College Algebra and Trigonometry 3rd

Edition Ratti Test Bank

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Use the even-odd identities to find the exact value of the expression.
1) cos (-60°)
3
A)
2
1
B) -
2
3
C) -
2
1
D)
2

Answer: D

2) cos (-30°)
1
A)
2
1
B) -
2
3
C) -
2
3
D)
2
Answer: D

3) csc (-30°)
A) -2
B) 2
2 3
C)
3
2 3
D) -
3
Answer: A

4) tan (-30°)
A) - 3
B) 3
3
C) -
3
3
D)
3
Answer: C

1
5) sin (-120°)
3
A) -
2
-1
B)
2
3
C)
2
1
D)
2
Answer: A

π
6) sin -
4
3
A)
2
2
B)
2
2
C) -
2
3
D) -
2
Answer: C

π
7) csc -
3
A) -2
B) 2
2 3
C) -
3
2 3
D)
3
Answer: C

π
8) tan -
3
A) 3
3
B) -
3
3
C)
3
D) - 3
Answer: D

2
 π
9) cos -
2
A) undefined
B) -1
C) 1
D) 0
Answer: D

10) sin (-π)

A) 0
B) -1
C) 1
D) undefined
Answer: A

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Verify the identity.

11) tan x(csc x - sin x) = cos x
sin x 1 sin x 1 sin2 x 1 - sin2 x
Answer: tan x(csc x - sin x) = tan x ∙ csc x - tan x ∙ sin x = ∙ - ∙ sin x = - =
cos x sin x cos x cos x cos x cos x
cos2 x
= = cos x
cos x

12) csc2 x - cos x sec x= cot2 x

1
Answer: csc2x - cos x sec x = csc2 x - cos x ∙ = csc2 x - 1 = cot2 x
cos x

13) (sin x)(tan x cos x - cot x cos x) = 1 - 2 cos 2 x

sin x cos x cos 2 x
Answer: (sin x)(tan x cos x + cot x cos x) = sin x - = sin 2 x - cos 2 x = (1 - cos 2 x)- cos 2 x = 1
cos x sin x
- 2 cos 2 x.

14) cot2 x = (csc x - 1)(csc x + 1)

Answer: cot2 x = csc2 x - 1 = (csc x - 1)(csc x + 1).

15) (1 - cos x)(1 + cos x) = sin2 x

Answer: (1 - cos x)(1 + cos x) = 1 - cos2 x = sin2 x

16) (sec x - tan x)(sec x + tan x) = 1

Answer: (sec x - tan x)(sec x + tan x) = sec2 x - tan2 x = 1

17) (1 + tan2 x)(1 - sin2 x) = 1

1
Answer: (1 + tan2 x)(1 - sin2x) = sec2x ∙ cos2 x = ∙ cos2 x = 1
cos2x

3
18) (tan x + 1)2 + (tan x - 1)2 = 2 sec2 x
Answer: (tan x + 1)2 + (tan x - 1)2 = tan2 x + 2 tan x + 1 + tan2 x - 2 tan x + 1 = 2(tan2 x + 1) = 2 sec2 x

cos x
19) sec x + tan x =
1 - sin x

1 sin x 1 + sin x 1 + sin x 1 - sin x 1 - sin2 x cos2 x

Answer: sec x + tan x = + = = ∙ = = =
cos x cos x cos x cos x 1 - sin x cos x(1 - sin x) cos x(1 - sin x)
cos x
1 - sin x

tan x - 1 1 - cot x
20) =
tan x + 1 1 + cot x
1 1 - cot x
-1
tan x - 1 cot x cot x 1 - cot x
Answer: = = =
tan x + 1 1 1 + cot x 1 + cot x
+1
cot x cot x

21) 7 csc2 x - 4 cot2 x = 3 csc2 x + 4

Answer: 7 csc2 x - 4 cot2x = 3 csc2 x + 4 csc2x - 4 cot2 x = 3 csc2 x + 4 (csc2x - cot2x) = 3 csc2 x + 4

cos2 x
22) 1 - = - sin x
1 - sin x

cos2 x 1 - sin2 x (1 - sin x)(1 + sin x)

Answer: 1 - =1- =1- = 1 - (1 + sin x) = -sin x
1 - sin x 1 - sin x 1 - sin x

1 - cos x sec x - 1
23) =
1 + cos x sec x + 1
1 sec x - 1
1-
1 - cos x sec x sec x sec x - 1
Answer: = = =
1 + cos x 1 sec x + 1 sec x + 1
1+
sec x sec x

sec x - 1 tan x
24) =
tan x sec x + 1

sec x - 1 sec x - 1 sec x + 1 sec2 x - 1 tan2 x tan x

Answer: = ∙ = = =
tan x tan x sec x + 1 tan x(sec x + 1) tan x(sec x + 1) sec x + 1

1- sec x tan x
25) + = -2 csc x
tan x 1 - sec x

1- sec x tan x (1 - sec x)2 + tan2 x 1 - 2 sec x + sec2 x + tan2 x 2 sec2 x - 2 sec x
Answer: + = = = =
tan x 1 - sec x tan x(1 - sec x) tan x(1 - sec x) tan x(1 - sec x)
2sec x(sec x - 1) 2sec x 2 cos x 2
=- =- ∙ =- = -2 csc x
tan x(1 - sec x) tan x cos x sin x sin x

4
 cos x 1
26) =
cos x - sin x 1 - tan x
1
cos x cos x cos x 1 1
Answer: = ∙ = =
cos x - sin x cos x - sin x 1 sin x 1 - tan x
1-
cos x cos x

1 + sin x
27) (sec x + tan x)2 =
1 - sin x

1 2 sin x sin2 x 1 + 2 sin x + sin2 x

Answer: (sec x + tan x)2 = sec2 x + 2 sec x tan x + tan2 x = + + = =
cos2 x cos2 x cos2x cos2 x
(1 + sin x)2 (1 + sin x)2 1 + sin x
= =
2
1 - sin x (1 - sin x)(1 + sin x) 1 - sin x

cos x sin x
28) - = cos x - sin x
1 + tan x 1 + cot x

cos x sin x cos x sin x cos2 x sin2 x cos2 x - sin2 x

Answer: - = - = - = =
1 + tan x 1 + cot x sin x cos x cos x + sin x sin x + cos x cos x + sin x
1+ 1+
cos x sin x
(cos x - sin x)(cos x + sin x)
= cos x - sin x
cos x + sin x

cot x + csc x - 1
29) = csc x + cot x
cot x - csc x + 1
cot x + csc x - 1 cot x + (csc x - 1) cot x + (csc x - 1) cot x + (csc x - 1)
Answer: = = ∙ =
cot x - csc x + 1 cot x - (csc x - 1) cot x - (csc x - 1) cot x + (csc x - 1)
cot2 x + 2 cot x(csc x - 1) + (csc2 x - 2 csc x + 1) csc2 x - 1 + 2 cot x(csc x - 1) + (csc2 x - 2 csc x + 1)
= =
cot2 x - (csc2 x - 2 csc x + 1) csc2 x - 1 - (csc2 x - 2 csc x + 1)
2csc2 x - 2 csc x + 2 cot x(csc x - 1) 2 csc x(csc x - 1) + 2 cot x(csc x - 1) 2(csc x + cot x)(csc x - 1)
= = =
-2 + 2 csc x 2 (csc x - 1) 2 (csc x - 1)
csc x + cot x

tan x + cot x 1
30) =
tan x - cot x sin x - cos2 x
2

sin x cos x sin2 x + cos2x

+
tan x + cot x cos x sin x cos x sin x
sin2 x + cos2 x 1
Answer: = = = =
tan x - cot x sin x cos x 2
sin x - cos x2 sin x - cos x sin x - cos2 x
2 2 2
-
cos x sin x cos x sin x

5
 csc x + cot x
31) = csc x cot x
tan x + sin x
1 cos x 1 + cos x
+
csc x + cot x sin x sin x sin x 1 + cos x cos x 1 cos x
Answer: = = = ∙ = ∙ = csc x
tan x + sin x sin x sin x + sin x cos x sin x sin x(1 + cos x) sin x sin x
+ sin x
cos x cos x
cot x

1 - cot2 x
32) + 1 = 2 sin2 x
1 + cot2 x

cos2x
1 - cot2 x 1 - cot2 x 1 cot2 x sin2 x
Answer: +1= +1= - + 1 = sin2 x - + 1 = sin2 x - cos2x + (sin2 x + cos2 x)
1 + cot2 x csc2 x csc2 x csc2x 1
sin2 x

= 2 sin2 x

33) csc x - sin x = cos x cot x

1 1 - sin2x cos2 x cos x
Answer: csc x - sin x = - sin x = = = cos x ∙ = cos x cot x
sin x sin x sin x sin x

1 + cos x 1 - cos x
34) - = 4 cot x csc x
1 - cos x 1 + cos x

1 + cos x 1 - cos x (1 + cos x)2 - (1 - cos x)2 1 + 2 cos x + cos2 x - (1 - 2 cos x + cos2 x) 4 cos x
Answer: - = = = =
1 - cos x 1 + cos x 2
1 - cos x 2
1 - cos x sin2 x
4 cos x 1
∙ = 4 cot x csc x
sin x sin x

tan x + sec x tan x + sec x

35) - = -cos x cot x
sec x tan x
tan x + sec x tan x + sec x tan x sec x sin x 1 cos x 1
Answer: - = +1-1- = ∙ cos x - ∙ = sin x - =
sec x tan x sec x tan x cos x cos x sin x sin x
sin2 x - 1 cos2 x cos x
=- = - cos x ∙ = -cos x cot x
sin x sin x sin x

sin3 x - cos3 x
36) = 1 + sin x cos x
sin x - cos x

sin3 x - cos3 x (sin x - cos x)(sin2 x + sin x cos x + cos2 x)

Answer: = = sin2x + sin x cos x + cos2x = 1 + sin x cos x
sin x - cos x sin x - cos x

37) 1 + sec2 x sin2 x = sec2 x

sin2 x
Answer: 1 + sec2 x sin2 x = 1 + = 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x.
cos2 x

6
 1 + csc x
38) = cos x + cot x
sec x
1 + csc x 1 cos x (sin x + 1) cos x sin x cos x
Answer: = cos x 1 + = = + = cos x + cot x.
sec x sin x sinx sin x sin x

39) tan2 x = sec 2 x - sin2 x - cos2 x

Answer: tan2 x = sec2 x - 1 = sec2 x - (sin2 x + cos2 x) = sec2 x - sin2 x - cos2 x.

sin x sin x
40) + = 2 csc x
1 - cos x 1 + cos x
sin x sin x sin x[(1 + cos x)+(1 - cos x)] 2 sin x 2 sin x
Answer: + = = = = 2 csc x.
1 - cos x 1 + cos x (1 - cos x)(1 + cos x) 2
1 - cos x sin2 x

41) cot3 x = cot x (csc2 x - 1)

Answer: cot3 x = cot x cot2 x = cot x (csc2 x - 1)

cot2 x 1 + sin x
42) =
csc x - 1 sin x

cot2 x csc2 x -1 (csc x - 1)(csc x +1) 1 + sin x

Answer: = = = csc x +1 =
csc x - 1 csc x - 1 csc x -1 sin x

43) cot2 x + csc2 x = 2 csc2 x - 1

Answer: cot2 x + csc2 x = csc2 x - 1 + csc2 x = 2 csc2 x - 1

cot x csc x - 1
44) =
1 + csc x cot x

cot x cot x cot x csc2 x - 1 (csc x + 1)(csc x - 1) csc x - 1

Answer: = = = =
1 + csc x (1+ csc x) cot x (1+ csc x) cot x (1+ csc x) cot x cot x

cot2 x 1 - sin x
45) =
csc x + 1 sin x

cot2 x csc2 x - 1 (csc x + 1)(csc x - 1) 1 sin x 1 - sin x

Answer: = = = csc x - 1 = - =
csc x + 1 csc x + 1 csc x + 1 sin x sin x sin x

46) sec4 x - tan4 x = sec2 x + tan2 x

Answer: sec4 x - tan4 x = (sec2 x + tan2 x)(sec2 x - tan2 x) = (sec2 x + tan2 x)(1) = sec2 x + tan2 x

1 - sin t cos t
47) =
cos t 1 + sin t

1 - sin t 1 + sin t 1 - sin t cos2 t cos t

Answer: = = =
cos t 1 + sin t cos t cos t (1 + sin t) 1 + sin t

7
 cos t 1 + sin t
48) + = 2 sec t
1 + sin t cos t

cos t 1 + sin t cos2 t + 1 + 2 sin t + sin2 t 2 + 2 sin t 2

Answer: + = = = = 2 sec t
1 + sin t cos t cos t (1 + sin t) cos t (1 + sin t) cos t

sin x + cos x 1 + 2 sin x cos x

49) =
sin x - cos x 2 sin2 x - 1

sin x + cos x sin x + cos x sin x + cos x sin2 x + 2 cos x sin x + cos2 x
Answer: = = =
sin x - cos x sin x + cos x sin x - cos x sin2 x - cos2 x
1 + 2 cos x sin x 1 + 2 sin x cos x
=
2 2
sin x + sin x - 1 2 sin2 x - 1

csc x - 1 cot2 x
50) =
csc x + 1 csc2 x + 2 csc x + 1

csc x - 1 csc x + 1 csc x - 1 csc2 x - 1 cot2 x

Answer: = = =
csc x + 1 csc x + 1 csc x + 1 csc2 x + 2 csc x + 1 csc2 x + 2 csc x + 1

51) csc4 x - cot4 x = csc2 x + cot2 x

Answer: csc4 x - cot4 x = (csc2 x + cot2 x)(csc2 x - cot2 x) = (csc2 x + cot2 x)(1) = csc2 x + cot2 x

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Use the fundamental identities and simplify the expression to get a numerical value.
52) cos x (csc x - sec x) - cot x
A) cos2 x - tan2x
B) 0
C) -1
D) 1
Answer: C

53) sin2 x(cot2 x + 1)

A) tan2 x
B) -1
C) cos2 x + 1
D) 1
Answer: D

54) cot x sec x sin x

A) -1
B) 0
C) 1
D) sec2 θ
Answer: C

8
 (sin x + cos x)2
55)
1 + 2 sin x cos x
A) 0
B) 1 - sin x
C) 1
D) -sec2 x
Answer: C

56) sin2 x + sin2 x cot2 x

A) cot2 x - 1
B) sin2 x + 1
C) cot2 x + 1
D) 1
Answer: D

Use a graphing calculator to determine which expression completes the identity.

sec x + csc x
57) The expression is to be the left hand side of an equation that is an identity. Which one of the
tan x + cot x
following four expressions can be used as the right hand side of the equation to complete the identity?
A) sin x + cos x
B) cos x + 1
C) cot x + sin2 x
D) tan x - sec x
Answer: A

sec x + csc x
58) The expression is to be the left hand side of an equation that is an identity. Which one of the
tan x + 1
following four expressions can be used as the right hand side of the equation to complete the identity?
A) tan x
B) csc x
C) sec x
D) cos x
Answer: B

1 1
59) The expression + is to be the left hand side of an equation that is an identity. Which one of the
1 + sin x 1 - sin x
following four expressions can be used as the right hand side of the equation to complete the identity?
A) 2 sec2 x
B) tan2 x
C) 1 - cos x
D) 3 sec x
Answer: A

9
 cos x - sin 2x
60) The expression ∙ csc x is to be the left hand side of an equation that is an identity. Which one of
cos x
the following four expressions can be used as the right hand side of the equation to complete the identity?
A) cos x - 1
B) csc x - tan x
C) tan2 x
D) sec x + cos x
Answer: B

1 + tan2 x
61) The expression is to be the left hand side of an equation that is an identity. Which one of the
tan2x
following four expressions can be used as the right hand side of the equation to complete the identity?
A) tan2 x
B) csc2 x
C) -cos2 x
D) sec2 x
Answer: B

sin x
62) The expression + cot x is to be the left hand side of an equation that is an identity. Which one of the
cos x + 1
following four expressions can be used as the right hand side of the equation to complete the identity?
A) tan x
B) sec x
C) cos x
D) csc x
Answer: D

cot x + csc x
63) The expression is to be the left hand side of an equation that is an identity. Which one of the
sin x + tan x
following four expressions can be used as the right hand side of the equation to complete the identity?
A) tan2 x- 1
B) cos x sin x
C) csc x cot x
D) sec x cot x
Answer: C

Solve the problem.

64) A ladder x feet long leans against a house and makes an angle θ with the horizontal. The base of the ladder is 6
6
feet from the house. Then x = . Use a reciprocal identity to rewrite this formula.
cos θ
A) 6 sec θ
6
B)
sec θ
6
C)
sin θ
D) 6 sin θ
Answer: A

10
 160
65) From a distance of x feet to a 160-meter-high radio tower, the angle of elevation is θ degrees. Then x = .
tan θ
Use a reciprocal identity to rewrite this formula.
160
A)
cot θ
B) 160 sec θ
160
C)
csc θ
D) 160 cot θ
Answer: D

Find the exact value of the expression.

66) cos (30° + 45°)
6- 2
A)
2
6- 2
B)
4
6+ 2
C)
4
6+ 2
D)
2
Answer: B

67) cos (60° - 45°)

2+ 6
A)
4
6- 2
B)
4
2 2+ 6
C)
4
2+2 3
D)
4
Answer: A

68) cos (60° + 45°)

2- 6
A)
4
2+2 3
B)
4
6- 2
C)
4
2 2+ 6
D)
4
Answer: A

11
69) cos (45° - 30°)
6- 2
A)
4
6- 2
B)
2
2+ 6
C)
2
2+ 6
D)
4
Answer: D

70) tan (135° + 150°)

A) 3 - 2
B) 2 - 3
C) -2 - 3
D) 2 + 3
Answer: C

71) sin 75°

2 2+ 6
A)
4
6- 2
B)
4
2+ 6
C)
4
2+2 3
D)
4
Answer: C

72) cos 105°

2+ 6
A)
4
2+2 3
B)
4
2- 6
C)
4
2 2+ 6
D)
4
Answer: C

12
73) cos 165°
2( 3 - 1)
A)
4
2(1 - 3)
B)
4
2(1 + 3)
C)
4
- 2( 3 + 1)
D)
4
Answer: D

74) tan 165°

A) 2 - 3
-2 + 3
B)
4
C) -2 + 3
2- 3
D)
4
Answer: C

75) sin (-165°)

2( 3 - 1)
A)
4
- 2( 3 - 1)
B)
4
- 2( 3 + 1)
C)
4
2( 3 + 1)
D)
4
Answer: B

2π π
76) tan +
3 4
A) 2 + 3
B) -2 - 3
C) 3 - 2
D) 2 - 3
Answer: C

13
 π π
77) cos +
3 4
2- 6
A)
4
6- 2
B)
4
2 2+ 6
C)
4
2+2 3
D)
4
Answer: A

π π
78) sec -
3 4
A) 6+ 2
6+ 2
B)
4
C) 2- 6
D) 6- 2
Answer: D

π π
79) csc +
4 3
A) 6- 2
B) 2- 6
2- 6
C)
4
D) 6+ 2
Answer: A

π π
80) cot -
4 6
3+ 3
A)
3
B) 3 - 1
C) 2 + 3
D) 2 - 3
Answer: C

14
 π π
81) sin +
6 4
2+2 3
A)
4
6- 2
B)
4
2 2+ 6
C)
4
2+ 6
D)
4
Answer: D

π
82) cos
12
2(1 + 3)
A)
4
2(1 - 3)
B)
4
- 2( 3 + 1)
C)
4
2( 3 - 1)
D)
4
Answer: A

11π
83) sin
12
2( 3 - 1)
A) -
4
2( 3 + 1)
B) -
4
2( 3 - 1)
C)
4
2( 3 + 1)
D)
4
Answer: C

7π
84) tan
12
2+ 3
A)
4
2- 3
B)
4
C) 2 + 3
D) -2 - 3
Answer: D

15
 11π
85) sin -
12
2( 3 + 1)
A)
4
- 2( 3 - 1)
B)
4
2( 3 - 1)
C)
4
- 2( 3 + 1)
D)
4
Answer: B

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Verify the identity.

5π
86) cos x + = -sin x
2
5π 5π 5π
Answer: cos x + = cos(x)cos - sin(x)sin .
2 2 2
5π 5π 5π
Since cos = 0 and sin = 1, then cos x + = cos(x)(0) - sin(x)(1) = -sin x.
2 2 2

π
87) sin x + = cos x
2
π π π
Answer: sin x + = sin x cos + sin cos x = (sin x)(0) + (1)(cos x) = cos x.
2 2 2

π
88) cos x + = -sin x
2
π π π
Answer: cos x + = cos x cos - sin x sin = (cos x)(0) - (sin x)(1) = -sin x.
2 2 2

π
89) tan + x = -cot x
2
π sin ((π/2) + x) sin (π/2) cos x + sin x cos (π/2) 1 ∙ cos x + sin x ∙ 0
Answer: tan +x = = = = -cot x.
2 cos ((π/2) + x) cos (π/2) cos x - sin (π/2) sin x 0 ∙ cos x - 1 ∙ sin x

90) tan (x - π) = tan x

tan x - tan π tan x - 0
Answer: tan (x - π) = = = tan x
1 + tan x tan π 1 + tan x ∙ 0

3π
91) sin - x = -cos x
2
3π 3π 3π
Answer: sin - x = sin cos x - cos sin x = (-1) ∙ cos x - 0 ∙ sin x = -cos x
2 2 2

16
 3π
92) cos - x = -sin x
2
3π 3π 3π
Answer: cos - x = cos cos x + sin sin x = 0 ∙ cos x - 1 ∙ sin x = -sin x
2 2 2

π
93) sec + x = -csc x
2
π 1 1
Answer: sec +x = = = -csc x.
2 cos (π/2) cos x - sin (π/2) sin x 0 ∙ cos x - 1 ∙ sin x

π
94) csc + x = sec x
2
π 1 1
Answer: csc +x = = = sec x.
2 sin (π/2) cos x + cos (π/2) sin x 1 ∙ cos x + 0 ∙ sin x

95) cot (π - x) = - cot x

cos(π - x) cos π cos x + sin π sin x (-1) ∙ cos x + 0 ∙ sin x - cos x
Answer: cot(π - x) = = = = = - cot x
sin(π - x) sin π cos x - cos π sin x 0 ∙ cos x - (-1) ∙ sin x sin x

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Find the exact value of the expression without using a calculator.

96) sin 20° cos 40° + cos 20° sin 40°
1
A)
2
3
B)
3
3
C)
2
1
D)
3

Answer: C

97) sin 130° cos 70° - cos 130° sin 70°

3
A)
3
13
B)
6
1
C)
2
3
D)
2
Answer: D

17
 tan 80° + tan 70°
98)
1 - tan 80° tan 70°
A) -2
1
B) -
2
C) - 3
3
D) -
3
Answer: D

tan 175° - tan 55°

99)
1 + tan 175° tan 55°
3
A) -
3
1
B) -
2
C) - 3
D) -2
Answer: C

7π 5π 7π 5π
100) cos cos + sin sin
12 12 12 12
2
A)
2
3
B)
2
C) - 1
1
D)
2
Answer: B

π 2π π 2π
101) cos cos - sin sin
5 15 5 15
1
A)
2
3
B)
2
C) 1
2
D)
2
Answer: A

18
 π 4π π 4π
102) sin cos + cos sin
15 15 15 15
3
A)
2
2
B)
2
1
C)
2
D) 1
Answer: A

7π π 7π π
103) sin cos - cos sin
24 8 24 8
A) 1
3
B)
2
2
C)
2
1
D)
2
Answer: D

7π π
tan - tan
24 8
104)
7π π
1 + tan tan
24 8

A) 3
3
B)
3
3
C)
2
1
D)
2
Answer: B

19
 π 4π
tan + tan
15 15
105)
π 4π
1 - tan tan
15 15

3
A)
2
3
B)
3
C) 3
1
D)
2
Answer: C

Find the exact value under the given conditions.

4 7
106) Given sin u = , with u in quadrant I, and cos v = , with v in quadrant I. Find cos (u + v).
5 25
3
A) -
5
4
B)
5
117
C)
125
44
D) -
125

Answer: A

21 4
107) Given sin u = , with u in quadrant II, and cos v = , with v in quadrant I. Find sin (u - v).
29 5
24
A)
145
144
B)
145
143
C)
145
17
D)
145

Answer: B

20
 15 5
108) Given tan u = , with u in quadrant III, and cos v = - , with v in quadrant II. Find sin (u + v).
8 13
140
A) -
221
171
B)
221
21
C) -
221
220
D)
221

Answer: C

3 15
109) Given sin α = - , with α in quadrant IV, and tan β = - , with β in quadrant II. Find cos (α + β).
5 8
13
A)
85
36
B) -
85
77
C) -
85
84
D)
85

Answer: A

5 15
110) Given cos u = - , with u in quadrant II, and sin v = , with v in quadrant II. Find tan(u + v).
13 17
3
A)
20
171
B) -
221
171
C)
140
171
D) -
220

Answer: C

21
 12 8
111) Given cos u = - , with u in quadrant II, and sin v = , with v in quadrant II. Find tan(u - v).
13 17
3
A) -
20
171
B) -
220
21
C)
220
3
D)
20

Answer: C

5 20
112) Given sin u = , with u in quadrant II, and cos v = , with v in quadrant I. Find csc (u - v).
13 29
377
A)
345
377
B)
352
377
C)
135
377
D) -
152

Answer: B

21 4
113) Given sin α = - , with α in quadrant IV, and tan β = - , with β in quadrant II. Find sec ( α + β).
29 3
145
A)
143
145
B) -
17
145
C) -
144
145
D)
24

Answer: D

22
 5 15
114) Given cos u = - , with u in quadrant II, and sin v = , with v in quadrant II. Find cot(u + v).
13 17
140
A)
171
20
B)
3
220
C) -
171
171
D) -
221

Answer: A

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Verify the identity.

sin (x - y)
115) = cot y - cot x
sin x sin y
sin (x - y) sin x cos y - cos x sin y sin x cos y cos x sin y cos y cos x
Answer: = = - = - = cot y - cot x
sin x sin y sin x sin y sin x sin y sin x sin y sin y sin x

cos (x + y)
116) = cot y - tan x
cos x sin y
cos (x + y) cos x cos y - sin x sin y cos x cos y sin x sin y cos y sin x
Answer: = = - = - = cot y - tan x
cos x sin y cos x sin y cos x sin y cos x sin y sin y cos x

cos (x - y) 1 + tan x tan y

117) =
cos (x + y) 1 - tan x tan y
1
cos (x - y) cos x cos y + sin x sin y cos x cos y cos x cos y + sin x sin y
Answer: = = ∙ =
cos (x + y) cos x cos y - sin x sin y 1 cos x cos y - sin x sin y
cos x cos y
1 + tan x tan y
.
1 - tan x tan y

118) sin (x + y) - sin (x - y) = 2 cos x sin y

Answer: sin (x + y) - sin (x - y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y - sin x cos y + cos x sin y = 2 cos x sin y.

119) cos (x - y) - cos (x + y) = 2 sin x sin y

Answer: cos (x - y) - cos (x + y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y - (cos x cos y - sin x sin y) = 2 sin x sin y.

120) sin(x + y) cos(x - y) = sin x cos x + cos y sin y

Answer:
sin(x + y) cos(x - y) = [sin x cos y + cos x sin y][cos x cos y + sin x sin y]
= sin x cos x cos2 y + cos y sin y sin2 x + sin y cos y cos2 x + cos x sin x sin2 y
= sin x cos x(cos2 y + sin2 y) + cos y sin y(sin2 x + cos2 x)
= sin x cos x + cos y sin y

23
 sin (x - y)
121) = 1 - tan y cot x
sin x cos x
sin (x - y) sin x cos y - sin y cos x
Answer: =
sin x cos y sin x cos y
sin x cos y sin y cos x
= -
sin x cos y sin x cos y
sin y cos x
=1- ∙
cos y sin x
= 1 - tan y cot x

sin(x + y) 1 + cot x tan y

122) =
cos (x - y) cot x + tan y
sin(x + y) sin x cos y + cos x sin y
Answer: =
cos (x - y) cos x cos y + sin x sin y
1
∙ (sin x cos y + cos x sin y)
sin x cos y
=
1
∙ (cos x cos y + sin x sin y)
sin x cos y
sin x cos y cos x sin y
+
sin x cos y sin x cos y
=
cos x cos y sin x sin y
+
sin x cos y sin x cos y
cos x sin y
1+ ∙
sin x cos y
=
cos x sin y
+
sin x cos y
1 + cot x tan y
=
cot x + tan y

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Rewrite the equation in the form y = A sin (x + θ). Round θ to three decimal places.
123) y = 6 sin x + 8 cos x
A) 10 sin (x + 1.568)
B) 10 sin (x - 1.568)
C) 10 sin (x - 0.927)
D) 10 sin (x + 0.927)
Answer: D

124) y = 4 sin x + 3 cos x

A) 5 sin (x + 0.644)
B) 5 sin (x + 0.927)
C) 5 sin (x - 0.927)
D) 5 sin (x - 0.644)
Answer: A

24
 125) y = 7 sin x - 5 cos x
A) 74 sin (x + 0.620)
B) 74 sin (x - 0.951)
C) 74 sin (x - 0.620)
D) 74 sin (x + 0.951)
Answer: C

126) y = 2 cos x + sin x

A) 5 sin (x + 0.464)
B) 5 sin (x - 0.464)
C) 5 sin (x + 1.107)
D) 5 sin (x - 1.107)
Answer: C

Solve the problem.

127) Find the slope, m 1 , of line l1 , where 2 = m 2 is the slope of line l2 and α = 45° is the smallest positive angle from
l1 to l2 .
A) 1
2
B)
3
1
C)
2
1
D)
3

Answer: D

128) Find the smallest positive angle, to the nearest degree, between the lines l1 and l2.
2
l1 : y = x+5
3
l2 : y = 2x - 4.
A) 173°
B) 45°
C) 30°
D) 135°
Answer: C

129) Find the smallest positive angle, to the nearest degree, between the lines l1 and l2.
l1 : -x + 3y = 7
l2 : -2x + y = 3.
A) 45°
B) 135°
C) 173°
D) 30°
Answer: A

25
 130) Two sound waves, producing the pressures y1 = 12 sin(460πt) and y2 = 9 cos (460πt), combine on a person's ear
drum to produce the pressure y = y1 + y2 . Find the amplitude and phase shift for the total pressure.
A) A = 15, θ = 929.9437
B) A = 15, θ = 0.6435
C) A = 3.9, θ = 929.9437
D) A = 3.9, θ = 0.9273
Answer: B

131) Voltage through a circuit is described by the equation V = 80 sin 110πt + 150 + cos 110πt. Find the amplitude
and phase shift of the voltage.
A) A = 170, θ = 1.0808
B) A = 17, θ = 1.0808
C) A = 170, θ = 169.317
D) A = 170, θ = 373.5108
Answer: A

Use the information given about the angle θ, to find the exact value of the indicated trigonometric function.
4
132) sin θ = - , θ in quadrant IV Find sin 2θ.
5
7
A) -
25
24
B)
25
24
C) -
25
7
D)
25
Answer: C

4
133) sin θ = - , θ in quadrant IV Find cos 2θ.
5
7
A) -
25
24
B) -
25
7
C)
25
24
D)
25
Answer: A

26
 4
134) sin θ = - , θ in quadrant IV Find tan 2θ.
5
7
A) -
24
24
B)
7
7
C)
24
24
D) -
7
Answer: B

7
135) tan θ = , θ in quadrant III Find sin 2θ.
24
527
A)
625
527
B) -
625
336
C)
625
336
D) -
625
Answer: C

24 3π
136) cot θ = ,π<θ < Find tan 2θ.
7 2
336
A) -
527
527
B)
336
527
C) -
336
336
D)
527
Answer: D

5
137) cos θ = - , θ in quadrant II Find sin 2θ.
13
120
A) -
169
119
B) -
169
119
C)
169
120
D)
169
Answer: A

27
 5
138) cos θ = - , θ in quadrant II Find cos 2θ.
13
120
A)
169
119
B) -
169
120
C) -
169
119
D)
169
Answer: B

13
139) sec θ = - , sin θ > 0 Find tan 2θ.
5
119
A)
120
169
B)
120
169
C)
119
120
D)
119
Answer: D

15
140) cos θ = , tan θ> 0 Find sin 2θ.
17
240
A)
289
161
B)
289
16
C)
17
161
D) -
289
Answer: A

15 π
141) tan θ = ,0<θ< Find cos 2θ.
8 2
240
A)
289
161
B)
289
240
C) -
289
161
D) -
289
Answer: D

28
Use a double-angle identity to find the exact value of the expression.
142) 2 cos2 22.5° - 1
2
A)
4
2
B)
2
3
C)
3
D) 3
Answer: B

2 tan 30°
143)
1 - tan2 30°
2
A)
4
2
B)
2
C) 3
3
D)
3
Answer: C

2 tan 15°
144)
1 - tan2 15°
3
A)
3
2
B)
4
C) 3
2
D)
2
Answer: A

145) 2 cos2 75° - 1

1
A) -
2
1
B)
2
3
C)
2
3
D) -
2
Answer: D

29
146) 1 - 2 sin2 67.5°
2
A) -
2
2
B)
2
1
C)
2
3
D) -
2
Answer: A

π
2 tan
12
147)
π
1 - tan2
12

2
A)
2
2
B)
4
C) 3
3
D)
3
Answer: D

7π
148) 1 - 2 sin2
12
1
A) -
2
2
B) -
2
3
C) -
2
2
D)
2
Answer: C

30
 π
149) 1 - 2 sin2 -
8
2
A)
2
3
B) -
2
2
C) -
2
1
D)
2
Answer: A

3π
150) 2 cos2 - -1
8
2
A) -
2
3
B)
2
1
C) -
2
2
D)
2
Answer: A

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Verify the identity.

151) cos 3x = cos3 x - 3 sin2 x cos x
Answer: cos 3x = cos (2x + x) = cos 2x cos x - sin 2x sin x = (cos2 x - sin2 x) cos x - 2 sin x cos x sin x =
cos3 x - sin2 x cos x - 2 sin2 x cos x = cos3 x - 3 sin2 x cos x.

152) sin 4x = 2 sin 2x cos 2x

Answer: sin 4x = sin [2(2x)] = 2 sin 2x cos 2x.

153) cos 4x = 2 cos2 2x - 1

Answer: cos 4x = cos [2(2x)] = 2 cos2 2x - 1

154) sin 4x = (4 sin x cos x)(2 cos2 x - 1)

Answer: sin(4x) = 2 sin 2x cos 2x = (4 sin x cos x)(2 cos2 x - 1).

155) cos 4x = cos4 x - 6 sin2 x cos2 x+ sin4 x

2
Answer: cos 4x = cos [2(2x)] = cos2 2x - sin2 2x = (cos2 x - sin2 x) - (2 sin x cos x)2 =
cos4 x - 2 sin2 x cos2 x + sin4 x - 4 sin 2 x cos2 x = cos4 x - 6 sin2 x cos2 x + sin4 x

31
 156) tan 2 x (1 + cos 2x) = 1 - cos 2x
1 - cos 2x
Answer: tan 2 x (1 + cos 2x) = (1 + cos 2x) = 1 - cos 2x
1 + cos 2x

cos 2x
157) = 2 cot2 x - csc2 x
sin2 x

cos 2x 2 cos2 x - 1 2 cos2 x 1

Answer: = = - = 2 cot2 x - csc2 x
2
sin x 2
sin x 2
sin x sin2 x

158) tan x + cot x = 2 csc 2x

sin x cos x sin2 x + cos2 x 1 2 2
Answer: tan x + cot x = + = = = = = 2 csc 2x.
cos x sin x sin x cos x sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x sin 2x

2
159) tan 2x =
cot x - tan x
sin 2x 2 sin x cos x 2 2
Answer: tan 2x = = = = .
cos 2x cos2 x - sin2 x (cos x)/(sin x) - (sin x)/(cos x) cot x - tan x

1 - tan x 1 - sin 2x
160) =
1 + tan x cos 2x

1 - tan x (cos x)(1 - tan x) cos x - sin x (cos x - sin x)(cos x - sin x) cos2 x - 2 sin x cos x + sin2 x
Answer: = = = =
1 + tan x (cos x)(1 + tan x) cos x + sin x (cos x + sin x)(cos x - sin x) cos2 x - sin2 x
1 - 2 sin x cos x 1 - sin 2x
= = .
cos2 x - sin2 x cos 2x

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Use the power-reducing identities to rewrite the expression that does not contain trigonometric functions of power
greater than 1.
161) cos4 x
3 + 4 cos 2x + cos 4x
A)
8
3 - 4 cos 2x + cos 4x
B)
8
2 - 4 cos 2x + cos 4x
C)
8
3 + 2 cos 2x + cos 4x
D)
8
Answer: A

162) sin4 x - cos4 x

A) sin 2x
B) cos x
C) - cos 2x
D) cos 2x
Answer: C

32
 163) 8 sin x cos3 x + 8 sin3 x cos x
A) 4 sin 2x
B) 4 sin x
C) 4 cos 2x
D) 4 cos x
Answer: A

164) sin x (2 cos2 x - 1)

A) sinx cos 2x
B) sin 2x
C) cos 2x
D) cos x sin 2x
Answer: A

x x
165) sin cos (1 - 2 sin2 x)
2 2
sin x cos x
A)
2
sin x cos 2x
B)
2
sin 2x cos x
C)
2
sin x cos 2x
D)
2
Answer: D

Use half-angle identities to find the exact value of the expression.

5π
166) sin
12
A) 2- 3
1
B) 2+ 3
2
C) 2+ 3
1
D) 2- 3
2
Answer: B

33
 7π
167) sin
8
1
A) 1- 2
2
1
B) - 2- 2
2
1
C) - 1- 2
2
1
D) 2- 2
2
Answer: D

π
168) tan
12
1
A) 2- 3
2
B) 2 - 3
3
C)
3
D) 2 + 3
Answer: B

π
169) cos -
8
1
A) 1+ 2
2
1
B) 2+ 2
2
1
C) 1- 2
2
1
D) 2- 2
2
Answer: B

3π
170) sec -
8
A) - 2 2 + 2
B) - 2 + 2
C) 2+ 2
D) 2 2+ 2
Answer: D

34
171) tan 75°
A) -2 + 3
B) -2 - 3
C) 2 + 3
D) 2 - 3
Answer: C

172) sin 22.5°

1
A) 2+ 2
2
1
B) - 2- 2
2
1
C) - 2+ 2
2
1
D) 2- 2
2
Answer: D

173) cos 165°

1
A) 2+ 3
2
1
B) - 2- 3
2
1
C) - 2+ 3
2
1
D) 2- 3
2
Answer: C

174) sin (-112.5°)

1
A) 2- 2
2
1
B) 2+ 2
2
1
C) - 2+ 2
2
1
D) - 2- 2
2
Answer: C

35
Use the information given about the angle θ to find the exact value of the indicated trigonometric function.
1 π θ
175) sin θ = , 0 < θ < Find sin .
4 2 2
8 + 2 15
A)
4
10
B)
4
8 - 2 15
C)
4
6
D)
4
Answer: C

1 θ
176) sin θ = , tan θ > 0 Find cos .
4 2
10
A)
4
8 - 2 15
B)
4
8 + 2 15
C)
4
6
D)
4
Answer: C

1 θ
177) cos θ = , csc θ > 0 Find sin .
4 2
8 - 2 15
A)
4
6
B)
4
10
C)
4
8 + 2 15
D)
4
Answer: B

36
 12 3π θ
178) tan θ = , π<θ< Find sin .
5 2 2
3 13
A)
13
2 13
B)
13
3 13
C) -
13
2 13
D) -
13
Answer: A

θ
179) csc θ = - 6, cos θ > 0 Find cos .
2
6 + 30
A) -
12
6+ 5
B)
12
6+ 5
C)
12
6 - 30
D) -
12
Answer: A

θ
180) csc θ = - 6, cos θ > 0 Find sin .
2
6+ 5
A)
12
6 - 30
B)
12
6- 5
C)
12
6 - 30
D) -
12
Answer: B

37
 θ
181) cot θ = -3, sec θ > 0 Find sin .
2
3 - 10
A)
20
3 + 10
B) -
20
10 - 3 10
C)
20
10 + 3 10
D)
20
Answer: C

θ
182) cot θ = -3, sec θ > 0 Find cos .
2
10 + 3 10
A) -
20
3 + 10
B) -
20
10 + 3 10
C)
20
3 - 10
D)
20
Answer: A

3 θ
183) cos θ = - , sin θ > 0 Find cos .
5 2
30
A)
10
30
B) -
10
5
C) -
5
5
D)
5
Answer: D

38
 3π θ
184) tan θ = 3, π < θ < Find tan .
2 2
10 + 1
A)
-3
10 + 1
B)
3
10 - 1
C)
3
10 - 1
D)
-3
Answer: A

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Verify the identity.

x x 2
185) cos - sin = 1 - sin x
2 2

x x 2 1 - cos x 1 + cos x 2 1 - cos x 1 - cos x 1 + cos x 1 + cos x

Answer: cos - sin = - = -2 +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 - cos2 x sin2 x sin x

=1-2 =1-2 =1-2 = 1 - sin x
4 4 2

x sin2 x
186) cos2 =
2 2(1 - cos x)

x 1 + cos x 2 1 + cos x 1 + cos x 1 - cos x 1 - cos2 x sin2 x

Answer: cos2 = = = ∙ = =
2 2 2 2 1 - cos x 2(1 - cos x) 2(1 - cos x)

x 2 sec x
187) sec2 =
2 sec x + 1
x 1 2 2 sec x
Answer: sec2 = = =
2 x 1 + cos x sec x + 1
cos2
2

x csc x + cot x
188) cot2 =
2 csc x - cot x
x 1 1 + cos x csc x + cot x
Answer: cot2 = = =
2 x 1 - cos x csc x - cot x
tan2
2

39
 x 2 sec x - 2
189) csc2 =
2 sec x - 2 + cos x

x 2 2 2 2 1 - cos x 2 - 2 cos x
Answer: csc2 = = = ∙ =
2 1 - cos x 1 - cos x 1 - cos x 1 - cos x 1 - 2 cos x + cos2 x
sec x 2 - 2 cos x 2 sec x - 2
= ∙ =
sec x 1 - 2 cos x + cos2 x sec x - 2 + cos x

x
1 - cos2
2 1 - cos x
190) =
x 3 + cos x
1 + cos2
2

x 1 + cos x
1 - cos2 1-
2 2 2 - (1 + cos x) 1 - cos x
Answer: = = =
x 1 + cos x 2 + (1 + cos x) 3 + cos x
1 + cos2 1+
2 2

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Solve the problem.

191) Suppose that for an electrical appliance, voltage is given by V = 189 sin 120πt and amperage by
I = 1.07 sin 120πt, where t is time in seconds. The wattage is given by W = VI. Find the maximum wattage used
by the appliance.
A) 202.23
B) 189
C) 101.115
D) 404.46
Answer: A

192) If a projectile is fired at an angle θ and initial velocity v, then the horizontal distance traveled by the projectile is
1 2
given by D = v sin θ cos θ. Express D as a function of 2θ.
16
1 2
A) D = v sin 2θ
16
1 2
B) D = v sin 2θ
8
1 2
C) D = v cos 2θ
16
1 2
D) D = v sin 2θ
32
Answer: D

40
Use the product-to-sum identities to rewrite the expression as the sum or difference of two functions.
193) cos 40° cos 7°
1 1
A) cos 33° - cos 47°
2 2
1 1
B) sin 47° - sin 33°
2 2
1 1
C) cos 33° + cos 47°
2 2
1 1
D) sin 33° + sin 47°
2 2
Answer: C

194) sin 37° cos 18°

1 1
A) sin19° - sin 55°
2 2
1 1
B) cos 19° - cos 55°
2 2
1 1
C) cos 55° + cos 19°
2 2
1 1
D) sin 55° + sin 19°
2 2
Answer: D

4 1
195) cos π sin π
5 4
1 11 1 21
A) cos π + cos π
2 20 2 20
1 11 1 21
B) cos π - cos π
2 20 2 20
1 21 1 11
C) sin π + sin π
2 20 2 20
1 21 1 11
D) sin π - sin π
2 20 2 20

Answer: D

3 1
196) sin π sin π
5 6
1 13 1 23
A) cos π + cos π
2 30 2 30
1 23 1 13
B) sin π - sin π
2 30 2 30
1 13 1 23
C) cos π - cos π
2 30 2 30
1 23 1 13
D) sin π + sin π
2 30 2 30

Answer: C

41
197) sin 7θ cos 5θ
A) sin cos 35θ2
1 1
B) sin 12θ + cos 2θ
2 2
1 1
C) cos 12θ - cos 2θ
2 2
1 1
D) sin 12θ + sin 2θ
2 2
Answer: D

198) sin 6θ sin 3θ

1 1
A) cos 9θ - cos 3θ
2 2
1 1
B) sin 9θ + cos 3θ
2 2
1 1
C) cos 3θ - cos 9θ
2 2
D) sin2 18θ2
Answer: C

199) cos 6θ cos 5θ

1 1
A) cos θ + cos 11θ
2 2
B) cos2 30θ2
1 1
C) cos 11θ - cos θ
2 2
1 1
D) cos 11θ - sin θ
2 2
Answer: A

200) sin 5θ sin 8θ

1 1
A) cos 3θ - cos 13θ
2 2
B) sin2 40θ2
1 1
C) - cos 3θ - cos 13θ
2 2
1 1
D) cos 13θ - sin 3θ
2 2
Answer: A

42
 201) sin 4θ cos 5θ
A) sin (cos 20θ2)
1 1
B) cos 9θ - cos θ
2 2
1 1
C) cos 9θ + sin θ
2 2
1 1
D) sin 9θ - sin θ
2 2
Answer: D

202) cos 2θ cos 4θ

1 1
A) cos 6θ - sin 2θ
2 2
B) cos2 6θ2
1 1
C) cos 6θ - cos 2θ
2 2
1 1
D) cos 2θ + cos 6θ
2 2
Answer: D

Find the exact value of the product.

203) sin 45° sin 15°
2 1
A) -
4 4
1 2
B) -
4 4
3 1
C) -
4 4
1 3
D) -
4 4
Answer: C

204) cos 45° cos 15°

3 2
A) -
4 4
3 1
B) +
4 4
2 3
C) -
4 4
3
D)
2
Answer: B

43
 205) cos 135° cos 45°
1
A) -
2
B) 2
1
C)
2
D) 1
Answer: A

π π
206) sin sin
12 4
3 1
A) -
4 4
2 1
B) -
4 4
1 2
C) -
4 4
1 3
D) -
4 4
Answer: A

π π
207) cos cos
12 4
2 3
A) +
4 4
3 1
B) +
4 4
3 2
C) -
4 4
2 3
D) -
4 4
Answer: B

Use sum-to-product identities to rewrite the expression as a product.

208) sin 51° - sin 23°
A) 2 cos 37° cos 14°
B) -2 sin 37° sin 14°
C) 2 cos 37° sin 14°
D) 2 sin 37° cos 14°
Answer: C

209) cos 52° + cos 28°

A) 2 cos 40° cos 12°
B) -2 sin 40° sin 12°
C) 2 sin 40° cos 12°
D) 2 cos 40° sin 12°
Answer: A

44
210) cos 23° - cos 41°
A) -2 cos 32° cos 9°
B) 2 sin 32° cos 9°
C) -2 sin 32° sin 9°
D) 2 sin 32° sin 9°
Answer: D

π π
211) sin + sin
11 2
13π 9π
A) 2 cos cos
44 44
13π 9π
B) 2 sin cos
44 44
13π 9π
C) 2 cos sin
44 44
13π 9π
D) 2 sin sin
44 44
Answer: B

π π
212) cos - cos
13 2
15π 11π
A) 2 sin sin
52 52
15π 11π
B) 2 sin cos
52 52
11π 15π
C) -2 sin sin
52 52
11π 15π
D) -2 cos cos
52 52
Answer: A

π π
213) sin - sin
13 2
15π 11π
A) 2 sin cos
52 52
11π 15π
B) -2 sin sin
52 52
15π 11π
C) -2 cos sin
52 52
11π 15π
D) 2 cos cos
52 52
Answer: C

45
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 86. The dominion of Canada has since imposed compound duties upon a large
number of articles.
87. In the British Almanac of 1881 it is stated that meat is eaten in Ireland by
only 59 per cent. of the farm laborers, and in quantity only four and one-half
ounces per week.
88. The portion of this clause within brackets has been amended by the 14th
amendment, 2nd section.
89. This clause has been superseded and annulled by the 12th amendment.
90. From W. J. McDonald’s “Constitution, Rules and Manual.”
91. New Jersey withdrew her consent to the ratification April —, 1868.
92. Oregon withdrew her consent to the ratification October 15, 1868.
93. Ohio withdrew her consent to the ratification January —, 1868.
94. North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Virginia had previously
rejected the amendment.
95. New York withdrew her consent to the ratification January 5, 1870.
96. Ohio had previously rejected the amendment May 4, 1869.
97. New Jersey had previously rejected the amendment.
98. This arrangement is changed by the 8th rule.
99. The former practice of the Senate referred to in this paragraph has been
changed by the following rule:
[The final question upon the second reading of every bill, resolution,
constitutional amendment, or motion, originating in the Senate and requiring
three readings previous to being passed, shall be, “whether it shall be engrossed
and read a third time?” and no amendment shall be received for discussion at the
third reading of any bill, resolution, amendment, or motion, unless by unanimous
consent of the members present; but it shall at all times be in order before the final
passage of any such bill, resolution, constitutional amendment, or motion, to move
its commitment; and should such commitment take place, and any amendment be
reported by the committee, the said bill, resolution, constitutional amendment, or
motion, shall be again read a second time, and considered as in Committee of the
Whole, and then the aforesaid question shall be again put.—Rule 26.]
100. This rule has been modified so as to specify the questions entitled to
preference. The rule is now as follows:
Rule 43. When a question is under debate, no motion shall be received but to
adjourn, to adjourn to a day certain, or that, when the Senate adjourn, it shall be to
a day certain; to take a recess, to proceed to the consideration of the executive
business, to lay on the table, to postpone indefinitely, to postpone to a day certain,
to commit, or to amend: which several motions shall have precedence in the order
in which they stand arranged, and the motions relating to adjournment, to proceed
to the consideration of executive business, and to lay on the table, shall be decided
without debate.
101. In filling up blanks, the largest sum and longest time shall be first put.
Rule 32.
102. The rule now fixes a limitation.
103. This rule has been so amended as to except Indian treaties; which shall be
considered and acted upon in open Senate, unless the same shall be transmitted by
the President to the Senate in confidence.
104. This rule has since been modified by the U. S. Senate.
105. Liable to arrest for misdemeanor.
106. Also punishable as a misdemeanor. Banks forfeit interest only, or double
the interest if charged in advance.
107. Also 6% on judgments.
108. The figures in this column mark the terms held by the Presidents.
109. Acting Vice-President and President pro tem. of the Senate.
110. Not voting—Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi,
North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia.
111. Not voting—Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia.
112. Seventeen votes rejected, viz.: 3 from Georgia for Horace Greeley (dead),
and 8 from Louisiana, and 6 from Arkansas for U. S. Grant.
113. Not a Cabinet officer, but a subordinate of the Treasury Department until
1829.
114. Naval affairs were under the control of the Secretary of War until a
separate Navy Department was organized by Act of April 30th, 1798. The Acts
organizing the other Departments were of the following dates: State, September
15th, 1789; Treasury, September 2d, 1789; War, August 7th, 1789. The Attorney-
General’s duties were regulated by the Judiciary Act of September 24th, 1789.
115. Secretary Windom died Jan. 29, 1891, and was succeeded by Charles
Foster, Ohio.
116. Candidates from Southern States.
117. Resigned.
118. Presided one term of the court; appointment not confirmed by the Senate.
119. The Supreme Court, at its first session in 1790, consisted of a Chief Justice
and five Associates. The number of Associate Justices was increased to six in 1807
by the appointment of Thomas Todd; increased to eight in 1837 by the
appointments of John Catron and John McKinley; increased to nine in 1863 by the
appointment of Stephen J. Field; decreased to eight on the death of John Catron in
1865; decreased to seven on the death of James M. Wayne in 1867; and again
increased to eight in 1870, with a view to get the legal tender decision—a policy for
such precedents are found in the governments of England and France.
120. These do not include the militia that were brought into service during the
various invasions of Lee’s armies into Maryland and Pennsylvania.
121. Colored Troops organized at various stations in the States in rebellion,
embracing all not specifically credited to States, and which cannot be assigned.—
Adjutant-General’s Office, Washington, November 9, 1880.
 TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
1. Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and
variations in spelling.
2. Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings
as printed.
3. Reindexed footnotes using numbers and collected
together at the end of the last chapter.
4. Renumbered pages to avoid duplicates as follows: Book
II added 2000, Book III added 3000, Book IV added
4000, Book V added 5000, Index added 6000.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN
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