism is carried out through a control algorithm that trains neuro-fuzzy networks using
fuzzy connection mechanisms.

Keywords: information security, IT systems, biometric.

Introduction  a number of known mechanisms of infor-

The hierarchical organization of information secu-
rity systems shares similarities with biological systems
in nature. The similarity between biological systems
and IT security systems lies in their hierarchical struc-
ture, which includes knowledge gathering mechanisms
in immune defense information platforms and neural
networks. Known for its crucial role in the evolution of
living organisms, the nervous system serves as an adap-
tive tool for interaction with the environment. It is be-
lieved that the human nervous system is responsible for
the formation of basic reflexes that respond to external
stimuli and facilitate self-organization within the bio-
system. These reflexes, stored in genetic memory, are
transmitted to subsequent generations at a lower level
of information security.
Self-organizing behavior plays an important role
in ensuring purposeful actions within a biosystem. It
necessitates an educational system and gives rise to a
new form of memory in the form of an adaptive infor-
mation platform in neural networks. The transition to a
qualitatively developed nervous system is determined
by behavioral responses within biosystems. The pres-
ence of such responses confirms the complex relation-
ship between external influences and body reactions.
Various natural mechanisms facilitate the transmission
of information between DNA and nerve cells. Behav-
ioral information is formed on the basis of genetically
transmitted behavioral responses fixed in the infor-
mation platform of the nervous system. However, bio-
system responses go beyond hereditary responses and
include the accumulation of life experiences that are
passed on to future generations through education. The
results of this education become rooted in the DNA and
serve as a means of transmitting knowledge to subse-
quent generations [1-4].
The creation of intelligent information security
systems is based on the hierarchical organization of in-
formation protection, i.e.:
 similarity of IT system architecture with bi-
ological system architecture;
mation security in biosystems listed below:
1. Hierarchy of conservation levels in the bio-
sphere, nucleotide-codon-gene-chromosome-DNA-...-
organism-...-biosphere.
2. Storage of genetic information at the lower lev-
els of the hierarchy (codon-gene-chromosome-DNA),
encoding and decoding of information, mechanisms of
chromosomal mutations, information distribution
based on the "self/other" criterion.
3. At higher levels of the hierarchy, sense organs
(for example, receptors) are used to organize the con-
nection between the external environment and the bio-
system, and experience is gathered in the neural net-
work structures of the nervous system.
4. The content of information is not related to
changes in life experience, and the change of genetic
information is not related to the change of the form of
representation.
5. Biosystems are capable of adapting to the pro-
cess of information security, while accepting life expe-
rience that allows success in important situations, in-
cluding recognizing the behavior of others and them-
selves in a constantly changing and complex
environment.
 Existence of hierarchy of information secu-
rity levels in IT systems:
1. Within adaptive information security systems,
important information is stored in two hierarchical lev-
els in information fields: the lower level, which serves
as a platform for threat identification, and the upper
level, which acts as a platform of accumulated experi-
ence, where protection mechanisms against known in-
formation threats are defined.
2. The level of inviolability located at the lower
level of adaptive information security systems is aimed
at checking message compatibility in the IT system and
ensuring the reliability of information presentation for-
mats (containers) using the "self/external" criterion.
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
3. Identification of information within information
security systems is unique to each system and is usually
associated with format rather than content.
4. The receptor level located at the upper level of
the information security system plays a decisive role in
facilitating interactive interaction with the environment
and gathering heuristic knowledge through the infor-
mation platform in adaptive information security sys-
tems.
5. Information transfer and inheritance in adaptive
information security systems involves the transfer of
information platforms from the immune and receptor
levels of biosystems to subsequent generations formed
during the life cycle of a specific IT system and creates
conditions for the effective implementation of the sys-
tem.
1. The structure of the hierarchical adaptive in-
formation security system model
The basis of this model for adaptive information
security in corporate telecommunication networks is
the methodology for assessing the level of protection
and its effectiveness. To achieve this, various adaptive
information security tools should be used [2,5]. These
tools include artificial multilayer feedforward neural
networks, fuzzy logic inference systems integrated into
the logic base of multilayer neural networks, and tradi-
tional systems of fuzzy implication rules. The purpose
of using these tools is to ensure effective coordination
within the adaptive information security system.
In addition, the model should include a structured
approach to the overall information security system,
which involves defining clear procedures and guide-
lines. It should also incorporate specialized software
and tools that can assess security performance against
information threats. In addition, a rating system should
be created specifically to assess the security level of the
corporate telecommunications network itself.
By combining these elements, an adaptive infor-
mation security system model can effectively address
the challenges and complexities associated with ensur-
ing robust security in corporate telecommunications
networks.
The nature of information threats is constantly
changing and highlights the critical need for adaptation
in the protection mechanisms used in open corporate
networks. Another important aspect of the designed in-
formation security system is the ability to use the accu-
mulated heuristic knowledge about potential infor-
mation threats. This knowledge is obtained from the
relevant information domain component within the
multi-level hierarchy of protection mechanisms.
However, it is important to note that it is not pos-
sible or practical to include a wide range of different
security mechanisms in an informatization object. In
practice, corporate networks usually use only the mini-
mum defense mechanisms necessary to effectively deal
with potential threats identified during the design of the
information security system. By carefully selecting and
applying the appropriate composition of protection
mechanisms, an information security system can create
a balance between adaptability and efficiency, provid-
ing optimal protection against potential information
threats in corporate networks [3,5-7].
45
The nature of information threats is constantly
changing and highlights the critical need for adaptation
in the protection mechanisms used in open corporate
networks. Another important aspect of the designed in-
formation security system is the ability to use the accu-
mulated heuristic knowledge about potential infor-
mation threats. This knowledge is obtained from the
relevant information domain component within the
multi-level hierarchy of protection mechanisms. How-
ever, it is important to note that it is not possible or
practical to include a wide range of different security
mechanisms in an informatization object. In practice,
corporate networks usually use only the minimum de-
fense mechanisms necessary to effectively deal with
the potential threats identified during the design of the
information security system.
By carefully selecting and applying the appropri-
ate composition of protection mechanisms, an infor-
mation security system can strike a balance between
adaptability and efficiency, providing optimal protec-
tion against potential information threats in corporate
networks [6].
Fuzzy rule-based systems in the form of fuzzy
neural networks are used to achieve further adaptation
and analysis in the information security system. These
networks are trained using input vectors whose compo-
nents are represented as fuzzy sets that describe the
characteristics of information attacks. Neural network
classifiers are trained to generate clusters that match
implication rules in a fuzzy inference system.
Hybrid classifiers combining neural networks and
fuzzy inference systems are trained in a similar way,
but use predefined vectors of known information
threats. This allows effective classification and recog-
nition of potential threats within the framework of
adaptive information security mechanisms. In addition,
the assessment of information security indicators and
the overall rating of the corporate network are calcu-
lated based on preliminary expert assessments. These
indicators play a decisive role in the general methodol-
ogy of assessing the security of the corporate network.
They are used to analyze and optimize the structural
and parametric aspects of expert evaluation arrays, neu-
ral network classifiers, and fuzzy rule-based systems.
By incorporating these methods, the information secu-
rity system can continuously improve its performance,
adapt to changing threats, and optimize assessment pro-
cesses to increase the overall security of the corporate
network.
Analogous to systems simulating nature, in an
adaptive information security system, theoretical infor-
mation is stored and can be transmitted from generation
to generation through the replication and subsequent
transformation of the corporate network in the form of
distributed adaptive information fields of neural net-
works:
- areas of known potential threats of defense
mechanism ("immune") levels of resistance to threats;
- areas of interactive knowledge obtained at recep-
tor levels of information security.
The process of matching "immune" defense levels
dealing with known potential threat areas is closely re-
46
lated to grouping and classification tasks. These posi-
tions are responsible for expanding the information
scope of known threats at lower levels of the infor-
mation protection system hierarchy. Any changes or
updates to previously identified data threats must be en-
tered into the heuristic knowledge space at higher levels
of the protection system hierarchy. To achieve this, a
specialized topological structure based on a system of
fuzzy implication rules implemented within the logical
framework of a multilayer neural network is used.
The process of adapting the system of fuzzy impli-
cation rules involves adjusting the parameters of the
fuzzy neural network using a supervised learning algo-
rithm. This algorithm allows adapting the system of
fuzzy implication rules by matching information pro-
tection mechanisms with known information threats.
By continuously updating and improving fuzzy impli-
cation rules, the system becomes more adept at effec-
tively responding to and neutralizing potential threats.
Through this adaptive process, the information se-
curity system evolves and improves its ability to ad-
dress emerging challenges and new variants of known
threats. A supervised learning algorithm ensures that
the system remains up-to-date and capable of accu-
rately classifying and mitigating information security
risks.
2. Mechanisms of building the model of the adap-
tive information security system
To ensure the intelligent and adaptive capabilities
of the information security system, it is very important
to choose tools that can store the acquired knowledge
and create a distributed information space within a neu-
ral network with fuzzy properties.
Fuzzy logical inference plays an important role in
the concept of an adaptive information security system.
It involves a fuzzy representation of the input data to
the neural network, which allows the incorporation of
heuristic knowledge provided by information security
experts. This idea is implemented through the develop-
ment and optimization of a system of fuzzy implication
rules integrated into the logical framework of a neural
network. By integrating a system of fuzzy implication
rules into the hierarchical structure of an information
Fuzzy implication operators
№ The name of the implication
1. L. Zadeh
2. Yager
3. Lukasiewicz
4. Kleene – Dienes
5. Minimum (Mamdani)
6. Gaines
7. Standard Star (Godel)
A relation R can be directly called a fuzzy subset
of the X × Y Cartesian product. Here, X is the complete
set of information threats and Y is the defense mecha-
nism. The process of obtaining a fuzzy output based on
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
security system and training it using known threat data,
it is possible to eliminate inconsistencies within the
rules, improve the existing system, and synthesize new
rules through the analysis of fuzzy rules. An additional
aspect in building a model for an adaptive information
security system is the ability of neural networks and hy-
brid neuro-fuzzy systems to classify and group infor-
mation attacks and potential threats. These systems are
equipped to perform classification and clustering tasks
that help identify and organize various information se-
curity threats. Collectively, the implementation of these
features contributes to the adaptability, intelligence and
effectiveness of the information security system, allow-
ing it to effectively respond to evolving threats and en-
sure the protection of critical information assets [3-5].
Neural network logic-based fuzzy inference
mechanism. Fuzzy logic inference is a component of
fuzzy neural networks that use fuzzy inference systems
learned from previous experience. These systems are
usually built by combining regular neural networks
with a fuzzy rule system. The mechanism of drawing
conclusions from fuzzy logic is built by information se-
curity specialists in the form of implicative rules, for
example:
R1 : “ If x = A1 , Then y = B1 ” ;
R2 : “ If x = A2 , Then y = B2 ” ; (1)
...
Rn : “ If x = An , Then y = Bn ” .
In this case, x is the input linguistic variable (e.g.
threat) and y is the output linguistic variable (e.g. de-
fense mechanisms). Ai and Bi (i=1÷n) are the corre-
sponding linguistic variables.
The rules of implication of the form R=A=>B used
in the system (fuzzy relations) show the security ex-
pert's knowledge in the form of cause-and-effect rela-
tions between the protection mechanism and the results
related to the selection of threats. The symbol “=>”
used here represents the fuzzy implication operation. In
general, it is observed that different types of effects are
used in the fuzzy environment. Below, table 1 shows
the most common types [8].
Table 1
Fuzzy implication operators
Im(x, y) max(1x,min(x, y))
x
I (x,y) y
E
Ia (x, y) min(1, 1x y)
Ib(x,y) max(1x,y)
Ic(x,y) min(x,y)
1, 𝑥  𝑦
I( x , y ) {𝑦
,𝑥 > 𝑦
𝑥
1, 𝑥  𝑦
Ig (x, y) {
𝑦, 𝑥 > 𝑦
the entity and existing knowledge can be represented as
the following composition rule:
B=A R=A (A B),
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
where the sign " " means any operation (example
max-min):
Fuzzy logical inference mechanism involves se-
quential execution of the following procedures [7, 8]:
1. Application of fuzziness, that is, fuzzification
or, to put it more simply, determining the degree of ac-
curacy for each information threat for each specific
rule, based on the given membership functions of the
fuzzy subsets of the field of input parameters described
by suitable conditions;
2. Logical inference, which involves forming a
fuzzy inference based on the degree of truth of threats
for each rule, forming a fuzzy subset for each defense
mechanism;
3. Composition of rules: the fuzzy subsets of the
universal set for each defense mechanism obtained in
the previous step are combined according to all rules in
order to create a fuzzy subset for the set of all defense
mechanisms;
Figure 1. Application of rules (2) in MATLAB/Fuzzy inference system
The procedures of the fuzzy inference mechanism
are explained in the following section [9, 10]:
Step 1: Based on the values of the variables ac-
cording to the semantics of A, B, and C, the accuracy
rates of each of the information threats α(x0)=A(x0),
α(y0)=B(y0) and α(z0)=C(z0) are non-defined for fuzzy
implication rules.
Step 2: using the logical operation "min" accord-
ing to the degrees of truth α(x0)=A(x0), α(y0)=B(y0) and
α(z0)=C(z0), the above semantics of D, E and F parts are
extracted, after which fuzzy results are formed for each
of the rules that are a fuzzy subset of the universal set
for each protection mechanism.
Step 3: Using the logic operation "max", the trun-
cated semantics are combined and a network of con-
nected fuzzy subsets is formed, described by the seman-
tics of μ(y) and corresponding to the fuzzy logic output
for the output variable w of the corporate's total protec-
tion level.
Step 4: The numerical value of the extracted lin-
guistic variable term is determined using, for example,
the defuzzification centering method.
47
4. Defuzzification, which shows the numerical
representation of the fuzzy results obtained in the pre-
vious step. In this step, the collection of fuzzy results
for all rules is transformed into a numerical value of the
overall security level of the corporate network.
Fuzzy logic inference procedures can be imple-
mented using MATLAB's fuzzy inference system nota-
tion, as exemplified by the following set of implication
rules illustrated in Figure 1.
R1 : “ If x = A, Then y = D ” ;
R2 : “ If x = B, Then y = E ” ; (2)
R3 : “ If x = C, Then y = F ” .
In this scenario, the variables x, y, and z represent
input linguistic variables related to known threats, and
y represents an output linguistic variable related to the
overall security of the corporate network. Fuzzy sets A,
B, C, D, E and F are used to describe the semantic in-
formation of information threat characteristics.
3. Fuzzy classification of information proper-
ties
A combination of neural networks and fuzzy logic
elements is a suitable approach for classification mech-
anism within adaptive information security tools. Neu-
ral networks offer the advantage of training capabili-
ties, while fuzzy logic systems provide transparency in
the interpretation of fuzzy results to solve information
security problems. By using a hybrid neuro-fuzzy sys-
tem that combines these techniques, the benefits of both
neural network structures and fuzzy logic systems can
be used to leverage the heuristic knowledge of infor-
mation security professionals.
As can be seen in Table 2, the development of hy-
brid neuro-fuzzy systems demonstrates their effective-
ness in classifying information threats. One type of hy-
brid neuro-fuzzy system focuses on defining a crisp
class for an input vector, while other variations are used
to construct fuzzy systems based on a set of fuzzy im-
plication rules. The method of constructing a neuro-
fuzzy classifier using a fuzzy logic inference mecha-
nism can be used to classify adaptive information secu-
rity mechanisms. It involves using a neural network
with fuzzy synaptic weights to process fuzzy feature
vectors of information threats.
48 Annali d’Italia №50/2023
Table 2
Neural networks used to solve the classification problem
A type of fuzzy neural network Weights Introduction Any output
1 fluent Fuzzy fluent
2 fluent Fuzzy Fuzzy
3 Fuzzy Fuzzy Fuzzy
4 Fuzzy fluent Fuzzy
5 fluent fluent Fuzzy
6 Fuzzy fluent fluent
7 Fuzzy Fuzzy fluent

The fuzzy logic inference mechanism is based on the heuristic knowledge of information security experts and
takes the form of a system of fuzzy implication rules, exemplified by the following type:
R1 : “ If x1 = 𝐴̃11 and x2 = 𝐴̃12 and .. and xn = 𝐴̃1n Then y = 𝐵̃ 1” ;
R2 : “ If x1 = 𝐴̃21 and x2 = 𝐴̃22 and .. and xn = 𝐴̃2n Then y = 𝐵̃ 2 ” ; (3)
...
Rm : “ If xm = 𝐴̃m1 and x2 = 𝐴̃m2 and .. and xn = 𝐴̃mn Then y = 𝐵̃ m” ;

Here, xi and yj (i=1÷n; j=1÷m) are fuzzy input and
output variables, respectively, for defense mechanisms
and information threats; and 𝐵̃ denotes the fuzzy sets
that express the conditions corresponding to them.
Now suppose that the complete space of hazards
(premises) is given by X={x1, x2, ..., xn} and the com-
plete space of protection mechanisms (outcomes) is
given by Y={y1, y2, ..., ym}. Then there is a fuzzy causal
relationship between xi and yj (i=1÷n; j=1÷m) in the
form xi  yj, which R=[rij] (i=1÷n; j=1÷m) can be pre-
sented in the form of a matrix. The bases and conse-
quences can be represented as fuzzy sets (𝐴̃ and 𝐵̃) in
the X and Y spaces, their relations can be given in the
following form: 𝐵̃ = 𝐴°𝑅, where the sign " ° " is the
logical operation of rule composition, i.e., denoting the
maximum composition is a logical operator.
To implement a system of fuzzy implication rules
in adaptive information security tools based on fuzzy
feature vectors of threats, the neuro-fuzzy classifier
should perform the following actions [1, 3]:
 Fuzzification based on given membership
functions for fuzzy sets included in the domain of defi-
nition. As a result of fuzzification, a degree of truth is
determined for each potential threat according to the
duration of the fuzzy variable.
 Logical inference involves creating a fuzzy
conclusion for each of the implication rules based on
the degree of truth of potential information threats. This
result is a fuzzy subset of the universe for each output
linguistic variable associated with the corresponding
protection mechanism.
 The composition stage involves combining
the fuzzy subsets obtained in the previous stage for each
output linguistic variable by all rules to form a single
fuzzy subset of the universe of discourse for all output
variables.
The maximum number of input vectors with fuzzy
components in the full space of information threats de-
scribed by the N-dimensional feature vector X={x1, x2,
..., xn} is given by all possible combinations of coordi-
nates xi. Each input vector from the X-space can be as-
sociated with a fuzzy neuron of a hybrid neuro-fuzzy
classifier that performs a logical inference operation
such as "min" logical operation [7-9]. The extrapolation
of the results of the fuzzy logic inference to the full
space of fuzzy outputs is achieved by the operation of
rule composition, so that each output vector from the
space Y can be associated with a fuzzy artificial neuron
of the neuro-fuzzy classifier. which, for example, per-
forms the logical operation "max".
A neuro-fuzzy classifier for n-dimensional nor-
malized hazard vectors X with fuzzy coordinates (x1,
x2, ..., xn) can be represented as a three-layer fuzzy
neural network (figure 2), where:
 In the first layer, there are n fuzzy artificial
neurons with complementary fuzzy connections and
form n pairs of fuzzy expressions of the form: xi = S and
xi = L (i=1÷n), where the coordinates in the input vector
of n threats is the number.
 The hidden layer consists of up to 2n fuzzy
neurons, each of which performs a logical inference op-
eration (for example, “min”) on the combinations of
fuzzy sets of the 1st layer of the neural network, pro-
ducing fuzzy results for the classification of infor-
mation threats forms the system.
 The output layer consists of m fuzzy neurons
and is equal to the number of coordinates in the output
vector. These neurons simulate a fuzzy composition op-
eration (max) on the classifier outputs of layer 2 of the
neural network to generate m-dimensional Y vectors of
fuzzy outputs (y1, y2, ..., ym).
Fuzzy neurons from the first layer generate com-
plementary pairs of truth values for input fuzzy varia-
bles xi representing the coordinates of the input vector
X of threats [10]. For a given value of the X coordinate
of the threat vector in the interval of the determination
area, the value of the ordinate of the S (small) and L
(large) membership functions is assigned to each value
of the fuzzy variable, and this value can be up to 1.
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
Figure 2. Neuro-fuzzy classifier and membership functions of complementary fuzzy transitions
The pair of membership functions S and L
depicted in Figure 2 form two fuzzy relations that form
one complementary fuzzy relation.
If the second layer of a fuzzy multilayer neural
network consists of the maximum number of fuzzy
neurons performing the logical AND operation, the
intermediate vector of fuzzy results must include all
potential fuzzy results related to the classification of
features of possible hazard vectors.
The third layer of the fuzzy multilayer neural
network includes fuzzy neurons that perform the
logical OR operation. The number of these neurons
corresponds to the fuzzy results of type yj (j=1÷m) and
reflects the heuristic knowledge controlled by the
expert. This layer generates a vector of fuzzy outputs
based on a system of implication rules.
Conclusıon
Using fuzzy threat vectors, further structural and
parametric adjustment of the neuro-fuzzy classifier for
the adaptive security mechanism is carried out through
a control algorithm that trains neuro-fuzzy networks
using fuzzy connection mechanisms.
Through structural and parametric tuning of the
neuro-fuzzy classifier with a training set of known
hazard vectors, it is possible to identify potential logical
inconsistencies and correct non-causal relationships (or
generation) within the system of fuzzy implication
rules.
References
1. Lütfi Z., Aliyev R.A. “Fuzzy Logic Theory
and Applications”, World Scientific, 2018
2. Oscar Castillo, Patricia Melin. Type-2 Fuzzy
Logic: Theory and Applications. Springer Berlin, Hei-
delberg. Published: 21 October 2010, 244p.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76284-3.
3. İhsan Kaya, Murat Çolak, Fulya Terzi. A
comprehensive review of fuzzy multi criteria decision
making methodologies for energy policy making. En-
ergy Strategy Reviews. Energy Strategy Reviews 24
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(2019), pp.207–228. https://www.sciencedi-
rect.com/science/article/pii/S2211467X19300252
4. Xiuxia Du, and Pingkang Li. Fuzzy Logic
Control Optimal Realization Using GA for Multi-Area
AGC Systems. International Journal of Information
Technology Vol.12 No.7 2006, pp. 63-72.
http://www.intjit.org/cms/journal/vol-
ume/12/7/127_8.pdf
5. Kamari M. L., Isvand H., Nazari M. A. Ap-
plications of Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM)
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view. Renewable Energy Research and Application,
Vol 1, No 1, 2020, 47-54.
https://rera.shahroodut.ac.ir/arti-
cle_1522_d5dd9df31b619951ffd4adad583f0596.pdf
6. Abror, B.; Hyun, K.; Myeong, C.; Rymduck,
O.; Akmal, A.; Heung, S. Application of fuzzy logic for
problem of evaluating states of a computing system.
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 3021.
7. Articulated Anthropomorphic Robot. In Pro-
ceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Research in Computational Intelligence and Communi-
cation Networks (ICRCICN), Kolkata, India, 20–22
November 2015.
8. Gardashova L.A., Mammadova K.A. Opti-
mal Implicatıon Based Fuzzy Control System for a
Steam Generator. 15th International conference on ap-
plications of fuzzy systems, soft computing and artifi-
cial intelligence tools. ICAFS 2022. August 26 - 27
2022, Budva – Montenegro.
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-
25252-5?page=2
9. Mammadova K.A.Construction of fuzzy
power generation model of thermal power plants. Sci-
entific collection «interconf». №1, 2021, pp.1065-
1075. https://ojs.ukrlogos.in.ua/index.php/interconf/ar-
ticle/view/8840
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control and modeling. //Научный журнал
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№9(13), 2017, c.81-85
50 Annali d’Italia №50/2023
DESIGNING THE PROFILE OF A LINEAR BUILDING IN A RECTANGULAR COORDINATE
SYSTEM

Marushchak M.P.
c.t.s., as. prof.
Cherkasy Technological University,
Cherkasy, Shevchenka, 460

ПРОЕКТУВАННІ ПРОФІЛЮ ЛІНІЙНОЇ СПОРУДИ В ПРЯМОКУТНІЙ СИСТЕМІ

КООРДИНАТ

Марущак М.П.
к.т.н., доц.
Черкаський державний технологічний університет
Черкаси, бул. Шевченка, 460

Abstract
The proposed method of analytical design of the profile of linear structures in a rectangular coordinate system
with observance of a minimum of working marks and the balance of earth masses. The method of analytical design
of the profile of linear structures with observance of the minimum working of marcs and the balance of earth
masses is proposed. Analytical dependences are obtained by the methods of least squares. An example of designing
a profile from four sections is given.
Анотація
Запропонована методика аналітичного проектування профілю лінійних споруд в прямокутній системі
координат з додержанням мінімуму робочих відміток и балансу земляних мас. Аналітичні залежності
одержані на основі методу найменших квадратів. Приведено приклад проектування профілю із чотирьох
секцій.

Keywords: the method, coordinates, profile, analytical design, linear structures, working of marcs, balance
of earth masses.
Ключові слова: метод, координати, профіль, аналітичне проектування, лінійна споруда, робочі
відмітки, баланс земляних мас.

Вступ. Аналітичний спосіб дозволяє балансом і мінімумом земляних мас. Задача

автоматизувати процес проектування і розрахунків.
Проектування осі лінійної споруди на профілі
аналітичним способом полягає у визначені таких
проектних висот точок і нахилу проектної лінії, які
забезпечують баланс та мінімум площ виїмки і
насипу [1]. В роботі [2] приведені формули для
аналітичного визначення положення проектної
лінії на профілі лінійної споруди із трьох секцій з
проектування осі лінійної споруди на профілі
спрощується, якщо застосувати прямокутну
систему координат.
Основний текст. В прямокутній системі
координат нуль розміщують в центрі ваги траси
(рис.1).

Насип
Центр rn
ваги
Виїмка 0 r2
r1
zn
r0 u h1 zc h2 hn
h0 x1 x2
x0 xn
z0
d1 d2 dn
X
Умовний 0
горизонт
X1 X2 Xn

Рис.1. Прямокутні координати точок на поздовжньому профілі

Для забезпечення балансу визначають проектну висотну позначку центра ваги траси за формулою [3]:
zc  p0h0  p1h1  p2h2  ...  pn hn  [ ph] , (1)
Annali d’Italia №50/2023 51
di  di 1
де hi – фактичні висотні позначки точок траси; p – вага ( pi  ); d i – відстань між
2l
суміжними ординатами профілю; l – довжина траси.
Далі напишемо умову:
[ pr 2 ]  min , (2)
де r – робочі позначки ( ri  zi  hi ).
Підставивши значення ваг і робочих позначок в (2) та розв’язавши рівняння за методом найменших
квадратів, одержимо початкову проектну висотну позначку z0 і проектний ухил u для випадку, коли нуль
системи координат розміщений в центрі ваги:
[ pxy]
z0  zC  x0 ; (3)
[ px 2 ]
[ pxy]
u , (4)
[ px2 ]
де x0 – абсцисса центра ваги траси; x, y – координати точок траси;
[ pxy]  p1 x1 y1  p2 x2 y2  ...  pn xn yn ; [ px 2 ]  p1 x12  p2 x2 2  ...  pn xn 2 .
Абсциси визначають, вимірюючи відстані від центру ваги траси до точок, а ординати – із залежності:
yi  hi  zc . (5)
Висотну позначку на початку траси і проектний ухил траси обчислюють за формулами:
zc [ pX 2 ]  0,5 X n [ pXh]
z0  , (6)
[ pX 2 ]  0,25 X n
2

[ pXh]  0,5 X n zc
u , (7)
[ pX 2 ]  0,25 X n
2

де X i – абсциси точок, виміряні від початку траси; [ pX 2 ]  p1 X12  p2 X 2 2  ...  pn X n 2 ;

[ pXh]  p1 X1h1  p2 X 2h2  ...  pn X n hn .
Контроль обчислень:
[ p]  1 ; [ pr ]  0 ; zc  z0  0,5  u  X n .
Проектні позначки інших точок профілю обчислюють за формулою:
zi  z0  uli . (8)
Якщо лінійна споруда має значну довжину, то для проектування профіль траси ділять на секції з
приблизно однаковими ухилами, обчислюють за формулами (1) і (4) проектні позначки центрів ваги секцій
zC1 , zC2 , ..., zC N (i  1, 2, ..., N ) та ухили u1 , u2 , ..., u N для кожної секції, а потім їх корегують для
забезпечення стикування ліній на межах секцій.
Для визначення поправок  i до ухилів ui складають систему рівнянь:
1 1
li i  li 1 i 1  Wi  0 (9)
2 2
і розв’язують її за умовою [ p ]  min ,
2

де Wi – різниця проектних позначок стикових точок проектних ліній суміжних секцій (

Wi  zKi  zПш1 ) ; li – довжина секцій; pi  li / L ; L – довжина траси.
При ділені траси на секції поправки обчислюють за формулами:
- при двох секціях
2W
1   2   ; (10)
l1  l2
- при трьох секціях
2
1   [W1 (l2  l3 )  W2l2 ] ;
A1
52 Annali d’Italia №50/2023
2
2   (W1l3  W2l1 ) ; (11)
A1
2
 3   [W1l2  W2 (l1  l2 ] ;
A1
- при чотирьох секціях
2
1   [W1 (l2l3  l2l4  l3l4 )  W2l2 (l3  l4 )  W3l2l3 ]
A2
2
 2   [W1l3l4  W2l1 (l3  l4 )  W3l1l3 ] ;
A2
2
 3   [-W1l2l4  W2l4 (l1  l2 )  W3l1l2 ] ; (12)
A2
2
 4   [W1l2l3  W2l3 (l1  l2 )  W3 (l1l2  l1l3  l2l3 )] ,
A2
де A1  l1l2  l1l3  l2l3 ; A2  l1l2l3  l1l2l4  l1l3l4  l2l3l 4 .
Виправляють ухили проектних ліній:
U i  ui   i ,
після чого обчислюють проектні висотні позначки усіх точок профілю за формулою (8).
Приклад. Запроектувати поздовжній профіль траси, розділеної на чотири секції з початком координат
в центрі ваги кожної секції (табл.1).
Таблиця 1.
Проектування профілю траси лінійної споруди
Номер Координати, м Вага Позначки, м ph pxy Px2 pr
точок x y р h z r
Секція 1
0 -89 -2,362 0,0701 3,115 4,225 1,110 0,2184 14,7363 555,2621 0,077
1 -64 -0,026 0,3287 5,451 4,577 -0,874 1,7917 0,5470 1346,3552 -0,287
2 28 -0,755 0,4298 4,722 5,871 1,149 2,0295 -9,0860 336,9632 0,494
3 89 2,910 0,1714 8,387 6,729 -1,658 1,4375 44,3909 1357,6594 -0,284
[p] = 1 [pxy] = 50,5882 [px2] = 3596,2399
zc = [ph] = 5,477 м u1  0,014067 l1  178 м [pr] = 0
Секція 2
3 -71 3,647 0,1268 8,387 7,694 -0,693 1,0635 -32,8332 639,1988 -0,088
4 -35 1,885 0,2887 6,625 6,196 -0,429 1,9126 -19,0470 353,6575 -0,124
5 11 -1,602 0,3732 3,138 4,282 1,144 1,1710 -6,5765 45,1572 0,427
6 71 -1,936 0,2113 2,804 1,786 -1,018 0,5925 -29,0445 1065,1633 -0,215
[p] = 1 [pxy] = -87,5012 [px2] = 2103,1768
zc = [ph] = 4,740 м u2  0,0416043 l2  142 м [pr] = 0
Секція 3
6 -40 -1,562 0,2500 2,804 2,508 0,296 0,7010 15,6200 400,0000 0,074
7 0 -0,296 0,5000 4,070 4,366 -0,296 2,0350 0 0 -0,148
8 40 2,154 0,2500 6,520 6,224 0,296 1,6300 21,5400 400,0000 0,074
[p] = 1 [pxy] = 37,1600 [px2] = 800,0000
zc = [ph] = 4,366 м u3  0,046450 l3  80 м [pr] = 0
Секція 4
8 -70 1,927 0,2143 6,520 6,844 0,324 1,3972 -28,9069 1050,0700 0,069
9 -10 0,871 0,3571 5,464 4,915 -0,549 1,9512 -3,1103 35,7100 -0,196
10 30 -1,492 0,2857 3,101 3,628 0,527 0,8860 -12,7879 257,1300 0,151
11 70 -2,088 0,1429 2,507 2,342 -0,165 0,3582 -20,8863 700,2100 -0,024
[p] = 1 [pxy] = -65,6914 [px2] = 2043,1200
zc = [ph] = 4,593 м u4  0,0321525 l4  140 м [pr] = 0

Результати визначення поправок до ухилів в секціях приведені в табл.2.

Annali d’Italia №50/2023 53

Таблиця 2.
Обчислення поправок до ухилів
Номер Довжина Ухили, Нев'язки, А Поправки, Виправлені Позначки
секцій секцій, м u W  ухили, U на стиках, м
1 178 0,0140676 -0,965 9144720 0,0055644 0,0196320 7,224
2 142 -0,0416043 -0,722 9144720 0,0066164 -0,0349879 2,256
3 80 0,0464500 -0,620 9144720 0,0063058 0,0527558 6,476
4 140 -0,0321525 - 9144720 0,0052538 -0,0268987 -

Значення виправлених проектних і робочих позначок по усій трасі приведені в табл.3 і показані на
рис.2.
Таблиця 3.
Проектні і робочі позначки точок по осі траси
Номер точок Довжина Ухили Позначки, м Вага pr
ліній, м U проектні фактичні робочі p
0 - - 3,730 3,115 0,615 0,0232 0,014
1 25 0,019632 4,221 5,451 -1,230 0,1083 -0,133
2 117 0,019632 6,027 4,722 1,305 0,1417 0,185
3 178 0,019632 7,224 8,387 -1,163 0,0898 -0,104
4 36 -0,034988 5,964 6,625 -0,661 0,0759 -0,050
5 82 -0,034988 4,355 3,138 1,217 0,0981 0,119
6 142 -0,034988 2,256 2,804 -0,548 0,0926 -0,051
7 40 0,052756 4,366 4,070 0,296 0,0741 0,022
8 80 0,052756 6,476 6,520 -0,044 0,0926 -0,004
9 60 -0,026898 4,862 5,464 -0,602 0,0926 -0,056
10 100 -0,026898 3,786 3,101 0,685 0,0741 0,051
11 140 -0,026899 2,710 2,507 0,203 0,0370 0,007
[p]=1 [pr] = 0

Рис.2. Профіль траси із чотирьох секцій

Контроль визначення ваг підтверджується їх Література

сумою [p]=1, а проектних і робочих позначок – су-
мою добутків ваг на робочі позначки, тобто [pr] =
0.
1. Марущак М.П. Проектування на профілі
лінії з додержанням балансу і мінімуму площ
виїмки та насипу. – Черкаси. Вісник ЧДТУ, 2005,
№2. – с.118 –120.
2. Баран П.І., Марущак М.П. Оптимальні
методи визначення положення проектних ліній на
профілі лінійних споруд. – К. Вісник геодезії та
картографії, 2010, № 5. – с. 14-18.
3. Баран П.І., Марущак М.П. Топографія та
інженерна геодезія. Підручник. – К. Знання
України, 2015. – с. 463.
54 Annali d’Italia №50/2023
ASSESSMENT OF HYDRODYNAMICS OF FLOWS IN THE APPARATUS,
MODELING AND CALCULATION OF VORTEX DUST COLLECTORS
WITH COUNTER SWIRLING FLOWS

Sazhin Victor Borisovich

Doctor of Technical Sciences, Distinguished Professor, Director of Fund
Russian Investment and Innovation Fund "Scientific Perspective", Russia, Moscow

ОЦЕНКА ГИДРОДИНАМИКИ ПОТОКОВ В АППАРАТЕ, МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ

И РАСЧЁТ ВИХРЕВЫХ ПЫЛЕУЛОВИТЕЛЕЙ С ВСТРЕЧНЫМИ
ЗАКРУЧЕННЫМИ ПОТОКАМИ

Сажин Виктор Борисович

Доктор технических наук, профессор, академик, директор Фонла
Российский инвестиционно-инновационный Фонд «Научная Перспектива», Россия, Москва

Abstract
For vortex devices with counter-swirling flows (CSF), the area of rational application is analyzed. The effi-
ciency of the hydrodynamic regime of the CSF is considered, the flows in the CSF dust collector are modeled, and
an engineering calculation of the CSF dust collectors is proposed.
Аннотация
Для вихревых аппаратов с встречными закрученными потоками (ВЗП) проанализирована область ра-
ционального применения. Рассмотрена эффективность гидродинамического режима ВЗП, проведено мо-
делирование потоков в пылеуловителе ВЗП, предложен инженерный расчет пылеуловителей ВЗП.

Keywords: hydrodynamics, vortex, dust collector, swirling, gas, solid

Ключевые слова: гидродинамика, вихрь, пылеуловитель, закрученный, газ, твёрдый

К типичным вихревым режимам обычно отно- способность q не зависит от характеристики мате-

сят три типа гидродинамических режимов взвешен-
ного слоя: режим одиночного закрученного потока,
образующего вихревой слой в дисковых вихревых
аппаратах, режим встречных закрученных потоков
(ВЗП) и режим закрученных потоков с температур-
ным разделением, реализуемым за счёт эффекта
Ранка-Хилша [1-14].
Режим в дисковых вихревых аппаратах отли-
чается наличием двух типов выноса продукта из ап-
парата: при малых (докритических) скоростях – за
счёт выпадения частиц из закрученного потока под
действием силы тяжести, при больших скоростях
(больше критических) – за счёт выноса из боковой
части аппарата потоком газа. Важнейшей характе-
ристикой дисковых вихревых камер является удер-
живающая способность (количество материала в
аппарате), определяющая производительность ап-
парата и продолжительность обработки материала
в аппарате при заданной производительности. В до-
критической области скоростей удерживающая
риала и определяется величиной скорости (рас-
хода) газа, при скоростях больших критической q
не зависит от расхода газа, но зависит от характе-
ристики обрабатываемого дисперсного материала
(плотности, размера частиц), что установлено тео-
ретическими и экспериментальными исследовани-
ями.
Дисковые вихревые аппараты являются эф-
фективными для тепломассообменных процессов
(например, сушки дисперсных материалов с разме-
рами пор до 4,0 нм [12-28].
Аппараты со встречными закрученными пото-
ками изучались как в нашей стране, так и за рубе-
жом. Они отличаются уникальными характеристи-
ками по разделению газовой и дисперсной фаз, и
основная область их применения – пылеулавлива-
ние. Аппараты с режимом ВЗП (до работ Б.С. и В.Б.
Сажиных с сотрудниками и учениками) относились
к пылеуловителям сухой очистки (рисунок Класси-
фикация пылеуловителей).
Annali d’Italia №50/2023 55

Рисунок 1. Классификация пылеуловителей

У отечественных аппаратов с встречными за-
крученными потоками (ВЗП) конструкции МГУ
им. А.Н. Косыгина (рисунок 2) по сравнению с за-
рубежными вихревыми пылеуловителями (ВПУ)
производительность выше в три раза (при одинако-
вой разделительной способности и равных габари-
тах аппаратов). При двухканальной подаче газа (че-
рез нижний ввод (первичный) и вторичный – верх-
ний) в ВЗП по обоим каналам подаётся рабочая пы-
легазовая смесь, в то время как в пылеуловителях
ВПУ пылегазовая смесь (около 30% общего рас-
хода газа) подаётся только по нижнему (внутрен-
нему) каналу, а по наружному (верхнему) каналу во
избежание пылеуноса подаётся чистый газ [29-46].

Рисунок 2. Принципиальная схема сушилки с встречными закрученными потоками (СВЗП)

(разработка автора с Б.С. Сажиным и учениками): 1 –– аппарат ВЗП;
2, 3 –– патрубки нижнего и верхнего ввода; 4 –– выхлопная труба; 5 –– лопаточный
завихритель; 6 –– отбойная шайба; 7 –– шнековый питатель первичного ввода;
8 –– шнековый питатель вторичного ввода.
56
У ВЗП меньший расход энергии по сравнению
с ВПУ, так как у ВПУ (например, фирмы «Ан-
гидро») компрессор подаёт газ через систему сопел
с большим гидравлическим сопротивлением (сопла
нужны для предотвращения выноса пыли из верх-
ней части аппарата, что является неоправданной пе-
рестраховкой) [1-8; 47-61]. Кроме того в схеме ВПУ
предусмотрены нагнетающий и отсасывающий
вентиляторы высокого давления, а в отечественной
схеме (ВЗП) достаточно только одного «хвосто-
вого» вентилятора среднего давления.
Проведённый нами в рамках международной
научной школы Б.С. Сажина детальный анализ гид-
родинамики ВЗП позволил вскрыть новые возмож-
ности их применения, используя аппараты как пы-
леуловители, сушилки, грануляторы, причём, сов-
мещая различные процессы в одном аппарате
(например, сушку с одновременным улавливанием
Рисунок 3. Классификация гидродинамических режимов взвешенного слоя
(авторская разработка Б.С. и В.Б. Сажиных с сотрудниками и учениками)
В результате аппараты ВЗП получили широкое
применение (нами с Б.С. Сажиным, коллегами и
учениками) разработан ряд конструкций примени-
тельно к разным технологическим задачам, изго-
товлено и внедрено свыше восьми тысяч аппаратов
в различных отраслях промышленности). При этом
аппараты ВЗП используются в технологических
процессах не только в качестве пылеуловителей, но
и в качестве эффективных аппаратов для проведе-
ния тепломассообменных процессов, например,
процессов сушки [1-11; 84-97]. В нашу известную
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
тонкодисперсного продукта из выходящего потока
теплоносителя), что ранее считалось невозможным
[1-5; 62-83]. Установлено, что наиболее перспек-
тивными формами однокамерных аппаратов с вза-
имодействующими закрученными потоками явля-
ются безуносные аппараты со встречными закру-
ченными потоками (ВЗП). Нами преодолено
ограничение по предельному времени пребывания
в таких аппаратах за счёт ранее неизвестного ре-
жима кольцевого слоя, что существенно (в 7-10 раз)
увеличило возможное время пребывания материала
в аппарате и существенно расширило область раци-
онального применения таких аппаратов (что позво-
лило использовать эффективные сушилки СВЗП
для всех основных групп дисперсных материалов -
широкопористых, с переходными порами, а также
тонкопористых с размерами пор до 60 ангстрем).
классификацию гидродинамических режимов взве-
шенного слоя (рисунок 3) мы включили режим ВЗП
в группу закрученных потоков.
Для дисперсных текстильно- вспомогательных
материалов, истирающихся в процессе сушки, и ма-
териалов с повышенными адгезионно-аутогезион-
ными свойствами (Ка-к до 4), например, красите-
лей, при сушке которых желательно уменьшить эф-
фект трения материалов о стенки аппарата,
целесообразно применение модифицированного
аппарата ВЗП – ВЗП с расширяющимся конусом
(ВЗПРК) (рисунок 4).
Annali d’Italia №50/2023 57

Рисунок 4. Противоточный вихревой аппарат со встречными закрученными потоками с

расширяющимся конусом (ВЗПРК) (разработка Б.С. и В.Б. Сажиных с сотрудниками и учениками):
1 – конический расширяющийся книзу корпус аппарата; 2 – верхний периферийный тангенциальный ввод
запыленного газа; 3 – патрубок выхода очищенного газа; 4 – нижний центральный тангенциальный ввод
запыленного газа; 5 – вытеснитель; 6 – бункер уловленного материала; 7 – отбойная шайба.

Проведены аналитические и эксперименталь- Для практических расчётов аппаратов ВЗП, ис-

ные исследования безуносной сушилки со спут-
ными закрученными потоками. Впервые для аппа-
ратов данного класса осуществлено численное мо-
делирование движения газовой фазы на основе Кт -
ε модели турбулентности [1-13].
Рассмотрено установившееся движение газо-
вой фазы в прямоточном аппарате на основе сов-
местного решения системы дифференциальных
уравнений Навье-Стокса для осесимметричной за-
дачи, уравнения непрерывности и двух уровней Кт
- ε модели турбулентности.
Движение несущей фазы (сушильного агента)
в аппаратах ВЗП является определяющим. Именно
эта фаза формирует гидродинамическую обста-
новку в рабочей зоне аппарата и от неё зависит ин-
тенсивность протекающих в аппарате процессов
теплообмена. Описанию движения газовой фазы в
аппаратах ВЗП посвящено значительное число ис-
следований [48, 65, 98-113], на основании результа-
тов которых предложены различные математиче-
ские модели. В своём большинстве они базируются
на тех или иных допущениях и гипотезах, позволя-
ющих получить количественные оценки гидроди-
намических характеристик аппарата (поля скоро-
стей взаимодействующих фаз, потерь давления, ко-
эффициентов гидравлического сопротивления и
прочее).
Vz  V 1 z  V 2 z ,
пользуемых в качестве сушилок, нет необходимо-
сти в расчёте полей скоростей взаимодействующих
фаз. Достаточно располагать усреднёнными харак-
теристиками гидродинамической обстановки в ап-
парате. К этим характеристикам в первую очередь
относятся радиальная и осевая компоненты скоро-
сти газовой фазы, усреднённые по соответствую-
щим координатам. Именно эти параметры входят в
качестве определяющих в комплексы, характеризу-
ющие интенсивность тепломассообменных процес-
сов. Построение математических моделей, позволя-
ющих рассчитать эти параметры, и явилось целью
теоретических разработок в данной части диссерта-
ции.
При описании движения газовой фазы в аппа-
рате ВЗП используется оправдавшая себя на прак-
тике гипотеза о наличии фиксированной поверхно-
сти раздела газовых потоков в аппарате ВЗП [1-11;
65, 80, 111-114]. Эта гипотеза хорошо согласуется с
результатами экспериментальных исследований
поля скоростей газа в типовых конструкциях аппа-
r
ратов ВЗП [46-65]. Радиальная координата * по-
верхности контакта взаимодействующих газовых
потоков в аппарате ВЗП в этом случае определяется
из условия:
(1)

где V1 z и V 2 z –– векторы осевых скоростей первичного и вторичного потоков газа в аппарате ВЗП.
Учитывая, что в общем случае r зависит от геометрических характеристик системы, воспользуемся
*
для этой зависимости степенной функцией вида:
58 Annali d’Italia №50/2023
k
 r*   z
  A  , (2)
R H
где A и k –– параметры, подлежащие определению опытным путём.
Используемые в уравнении (2) безразмерные переменные расширяют область её применения до це-
лого класса типовых конструкций аппаратов ВЗП. В качестве масштаба в зависимости (2) используются
характерные геометрические характеристики аппарата (радиус и высота рабочей зоны).
В соответствии с реализуемой в типовых конструкциях аппаратов ВЗП схемой организации движения
газа в виде двух спутно закрученных потоков вторичный поток перетекает по мере его движения в аппарате
сверху вниз в первичный поток. Интенсивность этого перетока определяется радиальной составляющей
газовой фазы на поверхности контакта потоков Vr . Для описания зависимости скорости перетока Vr
* *
вторичного потока воспользуемся зависимостью вида:
ср.  z
V  CV 1   (3)
r* r*  H 
ср
где C –– нормирующий множитель, Vr* –– средняя по высоте рабочей зоны аппарата радиальная

скорость перетока вторичного потока.

ср
Количественная оценка Vr находится из условия перетока всего вторичного потока в первичный:
*

ср L L k  1 . (4)
Vr  2  2 L
* H H 2
2ARH
 2r*dz 2AR  z / H  dz
k

0 0
Из (3) и (4) следует, что изменение расхода вторичного потока газа по высоте рабочей зоны описыва-
ется уравнениями:
dL 2 k  1
 z 
 2  r Vr  2 r C L 2 1   ; (5)
dz * * * 2ARH  H 
C (k  1) 
k
dL 2 z  z 
 L2 1    . (6)
dz H  H  H 
Проинтегрировав уравнение (6) в пределах от z = 0 до z = H найдём оценку параметра C из усло-
вия L 2 (z )  L 2 :
k 1 H
 z  1 1  z 
L 2  C (k  1)   k  1  k  2  H  L 2 ; (7)
H    0
z
1 ; C  k  2. (8)
H
С учётом найденного значения параметра С получаем:
k 1
 z   k 1  z 
L 2 ( z )  (k  2)   1     L 2 . (9)
H  k  2  H 
Соответственно с найденным выражением для расхода вторичного потока получаем соотношение для
определения осевой скорости этого потока в виде:
L 2( z ) L2( z )
V   . (10)
 R 2  r 2   
2z 2k
2 2 z  
* R 1  A   
 H 
Annali d’Italia №50/2023 59
Из (9) и (10) следует:
 k  1  z 
1    k  2
k  2  H 
k 1
  z 
V    L2 . (11)
 H
2z
2
2k
2 z 
R 1  A   
 H 
Вектор осевой скорости V2 z ориентирован в противоположном по отношению к оси ординат направ-
лении.
Следует отметить, что представленные выше соотношения для характеристик газового потока в ап-
парате ВЗП описывают широкий класс гидродинамических режимов, так как базовые функциональные
соотношения (2) и (3) могут служить аппроксимацией практически любой поверхности контакта взаимо-
действующих потоков и законов изменения скорости перетока вторичного потока в первичный. Практи-
ческий интерес представляет предельный случай этих закономерностей при k  0 . В этом случае по-
верхность контакта взаимодействующих потоков представляет собой цилиндрическую поверхность. Учи-
тывая, что оценка эффективности исследуемого процесса (например, сушки дисперсных материалов),
связана с использованием интегральных, усреднённых, характеристик гидродинамической обстановки в
аппарате, представляется целесообразным использовать указанный предельный случай путём эксперимен-
тального подбора параметров модели, приводящих к получению верных усреднённых характеристик про-
цесса. При этом, безусловно, будет допускаться определённая погрешность при вычислении локальных
значений гидродинамических характеристик газовой фазы. Однако, ранее проведённые исследования [1-
13; 65, 71-78] показывают, что для типовых аппаратов ВЗП модель с использованием фиксированной ци-
линдрической поверхности контакта взаимодействующих потоков позволяет получать объективные инте-
гральные оценки эффективности их работы.
Учитывая изложенное, для случая k  0 получаем:
L2   z  
2
2 
L 2 z  L 2  2 ( H  z )  L 2 1  1   ; (12)
  H 
H  
L2   z  
2 L2   z  
2

V2 z   1  1     1  1   . (13)
 ( R 2  r*2 )   H   R 2 1  A 2   H    
В соотношении (13) параметр A является константой, подлежащей определению экспериментально.
Важнейшей характеристикой гидродинамического режима аппарата ВЗП, определяющей время пре-
бывания обрабатываемого материала в рабочей зоне, возможность его сепарации из газового потока, ин-
тенсивность контакта дисперсных частиц материала с рабочим агентом, является радиальная скорость не-
сущей фазы V r . Найдём оценку этой гидродинамической характеристики из условия неразрывности не-
сущей фазы:

rV2 r    rV2 z  . (14)
r z
Выполнив операцию дифференцирования в уравнении (2.14), получим:
V2 r V2 z
V2 r  r r . (15)
r z
Подставив в уравнении (15) полученное ранее выражение для осевой скорости V , имеем:
2z

V2 r  1 2 L 2 z
 V2 (r )   2 1   . (16)
r r R (1  A ) H  H 
2

Решая обыкновенное линейное дифференциальное уравнение 1– го порядка (16) методом вариации

произвольной постоянной, получим его решение в виде:

V2 r 
R  r  1  z   L R
L2 2 2
2
2
 r2  
z
1   .
R H 1  A  r  H  H r R
(17)
2 2 2
r  H 
2
*

На поверхности контакта взаимодействующих потоков, т.е. при rr , получаем:
*
L2  z L2  z
Vr  1    1   . (18)
* H r* H   AHR H 
60 Annali d’Italia №50/2023
Выражение (18) является частным случаем формулы (3) при k  0 .
Процедура получения оценок для радиальной и осевой составляющих газовой фазы в первичном по-
токе аналогична описанной выше. При этом расход газовой фазы по высоте рабочей зоны аппарата в пер-
вичном потоке определяется балансовым соотношением:
L ( z ) L  L ( z ) . 1 1 2
(19)
В предельном случае ( k  0 ), с учётом ранее полученного выражения для L 2 ( z ) , имеем:
  z  
2

L1 ( z )  L1  L 2 1  1    . (20)
  H  
Осевая скорость газа в первичном потоке в этом случае определяется по формуле:
L 1 ( z) L1 L2  z 
2
  z  
2
 L1 L2
V1 z    1  1       
1  1   . (21)
 r*2  r*2  r*2   H    A 2 R 2  A 2 R 2   H  
Радиальная скорость газа в первичном потоке определяется, как и в случае вторичного потока, из усло-
вия неразрывности потока:
div V1  0 . (22)
С учётом выражения (21) уравнение (22) приводится к виду:
d V1 r 2 L2
V1 r  r  H  z  . (23)
dr  A2 R 2 H 2
Уравнения (23) и (16) идентичны по своей структуре и являются обыкновенными неоднородными
линейными дифференциальными уравнениями первого порядка. Решая уравнение (23) также методом ва-
риации произвольной постоянной, получим его общее решение в виде:
L2 r  z  L2 r  z 
V1 r  1    2 1   . (24)
A R H  H   r H  H 
2 2
*
Соотношение (13), (17), (21), (24) содержат параметр A , подлежащий определению. Для этого вос-
пользуемся экспериментальными данными по исследованию гидродинамики аппаратов ВЗП [48, 65, 71-80,
97]. На основе анализа этих данных получена оценка для параметра A методом наименьших квадратов.
Эта оценка составляет:
A  0,63 . (25)
Отклонение рассчитанных по формулам (13) и (21) значений Vz от экспериментальных не превышает
6 %. Учитывая, что соотношения для радиальных составляющих скоростей газовых потоков в аппарате
ВЗП получены с использованием формул для осевых скоростей на основе фундаментального уравнения
неразрывности потока, есть все основания полагать, что и соотношения для радиальных компонент скоро-
сти несущей фазы также удовлетворительно описывают эпюры соответствующих скоростей газа в аппа-
рате ВЗП. Таким образом, представленные в данном разделе уравнения и соотношения могут быть исполь-
зованы при оценке интегральных гидродинамических характеристик несущей фазы в аппаратах ВЗП.
Движение частицы переменной массы рассматривается в предположении, что абсолютная скорость
отделяющейся от частицы в данный момент времени массы жидкости равна скорости летящей частицы.
 
На частицу действуют силы: лобового сопротивления воздуха Fc , силы тяжести mg и (в пристеночной

зоне) силы трения о стенку T .
  d 3   
T  WW. (26)
24 r0
В цилиндрических координатах уравнения движения частицы переменной массы имеют следующий
вид.
При движении в ядре потока:
Annali d’Italia №50/2023 61
 
 3   f    W
z   g 
4  d 1  u 
Z  Z 

  
   f  W

r   r 2

3  
r  r  . (27)
 4   d 1  u 
  
  
  2r  3    W   r 
f
 4  d 1  u 


При движении в пристеночной зоне:
   
 г f    W  W Z
z   g  3
4  м d 1  u 
 z  Z  4 r 1  u 
1
 0
    . (28)
   f   W  
W 
 r
 r0
3 г 

   r0 
1 0

 4  м d 1  u  4 r0 1  u 
Чтобы система уравнений оказалась замкнутой, ее следует дополнить уравнением кинетики сушки
летящей частицы. Воспользуемся уравнением Б.С. Сажина и В.А. Реутского, учитывающим S– образный
характер кривой кинетики сушки:

  K  A  U U  B 
dU
(29)
d
Параметр К в уравнении (29) определяется из условия, что в момент максимальной скорости сушки
все подведенное к частице тепло идет на испарение жидкости.
24 t  м  f
K (30)
dм rп  A  B 
2

Уравнения (27)–(30) дополнялись известными корреляциями для нахождения коэффициента лобового

сопротивления  и коэффициента теплоотдачи от газа к материалу  могут быть решены численно.
Численные опыты позволили получить зависимости времени пребывания частицы материала в аппа-
рате, конечного влагосодержания материала Uк, среднего по траектории частицы коэффициента теплоот-
дачи ср от параметров материала и аппарата (рисунок 5).
Уравнения движения (27) и (28) при расчетах упрощались: не учитывалось уменьшение массы ча-
стицы вследствие сушки; движение частицы считалось установившемся; сила лобового сопротивления за-
писывалась согласно закону Стокса.

Рисунок 5. Результаты численного решения уравнений движения и сушки

частицы переменной массы (данные автора совместно с Б.С. Сажиным
и М.Б. Сажиной)
62 Annali d’Italia №50/2023
В этом случае уравнение фазовой траектории частицы во внутреннем газовом потоке имеет вид:
 g
 a2    a3 H  Z 2
 2
dZ a1  (31)
dr  Z  r 2 n 1
 a3 H  Z r
a1
Соответственно для формулы времени пребывания материала во внутреннем газовом потоке 1:

1 
1  
H  Z 2  a5 H  Z1  a5 
2 a3  a4
ln
 
H  Z 2  a5 H  Z1  a5
.
 (32)

Аналогичные уравнения определяют фазовую траекторию частицы материала во внешнем газовом

потоке:
 в  в H  Z 
2
dZ
 2 1 2 . (33)
C0 в2 H  Z  2 2
dr
a1r 3

r
r0  r 
и формулу для времени пребывания материала во внешнем потоке

2 
1  
H  Z 2  в3 H  Z3  в3 
2 в1  в2
ln
 
H  Z 2  в3 H  Z3  в3
.
 (34)

  
Интегрированием уравнения движения частицы материала под действием сил Fc , T , m g полу-
чается формула для времени пребывания материала в пристеночной зоне:

3 
1 H  
5 H  Z3  5 .
2 3   4
ln
H  
5 H  Z3  5  (35)

Проведём инженерный расчёт пылеуловителя на примере аппарата с встречными закрученными по-

токами и расширяющимся конусом (эта конструкция была специально нами разработана для дисперсных
материалов с сильным истиранием; расчёт ВЗП с обычным цилиндрическим корпусом более простой)
Постановка задачи: требуется подобрать пылеуловитель ВЗП для улавливания пластинчатых сильно
истирающихся частиц (чешуек) малахита; определить улавливающую способность аппарата, охарактери-
зовать интенсивность истирания в нем материала; расход запыленного воздуха  = 7000 м3/ч = 1,19 м3/с.
Температура воздуха t = 80С, его плотность г = 0,97 кг/м3, кинетическая вязкость v = 21,7.10-6 м2/с, плот-
ность материала т = 1300 кг/м3 , геометрический коэффициент формы частиц материала f = 2,3, средний
диаметр частиц d50 = 19 мкм, дисперсия  =1,5 мкм.
Для уменьшения истирания улавливаемых частиц выбираем пылеуловитель ВЗП с расширяющимся
книзу конусом. Условную скорость газа Vу выбираем равной 5 м/с.
Диаметр цилиндрической части Дц считаем по формуле
1,94
Dц  2   0,704 м
 5
Округляем величину Dц = 0,7 м; это значение соответствует условной скорости Vц=5,04 м/с.

Задаемся соотношением потоков 2/1 = 2. Тогда: 1   0,647 м3 /c
1 2
2 = 2 . 1 = 1,29 м3/с
Hк
Выбираем соотношение  2 . Тогда: Нк = 2 . 0,7 = 1,4 м
Dц
Возьмем угол между вертикальной образующей конуса 0 = 5,71о. Это соответствует tg0 = 0,1
Диаметр нижнего основания конуса D1
D1 = 0,7 + 2 . 1,4 . 0,1 = 0,98 м
Задаемся скоростями газа
вх1  18 м/с; 1  11 м/с; вх2  19 м/с
Геометрия нижнего ввода
 1 0,647
S1    0,0588 м 2
1 11
Annali d’Italia №50/2023 63
1
S '1   S1  0,0588
1
Используем приближенное соотношение для диаметра вытеснителя в выходном сечении:
Dвыт = 2 r1  0,2 D1 = 0,98 . 0,2 = 0,196 м
r1 = 0,196 / 2 = 0,098 м
S1 0,0588
r2   r12   0,0982  0,168 м ,
 
где r2 - внешний радиус входного кольцевого сечения для нижнего потока.
Выбираем из конструктивных соображений Dн1 = 0,7 м. Тогда
4S 4  0,0588
DH 2  DH2 1  1  0,7 2   0,644 м
 
Выбираем из рекомендуемого диапазона скорость газа во входном сечении для верхнего потока
 вх  19 м/с . Площадь соответствующего сечения:
2

 2 1,29
Sвх2    0,0679 м2
вх 19
2

Диапазон для отношения площадей входных сечений для верхних и нижнего потоков, соответствую-
щий реально работающим аппаратам Sвх2 Sвх1  1,7  2 (этот диапазон обеспечивает необходимое со-
отношение расходов). Для нашего случая:
S вх2 0,0679
  1,89
S вх1 0,0359
Размеры входного сечения для нижнего потока
S вх1 0,0359
a1 = 0,25 м; b1    0,144 м
а1 0,25
Размеры входного сечения для верхнего потока:
S вх2 0,0679
a2 = 0,7 м; b2    0,097 м
а2 0,7
Средний радиус входа для нижнего потока:
DH 1  b1 0,7  0,144
rвх 1    0,278 м
2 2
Средний радиус входа для верхнего потока:
Dц  b2 0,7  0,097
rвх2    0,302 м
2 2
В единицу времени нижний поток вносит в аппарат момент количества движения
М 1   г1 вх1 rвх1  0,97  0,647  18  0,278  3,14 н  м
Аналогично момент количества движения, вносимый в аппарат верхним потоком:
М 2   г 2 вх2 rвх2  0,97  1,29  19  0,302  7,18 н  м
Угловая скорость вращения газа в выходном сечении аппарата:
2( М 1  М 2 ) 2(3,14  7,18)
вых    358 1
с
г (1   2 )rвых 0,97 1,94  0,1752
2

Для расчета эффективности пылеуловителя определим некоторые вспомогательные величины.

Динамический коэффициент формы частиц:
1 1
 1   1 
f    0,843  lg    0,843  lg   1,44
 0,065 f   0,065  2,3 
Время релаксации
тd 2 1300d 2
*    2,38  10 6 d 2
1b     г  f д 18  21,7  10  0,97  1,44
6
64 Annali d’Italia №50/2023
Для расчета движения частиц необходимо вычислить некоторые величины.
Из геометрических соображений определяем угол *
rвых 0,175
tg *  tg 0  tg 5,71o  0,05
rц 0,350
* =0,05 рад = 2,86о
rц 0,350
R2    3,52 м
sin  0 sin 5,71o
D1 0,980
R1    4,92 м
2 sin  0 2 sin 5,71o
2
4 вых   вых
2
4  0,1752  3582
K0      128 *
(1   2 ) 2
*
 (4,92 2  3,52 2 )(1  cos 2,86 o )
2 1,29
K1    27,9 м
 ( R1  R2 )(1  cos * )  (4,92  3,52 2 )(1  cos 2,86 o )
2 2 2 с
1 0,647 3
К2    165 м
 (1  сos * )  (1  cos 2,86 ) o с
Начальная радиальная координата частицы rн заключена в диапазоне:
r1= 0,098 м < rн < r2 = 0,168 м
Начальная вертикальная координата Zн = 0.
В случае подачи материала по верхнему каналу для расчета движения частиц необходимы следующие
величины:

2 1,29
d1    4,68 м/с
2 ( R12  R22 )(cos 0  cos * ) 2 (4,922  3,522 )(cos 5,71o  cos 2,86o )
1 0,647 3
  0,103 м
2 2 с
Начальная радиальная координата rн заключена в диапазоне 0,175 < rн < 0,350. Начальная вертикаль-
ная координата Zн = 1,4м
В результате расчета движения частиц различных диаметров (для обоих каналов аппарата) были
построены функции Г11 (rн ) и Г 21 (rн ) . Графики этих функций приведены на рисунке 6.
Кривые  (d ) и  (d )
1 2
рассчитывались для мелких частиц; причем, эти кривые строились в
вероятностно-логарифмических координатах, в которых они спрямляются. Прямая, соответствующая мел-
ким частицам, с d < dn продлевалась в область d > dn. По оси координат откладывалась величина
log d / d n
t , такая, что    (t ) .
lg  n
Угол наклона прямых к оси координат определяет дисперсию
lg10  lg 2
lg  n1   0,30
0,13  (2,2)
lg10  lg 2
lg  n2   0,39
 0,2  (2,0)
 n1  2,0 мкм;  n2  2,4 мкм
Annali d’Italia №50/2023 65

Рисунок 6. Графики функции Г11 (rн ) и Г 21 (rн ) (пояснения в тексте):

x- Г11 (rн ) ;- Г 21 (rн )

Расчет средних степеней очистки

lg d 50 d n1 lg19 9,2
1    0,905
lg  n1  lg 
2 2
0,3  lg 1,5
2 2

n   (  1 )   (0,905)  0,82
1

lg d 50 d n2 lg19 12
2    0,510
lg 2  n2  lg 2  0,39 2  lg 2 1,5

n 2   (  2 )   (0,510)  0,7

Степень очистки пылеуловителя в целом.

 2  2  1,29  1,29
n  1  n  n  1  0,82  0,70  0,74
 1   2  1 1   2 2  1,94  1,94

Определим относительное истирание S частиц разных фракций. Для i-ой фракции:

d нi  d кi
Si  100%
d нi
Рассчитаем параметры 1, 2, 0, I
66 Annali d’Italia №50/2023
1,29
1   4,86 м/с
2 (4,9 2  3,52 2 )(cos 2,86 o  cos 5,71o )
0,1752  358
2   36,9 м 2 /с
(1  1,99) sin 5,71o

  0,1754  3582  1300

0   9,24  10 6 н
6tg 5,71  sin 5,71  (1  1,99)
o 2 o 2

1
I  0,818
мс
Коэффициент истирания для малахита возьмем равным С*  4,2  1013 1
м 2н
Для фракций dнi = 13; 19; 25 мкм получим dкi – 7,6; 7,7; 7,8 мкм

Тогда для указанных фракций относительное истирание определится:

13  7,6 19  7,7 25  7,8
S1   100  41,5%; S 2   100  59,5%; S 3   68,8%
13 19 25
Как видим из данных рисунка 7, с увеличением диаметра частиц относительное их истирание возрас-
тает. (В случае применения цилиндрического аппарата ВЗП относительное истирание существенно
больше).
Определим потери давления в аппарате:
у2 5,04 2
Pобщ   общ  г  57  0,97   702 Па
2 2

Рисунок 7. Кривые фракционной эффективности для двух каналов аппарата:

1 - для нижнего канала; 2 - для верхнего канала.

Представлен инженерный расчет типовых пы- исследователей сместился в сторону преимуще-

леуловителей с встречными закрученными пото- ственного решения вопросов моделирования и ал-
ками. С нашей точки зрения, акцент современных
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
горитмизации расчётных процедур. Компьютериза-
ция открыла совершенно новые возможности для
решения инженерных задач. Но и сегодня главной
в области прикладной науки именно инженерной
функцией является грамотная постановка задачи.
Доведение «частокола» математических формул с
сохранением физического смысла описываемых яв-
лений до уровня инженерного расчёта (когда по-
требность в компьютере ограничивается возможно-
стями продвинутого калькулятора) позволяет в
процессе расчёта анализировать достоверность ре-
зультатов на каждом этапе. Пренебрежение моло-
дых исследователей к процессу упрощения формул
до уровня калькулирования объясняется большой
трудоёмкостью такой работы и высокими профес-
сиональными требованиями к исполнителю подоб-
ной задачи (в частности необходим реальный про-
изводственный внедренческий опыт). Неопытному
(в части производственных реалий) исследователю
представляется эффективным (относительно про-
стым и быстрым) решение задачи «в лоб» - компь-
ютерный расчёт (с использованием вполне орди-
нарных и доступных проблемноориентированных
расчётно-проектировочных оболочек или пакетов
прикладных программ). Следует всегда иметь в
виду, что человечество даже вышло в космос «на
логарифмической линейке», а конкретные приклад-
ные исследовательские задачи заведомо проще. До-
ведение описания сложных процессов до уровня
инженерного расчёта гарантирует существенное
упрощение проектного расчёта аппаратуры и сни-
жение нагрузки на инженерный «шеф-монтаж» и
пуско-наладочные работы при промышленном
внедрении [1; 3-7; 110-114].
Автор приносит благодарность кандидату
технических наук, доценту, члену-корреспонденту
Международной академии педагогических наук
М.Б. Сажиной за неоценимую помощь при подго-
товке настоящей статьи.
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68
19. Сажин, В.Б. Анализ теплопроводности
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встречными закрученными потоками с вращаю-
щимся кольцевым слоем дисперсного материала
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нологии.- Том XXI.-2007.- №12 (80).- С. 112-115.
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на полезную модель №68368 от 14.05.2007г.
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тент на полезную модель №68369 от 14.05.2007г.
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
32. Сажин, Б.С. Сушилка для полидисперс-
ных материалов / Б.С. Сажин, О.С. Кочетов, В.Б.
Сажин [и др.] /.- Патент на полезную модель
№68370 от 14.05.2007г.
33. Сажин, Б.С. Установка для сушки поли-
дисперсных материалов / Б.С.Сажин, О.С. Кочетов,
В.Б. Сажин [и др.] /. Патент на полезную модель
№68371 от 14.05.2007г.
34. Сажин Б.С., Сажин В.Б. Основные про-
блемы сушки дисперсных материалов, научно-
практический анализ и решение / Успехи в химии и
химической технологии.- Том XXII.-2008.- №1
(81).- С. 98-111.
35. Кочетов Л.М., Сажин Б.С., Сажин В.Б. [и
др.]. Расчет удерживающей способности дисковых
вихревых аппаратов для гетерогенных процессов с
твердой фазой / Успехи в химии и химической тех-
нологии.- Том XXII.-2008.- №2 (82).- С. 81-89.
36. Кочетов Л.М., Сажин Б.С., Сажин В.Б.
Гидродинамика одно- и двухфазных потоков вих-
ревом аппарате / Успехи в химии и химической тех-
нологии.- Том XXII.-2008.- №5 (85).- С. 105-110.
37. Сажин Б.С., Сажин В.Б., Сажина М.Б. Ак-
тивность гидродинамического режима как фактор
повышения эффективности процесса сушки во
взвешенном слое / Успехи в химии и химической
технологии.- Том XXII.-2008.- №6 (86).- С. 111-119.
38. Белоусов А.С., Сажин Б.С., Сажин В.Б. [и
др.]. Гидродинамическая модель вихревого аппа-
рата в режиме разделения потоков / Успехи в химии
и химической технологии.- Том XXII.-2008.- №11
(91).- С. 127-130.
39. Белоусов А.С., Сажин В.Б., Сажина М.Б.
[и др.]. Идентификация сепарационных свойств
вихревых аппаратов по общей эффективности улав-
ливания / Успехи в химии и химической техноло-
гии.- Том XXII.-2008.- №11 (91).- С. 131-134.
40. Сажин Б.С., Кочетов Л.М., Сажин В.Б. [и
др.]. Исследование гидродинамики в вихревой ка-
мере с дисмембратором / Успехи в химии и хими-
ческой технологии.- Том XXII.-2008.- №13 (93).- С.
131-134.
41. Сажин Б.С., Кочетов О.С., Сажин В.Б. [и
др.]. - Патент на изобретение №2337292: Аппарат
для сушки полидисперсных материалов Официаль-
ный бюллетень «Изобретения» №30. -2008.
42. Сажин Б.С., Сажин В.Б., Сажина М.Б. По-
вышение эффективности процессов сушки за счет
активных гидродинамических режимов Третья
международная научно-практическая конференция
«Современные энергосберегающие технологии
(сушка и термовлажностная обработка материалов)
СЭТТ-2008» Т.2.М: ООО «Франтера».-2008. - С.
176-178.
43. Сажин Б.С., Сажин В.Б. Проблемы сушки
дисперсных материалов. (Проблемный доклад)
Третья международная научно-практическая кон-
ференция «Современные энергосберегающие тех-
нологии (сушка и термовлажностная обработка ма-
териалов) СЭТТ-2008» Т.2.М: ООО «Франтера».-
2008. -С. 179-191.
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
44. Сажин Б.С., Сажин В.Б., Отрубянников
Е.В. Сушка в активных гидродинамических режи-
мах /Теоретические основы химической техноло-
гии, 2008, том 42, №6, с. 638-653.
45. Сажин Б.С., Белоусов А.С., Сажин В.Б. [и
др.]. Экспериментальные исследования особенно-
стей гидродинамики вихревых аппаратов. // Успехи
в химии и химической технологии: Сб. науч. тр./
РХТУ им. Д.И. Менделеева. М.: Изд-во РХТУ им.
Д.И. Менделеева, 2010. Т. XXIV. №1 (106). С. 117-
119.
46. Сажин Б.С., Сажин В.Б., Сажина М.Б. [и
др.]. Математическое моделирование химико-тех-
нологических процессов, лимитируемых химиче-
ской кинетикой или диффузией. // Успехи в химии
и химической технологии: Сб. науч. тр./ РХТУ им.
Д.И. Менделеева. М.: Изд-во РХТУ им. Д.И. Мен-
делеева, 2010. Т. XXIV. №4 (109). С. 104-113.
47. Сажин Б.С., Сажин В.Б., Сажина М.Б. [и
др.]. Математические модели гидродинамических
режимов взвешенного слоя. // Успехи в химии и хи-
мической технологии: Сб. науч. тр./ РХТУ им. Д.И.
Менделеева. М.: Изд-во РХТУ им. Д.И. Менделе-
ева, 2010. Т. XXIV. №4 (109). С. 114-122.
48. Сажин Б.С., Сажина М.Б., Сажин В.Б. [и
др.]. Особенности гидродинамики вихревых суши-
лок. // Успехи в химии и химической технологии:
Сб. науч. тр./ РХТУ им. Д.И. Менделеева. М.: Изд-
во РХТУ им. Д.И. Менделеева, 2010. Т. XXIV. №6
(111). С. 110-115.
49. Druing in Active Hidrodinamic Regimes
/B.S. Sazhin, V.B. Sazhin, E.V. Otrubjannikov, and
L.M. Kochetov/ Teoretical Foundations of Chemical
Engineering, 2008, Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 837-851.-
Pleades Publishing Ltd., 2008.
50. Сажин Б.С., Тюрин М.П., Сажин В.Б. [и
др.]. Ресурсосбережение в вихревых аппаратах. //
Успехи в химии и химической технологии: Сб.
науч. тр./ РХТУ им. Д.И. Менделеева. М.: Изд-во
РХТУ им. Д.И. Менделеева, 2011. Т. XXV. №1
(117). С. 122-124.
51. Козляков В.В., Сажин В.Б., Сажина. М.Б.
[и др.]. Вихревые режимы в аппаратах с активной
гидродинамикой. // Успехи в химии и химической
технологии: Сб. науч. тр./ РХТУ им. Менделеева.
М.: Изд-во РХТУ им. Д.И. Менделеева, 2011. Т.
XXV. №6 (122). С. 116-121.
52. Булеков А.П., Сажин Б.С., Сажин В.Б. [и
др.]. Эксергетическая оценка эффективности уста-
новок с активными гидродинамическими режи-
мами // Успехи в химии и химической технологии:
Сб. науч. тр./ РХТУ им. Д.И. Менделеева. М.: Изд-
во РХТУ им. Д.И. Менделеева, 2011. Т. XXV. №3
(119). С. 108-110.
53. Сажин Б.С., Кочетов Л.М., Сажин В.Б. [и
др.]. Математическое моделирование дисковых
вихревых аппаратов. // Успехи в химии и химиче-
ской технологии: Сб. науч. тр./ РХТУ им. Д.И. Мен-
делеева. М.: Изд-во РХТУ им. Менделеева, 2011. Т.
XXV. №5 (121). С. 116-121.
54. Белоусов А.С., Сажин Б.С., Сажин В.Б. [и
др.]. Модель гидродинамики течения в аппаратах с
коаксиальными закрученными потоками. // Успехи
69
в химии и химической технологии: Сб. науч. тр./
РХТУ им. Д.И. Менделеева. М.: Изд-во РХТУ им.
Д.И. Менделеева, 2011. Т. XXV. №10 (126). С. 110-
113.
55. Козляков В.В., Сажин В.Б., Абдуллина
А.Е. [и др.]. Применение вихревых режимов для
сушки материалов //Современные энергосберегаю-
щие тепловые технологии (сушка и термовлаж-
ностная обработка материалов) СЭТТ-2011»: Чет-
вертая международная научно-практическая кон-
ференция. Труды конференции. (Москва, 20-23
сентября 2011)/ Московский государственный аг-
роинженерный университет им. В.П. Горячкина.
Иваново: Изд-во ФГБОУ ВПО «ИГХТУ», 2011.
Том 2. С.278-283.
56. Сажин Б.С., Сажина М.Б., Сажин В.Б. [и
др.]. Математическая модель процесса комкообра-
зования при сушке высоковлажных полидисперс-
ных материалов во взвешенном слое. // Успехи в
химии и химической технологии: Сб. науч. тр. /
РХТУ им. Д.И. Менделеева. М.: Изд-во РХТУ им.
Д.И. Менделеева, 2012. Т. XXVI. №1 (130). С. 96-
99.
57. Сажин Б.С., Сажина М.Б., Сажин В.Б. [и
др.]. Анализ гидродинамических особенностей вих-
ревых аппаратов с целью уточнения области их ра-
ционального применения // Успехи в химии и хи-
мической технологии: Сб. науч. тр. / РХТУ им. Д.И.
Менделеева. М.: Изд-во РХТУ им. Д.И. Менделе-
ева, 2012. Т. XXVI. №1 (130). С.99-103.
58. Белоусов А.С., Сажин Б.С., Сажин В.Б. [и
др.]. Гидродинамика течений плотной фазы в аппа-
рате с коаксиальными закрученными потоками //
Успехи в химии и химической технологии: Сб.
науч. тр. / РХТУ им. Д.И. Менделеева. М.: Изд-во
РХТУ им. Д.И. Менделеева, 2012. Т. XXVI. №1
(130). С. 131-134.
59. Сажин Б.С., Сажина М.Б., Сажин В.Б. [и
др.]. Разработка гидродинамической модели су-
шилки с виброкипящим слоем для тонкодисперс-
ных материалов. // Успехи в химии и химической
технологии: Сб. науч. тр. / РХТУ им. Д.И. Менде-
леева. М.: Изд-во РХТУ им. Д.И. Менделеева, 2012.
Т. XXVI. №2 (131). С. 11-15.
60. Белоусов А.С., Сажин Б.С., Сажин В.Б. [и
др.]. Экспериментальное исследование полей ско-
ростей в аппарате со встречными закрученными по-
токами. // Успехи в химии и химической техноло-
гии: Сб. науч. тр. / РХТУ им. Д.И. Менделеева. М.:
Изд-во РХТУ им. Д.И. Менделеева, 2012. Т. XXVI.
№2 (131). С. 86-88.
61. Тюрин М.П., Апарушкина М.А., Сажин
В.Б. [и др.]. Утилизация теплоты от теплотехноло-
гического оборудования в вихревом аппарате. //
Успехи в химии и химической технологии: Сб.
науч. тр. / РХТУ им. Д.И. Менделеева. М.: Изд-во
РХТУ им. Д.И. Менделеева, 2012. Т. XXVI. №5
(134). С. 13-15.
62. Сажин В.Б., Сажин Б.С. Оценка эффек-
тивности работы сушильных установок на пред-
приятиях химической и смежных отраслей
промышленности / Векторы развития совре-
менной науки: Материалы международной
70
научно-практической конференции (УФА, 20-
21 января 2014 г.): в 3-х частях. Часть II.- Уфа:
РИО ИЦИПТ, 2014.- 292с. (ISBN: 978-5-906735-
02-7), С.279-265.
63. Сажин В.Б., Сажин Б.С. Инновационная
стратегия реализации промышленных процессов
сушки в взвешенном слое / 21 век: фундаменталь-
ная наука и технологии: Материалы III междуна-
родной научно-практической конференции
(Москва, 23-24 января 2014 г.). Vol. 2.- Изд-во «SPC
Academic», 4900 LaCross Road, North Charleston,
SC, USA 29406, 2014.-241рр. (ISBN: 978-
1495417696), С. 154-157.
64. Сажин В.Б., Сажин Б.С. Сепарация твер-
дой фазы из газового потока в аппаратах с встреч-
ными закрученными потоками / Инновационное
развитие современной науки: Сб. статей междуна-
родной научно-практической конференции (Уфа.
31 января 2014 г.) в 9 ч. Ч.5 /отв. ред А.А. Сукиа-
сян.- Уфа: РИЦБашГУ, 2014.- 280с. (ISBN: 978-5-
7477-3459-3).С. 248-249.
65. Сажин В.Б., Сажин Б.С. Оценка и выбор
рационального гидродинамического режима для
промышленной сушки дисперсных материалов
(7стр.)/ Современное состояние и перспективы раз-
вития технических наук: II Международная научно-
практическая конференция (Уфа, 4 марта 2014 г.). -
Уфа: РИЦБашГУ, 2014.- 356с. (ISBN: 978-5-7477-
3459-4).С. 193-199.
66. Сажин В.Б., Сажин Б.С. Оценка центро-
бежной сепарации пылеуловителей ВЗП на основе
стохастического подхода / Доклады Конференции
Московского отделения Международной академии
наук экологии, безопасности человека и природы
(Москва, 04 марта 2014 г.). - М.: Изд-во НПГР.
2014. С. 284-290.
67. Сажин В.Б., Сажин Б.С. Оценка и выбор
рационального гидродинамического режима для
промышленной сушки дисперсных материалов
(Эксперимент и методики инженерного расчета)/
Наука и образование 21 века: Международная
научно-практическая конференция (Уфа, 15-16 но-
ября 2014 г.).
68. Сажин В.Б., Сажин Б.С. Кинетика массо-
обменных процессов в текстильной и химической
отраслях [Текст] // Международный академический
вестник (ISSN: 2312-5519), №1(7), 2015. С. 136-139.
69. Сажин В.Б., Сажин Б.С. Применение
уравнения Сажина-Реутского для расчёта диффузи-
онных процессов на примере отделочных текстиль-
ных производств [Текст] // Инновационная наука
(ISSN 2410-6070), №3/ 2015. С. 167-169.
70. Сажин В.Б., Сажин Б.С. Расчёт продол-
жительности процесса для сушилок со взвешенным
слоем материала [Текст] //Актуальные проблемы
технических наук: Сборник статей V Международ-
ной научно–практической конференции (10 апреля
2015 г., г. Уфа).– Уфа: АЭТЕРНА, 2015. – 192 с.
(ISBN 978-5-906790-77-4). С. 151-156.
71. Сажин В.Б., Сажин Б.С. Оценка эффек-
тивного применения гидродинамических режимов
взвешенного слоя для реализации тепломассооб-
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
менных процессов [Текст] // Международный ака-
демический вестник (ISSN: 2312-5519), №2(8),
2015. С. 123-128.
72. Сажин В.Б., Сажин Б.С. Эффективная
гидродинамика сушильных аппаратов [Текст] // 5
НМПК Проблемы и перспективы технических
наук: сборник статей Международной научно–
практической конференции (8 мая 2015 г., г. Уфа.).
– Уфа: АЭТЕРНА, 2015. – 231 с. (ISBN 978-5-
906808-00-4). С. 178-181.
73. V. Sazhin & B. Sazhin Procedure discrimi-
nation alternatives in implementing the strategy of
choice for efficient drying installation of dispersed ma-
terials / «Fundamental science and technology – prom-
ising developments IV» North Charleston, SC, USA,
September, 29-30, 2014): in 3 vv. Vol. 2. - «SPC Aca-
demic», 4900 LaCross Road, North Charleston, SC,
USA 29406, 2014.- 281рр. (ISBN: 978-1502702210).
P.102-106.
74. V. Sazhin & B. Sazhin Methods of increas-
ing the efficiency of production processes for the tex-
tile, chemical and allied industries / «Academic science
-problems and achievements V» (North Charleston,
SC, USA, Desember, 1-2, 2014): in 3 vv. – Vol. 1.-
«SPC Academic», 4900 LaCross Road, North Charles-
ton, SC, USA 29406, 2014.- 280рр. (ISBN: 978-
1505392654). P. 68-71.
75. V. Sazhin & B. Sazhin Modeling of drying
and washing under the terms of the so-called "balance
problems" [article]/ «Fundamental and applied science
today V» (North Charleston, SC, USA, March, 30-31,
2015): in 3 vv. Vol. 1. - «SPC Academic», 4900 La-
Cross Road, North Charleston, SC, USA 29406, 2015.-
216рр. (I-IV+i-vi) (ISBN: 978-1511565684). P. 113-
117.
76. Сажин В.Б., Сажин Б.С. Эффективная су-
шильная установка для полиэтилена [Текст] // Ди-
намика развития современной науки: сборник ста-
тей Международной научно–практической конфе-
ренции (8 мая 2015 г., Уфа.). – Уфа: РИО МЦИИ
ОМЕГА САЙНС, 2015. – 214 с. (ISBN 978-5-
906781-42-0). С. 32-38.
77. Сажин В.Б., Сажин Б.С. Создание эффек-
тивной сушильной установки и разработка про-
мышленного кода: технологическая задача и её ре-
шение для материала как объекта сушки
[Текст]/В.Б. Сажин // Международный академиче-
ский вестник (ISSN: 2312-5519), №5(11), 2015. С.
99-102.
78. Сажин В.Б. Оценка эффективного приме-
нения гидродинамических режимов взвешенного
слоя для реализации тепломассообменных процес-
сов [Текст] // Международный академический вест-
ник (ISSN: 2312-5519), №2(8), 2015. С. 123-128.
79. Сажин В.Б., Сажин Б.С. Критерии актив-
ности гидродинамической обстановки в аппаратах
при реализации процесса сушки [Текст] // Между-
народный академический вестник (ISSN: 2312-
5519), №6(12), 2015. С. 61-64.
80. Сажин В.Б., Сажин Б.С. Особенности эф-
фективной реализации гидродинамических режи-
мов взвешенного слоя для процессов сушки дис-
персных материалов [текст] / Наука и современное
Annali d’Italia №50/2023
общество: взаимодействие и развитие. Материалы
II Международной научно–практической конфе-
ренции (Уфа, 15-16 декабря 2015 г.): Сб. науч. тр. –
Уфа: НИЦ «НИКА», 2016. – 272 с. (ISSN 2414-
1461). С. 172-175.
81. V. Sazhin & B. Sazhin Evaluation of ther-
modynamic activity in the apparatus of the weighted
layer during the heat and mass transfer processes // 21
century: fundamental science and technology VIII: Pro-
ceedings of the Conference. North Charleston, 25-
26.01.2016, in 3 vs /Vol. 1 — North Charleston, SC,
USA:CreateSpace, 2016, p. 224 (ISBN: 978-
1523740369), 97-102 p.
82. V. Sazhin & B. Sazhin Determination of ra-
tional acquisition and development of the technical
code for drying equipment // Academic science - prob-
lems and achievements VIII: Proceedings of the Con-
ference. North Charleston, Feb.,15-16, 2016, in 3 vs
/Vol. 1 — North Charleston, SC, USA:CreateSpace,
2016, p. 204, ISBN: 978-1530131884, 118-121 p.
83. V. Sazhin & B. Sazhin Problems of selection
of standard equipment for efficient drying of materials
// Topical areas of fundamental and applied research
VIII: Proceedings of the Conference. North Charleston,
Mar., 9-10, 2016, in 3 vs /Vol. 1 — North Charleston,
SC, USA:CreateSpace, 2016, p. 203, ISBN: 978-
1530537464, 96-101 p.
84. V. Sazhin & B. Sazhin Evaluation MFP ac-
tivity to the swirling flows directed towards each other
// Topical areas of fundamental and applied research X:
Proceedings of the Conference. North Charleston,
Nov., 7-8, 2016, in 2 vs /Vol. 1 — North Charleston,
SC, USA:CreateSpace, 2016, p. 163, ISBN: 978-
1540404183, 61-63 p.
85. V. Sazhin & B. Sazhin Definition of system
specifications for materials that are subject to drying //
21 century: fundamental science and technology XI:
Proceedings of the Conference. North Charleston, 23-
24.01.2017, in 2 vs. Vol. 1—North Charleston, SC,
USA:CreateSpace, 2017, p. 257, 153-156 p. (ISBN
978-1542776660).
86. V. B. Sazhin, B. S. Sazhin Basis of classifi-
cation of materials as objects of drying // Збірник цен-
тру наукових публікацій Велес за матеріалами
міжнародної науково-практичної конференції: ча-
стина 1 "Зимові наукові читання", м Київ: збірник
статей (рівень стандарту, академічний рівень). - К.:
Центр наукових публікацій, 2017. 128с. ISSN 5836-
4978. С. 86-97.
87. V. Sazhin & B. Sazhin Drying of disperse
materials with quasi-static conditions //Academic sci-
ence - problems and achievements XI: Proceedings of
the Conference. North Charleston, 6-7.02.2017, in 2 vv.
Vol. 1.—North Charleston, SC, USA:CreateSpace,
2017, p. 218, 142-145 p. (ISBN 978-1543046090).
88. Сажин В.Б., Сажин Б.С. Стационарные
методы определения термических характеристик
влажных дисперсных материалов // Центральный
научный вестник. – 2017. - Т. 2. - № 4. - С. 37-41.
(ISSN: 2499-9989).
89. V. B. Sazhin, B. S. Sazhin The use of regular
thermal regime for thermophysical analysis of the ma-
71
terials to be dried // International Scientific Journal "In-
ternauka" (Ukraine, Kiev, ISSN 2520-2057). 2017.-#2
(24). Vol. 1. - Р. 154-159.
90. V. Sazhin & B. Sazhin Dryers for dispersed
materials with counter-swirling flows with simultane-
ous dust collection [Article]// Fundamental and applied
sciences today XVII: Proceedings of the Conference.
North Charleston, 10-11.12.2018, Vol. 2. - North
Charleston, SC, USA: CreateSpace, 2018, p. 174. -
ISBN 978-0-359-29036-9. – Р. 113-115.
91. V. Sazhin & B. Sazhin. Drying of dispersed
materials in swirling flows. Analysis of the issue [Arti-
cle] //Fundamental science and technology - promising
developments XVII: Proceedings of the Conference.
North Charleston, 26-27.11.2018, in 2 vv. Vol. 1 —
North Charleston, SC, USA:CreateSpace, 2018, p. 147
(ISBN: 978-1-79063-528-3. - PP. 84-86.
92. V. Sazhin & B. Sazhin. The optimal compo-
sition of the drying unit with a suspended layer of dis-
persed material [Article] //Fundamental science and
technology - promising developments XVII: Proceed-
ings of the Conference. North Charleston, 26-
27.11.2018, in 2 vv. Vol. 1 — North Charleston, SC,
USA:CreateSpace, 2018, p. 147 (ISBN: 978-1-79063-
528-3. - PP. 87-89.
93. V. Sazhin & B. Sazhin. Strategy of the selec-
tion of optimal hardware decoration of typical techno-
logical heat and mass-exchange processes on the exam-
ple of the drying of disperse materials [Article]//Sci-
ences of Europe, # 33, 2018, in 4vv.- Vol. 1. Technical
Science. (ISSN 3162-2364, Czech Repub., Praha). - PP.
36-50.
94. V. Sazhin & B. Sazhin. Ecologically net dry-
ers with counter-swirling flows when creating a rotat-
ing ring layer of the dispersed material [Article]//Збір-
ник центру наукових публікацій «Велес» за ма-
теріалами ІV міжнародної науково-практичної
конференції (в 2 ч.). 1 частина: «Наука в епоху дис-
балансів», м. Київ: збірник статей (рівень стан-
дарту, академічний рівень). - Київ: Центр наукових
публікацій, 2018. – 84с. - ISSN: 5836 – 4978. - С. 54-
68.
95. V.B. Sazhin & B.S. Sazhin. New classifica-
tion of dispersed materials as objects of drying // Actual
problems of modern science: a collection of scientific
papers of the XXXVI International Scientific and Prac-
tical Conference (St. Petersburg – Astana – Kiev – Vi-
enna, November 29, 2018). - Kiev (Ukraine): Interna-
tional Science Center, 2018. - 108 p. - PP. 30-39.
96. V.B. Sazhin & B.S. Sazhin. The basic princi-
ples of the strategy for creating highly efficient multi-
functional energy-saving drying plants // Science in the
modern information society XXI: Proceedings of the
Conference. North Charleston, 10-11.12.2019. - Mor-
risville, NC, USA 27560: Lulu Press (Inc. 627 Davis
Drive, Suite 3002019), p. 191, 123-125 p.
97. V.B. Sazhin & B.S. Sazhin. Efficient non-
dusting dryers with a rotating annular layer of dispersed
material // The priorities of the world science: experi-
ments and scientific debate: Proceedings of the XXII
International scientific conference 14-15.11.2019, Vol.
1. - Morrisville, NC, USA. Section «Engineering». -
Morrisville: Lulu Press, 2019, p. 107, 17-21 p.
72
98. V.B. Sazhin & B.S. Sazhin. The use of unused
industrial equipment to create efficient drying plants //
Fundamental science and technology - promising de-
velopments XXI: Proceedings of the Conference. North
Charleston, 23-24.12.2019, Vol. 1.— Morrisville, NC,
USA: Lulu Press, 2019, p. 108, 63-65 p.
99. V.B. Sazhin & B.S. Sazhin. The problem of
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technology. SCIENCE, RESEARCH,
DEVELOPMENT #24 (December, 29-30, 2019, Za-
kopane (Poland). - Vol. Vol. 1. Zbiór artykułów nau-
kowych recenzowanych. Warszawa: Diamond trading
tour, 2019. – 120str. (ISBN: 978-83-66401-28-0). - Str.
35-41.
100. V.B. Sazhin & B.S. Sazhin. Introduction of
energy-resource-saving dryers as a factor of develop-
ment of regional production clusters// Science and
Global Studies: Abstracts of scientific papers of Inter-
national Scientific Conference (Bratislava, Slovakia,
30 December 2019)/Financial And Economic Scien-
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84.
101. V.B. Sazhin. Evaluation of the efficiency of
hydrodynamic modes of drying dispersed materials //
Fundamental science and technology - promising de-
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North Charleston, 07-08.12.2020 1.— Morrisville, NC,
USA: Lulu Press, 2020, p. 252, 163-167 p.
102. Сажин В.Б., Сажин Б.С. Створення вісо-
коефність установок для сушіння дисперсії них і
діспергіруемих матеріалів /Технологiя-2020 : XXIII
матерiали мiжнар. наук.-техн. конф., 24-25 квiт.
2020 р., м. Северодонецьк (Україна) / [укл. Тарасов
В.Ю.]. - Северодонецьк : [Схiдноукр. нац. ун-т iм.
В. Даля], 2020. – 243 с. - С. 52-53.
103. Сажин В.Б., Сажин Б.С. Вибір ефектив-
ного гідродинамічного режиму сушіння на основе
ексергетичного аналізу /Технологiя-2020 : XXIII
матерiали мiжнар. наук.-техн. конф., 24-25 квiт.
2020 р., м. Северодонецьк (Україна) / [укл. Тарасов
В.Ю.]. - Северодонецьк : [Схiдноукр. нац. ун-т iм.
В. Даля], 2020. – 243 с. - С. 54-55.
104. V.B. Sazhin. Modern strategy for creating an
efficient plant for drying particulate materials // The
priorities of the world science: experiments and scien-
tific debate: Proceedings of the XXIV International sci-
entific conference, Morrisville, NC, USA, November
25-26, 2020. – Lulu Press, Morrisville, NC, USA,
2020. – 89 р. (ISBN: 978-1-716-35670-4). – P. 36-42.
105. Sazhin V.B. Modern engineering ap-
proaches to Increasing the efficiency of technologi-
cal processes, reducing technogenic load and saving re-
sources // Conference Proceedings: International scien-
tific and practical conference CUTTING EDGE-
SCIENCE (December, 29, 2020, Shawnee, USA). Pub-
lished Primedia E-launch LLC. Shawnee, USA. 88 pp.
(ISBN 978-1-64945-245-0) (DOI:
http://doi.org/10.37057/U_7).- P. 76-80
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пользования // Теория и практика процессов хими-
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риалы VI Междунар. науч. конф. 2-е изд., дополн. -
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7831-2142-5). – С. 118-120.
107. Сажин В.Б. Технологические особенно-
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Danish Scientific Journal (DSJ) No78/2023 (ISSN
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82-94.
 №50 2023

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