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International Business 7Th Edition Griffin Test Bank Full Chapter PDF
International Business 7Th Edition Griffin Test Bank Full Chapter PDF
International Business 7Th Edition Griffin Test Bank Full Chapter PDF
2) Mexico relied on all of the following trade activities between 1917 and 1982 EXCEPT ________.
A) high import tariffs
B) foreign direct investment restrictions
C) government ownership of key industries
D) membership in GATT and the WTO
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
4) Mexico has trade agreements with all of the following countries except ________.
A) Japan
B) Chile
C) Israel
D) India
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
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5) Which country represents the biggest threat to Mexico's trade-driven economy?
A) Taiwan
B) Vietnam
C) China
D) Brazil
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
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9) The primary goal of the ________ was to promote a free and competitive international trading
environment.
A) Smoot-Hawley Act
B) International Trade Organization
C) World Trade Organization
D) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
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13) The ________ requires that any preferential treatment granted to one country must be extended to all
countries.
A) GATT
B) WTO
C) export promotion system
D) most-favored-nation principle
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
14) What countries are granted the most-favored-nation status under the GATT?
A) less-developed nations
B) GATT member countries
C) any country that requests it
D) only members of the WTO
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
15) Which of the following countries is not granted most-favored-nation status by the United States?
A) China
B) North Korea
C) Poland
D) Russia
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
16) Under GATT, tariffs fell from about ________ in 1948 to about ________ in 2005.
A) 20 percent, 4 percent
B) 28 percent, 5 percent
C) 40 percent, 3 percent
D) 60 percent, 10 percent
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
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17) The U.S., a GATT member, lowers its tariffs to Country X, a developing country, but requires the
normal tariff for all other countries. The U.S. is most likely using a ________.
A) generalized system of preferences
B) normal trade relations system
C) staggered system of taxation
D) cumulative tariff system
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Application
Objective: 1
19) Country X treats foreign firms the same way it treats domestic firms. Country X most likely engages
in ________.
A) trade balancing
B) national treatment
C) mercantilism
D) foreign treatment
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Application
Objective: 1
20) In which industry is the inadequate enforcement of laws prohibiting illegal usage, copying, or
counterfeiting of intellectual property LEAST likely a problem?
A) fashion textiles
B) filmed entertainment
C) computer software
D) pharmaceuticals
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
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21) Which of the following is not addressed by the Trade-Related Investment Measures Agreement
(TRIMS)?
A) trade-balancing rules
B) foreign-exchange access
C) domestic sales requirements
D) protection of intellectual property rights
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
22) What do many human rights and environmental activists believe is missing in the WTO's objectives?
A) protection for laborers
B) stronger union control
C) increased service trade
D) foreign agricultural subsidies
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
24) Parson's Pet Products, an Australian firm, ships many products to Canada. In order to take advantage
of low trade barriers in the U.S., Parson's Pet Products ships its items first to the U.S. and then reexports
the goods to Canada. Parson's Pet Products is most likely using ________.
A) trade circumvention
B) origination manipulation
C) trade deflection
D) external circumvention
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Application
Objective: 2
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25) A(n) ________ combines the elimination of internal trade barriers among member countries with the
adoption of common external trade policies toward nonmembers.
A) free trade area
B) customs union
C) common market
D) economic union
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
Learning Outcome: Discuss arguments for and against regional economic integration
26) In a(n) ________, members eliminate internal trade barriers, adopt a common external policy toward
nonmembers, and eliminate barriers to the movement of the factors of production.
A) free trade area
B) customs union
C) common market
D) economic union
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
Learning Outcome: Discuss arguments for and against regional economic integration
27) In a(n) ________ members eliminate internal trade barriers, adopt a common external policy toward
nonmembers, eliminate barriers to the movement of the factors of production, and coordinate economic
policies.
A) free trade area
B) customs union
C) common market
D) economic union
E) political union
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
Learning Outcome: Discuss arguments for and against regional economic integration
28) Country X and Country Z have established a complete political and economic integration. The
countries are most likely engaged in a(n) ________.
A) customs union
B) common market
C) economic union
D) political union
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Application
Objective: 2
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29) A free trade area ________.
A) is complete political and economic integration of two or more countries
B) eliminates trade barriers among member countries
C) allows workers to move freely among trade nations
D) avoids problems stemming from trade deflections
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
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37) Which of the following did not sign the Treaty of Rome?
A) France
B) West Germany
C) the United Kingdom
D) Belgium
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
38) The 12 member countries became known as the European Union when the ________ was signed in
1993.
A) Treaty of Rome
B) Treaty of Geneva
C) Genoa Agreement
D) Treaty of Maastricht
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
39) Which of the following countries is not a member of the European Union?
A) Austria
B) Finland
C) Norway
D) Latvia
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
40) Which of the following is NOT an organization that governs the European Union?
A) Council of the European Union
B) European Commission
C) European Trade Council
D) European Court of Justice
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
44) The ________ is responsible for proposing legislation, implementing the provisions of the Treaty of
Rome, protecting EU interests in political debates, and administering the EU's permanent bureaucracy.
A) European Parliament
B) European Court of Justice
C) European Council
D) European Commission
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
45) The EU uses a(n) ________ in areas such as health, consumer policy, and free movement of
workers.
A) co-decision procedure
B) unanimous vote
C) qualified majority
D) consensus
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
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46) What function is performed by the European Court of Justice?
A) administrative
B) executive oversight
C) interpretation of law
D) managerial
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
47) How did the EU initially eliminate conflicts among member countries?
A) mandatory arbitration
B) harmonization
C) negotiation
D) legislation
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
48) The Cassis de Dijon case brought about the concept of ________ among member nations in the EU.
A) harmonization
B) arbitration
C) mutual recognition
D) free movement of goods
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
49) The ________ concept states that if one EU member state determines that a product is appropriate
for sale, then all other EU members are also obliged to do so under the provisions of the Treaty of
Rome.
A) harmonization
B) arbitration
C) mutual recognition
D) free movement of goods
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
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50) Which organization is responsible for controlling the Eurozone's money supply, interest rates, and
inflation?
A) European Central Bank
B) European Commission
C) European Parliament
D) European Court of Justice
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
51) Eurozone participants have agreed to limit their annual government deficits to no more than
________ of their GDPs.
A) 3 percent
B) 5 percent
C) 7 percent
D) 9 percent
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
53) Which of the following was NOT a component of the Treaty of Amsterdam?
A) a strong commitment to address high unemployment in the EU
B) a plan to strengthen the role of the European Parliament
C) establishment of a two-track system
D) enforcement of GATT policies
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
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54) All of the following were elements of the Treaty of Lisbon EXCEPT ________.
A) allowing the European Commission to increase in size
B) strengthening the powers of the European Parliament
C) establishing a full-time President of the European Council
D) allowing national legislatures to voice formal concerns about EU laws
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
Learning Outcome: Discuss arguments for and against regional economic integration
55) Which country listed below is not a member of the European Free Trade Association?
A) Denmark
B) Liechtenstein
C) Norway
D) Switzerland
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Concept
Objective: 4
56) The European Free Trade Association has joined with the ________ to form the European Economic
Area.
A) Mercosur
B) European Union
C) Commonwealth of Independent States
D) Benelux nations
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 4
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58) Which Canadian firm would most likely NOT be protected in Canada in accordance with NAFTA
provisions?
A) Atwater Publishing Company
B) Barton Film Productions
C) Compton TV Studios
D) Dawson Energy
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Application
Objective: 4
59) What percentage of an automobile must be produced in the United States, Canada, and/or Mexico in
order for it to be considered a North American product?
A) 37 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 62.5 percent
D) 75.5 percent
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 4
61) Which regional trade association includes the Bahamas, Grenada, and Jamaica?
A) ASEAN
B) CARICOM
C) ANCOM
D) ECOWAS
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 4
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62) Which country initiated the Caribbean Basin Initiative?
A) Venezuela
B) the United States
C) the Caribbean islands
D) Bermuda
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 4
63) Which of the following countries is not part of the Mercosur Accord?
A) Argentina
B) Guatemala
C) Paraguay
D) Uruguay
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 4
64) The ________ promotes free trade among Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
A) Mercosur Accord
B) Andean Community
C) Central America Common Market
D) Southern Cone Customs Union
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 4
65) The ________ is an agreement to create a customs union among the governments of Argentina,
Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.
A) Mercosur Accord
B) ASEAN Free Trade Area
C) Andean Pact
D) Central America Common Market
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 4
69) As a participant at the Doha Round, you would experience the most negotiation difficulties in the
area of ________.
A) agricultural trade
B) tariff reductions
C) foreign exchange
D) service trade
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Application
Objective: 1
70) Salvo Software develops computer games and business software systems that are popular throughout
the world. Like many software firms, Salvo has experienced problems with illegal counterfeiting of its
products. Given this concern, which of the following would be of most interest to Salvo?
A) TRIMS
B) BARS
C) TRIPS
D) GATS
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Application
Objective: 1
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71) Country X wants to encourage trade by eliminating trade barriers with the three countries along its
borders. However, Country X wants each of the countries to be able to establish their own trade policies
even though this may lead to problems with trade deflection. Which form of economic integration is
Country X most likely considering?
A) economic union
B) common market
C) customs union
D) free trade area
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Application
Objective: 2
Learning Outcome: Discuss arguments for and against regional economic integration
72) Country X wants to encourage trade by eliminating trade barriers with the three countries along its
borders. Country X wants the group of countries to adopt a common external trade policy toward
nonmembers and to allow citizens in any of the member countries to practice their trades in any of the
member nations. Which form of economic integration is Country X most likely considering?
A) economic union
B) common market
C) customs union
D) free trade area
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Application
Objective: 2
Learning Outcome: Discuss arguments for and against regional economic integration
73) CVR Enterprises is based in the EU country that has the greatest number of votes in Parliament.
Compton is most likely a ________ firm.
A) German
B) French
C) British
D) Italian
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Application
Objective: 3
74) Natalie is employed by the governing organization of the EU that is responsible for proposing
legislation, administering the EU's permanent bureaucracy, and implementing the provisions of the
Treaty of Rome. Natalie most likely works for the ________.
A) European Court of Justice
B) European Commission
C) European Parliament
D) Council of the European Union
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Application
Objective: 3
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75) Executives at TVR Enterprises, an MNE based in Germany, feel threatened by a pending EU
regulation that will require the MNE to reduce its production capacity. Which of the following actions is
the most appropriate for TVR?
A) complying with the EU's mutual recognition laws
B) apply for a harmonization regulation with the EU
C) appealing to the European Court of Justice
D) lobbying the European Commission
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Skill: Application
Objective: 3
76) Now that it has gained entry to the World Trade Organization, China represents a threat to Mexico
as a low-cost manufacturing location.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 1
79) Prior to GATT, high tariffs were the most serious impediment to world trade.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
80) One weakness of the WTO is that the enforcement of the GATT was stronger.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
81) The Multifibre Agreement is a relatively new part of the WTO's focus on reducing barriers in
agricultural trade.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
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82) In the last decade, there has been a decrease in the number of trading blocs.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
83) A free trade area requires members to eliminate internal trade barriers and establish a common
external trade policy.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
85) Each form of economic integration benefits a nation as a whole, but can hurt certain sectors or
communities within the economy.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 2
Learning Outcome: Discuss arguments for and against regional economic integration
87) In decisions made by the Council of the European Union, every country has an equal vote.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
88) A coalition of two large countries or three smaller countries can block a decision by the Council of
the Economic Union.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
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89) The individuals appointed to the European Commission serve the European Union, not their
individual country.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
90) The European Commission serves as the legislative branch of the EU.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
92) The European Court of Justice declared Germany's 450-year-old beer purity law illegal.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
93) The Maastricht Treaty is also known as the Treaty on European Union.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
94) The most important component of the Maastricht Treaty was the establishment of economic and
monetary union among European Union members.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
95) The Treaty for Europe established a two-track system that allows groups of members to proceed
with their economic and political union faster than the EU as a whole.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
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96) The EU's "one size fits all" monetary policy has been hailed as a success because it treats all
countries equally.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
97) The EU's Common Agricultural Policy is a source of controversy because it favors Britain's farmers
over French interests.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
100) The gains from NAFTA have been equally divided among member countries.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 4
101) So far, the Mercosur Accord has been a failure when it comes to stimulating trade between member
countries.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 4
102) On the whole, regional trading blocs have proved to have a major impact on regional trade in
Africa.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 4
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103) Australia and New Zealand refuse to create a regional trading bloc because of their competition
with each other.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 4
104) The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Initiative was developed in response to the growing
interdependence of the Asia-Pacific economies.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Concept
Objective: 4
105) Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland do not belong to any regional trading blocs.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Skill: Concept
Objective: 4
106) What is the most-favored-nation principle? What are the two exceptions to the most-favored-nation
principle? Why was MFN status changed to normal trade relations (NTR) status?
Answer: The most-favored-nation principle requires that any preferential treatment granted to one
country must be extended to all countries. The two exceptions are that members can lower tariffs to
developing countries without lowering them for more developed countries, and that regional
arrangements that promote economic integration are allowed. The Clinton administration decided to
adopt the term "normal trade relations" (NTR) to replace MFN. It had two reasons for doing so. The
public reason was that NTR was a more accurate description; if almost all countries receive such
treatment, then the practice is "normal" rather than "most favored." There was also a political reason.
The administration was in a battle to secure permanent MFN status for China as part of the
administration’s agreement to allow China to join the WTO. President Clinton judged that it would be
easier to sway public opinion and win the vote in Congress if the United States were perceived to be
treating China normally, rather than providing it favorable treatment.
Diff: 3
Skill: Critical Thinking
Objective: 1
Learning Outcome: Discuss arguments for and against regional economic integration
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108) What is a free trade area? Provide an example of a free trade area.
Answer: A free trade area encourages trade among members by eliminating trade barriers. AFTA and
NAFTA are examples of free trade areas.
Diff: 3
Skill: Synthesis
Objective: 2, 4
Learning Outcome: Discuss arguments for and against regional economic integration
110) What is a common market? What is the primary benefit of the common market to European firms
and European workers?
Answer: A common market has all the characteristics of a customs union but also includes the removal
of barriers that inhibit the movement of factors of production. The common market offers the
opportunity to sell goods in a large, rich market free from barriers to trade. Workers may move from
their homeland and practice their profession or trade in any of the other member nations. Firms may
locate production facilities, invest in other businesses, and utilize their technologies anywhere within the
common market. Productivity within the common market is expected to rise because factors of
production are free to locate where the returns to them are highest.
Diff: 3
AACSB: Reflective thinking skills
Skill: Synthesis
Objective: 2, 3
Learning Outcome: Discuss arguments for and against regional economic integration
111) What is the difference between an economic union and a political union? Which one characterizes
the EU? Why?
Answer: An economic union has all the characteristics of a common market but also includes the
complete coordination of their economic policies in order to blend their economies into a single entity.
A political union is the complete political as well as economic integration of two or more countries. The
members of the European Union who have adopted the euro as their domestic currency are in the
process of creating an economic union among themselves.
Diff: 3
Skill: Synthesis
Objective: 2, 3
Learning Outcome: Discuss arguments for and against regional economic integration
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112) What are the four organizations that govern the EU?
Answer: The four organizations include the Council of the European Union, the European Commission,
the European Parliament, and the European Court of Justice.
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
114) What is the purpose of the European Parliament? Why is the role of the European Parliament likely
to expand?
Answer: The European Parliament currently comprises 736 representatives elected in national elections
to serve five-year terms. Seats are allocated in rough proportion to a country’s population, although the
smaller states (Malta, Cyprus, Luxembourg) are overrepresented on that basis. Of the EU’s governing
bodies, the Parliament was originally the weakest. Initially it had only a consultative role in EU policy
making. However, it has used its budgetary powers to enlarge its influence within the EU’s governing
institutions, and it also gained additional powers under the Maastricht, Amsterdam, Nice, and Lisbon
Treaties. The role of the European Parliament is likely to expand because many Europeans are
concerned about the lack of accountability in the EU's programs and the lack of democracy in its
decision-making processes.
Diff: 3
Skill: Critical Thinking
Objective: 3
Learning Outcome: Discuss arguments for and against regional economic integration
115) What are the three pillars upon which the Maastricht Treaty rests?
Answer: A new agreement to create common foreign and defense policies among members; cooperation
on police, judicial, and public safety matters; and the creation of an economic and monetary union
among member states are the three pillars of the treaty.
Diff: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
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116) What is the purpose of the cohesion fund in the European Union? Do you think the cohesion fund
is appropriate and effective? Why or why not?
Answer: The cohesion fund provides a means of funneling economic development aid to countries with
a per capita GDP that is less than 90 percent of the EU average. The initial recipients of cohesion funds
included Spain, Portugal, Greece, and Ireland, although Ireland’s access to this aid terminated in 2004
because its then booming economy elevated Ireland’s per capita income above the average for the EU;
the 12 newest members of the EU also qualify for aid from the cohesion fund.
Diff: 3
AACSB: Reflective thinking skills
Skill: Critical Thinking
Objective: 3
Learning Outcome: Discuss arguments for and against regional economic integration
117) What was the most important aspect of the Maastricht Treaty?
Answer: The most important aspect of the Maastricht Treaty was the establishment of economic and
monetary union among European Union countries.
Diff: 2
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
118) Why do you think it takes years to transform an EU Commission proposal into an EU law and then
implement that law into national legislation?
Answer: Transforming an EU Commission proposal into an EU law and then implementing the law into
national legislation can take years because the EU likes to have a strong consensus on issues among its
members before it adopts new legislation.
Diff: 3
AACSB: Reflective thinking skills
Skill: Critical Thinking
Objective: 3
Learning Outcome: Discuss arguments for and against regional economic integration
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120) What is the purpose of the Stability and Growth Pact? Why has the pact been criticized?
Answer: Under the terms of the Stability and Growth Pact, eurozone participants have agreed to limit
their annual government deficits to no more than 3 percent of their GDPs and so have limited their
ability to use fiscal policy to promote economic growth. National governments have become vulnerable
to losing elections because of short-term pocketbook issues. Other critics fear that a "one size fits all"
monetary policy for the entire eurozone will generate economic problems whenever the national
economies of the eurozone countries are at different stages of the business cycle. In the mid-2000s, for
example, the Irish economy was overheating, while the Italian, French, and German economies were
stagnating. Irish government officials would have preferred that the European Central Bank aggressively
raise interest rates in the hope of cooling down Ireland’s economy, while officials from the other
countries argued for more expansionary monetary policies. The ensuing Irish housing bubble—and
bursting of the housing bubble contributed to the EU’s bailout crisis of 2010-11.
Diff: 3
AACSB: Analytic skills
Skill: Critical Thinking
Objective: 3
Learning Outcome: Discuss arguments for and against regional economic integration
121) Why do France and the United Kingdom disagree over the EU's Common Agricultural Policy?
Answer: France and the United Kingdom squabble over the EU's Common Agricultural Policy because
it disproportionately benefits French farmers to the detriment of British interests.
Diff: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 3
Learning Outcome: Discuss arguments for and against regional economic integration
122) What is a screwdriver plant? What NAFTA guidelines are in place to overcome the problem of
screwdriver plants and protect industries?
Answer: A screwdriver plant is one in which very little transformation of a product takes place.
NAFTA negotiators developed detailed rules of origin that defined whether a good was North American
in origin and thus qualified for preferential tariff status. In the automobile industry, for example, U.S.
and Canadian labor unions worried that European and Asian automakers would exploit the treaty by
producing major components elsewhere and then establishing a North American factory merely to
assemble motor vehicles, thereby causing the loss of jobs at Canadian and U.S. parts-producing
factories. To diminish this problem, NAFTA specifies that for an automobile to qualify as a North
American product, 62.5 percent of its value must be produced in Canada, Mexico, or the United States.
Similarly, to protect textile industry jobs, clothing and other textile products must use North American–
produced fibers to benefit from NAFTA’s preferential tariff treatment.
Diff: 3
Skill: Application
Objective: 4
Learning Outcome: Discuss arguments for and against regional economic integration
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123) What two factors led to the creation of the ASEAN trading bloc?
Answer: A decrease in government control of national economies that stimulated local entrepreneurs
and attracted FDI and a defensive response to the growth of other regional trading blocs led to the
creation of ASEAN.
Diff: 3
Skill: Concept
Objective: 4
Learning Outcome: Discuss arguments for and against regional economic integration
124) What are the three primary goals of the World Trade Organization? Do you believe the WTO has
been successful? Why or why not?
Answer: The goals of the WTO are to 1) promote trade flows by encouraging nations to adopt
nondiscriminatory trade policies, 2) reduce remaining trade barriers through multilateral negotiations,
and 3) establish impartial procedures for resolving trade disputes among members.
Diff: 3
AACSB: Reflective thinking skills
Skill: Critical Thinking
Objective: 1
126) Country X has violated its WTO obligations. How would the WTO handle the problem?
Answer: A country failing to live up to the agreement may have a complaint filed against it. If a WTO
panel finds the country in violation of the rules, the panel will likely ask the country to eliminate the
trade barrier. If the country refuses, the WTO will allow the complaining country to impose trade
barriers on the offending country equal to the damage caused by the trade barrier. The offending country
is not allowed to counterretaliate by imposing new trade barriers against the complainant.
Diff: 3
Skill: Application
Objective: 1
28
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
127) Explain the five forms of economic integration and provide an example of each.
Answer: The five forms of integration are free trade area, customs union, common market, economic
union, and political union. The free trade area, such as NAFTA, represents the lowest form of economic
integration while the political union represents the highest level of economic integration. A free trade
area encourages trade among members by eliminating trade barriers. A customs union, such as the
Mercosur Accord, combines the elimination of internal trade barriers among its members with the
adoption of common external trade policies toward nonmembers. In a common market, such as the
European Economic Area, members eliminate internal trade barriers among themselves and adopt a
common external trade policy toward nonmembers, plus it eliminates barriers that inhibit the movement
of factors of production among its members. An economic union, such as the EU, represents full
integration of the economies of two or more countries. In addition to all the requirements of a customs
union, an economic union also requires its members to coordinate their economic policies to blend their
economies into a single entity. A political union is the complete political as well as economic integration
of two or more countries, thereby effectively making them one country. An example of a political union
is the integration of the 13 separate colonies operating under the Articles of Confederation into a new
country, the United States of America.
Diff: 3
Skill: Synthesis
Objective: 2, 4
Learning Outcome: Discuss arguments for and against regional economic integration
129) What type of economic integration is exemplified by NAFTA? How has NAFTA benefited the
countries involved?
Answer: A free trade area, such as NAFTA, encourages trade among its members by eliminating trade
barriers (tariffs, quotas, and other nontariff barriers [NTBs]) among them. NAFTA reduces tariffs and
NTBs to trade among Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Most experts believe that NAFTA has
benefited all three countries, although the gains have been more modest in Canada and the United States
than most NAFTA advocates expected. NAFTA’s overall impact on the Mexican economy has been
dramatic.
Diff: 3
Skill: Synthesis
Objective: 2, 4
Learning Outcome: Discuss arguments for and against regional economic integration
29
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
130) How can international businesspeople protect themselves from adverse EU regulations?
Answer: Firms that are threatened by impending EU regulations can lobby the EU Commission and try
to persuade it to adopt more preferable regulations. There are some 15,000 lobbyists in Brussels. Firms
can also lobby an ally on the Council like Japan did when it enlisted the help of the British Council
representative.
Diff: 3
Skill: Application
Objective: 3
Learning Outcome: Discuss arguments for and against regional economic integration
30
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Another random document with
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spekulierender Neffen, sind eine Plage seiner alten Tage.
Neuerdings hat er eine Tochter aus Fayyāds Haus, ein
fünfzehnjähriges Mädchen, geheiratet, aber sie hat ihm kein Kind
geboren. Übrigens kursiert in Damaskus eine hübsche Geschichte
von ihm, auf die jedoch in seinem Beisein nicht angespielt wird.
Beim Ausbruch des letzten Drusenkrieges wurde Djerūdi, der
zufälligerweise gerade mit der Regierung auf gutem Fuße stand und
sich im Gebirge wohl auskannte, mit 30 oder 40 Mann ausgeschickt,
um zu rekognoszieren und Bericht zu erstatten. Das Heer folgte ihm
auf dem Fuße. Als er durch ein Dörfchen nahe bei Ormān zog, lud
ihn der Scheich, sein alter Bekannter, zu Tische. Während er noch
im Mak'ad des Mahles harrte, hörte er die Drusen draußen beraten,
ob es nicht geraten sei, ihn bei dieser Gelegenheit als Beauftragten
der türkischen Armee zu töten. Er wünschte sehnlichst, den Ort zu
verlassen, aber die Regeln des guten Tones forderten, daß er das
Mahl auch verzehrte, welches eben bereitet wurde. Als es endlich
erschien, beförderte er es in größter Hast, denn die Lebhaftigkeit der
Beratung draußen erfüllte ihn mit ernster Besorgnis, bestieg alsdann
sein Pferd und ritt davon, ehe noch die Drusen zu einem Entschluß
gekommen waren. Aber plötzlich befand er sich zwischen zwei
Feuern, denn das türkische Heer war eingetroffen, und das erste
Gefecht war im Gange. Djerūdi und seine Genossen suchten in ihrer
Verwirrung hinter einigen Felsen Schutz, und schließlich schlich sich
einer nach dem andern zu dem türkischen Nachtrab zurück. Die
Drusen haben den Vorfall in einem Liede verewigt; es beginnt:
Wasserverkäufer.
Achtes Kapitel.
Als ich dem Vāli (Generalgouverneur) auf seine Fragen, wohin
ich von Damaskus aus zu reisen gedächte, Ba'albek als Ziel nannte,
äußerte er die Absicht, eine Schar Bewaffneter zum Schutze einer
so vornehmen Dame mitzuschicken. Um dieses Thema
abzubrechen, erwiderte ich kurzerhand, ich würde die Bahn
benutzen. Da ich aber im Ernste nicht die geringste Lust zu diesem
Beförderungsmittel verspürte, blieb mir, wollte ich allein reisen, nur
ein möglichst früher Aufbruch übrig. Es war ein freundlicher,
sonniger Morgen, als wir durch die bereits von einer Schar fröhlicher
Menschen belebten Straßen ritten; unsre Pferde zerrten ungeduldig
am Zaumzeug nach ihrer achttägigen Ruhe. An Amīr Omars Haus in
der Wādi Barada vorüberkommend, erblickten wir diesen Herrn in
der Morgensonne auf seinem Dach sich gütlich tun. Er rief mir zu,
doch heraufzukommen, aber ich erklärte, daß Geschäfte vorlägen,
und er mich ziehen lassen müßte.
»So zieht in Frieden!« gab er zurück, »so Gott will, reiten wir
eines Tages zusammen.«
»So Gott will!« sagte ich und »Gott mit euch!«
Als sich nach ein oder zwei Meilen der Weg teilte, schlug ich die
direkte Richtung nach dem Antilibanon ein, denn mir lag daran, der
Aufmerksamkeit behördlicher Personen zu entgehen, die
angewiesen worden waren, mir ihre Achtung zu bezeigen. Wir
kamen durch das schöne, mit Aprikosenbäumen bestandene Tal der
Barada (noch war die Zeit der Blüte nicht gekommen), kreuzten den
Fluß oberhalb der prächtigen Schlucht Barada, und ritten über eine
zwischen schneebedeckten Bergen liegende Ebene nach dem durch
seine Äpfel berühmten Zebdāny. Hier schlugen wir auf einer grünen
Wiese neben einem Brunnen unser Lager auf; nach Süden zu
begrenzten die schneeigen Flanken des Hermon das Bild, nach
Norden lagen die Dorfhäuser verstreut auf den Hügelwellen; kein
einziger aus Zebdāny bekümmerte sich um die kleinen Zelte. Am
nächsten Tage passierten wir im Sturmgeheul den Antilibanon. Eine
weite Tour war es von 8¼ Meilen, aber reizvoll und unterhaltend. Wir
mußten auf der großen Römerstraße von Damaskus nach Ba'albek
sein; das ganze Tal entlang sah man ab und zu lateinische
Inschriften an den Felswänden. Ganz durchnäßt, denn die letzten
Meilen wurden durch kahle Gegend in strömendem Regen
zurückgelegt, gelangten wir endlich in Ba'albek an. Es war fast zu
stürmisch, um ein Lager auszuschlagen, und doch lehnte sich alles
in mir gegen den Gedanken an ein Hotel auf. Aber Michaïl wußte
Rat. Er kannte eine anständige, christliche Frau, die am Eingang des
Dorfes wohnte, die würde uns sicherlich Obdach geben. Und so
geschah es auch. Die Frau war hocherfreut, uns zu sehen, und
richtete sofort einen sauberen leeren Raum für mein Zeltzubehör
ein, während Michaïl sich mit seinen Kochutensilien in einem
anderen niederließ. Mochte nun der Regen wütend gegen die
Fenster schlagen — wir waren geborgen.
Meine Wirtin, Kurunfuleh, die Nelke, mit Namen, hatte zum
Gatten einen gewissen Jūsef el 'Awais, der gerade in Amerika sein
Glück suchte, wohin sie ihm zu folgen gedachte. Ich verbrachte
einige Stunden in ihrer Gesellschaft; auch ihr Sohn und ihre Tochter
waren da, und ein paar Verwandte, die ihre Lauten mitgebracht
hatten. Man plauderte und musizierte. Wie sie sagten, macht ihnen
die Zukunft viel Sorge, denn die Bevölkerung von Ba'albek und der
Umgegend gehört größtenteils zu den Metāwileh, einer freisinnigen
und wegen ihres Fanatismus und ihrer Unwissenheit berüchtigten
Sekte des Islam. So oft die Japaner siegreich waren, pflegten diese
Leute zu kommen, ballten ihre Fäuste drohend gegen die
Christennachbarn und riefen: »Die Christen sind geschlagen
worden! Hütet euch, wir werden euch auch bald davonjagen und
eure Habe nehmen.« »Und ganz so geht es in Jerusalem her,« fiel
Michaïl ein (ob seine Worte auf Wahrheit beruhten, weiß ich nicht),
»dort haben die Muselmänner dem Mufti durch eine Deputation
sagen lassen: ‚Die Zeit ist für uns gekommen, die Christen zu
verjagen.’ Aber der Mufti versetzte: ‚Wenn ihr Unruhen
heraufbeschwört, werden die europäischen Mächte sich einmischen,
denn Jerusalem ist ihr Augapfel; sie werden das ganze Land
einnehmen, und wir werden schlimmer dran sein als zuvor.’«
Ich suchte Kurunfuleh zu trösten, indem ich sagte, es sei
undenkbar, daß die Christen in Syrien verfolgt werden könnten, da
das Land so wohl bekannt und von Touristen viel besucht sei, die
sicherlich entrüstet sein würden. Der alljährlich wiederkehrende
Strom von Touristen bietet in der Tat eine der besten Garantien für
die Aufrechterhaltung der Ordnung. Aber warum kehrte denn
Kurunfuleh nicht in den Libanon, ihre Heimat, zurück, wo sie unter
dem direkten Schutz der Mächte stand und keine Gefahr zu
befürchten brauchte? Sie antwortete:
Suk Wādi, Barada.
»O meine Dame, das Haus hier ist auf meines Gatten Namen
eingetragen, es darf vor seiner Rückkehr nicht verkauft werden noch
unbewohnt bleiben, und außerdem lebt es sich in der Ebene so ganz
anders, als im Libanon; ich könnte es nicht wieder ertragen, dort zu
wohnen. Dort tun die Leute weiter nichts als ihre Nachbarn
beobachten, und zieht man einen neuen Rock an, so stecken sie die
Köpfe zusammen und spotten: Hast die feine Dame gesehen? Und
lassen Sie sich auch nur sagen, wie man im Libanon lebt: ich esse in
Ba'albek jeden Tag Fleisch, die im Libanon aber nur einmal in der
Woche. Sie teilen eine Zwiebel in drei Teile und würzen drei Abende
hintereinander ihren burghul (geschroteter Weizen) damit; ich aber
werfe Abend für Abend eine ganze Handvoll Zwiebeln in den
Kochtopf. Ja, es geht karg her im Libanon.«
Sie hatte recht. Es geht so karg dort her, daß jeder, der nur
irgendwie das Reisegeld erschwingen kann, nach den Vereinigten
Staaten auswandert, so daß es in den Kulturen von Getreide, Wein
und Maulbeerbäumen entsetzlich an Arbeitskräften mangelt. »Es ist
kein Vorwärtskommen«, wie der Syrer sagt. Die Provinz ist eine
Sackgasse ohne eignen Hafen, ohne Handel. Du brauchst dort nicht
gerade zu verhungern, aber was hast du von einem Leben, das dir
nicht mehr als den dritten Teil einer Zwiebel zum Abendbrot bietet?
Die Hohe Pforte ist den Mächten einmal wieder übergewesen. Sie
hat alles bewilligt, was von ihr gefordert worden ist, o ja, auch mit
Freuden, aber die Zugeständnisse, welche die Türen zum
Wohlstand anscheinend erschlossen, haben in Wirklichkeit den Pfad
denen versperrt, die Nutzen daraus ziehen sollten.
Am nächsten Tage hatte der Regen noch nicht nachgelassen. Ich
empfing den Polizeikommissar, der mich hergeleitet hatte, und
stattete dann in dem meiner Wohnung nahegelegenen Hotel einer
vielköpfigen Portugiesenfamilie einen Besuch ab. Monsieur Luiz de
Sommar war mit Gattin, Töchtern und Neffen über den Djebel Druz
von Jerusalem nach Damaskus gereist. In Salchad hatte ich von
ihrer Ankunft in Sueda gehört und mich gewundert, wie sie sich
Zulaß verschafft haben mochten. Ich hörte eine seltsame
Geschichte, die sehr zugunsten Sommars spricht, gleichzeitig aber
auch dartut, wie ängstlich die Regierung das Bergland vor den
spionierenden Augen der Touristen zu hüten bestrebt ist. Die
Portugiesen hatten Mr. Mark Sykes in 'Ammān getroffen, der ihnen
riet, ihre Tour lieber über Kanawāt im Djebel Druz zu nehmen, da sie
keinerlei Schwierigkeit haben würden, die Erlaubnis dazu zu
erhalten. Monsieur Sommar war denn auch gutes Mutes
vorwärtsmarschiert, aber in Sueda, dem Hauptsitz der Regierung,
angekommen, hatte ihn der Kāimakām angehalten und zwar höflich
aber fest angedeutet, daß er auf demselben Wege, den er
gekommen, wieder zurückreisen müsse. Der Herr verweigerte das in
ebenso bestimmter Weise und sandte Telegramme an seinen Konsul
in Damaskus und seinen Minister in Konstantinopel. Und nun
erfolgte ein erregter Depeschenaustausch mit dem Endergebnis,
daß Monsieur Sommar nach Kanawāt weiterreisen dürfte, falls er
hundert Zaptiehs mitnehmen würde. »Denn«, sagte der Kāimakām,
»das Land ist über die Maßen gefährlich.« (Ein Land, durch welches,
wie ich weiß, eine Frau in der alleinigen Begleitung eines
Drusenjungen, ja, ganz allein reiten kann, selbst wenn ihre
Satteltaschen mit Gold angefüllt sind!) Aber Monsieur de Sommar
war ein kluger Mann. Er erwiderte, daß er die hundert Zaptiehs
schon mitnehmen wolle, aber keinen Piaster würden sie von ihm
bekommen. Man feilschte, der Kāimakām änderte seinen Beschluß
und setzte die Eskorte auf zwanzig fest, unter welchem Schutz die
Sommars glücklich in Kanawāt landeten. Ich beglückwünschte sie zu
diesem Abenteuer und mich selber, die ich meinen Passierschein
von Fellāh ul 'Isa und nicht vom syrischen Vāli erwirkt hatte.
Ba'albek.
Trotz des Regens war der Tag in Ba'albek nicht verloren. Die
Deutschen hatten seit meinem letzten Besuch den Tempel der
Sonne ausgegraben und Altäre, Fontänen, Teile von Dekorationen
sowie Grundmauern von Kirchen bloßgelegt, die von höchstem
Interesse waren. Und außerdem erweckt die große Gruppe von
Tempeln mit den sie umschließenden Mauern, die zwischen dem
Doppelgebirge des Libanon und Antilibanon liegt, einen Eindruck,
der nur von der Tempelgruppe der athenischen Akropolis übertroffen
wird, die ja wirklich ihresgleichen sucht. Die Ausführungen im
einzelnen sind weniger gut als die athenischen. Das unendlich
Würde- und Maßvolle in dieser Krone unter den Schöpfungen der
Architekten kann nicht erreicht werden, wie auch die prachtvolle, das
blaue Meer und den Golf von Salamis beherrschende Lage einzig in
ihrer Art ist. Aber im großen ganzen kommt Ba'albek der Akropolis
näher als irgend ein anderer Gebäudekomplex, und der Gelehrte
findet reichlich Material zu Betrachtungen über die griechisch-
asiatische Kunst, die Ba'albek erbaut und seine Pfosten, Architrave
und Kapitäle mit Ornamenten versehen hat, die ebenso
abwechslungsreiche Entwürfe zeigen, wie sie herrlich ausgeführt
sind. Der Archäologe kennt weder rein noch unrein. Jedes Werk der
menschlichen Phantasie nimmt bei ihm den ihm bestimmten Platz in
der Geschichte der Kunst ein, leitet und erweitert sein eigenes
Verständnis. Befriedigt das Ergebnis sein Auge, so freut er sich, in
jedem Falle aber liefert es ihm ein neues unerwartetes Band
zwischen dieser und jener Kunst und führt ihn eine Stufe weiter
empor auf der Leiter der Geschichte. Das macht ihn fähig, mit allem
zufrieden zu sein, was er sieht, und sicher wird er nicht sagen: »O
weh — o weh! Diese Dummköpfe von Syrern ... Phidias würde das
so und so gemacht haben!« Denn ihm gewährt es Befriedigung,
einen neuen Versuch auf dem Pfade künstlerischen Schaffens zu
entdecken, einen frischen Hauch, der die Akanthusblätter und
Weinranken an den Kapitälen bewegt.