AFSAR BASHA S M, M.Sc, (Ph.

D) - 6379989521

11th PHYSICS (Volume-1)

IMPORTANT 5 MARKS
Chapter 1 Nature of Physical World and 3) What do you mean by propagation of
Measurement errors? Explain the propagation of errors in
addition and multiplication.
1) Explain the use of screw gauge and Answer:
Vernier caliper in measuring smaller • A number of measured quantities may be
distances. involved in the final calculation of an
Answer: experiment.
Screw Gauge: (i) The errors in the individual measurements
• It is used for measuring accurately the (ii) On the nature of mathematical operations
dimensions of objects about 50 mm performed to get the final result. So we
should know the rules to combine the errors.
• Magnification of linear motion using circular
motion of a screw is the principle involved in Errors in the sum (Addition) of two quantities :
this instrument. Error in A = ΔA
• Its least count is 0.01 mm Error in B = ΔB
Vernier Caliper: • Measured value of A = A ± ΔA
• It is a versatile instrument used to measuring Measured value of B = B ± ΔB
dimensions such that diameter of a hole or • Consider the sum ; Z = A + B
depth of a hole.
• Let ΔZ be the error in Z, then
• Its least count is 0.01 cm(0.1 mm)
Z ± ΔZ = Z ± (ΔA + ΔB)
2) Write a note on triangulation method Δ𝐙 = Δ𝐀 + Δ𝐁
and radar method to measure larger
distances. Errors in the product(Multiplication) of two quantities:
• Error in A = ΔA
Answer:
Error in B = ΔB
Triangulation Method :
Height of tree = 𝐴𝐵 = ℎ • Measured value of A = A ±△ A
Distance of tree = 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑥 Measured value of 𝐵 = 𝐵 ± Δ𝐵
Angle elevation of tree at ‘𝐶 ’ • Consider the product ; Z = A𝐵
(𝒊. 𝒆. ) ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = 𝜃
• Let ΔZ be the error in Z, then
• In ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 , 3 4

𝐴𝐵 ℎ Z ± ΔZ = (A ± ΔA)(B ± ΔB)
tan 𝜃 = = 1 2
𝐵𝐶 𝑥
× = AB ± (AΔB) ± (BΔA) ± (ΔAΔB)
𝑥 tan 𝜃 = ℎ
(𝑜𝑟) ℎ = 𝑥 tan 𝜃 • Divide by Z on both sides,
RADAR METHOD :
Z ± ΔZ AB (AΔB) (BΔA) (ΔAΔB)
• The word RADAR stands for = ± ± ±
𝑍 Z Z Z 𝑍
Radio Detection And Ranging.
• In this method, radio waves Substituting 𝑍 = 𝐴𝐵 in denominator on R.H.S
are sent from transmitters Z ΔZ AB (AΔB) (BΔA) (ΔAΔB)
± = ± ± ±
which reflected by distant Z Z AB AB AB 𝐴𝐵
object (planets) are detected by receiver.
• By measuring the time interval (t) between
ΔZ ΔB ΔA ΔA ΔB
sent and received instants the distance of the 1± =1± ± ±
𝑍 𝐵 𝐴 𝐴 𝐵
planet is determined. ΔA ΔB
• Here, Speed of radio waves = Distance [∵ ≈ 0]
𝐴 𝐵
travelled/ time interval Δ𝐙 Δ𝑨 Δ𝐁
𝟐𝑫 𝒗𝑿𝒕 ∴ = +
𝒗= (𝒐𝒓) 𝑫 = 𝒁 𝑨 𝑩
𝒕 𝟐
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 AFSAR BASHA S M, M.Sc, (Ph.D) - 6379989521
4) Write the Uses and Limitation of 𝑃𝑁
cos 𝜃 =
Dimensional analysis . 𝑃𝑄
𝑃𝑁
Answer: cos 𝜃 =
𝐵
Uses of Dimensional analysis : ×
• This method is used to, 𝐵 cos 𝜃 = 𝑃𝑁
• Convert a physical quantity from one system (Or) 𝑃𝑁 = 𝐵 cos 𝜃
of units to another In △ PQN,
• Check the dimensional correctness of a given
physical equation 𝑂𝑄2 = 𝑂𝑁 2 + 𝑁 𝑄2 (By Pythagoras theorem)
• Establish relations among various physical
quantities. Put 𝑂𝑁 = 𝑂𝑃 + 𝑃𝑁
Limitations of Dimensional analysis : = (𝑂𝑃 + 𝑃𝑁 )2 + 𝑁 𝑄2
• This method does not give any information 𝑅2 = (𝐴 + 𝐵 cos 𝜃)2 + 𝐵2 sin2 𝜃
about the dimensionless constants like
numbers, e, π etc.,. [∵ (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 2𝑎𝑏 ]
• This method cannot decide whether the given
quantity is a vector or a scalar 𝑅2 = 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 cos2 𝜃 + 2𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃 + 𝐵2 sin2 𝜃
+
• This method is not suitable to derive relations
𝑅2 = 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 cos2 𝜃 + 𝐵2 sin2 𝜃 + 2𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃
involving logarithmic, trigonometric,
exponential functions
𝑅2 = 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 (cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃) + 2𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃
• It cannot be applied to an equations involving
more than three physical quantities We know that cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1
• It can only check on whether a physical
relation is dimensionally correct but not the 𝑅2 = 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + 2𝐴𝐵cos 𝜃
correctness of the relation.
𝑅 = √𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + 2𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜃
Chapter 2 Kinematics
(Or) 𝑹 =∣ 𝑨⃗ + 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ∣
5) Explain in detail the triangle law of
addition. Direction of resultant vectors :
Answer: In ΔPQN
Triangular law of vector addition :
𝑄𝑁
• If two non-zero vectors be represent by the tan 𝛼 =
𝑂𝑁
two adjacent sides of a triangle taken in same Put 𝑂𝑁 = 𝑂𝑃 + 𝑃𝑁
order, then the resultant is given by the third 𝑄𝑁
=
side of the triangle in opposite order. 𝑂𝑃 + 𝑃𝑁
Magnitude of resultant vector (R) : Q
𝐵sin 𝜃
tan 𝛼 =
𝐴 + 𝐵cos 𝜃

𝑩𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
∴ 𝜶 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 [ ]
𝑨 + 𝑩𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

P
6) Write the Properties of Scalar Product.
From the figure, in △ PQN Answer:
𝑄𝑁 • The product 𝑨⃗ ⋅ 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ is always scalar
sin 𝜃 =
𝑃𝑄 • The scalar product is commutative.
Put 𝑃𝑄 = 𝐵
𝑄𝑁 (i.e.) 𝑨⃗ ⋅ 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⋅ 𝑨⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ = 𝑩
sin 𝜃 =
𝐵 • They obey distributive law.
×
(i.e.) 𝑨⃗ ⋅ (𝑩
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ + 𝑪 )⃗ = 𝑨⃗ ⋅ 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ + 𝑨⃗ ⋅ 𝑪 ⃗
𝐵 sin 𝜃 = 𝑄𝑁
(Or) 𝑸𝑵 = 𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
 AFSAR BASHA S M, M.Sc, (Ph.D) - 6379989521
• The angle between the two vectors, • If 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵
7⃗ form adjacent sides in a
𝑨⃗ ⋅ 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ parallelogram, then the magnitude of 𝑨⃗𝑿𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬−𝟏 [ ]
𝑨𝑩 will give the area of the parallelogram
• The scalar product is maximum when the two • If 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵
7⃗ form adjacent sides in a triangle,
vectors are parallel (𝜽 = 𝟎∘ ) then 1 |𝑨⃗𝑿𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗| will give the area of the that
2
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ = 𝑨𝑩 = maximum
𝑨⃗ ⋅ 𝑩 triangle.
• The scalar product is minimum when the two
vectors are anti parallel (𝜽 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎∘ ) 8) Discuss the Projectile in horizontal
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ = −𝑨𝑩 = minimum
𝑨⃗ ⋅ 𝑩 projection.
• When two vectors are perpendicular to each Answer:
other (𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎∘ ), their scalar product becomes
• consider a projectile thrown
zero (i.e.) 7𝑨
7⃗ ⋅ 𝑩
77⃗ = 𝟎
horizontally with an initial
Then they are said to be orthogonal velocity ‘u’ from the top of
• In self dot product, a tower of height ‘h’
𝑨⃗ ⋅ 𝑨⃗ = 𝑨𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟎∘ = 𝑨𝟐
• In case of orthogonal unit vectors, 1) Along horizontal direction, its velocity is constant
ˆ𝚤 ⋅ ˆ𝚤 = 𝚥ˆ ⋅ 𝚥ˆ = 𝒌̂ ⋅ 𝒌̂ = 1 2) But along vertical direction, its velocity changed.
& ˆ𝚤 ⋅ 𝚥ˆ = 𝚥ˆ ⋅ 𝒌̂ = 𝒌̂ ⋅ ˆ𝚤 = 𝟎 • At any instant 𝑡,
• In term of components, horizontal distance travelled = 𝑥
vertical distance travelled = 𝑦
𝑨⃗ ⋅ 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ = 𝑨𝒙 𝑩𝒙 + 𝑨𝒚 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑨𝒛 𝑩𝒛
• horizontal component of velocity = 𝑢𝑥
7) Write the Properties of Vector product. vertical component of velocity = 𝑢𝑦
Answer: • The particle has zero acceleration along
• The product 𝑨𝑿𝑩 ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ is always a vector. Its horizontal direction, then
direction is perpendicular to the plane
1
containing these two vectors. Put 𝑎 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡2
2
• The vector product is not commutative 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥 𝑡

(i.e.) ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ≠ 𝑩
𝑨𝑿𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ 𝑋𝑨⃗ (÷)

𝑥 𝒙
• The vector product is minimum when the two = 𝑡 (𝑂𝑟) 𝒕 = − − − (1)
vectors are parallel (𝜽 = 𝟎∘ ) or anti parallel 𝑢𝑥 𝒖𝒙
(𝜽 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎∘ ) • Along vertical direction, 𝑢𝑦 = 0; 𝑎 = 𝑔 then.
𝑨𝑿𝑩⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ = 𝟎 = 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦
1
Put 𝑎 = 𝑔 ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡2
• When two vectors are perpendicular to each 2
other (𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎∘ ), their vector product becomes 𝟏 𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒈𝒕 − − − (2)
maximum 𝟐
⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ = 𝑨𝑩 ̂
(i.e.) 𝑨𝑿𝑩 𝒏 = 𝐦𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦 • From equation (𝟏) we have 𝒕 = 𝒖𝒙
𝒙
• In self cross product, • put this in equation (𝟐) we get,
𝑨𝑿𝑨⃗ ⃗ = 𝑨𝑨𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟎∘ 𝒏̂ = ⃗𝟎⃗ ⃗
1 𝑥 2 𝑔
• In case of orthogonal unit vectors, 𝑦 = 𝑔 ( ) = [ 2 ] 𝑥2
2 𝑢𝑥 2𝑢𝑥
ı̂𝑿ı̂ = ȷ̂𝑿ȷ̂ = 𝒌̂𝑿𝒌̂ = 𝟎
⃗⃗ ⃗ & 𝒚 = 𝑲𝒙 2
− − − (3)

ˆ𝚤𝑿𝚥ˆ = 𝒌̂ ; 𝚥ˆ𝑿𝒌̂ = ˆ𝚤 ; 𝒌̂𝑿𝚤ˆ = 𝚥ˆ

• Where ,
𝚥ˆ𝑿𝚤ˆ = −𝒌̂ ; 𝒌̂𝑿𝚥ˆ = −𝚤ˆ ; ˆ𝚤𝑿𝒌̂ = −𝚥ˆ 𝒈
𝑲= a constant
• In term of components, 𝟐𝒖𝟐𝒙

∣ ˆ𝚤 𝚥ˆ 𝒌̂ ∣
⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
𝑨𝑿𝑩 = ∣𝑨𝒙 𝑨𝒚 𝑨𝒛 ∣ ∴ Equation (𝟑) is the equation of parabola
∣ ∣
∣𝑩𝒙 𝑩𝒚 𝑩𝒛 ∣ Thus the path followed by the projectile is a
parabola

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 AFSAR BASHA S M, M.Sc, (Ph.D) - 6379989521
9) Derive the kinematic equations of motion 10) Derive the equation of motion, range and
for constant acceleration. maximum height reached by the particle
Answer: thrown at an oblique angle 𝟗𝟎𝒐 with respect
Velocity(𝒗) - time relation : to the horizontal direction.
Acceleration is rate of change of velocity Answer:
𝑑𝑣 This projectile motion takes place when the initial
𝑎= (𝑜𝑟) 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒂𝒅𝒕 − − − (1) velocity is not horizontal, but at some angle with the
𝑑𝑡
Integrated (𝟏) on both sides, vertical, as shown in Figure.(Oblique projectile)
𝑣 𝑡 𝒖 = 𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 • Water ejected out of a hose pipe held obliquely.
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 • Cannon fired in a battle ground.
𝒗 = 𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑢 0

[𝑣]𝑣𝑢 = 𝑎[𝑡]𝑡0 (𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕) − (𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 )

[𝑣 − 𝑢] = 𝑎[𝑡 − 0]
𝑣 − 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑡
𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕
Displacement (𝒔) - time relation :
Velocity is rate of change of displacement.
𝑑𝑠
𝑣= (𝑜𝑟) 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑣𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠 = (𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕)𝑑𝑡
Integrated on both sides, • Initial velocity 𝒖
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ at an angle 𝜽 with horizontal
𝑠 𝑡
projection
∫ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ (𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡)𝑑𝑡 𝑢⃗ = 𝑢𝑥 𝚤 ⃗ + 𝑢𝑦 𝚥 ⃗
0 0
𝑠 𝑡 𝑡
Horizontal projection Vertical projection
∫ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 0 0
Along 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 Along 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔
∵ (𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕) − (𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 )
𝑡 𝑡
[𝑠]𝑠0 = 𝑢[𝑡]𝑡0 + 𝑎 [ ] 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2 0
𝑡−0 𝑎𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑦 = −𝑔
𝑠 − 0 = 𝑢[𝑡 − 0] + 𝑎 [ ]
2
𝟏 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝒔 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕𝟐
𝟐
The path followed by projection
Velocity - Displacement relation :
• Velocity along Horizontal (𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔)
The acceleration is the first derivative of velocity with Using 2nd Equation of motion [𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 12 𝑎𝑡2 ]
respect to time and velocity is the first derivative of
displacement with respect to time. Hence, 1
𝑠𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡2
2
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑣
𝑎 = = = 𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑠 Put 𝑠𝑥 = 𝑥 ; 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ; 𝑎𝑥 = 0
1
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑(𝑣2 ) (Memory)
2𝑎 1
𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑡 + (0)𝑡2
Integrated on both sides, 2
𝑠 𝑣
𝑥 = (𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝑡
1 𝑥 𝒙
∫ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑑(𝑣2 ) =𝑡 (𝑜𝑟) 𝒕 =
2𝑎 (𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 , (1)
0 𝑢 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒈𝒆𝒕 𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒍)
1 2𝑣 • Velocity along Vertical (𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔)
[𝑠]𝑠0 = [𝑣 ]𝑢
2𝑎
∵ (𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕) − (𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕 ) 1
1 𝑠𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡2
𝑠 = (𝑣2 − 𝑢2 ) 2
2𝑎
Put 𝑠𝑦 = 𝑦 ; 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ; 𝑎𝑦 = −𝑔
2𝑎𝑠 = 𝑣2 − 𝑢2
𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒔
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 AFSAR BASHA S M, M.Sc, (Ph.D) - 6379989521
1 2𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑡 + (−𝑔)𝑡2 𝑅 = 𝑢 cos 𝜃 ( )
2 𝑔
𝑥 𝑢2 (2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃)
Put 𝑡 = 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 From(1) 𝑅=
𝑔 [∵ 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 = sin 2𝜃]
𝑥 1 𝑥 2 2
𝑢 sin 2𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ( )− 𝑔( ) 𝑅=
𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑔
∴ Which is an inverted parabola put 𝜃 = 450
Maximum height (𝒉𝒎𝒂𝒙 ) 𝑢2 sin 2(450 )
𝑅=
𝑔
• Vertical distance travelled
𝑢 sin 900
2
[∵ sin 900 = 1]
Using 3rd equation of motion [𝑣2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠] 𝑅=
𝑔
𝑣𝑦2 = 𝑢2𝑦 + 2𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑦 𝒖𝟐
𝑹=
Put 𝑣𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ; 𝑎𝑦 = −𝑔 ; 𝑠𝑦 = ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝒈
0 = 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 2(−𝑔)ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 11) Derive the expression for centripetal
0 = 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − (2𝑔ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) acceleration.
Answer:
(2𝑔) ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 Centripetal acceleration :
• In uniform circular motion, even though the
𝒖 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 velocity is tangential at every point on the circle,
𝒉𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝟐𝒈 the acceleration is action towards the Centre of
Time of flight (𝑻𝒇 ) the circle. This is called centripetal acceleration.
• Using 2nd Equation of motion [𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 12 𝑎𝑡2 ]
1
𝑠𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡2
2
Put 𝑠𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ; 𝑎𝑦 = −𝑔 ; 𝑡 = 𝑇𝑓
1
0 = 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑇𝑓 + (−𝑔)(𝑇𝑓 )2
2
1
0 = 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑇𝑓 − 𝑔 𝑇𝑓2
2
• In uniform circular motion,
1 𝑟 = |𝑟⃗⃗⃗⃗1⃗ ⃗| = |𝑟⃗⃗⃗⃗2⃗ ⃗|
𝑔 𝑇𝑓2 = 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (𝑇𝑓 )
2 𝑣 = |𝑣⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗|
1 = |𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗|
2

• From the figure

1 𝑇𝑓2
𝑔 = 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2 𝑇𝑓 Δ𝑟⃗ = 𝑟⃗⃗⃗⃗2⃗ ⃗ − 𝑟⃗⃗⃗⃗1⃗ ⃗
1 Δ𝑣⃗ = 𝑣⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣1
𝑔 𝑇𝑓 = 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2
𝟐𝒖 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 Hence,
𝑻𝒇 = (𝟐)
𝒈 Δ𝑟 Δ𝑣
𝜃= =−
Horizontal Range (𝑅) 𝑟 𝑣
We know that 𝑣 Δ𝑟 𝚫𝒓
= − Δ𝑣 (𝑜𝑟) 𝚫𝒗 = − 𝒗 ( ) (𝟏)
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝑅) 𝑟 𝒓
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑢𝑥 ) = ( )
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒(𝑡) Here negative sign implies that Δ𝑣 points radially
𝑅 inward, towards the Centre of the circle.
𝑢𝑥 =
𝑡 Δ𝑣
∴ 𝑎=
Δ𝑡
𝑢𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑅 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑹 = 𝒖𝒙 𝒕 Put Δ𝑣 = − 𝑣(∆𝑟
𝑟
)
Put 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ; 𝑡 = 𝑇𝑓 𝑣 Δ𝑟 [∵ ∆𝑟 = 𝑣]
=− [ ] ∆𝑡
𝑅 = 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑇𝑓 𝑟 Δ𝑡
𝑣×𝑣 𝑣2 [∵ 𝑣2 = 𝜔2 𝑟2 ]
put 𝑇𝑓 = 2𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
From(2) =− =−
𝑔 𝒓 𝒓

∴ 𝒂 = −𝝎𝟐 𝒓
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 AFSAR BASHA S M, M.Sc, (Ph.D) - 6379989521
Chapter 4 Work, Energy and Power 𝑑𝑊
∫ 𝑑𝑡 − ∫ [𝐹 ⃗ ⋅ 𝑣⃗]𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡
12) Write the differences between
conservative and non-conservative forces. Taking ∫ and 𝑑𝑡 common
Give two examples each. 𝑑𝑊
∫ [ − 𝐹 ⃗ ⋅ 𝑣⃗] 𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡
Answer:
𝑑𝑊
Non-conservative [ − 𝐹 ⃗ ⋅ 𝑣⃗] 𝑡 = 0
S.no Conservative 𝑑𝑡
forces 𝑑𝑊
(𝑜𝑟) − 𝐹 ⃗ ⋅ 𝑣⃗ = 0
Work done is 𝑑𝑡
Work done depends
1. independent of the 𝑑𝑊
upon the path = 𝐹 ⃗ ⋅ 𝑣⃗
path 𝑑𝑡
Work done in a Work done in a round
2. Hence power 𝐏 = 𝑭 ⃗ ⋅ 𝒗⃗
round trip is zero trip is not zero
Total energy Energy is dissipated as 14) Discuss work-Energy Theorem.
3.
remains constant heat energy Answer:
Work done is Work done is not Work - Kinetic energy theorem :
4. completely completely • Work done by the force on the body changes
recoverable recoverable. the kinetic energy of the body. This is called
Force is the work - kinetic energy theorem.
5. negative gradient of No such relation exists. Explanation :
potential energy
• Let a body of mass " 𝒎 " rest on a frictionless
Examples: Examples: horizontal surface.
(i) Elastic spring (i) The force due to air • The work done by the constant force " 𝑭 " for a
force resistance displacement " 𝒔 " is
(ii) Electrostatic 𝑊 =𝐹 𝑠 [∵ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎]
(ii) Viscous force.
force 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑠 (1)
• From 3rd equation of motion,
𝑣2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠
13) Arrive at an expression for power and
velocity. Give some examples for the same. 2𝑎𝑠 = 𝑣2 − 𝑢2
Answer: 𝑣2 − 𝑢2
𝑎= (2)
2𝑠
Power (𝑷 ) and velocity (𝒗) - Relation :
• The work done by a force 𝐹 ⃗ for a displacement • Put equation (𝟐) in (𝟏),
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟 is, 𝑣2 − 𝑢2
𝑊 = 𝑚[ ]𝑠
2𝑠
𝑊 = ∫ 𝐹 ⃗ ⋅ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟 (1) 𝑚
= [𝑣2 − 𝑢2 ]
2
• LHS of equation (𝟏) can be written as
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑑𝑊
1 1
𝑑𝑊 = 𝑚𝑣2 − 𝑚𝑢2
𝑊 =∫ 𝑑𝑡 (2) 2 2
𝑑𝑡
• RHS of equation (1) can be written as = (𝐾𝐸)final − (𝐾𝐸)initial
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ [∵ 𝐾𝐸 = 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 ]
𝑑𝑟 𝑾 = 𝛥𝑲𝑬
∫ 𝐹 ⃗ ⋅ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟 = ∫ [𝐹 ⃗ ⋅ ] 𝑑𝑡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑡
Put 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑣⃗
𝑑𝑡 ∫ 𝐹 ⃗ ⋅ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟 = ∫ [𝐹 ⃗ ⋅ 𝑣⃗]𝑑𝑡 (3)
15) Arrive at an expression for elastic
Substituting (2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (3) 𝑖𝑛 (1) collision in one dimension and discuss various
• Hence equation (1) becomes, cases.
𝑑𝑊 Answer:
∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ [𝐹 ⃗ ⋅ 𝑣⃗]𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡

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 AFSAR BASHA S M, M.Sc, (Ph.D) - 6379989521
(𝑚1 − 𝑚2 )𝑢1 − (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑣1 = −2𝑚2 𝑢2
Elastic collision in one dimension :
−(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑣1 = −2𝑚2 𝑢2 − (𝑚1 − 𝑚2 )𝑢1
Multiplying (−) on both side

(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑣1 = (𝑚1 − 𝑚2 )𝑢1 + 2𝑚2 𝑢2

𝒎 − 𝒎𝟐 𝟐𝒎𝟐
𝒗𝟏 = [ 𝟏 ] 𝒖𝟏 + [ ]𝒖
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝟐
• By conservation of linear momentum Total
Similarly
linear momentum before collision = Total linear
momentum after collision 𝟐𝒎𝟏 𝒎 − 𝒎𝟏
𝒗𝟐 = [ ]𝒖 +[ 𝟐 ]𝒖
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝟏 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝟐
𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2
Special cases :
1 If 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 , then 𝑣1 = 𝑢2 & 𝑣2 = 𝑢1
𝑚1 𝑢1 − 𝑚1 𝑣1 = 𝑚2 𝑣2 − 𝑚2 𝑢2 Hence they exchange their velocities after
collisions
𝒎𝟏 (𝒖𝟏 − 𝒗𝟏 ) = 𝒎𝟐 (𝒗𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 ) (1)
2 If 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 & 𝑢2 = 0 then
• For elastic collision,
𝑣1 = 0 & 𝑣2 = 𝑢1 .
Total kinetic energy before collision = Total kinetic
energy after collision Thus when the first body comes to rest , the second
1 1 1 1 body moves with the initial velocity of the first body
𝑚1 𝑢21 + 𝑚2 𝑢22 = 𝑚1 𝑣12 + 𝑚2 𝑣22
2 2 2 2
16) Derive the expression for loss of Kinetic
Multiplying 2 on both side
Energy in perfect inelastic collision.
𝑚1 𝑢21 + 𝑚2 𝑢22 = 𝑚1 𝑣12 + 𝑚2 𝑣22 Answer:
Perfect inelastic collision
𝑚1 𝑢21 − 𝑚1 𝑣12 = 𝑚2 𝑣22 − 𝑚2 𝑢22
𝑚1 (𝑢21 − 𝑣12 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣22 − 𝑢22 )
Using [∵ (𝑎2 − 𝑏2 ) = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏)]
𝒎𝟏 (𝒖𝟏 − 𝒗𝟏 )(𝒖𝟏 + 𝒗𝟏 ) = 𝒎𝟐 (𝒗𝟐 − 𝒖𝟐 )(𝒗𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 )
(2) • Mass 𝒎𝟏 Initial velocity = 𝑢1
Substituting (1) in L.H.S of (2), we get
Final velocity = 𝑣
𝑚2 (𝑣2 − 𝑢2 )(𝑢1 + 𝑣1 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣2 − 𝑢2 )(𝑣2 + 𝑢2 ) • Mass 𝒎𝟐 Initial velocity = 𝑢2
Final velocity = 𝑣
(𝑢1 + 𝑣1 ) = (𝑣2 + 𝑢2 ) • By conservation of linear momentum,
𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑣
𝒗𝟏 = 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏 (3)
• Then common velocity will be,
𝒎 𝒖 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒖𝟐
Similarly 𝒗= 𝟏 𝟏 (1)
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
(𝑢1 + 𝑣1 ) = (𝑣2 + 𝑢2 )
• Let 𝑲𝑬𝒊 be the total kinetic energy before collision
𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒗𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 (4) 1 1
Substituting (4) 𝑖𝑛 (1), we get 𝐾𝐸𝑖 = 𝑚1 𝑢21 + 𝑚2 𝑢22
2 2
𝑚1 (𝑢1 − 𝑣1 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑢1 + 𝑣1 − 𝑢2 − 𝑢2 ) • Let 𝑲𝑬𝒇 be the total kinetic energy after collision
𝑚1 (𝑢1 − 𝑣1 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑢1 + 𝑣1 − 2𝑢2 ) 1
𝐾𝐸𝑓 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑣2
2
𝑚1 𝑢1 − 𝑚1 𝑣1 = 𝑚2 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑣1 − 2𝑚2 𝑢2 • And the loss of kinetic energy is,
Δ𝑄 = 𝐾𝐸𝑖 − 𝐾𝐸𝑓
𝑚1 𝑢1 − 𝑚2 𝑢1 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣1 − 2𝑚2 𝑢2 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝚫𝑸 = 𝒎𝟏 𝒖𝟐𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒖𝟐𝟐 − (𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 )𝒗𝟐
(𝑚1 − 𝑚2 )𝑢1 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑣1 − 2𝑚2 𝑢2 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Substituting (1) in (2) , we get (2)

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 AFSAR BASHA S M, M.Sc, (Ph.D) - 6379989521
1 𝑚 𝑚 Let the tension 𝑇2 = 0 in (2), we get
Δ𝑄 = [ 1 2 ] (𝑢1 − 𝑢2 )2
2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚𝑣22
0= + 𝑚𝑔
17) Discuss the conditions for a particle to 𝑟
move in circular motion in a vertical circle. 𝑚𝑣22
𝑚𝑔 =
𝑟
Answer: 𝑔𝑟 = 𝑣22 (𝑜𝑟) 𝒗𝟐𝟐 = 𝒈𝒓 (4)
Motion in a vertical circle ∴ 𝒗𝟐 = √𝒈𝒓
Substituting (4) in (3), we get
(𝑣12 − 𝑔𝑟) = 4𝑔𝑟
𝑣12 = 4𝑔𝑟 + 𝑔𝑟
𝑣12 = 5𝑔𝑟
∴ 𝒗𝟏 = √𝟓𝒈𝒓
• Thus for a continuous looping in vertical circle, the
√
body must have speed 𝑣2 ≥ 𝒈𝒓 at highest point
√
and 𝒗𝟏 ≥ 𝟓𝒈𝒓 at lowest point.
The forces acting on the mass are, • That is, The minimum speed at the lowest point
√
1 Gravitational force " 𝑚𝑔 " downwards should be 𝟓 times more than the minimum speed
2 Tension " T " along the string at the highest point.
• Radial direction 𝑇 − 𝑚𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑚𝑎𝑟
𝑣2
[∵ 𝑎𝑟 = ( 1 )] 𝑚𝑣12 Chapter 5 Motion of System of Particles
𝑟 𝑇 − 𝑚𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = and Rigid Bodies
𝑟
If 𝜃 = 90 𝑜
18) State and prove parallel axis theorem.
𝑚𝑣12
𝑇 − 𝑚𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠90𝑜 = Parallel axis theorem:
𝑟 [∵ cos 90𝑜 = 1]
𝑚𝑣1 2 Statement:
𝑇 − 𝑚𝑔 =
𝑟 It states that, the moment of inertia
𝒎𝒗𝟐𝟏 of a body about any axis is equal to
𝑻 = + 𝒎𝒈
𝒓 the sum of its moment of inertia about
• Tension, total energy and minimum velocity at a parallel axis through its Centre of mass and the
lowest point are, product of the mass of the body and the square of the
𝑚𝑣12 perpendicular distance between the two axes.
𝑇1 = + 𝑚𝑔 (1)
𝑟
Proof :
• Similarly Tension, total energy and minimum
• Consider a rigid body of mass " 𝑀 " . Its centre
velocity at highest point are,
𝑚𝑣22 of mass be " 𝐶 "
𝑇2 = − 𝑚𝑔 (2) • Consider a point mass " " on the body at a
𝑟
• Potential energy at point 1, 𝑲𝑬𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝟏 distance of " 𝑥 " from centre of mass .
• Potential energy at point 2, 𝑲𝑬𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝟐 • Moment of inertia of mass " m " about AB
Total kinetic energy at Total kinetic energy at 𝐼𝐶 = ∑ 𝑚𝑥2
point 1 point 2 • Then moment of inertia mass " 𝑚 " about the
𝐸1 = 𝑈1 + 𝐾𝐸1 𝐸2 = 𝑈2 + 𝐾𝐸2 parallel axis DE
𝑈1 = 0 𝑈2 = 2𝑚𝑔𝑟 [∵ (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 2𝑎𝑏]
1 1 𝐼 = ∑ 𝑚(𝑥 + 𝑑)2 [∵ (𝑥 + 𝑑)2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑑2 + 2𝑥𝑑]
𝐸1 = 0 + 𝑚𝑣12 𝐸2 = 2𝑚𝑔𝑟 + 𝑚𝑣22
2 2 𝐼 = ∑ 𝑚(𝑥2 + 𝑑2 + 2𝑥𝑑)
Since 𝐸1 = 𝐸2
1 1
𝑚𝑣12 = 2𝑚𝑔𝑟 + 𝑚𝑣22 𝐼 = ∑ 𝑚𝑥2 + ∑ 𝑚𝑑2 + 2𝑑 ∑ 𝑚𝑥
2 2
1 2 1 2
𝑚𝑣1 − 𝑚𝑣2 = 2𝑚𝑔𝑟 Here ∑ 𝑚𝑥2 = 𝐼𝐶 ; ∑ 𝑚𝑥 = 0 ; ∑ 𝑚 = 𝑀
2 2
1 • Thus we get,
𝑚(𝑣1 − 𝑣22 ) = 2𝑚𝑔𝑟
2
2 (×) 𝐼 = 𝐼𝐶 + (𝑀)𝑑2 + 2𝑑(0)
(𝒗𝟐𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐𝟐 ) = 𝟒𝒈𝒓 (3) 𝑰 = 𝑰𝑪 + 𝑴𝒅𝟐

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 AFSAR BASHA S M, M.Sc, (Ph.D) - 6379989521
19) State and prove perpendicular axis Torque and angular acceleration- Relation :
theorem. • Let a body of mass “𝒎” rotates about a fixed axis
Perpendicular axis theorem • “𝑭 ” be the tangential force which produces
Statement: necessary torque for this rotation.
It states that, the • Here “𝑭 ” is perpendicular to the position vector “𝒓”
moment of inertia • Thus the magnitude of torque is,
𝜏 = 𝑟𝐹sin 90∘ = 𝑟𝐹 = 𝑟𝑚𝑎 = 𝑟𝑚𝑟𝛼
of a plane laminar body about an axis perpendicular to
𝝉 = (𝒎𝒓2 )𝛼
its plane is equal to the sum of moments of inertia about
• In vector notation, 𝝉⃗ = (𝒎𝒓𝟐 )𝜶 ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
two perpendicular axes lying in the plane of the body
• The directions of 𝝉 and 𝜶 are along the axis of
such that all the three axes are mutually perpendicular
rotation.
and have a common point.
• If 𝝉⃗ is in the direction of 𝜶
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗, it produces angular
Proof :
acceleration. But 𝝉⃗ is opposite to direction of 𝜶 ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗, it
• Consider a plane laminar object of mass“𝑀”
produces angular deceleration.
lying in 𝑿𝒀 plane.
• Here the term 𝒎𝒓𝟐 is called moment of inertia.
• Let 𝒁 axis be perpendicular to this plane.
• A rigid body is made up of many such point masses,
• These three axis will meet at " 𝑂 "
and hence the moment of inertia of a rigid body is
• Consider the lamina is made up of a large the sum of moments of all such individual point
number of particles of mass " 𝑚 "
masses. (i.e.) 𝑰 = ∑𝒎𝒊 𝒓𝒊𝟐
• Choose one such mass at "𝑃 " which is at a
• Hence torque for the rigid body can be written as,
distance "𝑟" has coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦) from " 𝑂 "
𝝉⃗ = (∑ 𝒎𝒓𝟐 )𝜶
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ = 𝑰𝜶
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
• The moment of inertia of the particle about Z - 21) Discuss the Relation between torque and
axis is " 𝑚𝑟2 "
angular acceleration
• Hence the moment of inertia of the plane lamina Answer:
about the Z-axis,
Torque and angular momentum-Relation :
𝐼𝑍 = ∑ 𝑚𝑟 2
• By definition torque (𝝉 ) and angular momentum
𝐼𝑍 = ∑ 𝑚(𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ) (𝐿) is given by
𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼 − − −(1)
[∵ 𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ]
𝐿 = 𝐼𝜔 − − −(2)
𝐼𝑍 = ∑ 𝑚𝑥2 + ∑ 𝑚𝑦2
• But angular acceleration is,
𝑰𝑍 = 𝑰𝒚 + 𝑰𝒙 𝑑𝜔
𝛼= (3)
𝑑𝑡
• where, • Substituting (3) in (1),
𝐼𝑦 = ∑ 𝑚𝑥2 → 𝑀𝐼 of about 𝑌 − axis 𝑑𝜔
𝝉 =𝐼
𝑑𝑡
𝐼𝑥 = ∑ 𝑚𝑦2 → 𝑀𝐼 of about 𝑋 − axis 𝑑(𝐼𝜔)
=
𝑑𝑡
20) Discuss the Relation between torque and Put 𝑰𝝎 = 𝑳 from(1)
angular acceleration 𝑑𝐿
𝝉=
𝑑𝑡
Answer:
• It implies that, an external torque on a rigid
body fixed to an axis produces rate of change of
angular momentum in the body about that axis.