Module 2 Lecture IV: Applications Complex Numbers

Advanced Engineering Mathematics

Engr. Neil S. Sereño, SOE, BiPSU-Naval Campus
January 2024

Lecture IV
1. Powers Complex Numbers: DeMoivre’s Theorem
2. Roots of Complex Numbers
3. Nth Roots of Unity
4. Logarithms of Complex Number
5. Equations with Imaginary Coefficients

1. Powers Complex Numbers: DeMoivre’s Theorem

I. If " n " is an integer, positive or negative, then (cos  + j sin  ) n = cos n + j sin n .
II. If " n " is a factor, then cos n + j sin n is of the values of (cos  + j sin  ) n
Resulting Complex Trigonometric Identities

1. (cos  + j sin  ) n = cos n + j sin n

2. (cos  + j sin  )-n = cos n − j sin n
1
3. = (cos  + j sin  )-1 = cos  − j sin 
cos  + j sin 
1
4. = (cos  − j sin  )-1 = cos  + j sin 
cos  − j sin 
 
5. cos  + j sin  = cos( −  ) + j sin( −  )
2 2
6. (cos 1 + j sin 1 )(cos  2 + j sin  2 ) = cos(1 +  2 ) + j sin(1 +  2 )
7. (cos 1 + j sin 1 )(cos  2 + j sin  2 )(cos 3 + j sin 3 ) = cos(1 +  2 + 3 ) + j sin(1 +  2 + 3 )
8. (cos 1 + j sin 1 )(cos  2 + j sin  2 )...(cos  n + j sin  n ) = cos(1 +  2 + ... +  n ) + j sin(1 +  2 + ... +  n )

Example 1: If z = cos30 + j sin 30 what is the value of z 3 .

Solution: z = (cos 30 + j sin 30)

3 3

z 3 = cos(3  30) + j sin(3  30)

= cos 90 + j sin 90
z 3 = 0 + j (1) = j

 
Example 2: If z = cos + j sin what is the value of z 8 .
2 2
 
Solution: z = (cos + j sin )8
8

2 2
8 8
z 8 = cos + j sin
2 2
= cos 4 + j sin 4
z8 = 1 + j0 = 1

Example 3: If z = 4 + j 6 what is the value of z 5 .

Solution: First, express z = 4 + j 6 in trigonometric form and simplify.

 6
z = 4 + j 6 → r = 42 + 62 , r = 52; = Arc tan ,  = 56.31
4

z = 52(cos56.31 + j sin 56.31)

6
z 6 =  52(cos 56.31 + j sin 56.31) 

( )
6
= 52 (cos 56.31 + j sin 56.31)6

= 523 ( cos(56.31) + j sin(56.31) )

6

= 523  cos(6  56.31) + j sin(6  56.31) 

= 523  cos(6  56.31) + j sin(6  56.31) 
= 523  cos(337.86) + j sin(337.86) 
= 523 cos(337.86) + j 523 sin(337.86)
z 6 = 130240.37 − j 52991.08

Example 4: Simplify z = 2(cos 20 + j sin 20)  4(cos30 + j sin30)  6(cos 40 + j sin 40) .

Solution: z = 2(cos 20 + j sin 20)  4(cos30 + j sin30)  6(cos 40 + j sin 40)

z = (2)(4)(6)(cos 20 + j sin 20)(cos 30 + j sin 30)(cos 40 + j sin 40)
= (2)(4)(6) cos(20 + 30 + 40) + j sin(20 + 30 + 40)
= 48(cos 90 + j sin 90)
= 48cos 90 + j 48sin 90
z = 0 + j 48 = j 48

Alternate solution using polar form.

z = (220)(430)(640)
= (2)(4)(6)(20 + 30 + 40)
= 4890
= 48cos 90 + j 48sin 90
z = 0 + j 48 = j 48

1
Example 5: If z = cos 45 + j sin 45 what is the value of .
z
1
Solution: = z −1
z
z = cos 45 + j sin 45
1 1
=
z cos 45 + j sin 45
b =1
= ( cos 45 + j sin 45 )
−1

= cos(1 45) + j sin(−1 45)

= cos 45 + j sin(−45)
= cos 45 − j sin 45
a =1
1 1 1
= −j
z 2 2
 (cos 2 + j sin 2 )3 (cos 4 − j sin 4 )3 
Example 6: Simplify z = when  = .
cos 3 + j sin 3 9

(cos 2 + j sin 2 )3 (cos 4 − j sin 4 )3 

Solution: z= ;=
cos 3 + j sin 3 9

(cos 2 + j sin 2 )3 (cos 4 − j sin 4 )3

z=
cos 3 + j sin 3
(cos  + j sin  ) 23 (cos  − j sin  ) 43
=
(cos  + j sin  )3
(cos  + j sin  )6 (cos  − j sin  )12
=
(cos  + j sin  )3
(cos  + j sin  )6 (cos  + j sin  ) −12
=
(cos  + j sin  )3
= (cos  + j sin  )6−12−3
= (cos  + j sin  ) −9

z = cos 9 − j sin 9 ; but  =
9
 
= cos 9  − j sin 9 
9 9
= cos  − j sin 
z = −1 − j (0) = −1

2. Roots Complex Numbers

1
A number  is called the n root of z , if = z , and we write = z n .
th n

th
Working Steps to Find the n of Complex Numbers

I. Write the given complex number in either polar form or trigonometric form.
II. Add 2k in the argument. Note that  is in radians.
III. Apply DeMoivre’s Theorem
IV. Put k = 0, 1 ,2, ........,upto (n −1).
Illustration: Trigonometric Form

Let z = r (cos + j sin  )

z = r (cos  + j sin  )
z = r ( cos(2k +  ) + j sin(2k +  ) )
1 1
z =  r ( cos(2k +  ) + j sin(2k +  ) )  n
n

1 1
=r n
( cos(2k +  ) + j sin(2k +  ) ) n
1

1
2k +  2k +  
 = z n = r n  cos( ) + j sin( )  ; k = 0,1, 2,...., (n − 1)
 n n 
Similarly, in Polar Form

Let z = r
 z = r 
z = r (2k +  )
1 1
z n =  r (2k +  )  n
1 1
2k + 
 = z n = r n ( ); k = 0,1, 2,...., (n − 1)
n
1
Only these values of k = 0,1,2,.......,(n −1) , will give n different values of z n provided that z  0 .

Example 7: Find the fifth root of −32 .

Solution: Translate −32 in trigonometric form.

Let z = −32

z = 32 ( cos180 + j sin180 ) as translated in the graph  = 180

1 1
−32
( z ) 5 = 32 ( cos180 + j sin180 ) 5 ; n = 4 & (n − 1) = 3
32

  2k   + 180   2k   + 180  
1 1

( )
z 5 = 32 5
cos   + j sin    ; but 180 = 
  5   5 
 k 180 + 180   k 180 + 180  
( z ) 5 = 2 cos 
1

 + j sin    ; where k = 0,1, 2,3, 4

  5   5 

→ For k = 0;
 180 180 
Root1 = 2  cos + j sin  = 2 ( cos 36 + j sin 36 ) = 236
 5 5 
→ For k = 1;
 2 180 + 180 2 180 + 180 
Root 2 = 2  cos + j sin  = 2 ( cos108 + j sin108 ) = 2108
 5 5 
→ For k = 2;
 2  2 180 + 180 2  2 180 + 180 
Root 3 = 2  cos + j sin  = 2 ( cos180 + j sin180 ) = 2180
 5 5 
→ For k = 3;
 2  3 180 + 180 2  3 180 + 180 
Root 4 = 2  cos + j sin  = 2 ( cos 252 + j sin 252 ) = 2252
 5 5 
→ For k = 4;
 2  4 180 + 180 2  4 180 + 180 
Root 4 = 2  cos + j sin  = 2 ( cos 324 + j sin 324 ) = 2324
 5 5 
 The fifth roots of − 32 are 236, 2108, 2180, 2252,2324

2108

236

2180

2324
2252
 th
3. The n Root of Unity
th
Illustration: Finding n the root of unity.

Let 1 = cos0 + j sin 0

1 = cos 0 + j sin 0 → add 2k in the argument
1 = cos 2k + j sin 2k → take the n th root of both sides
1 1
1n = ( cos 2k + j sin 2k ) n
1
2k 2k
1 = cos
n
+ j sin → the n th root of unity
n n
→ For k = 0
Root1 = cos 0 + j sin 0 = 1 + j 0 = e j 0 → in Exponential Form
→ For k = 1
2
2 2 j
Root 2 = cos + j sin =e n
n n
→ For k = 2
4
4 4 j
Root 3 = cos + j sin =e n
n n
→ For k = 3
6
6 6 j
Root 4 = cos + j sin =e n
n n
→ For k = n − 1
2(n −1)
2(n − 1) 2(n − 1) j
Root n −1 = cos + j sin =e n
n n
→ So the roots are
2 4 6 2(n −1)
j j j j
e j0 , e n
,e n
,e n
,.........., e n

2 4 6 2(n −1) 2
j j j j j
e j0 , e n
,e n
,e n
,.........., e n
If we let  = e n
, then the roots can be written as
n −1
 2 
2
 2 
3
2  2 
j j  j  j 
j0 n  n   n   n 
e ,e ,e ,e ,.........., e
e j 0 , , 2 , 3 ,.........., n −1
Example 8: Obtain the fourth roots unity.

Solution:
1 1
(1) 4 = ( cos 0 + j sin 0 ) 4 ; n = 4 & (n − 1) = 3
 2k   2k 
1
1 = cos 
4
 + j sin  
 4   4 
 k   k 
= cos   + j sin   ; where k = 0,1, 2,3
 2   2 
 → For k = 0;
Root1 = cos 0 + j sin 0 = 1 + j (0) = 1
→ For k = 1;
 
Root 2 = cos + j sin = 0 + j (1) = j = 
2 2
→ For k = 2;
Root 3 = cos  + j sin  = −1 + j (0) = −1 =  2
→ For k = 3;
3 3
Root 4 = cos + j sin = 0 + j (−1) = − j =  3
2 2
 The fourth roots of unity are 1, j, −1, − j that is 1, , 2 , & 3 .

Note that:

I. The sum of the fourth roots of unity is zero, that is 1 +  +  2 +  3 = 1 + j + −1 + − j = 0 .

II. The value of in fourth roots of unity is defined by 4 = 1 .

Example 9: Find the cube roots of z = cos  + j sin  .

Solution: Express the angles in degrees and plot a graph for the cube roots of z .

z = cos  + j sin 
1 1
z 3 = ( cos  + j sin  ) 3
 2k +    2k +  
= cos   + j sin   ; n = 3 & (n − 1) = 2
 3   3 
 2k +    2k +  
= cos   + j sin   ; where k = 0,1, 2,3
 3   3 
→ For k = 0 :
      180    180 
Root1 = cos   + j sin   = cos    + j sin   
3 3 3   3  
Root1 = cos 60 + j sin 60 = 160
→ For k = 1:
 2 +    2 +    180   180 
Root 2 = cos   + j sin   = cos     + j sin   
 3   3       
Root 2 = cos180 + j sin 180 = 1180
→ For k = 2 :
 4 +    4 +    5 180   5 180 
Root 3 = cos   + j sin   = cos    + j sin  
 3   3   3    3  
Root 3 = cos 300 + j sin 300 = 1300

1 3
Root1 = 160 = +j
2 2 160
Root 2 = 1180 = 1 − j 0
1 3
Root 3 = 1300 = −j
2 2 1180
3
1 3 1 3

n =1
Root n = + j
2 2
+ 1 − j0 + − j
2 2
=0

1300
 4. Logarithms of Complex Numbers

Working Steps to Evaluate the Logarithms of Complex Numbers


I. Write the given complex number in exponential form, z = re jR ; where R =  
180
II. Take the logarithms of the complex number in exponential form
III. Apply properties of logarithms and simplify.

Illustration: Evaluate the logarithms of a + jb .

Let z = a + jb


z = r ; →  R =  
180

j 
z = re 180

z = re jR

(
ln z = re jR )
( )
ln z = ln re jR ; → ln ( xy ) = ln x + ln y
ln z = ln r + ln e jR ; → ln x y = y ln x
ln z = ln r + j R ln e; → ln e = 1
ln z = ln r + j R

Example 10: Evaluate the natural logarithm of 3 + j 4 .

Solution: Let z = 3 + j 4 .

4 53.13 
z = 3 + j 4; → r = 32 + 42 = 5,  = Arc tan = 53.13,  R = = 0.2952
3 180
( )
ln z = ln ( 3 + j 4 ) = ln 5e j 0.2952 ; → ln( xy ) = ln x + ln y
= ln 5 + ln e j 0.2952 ; → ln( x y ) = y ln x
= ln 5 + j 0.2952 ln e; → ln e = 1
ln z = 1.6094 + j 0.2952
ln z = 1.6094 + j 0.9274
(1+ j 2 )
Example 11: Find the principal value of ( 3 + j 4 ) .

(1+ j 2 )
Solution: Let z = ( 3 + j 4 ) .

(1+ j 2 )
z = (3 + j4) ; take the ln of the both sides
(1+ j 2 )
ln z = ln ( 3 + j 4 ) ; → ln( x y ) = y ln x
= (1 + j 2 )  ln ( 3 + j 4 )
(
= (1 + j 2 )  ln 5e j 0.2952 )
(
= (1 + j 2 )  ln 5 + ln e j 0.2952 )
ln z = (1 + j 2 )  (1.6094 + j 0.9274 )
 ln z = (1 + j 2 )  (1.6094 + j 0.9274 )
= (1)(1.6094) + j (1)(0.9274) + j (2)(1.6094) + j 2 (2)(0.9274)
= 1.6094 + j 0.9274 + j 3.2188 − 1.8548
= (1.6094 − 1.8548) + j (0.9274 + 3.2188)
ln z = −0.2454 + j 4.1462; raise both sides into exponential and solve for the principal value of z.
eln z = e( −0.2454+ j 4.1462 )
z ln e = e −0.2454  e j 4.1462
z = e −0.2454  e j 4.1462
= 0.7824.e j 4.1462 ; e jR = cos  R + j sin  R
 180 180 
= 0.7824  cos(4.1462  ) + j sin(4.1462 
 
)
 
= 0.7824 ( cos 237.56 + j sin 237.56 )
z = −0.4197 − j 0.6603
1
Example 12: Find the principal value of ( 3 + j 4 )1+ j 2 .

1
Solution: Let z = ( 3 + j 4 )1+ j 2 .

1
z = ( 3 + j 4 )1+ j 2 ; take the ln of the both sides
1
ln z = ln ( 3 + j 4 )1+ j 2 ; → ln( x y ) = y ln x
1
=  ln ( 3 + j 4 )
(1 + j 2 )
=
(1 +
1
j 2 )
(
 ln 5e j 0.2952 )
=
1
(1 + j 2 )
(
 ln 5 + ln e j 0.2952 )
1.6094 + j 0.9274 1 − j 2
ln z = 
1+ j2 1− j2
(1.6094)(1) − j (1.6094)(2) + j (0.9274)(1) − j 2 (0.9274)(2)
=
12 + 22
(1.6094 + 1.8548) + j (0.9274 − 3.2188)
=
5
3.4642 − j 2.2914
ln z = = 0.6928 − j 0.4583
5
ln z = 0.6928 − j 0.4583; raise both sides into exponential and solve for the principal value of z.
eln z = e( 0.6928− j 0.4583)
z ln e = e0.6928  e − j 0.4583
z = 1.9994e − j 0.4583
z = 1.9994  e − j 0.4583 ; e − jR = cos  R − j sin  R
 180 180 
= 1.9994  cos(0.4583  ) − j sin(0.4583 
 
)
 
= 1.9994 ( cos 26.258 − j sin 26.2586 )
z = 1.7931 − j 0.8846
Example 13: Find the principal value of ln(−20) .

Solution: Translate −20 graphically.

Let z = −20

z = 20180 as translated in the graph  = 180

ln z = ln ( 20180 )
−20
( )
= ln 20  e j180 ;ln ( xy ) = ln x + ln y
20

= ln 20 + ln e j180 ; e j = cos  + j sin 


= 2.996 + j180
180
ln z = ln(−20) = 2.996 + j
ln z = ln(−20)  3 + j
5. Equations with Imaginary Coefficients

Any complex number a + jb has a unique identity element for multiplication. If we let the multiplicative inverse
of the complex number a + jb to be defined as the number x + jy , then
( a + jb )( x + jy ) = a + jb
ax + jay + jbx + j 2 by = a + jb
( ax − by ) + j ( bx + ay ) = a + jb
Equating the real and imaginary parts from both sides correspondingly gives the system;
ax − by = a → (1) 
 where the solution set of this system is ( x, y ) = (1, 0), that is x = 1& y = 0.
bx + ay = b → (2) 

We shall also solve equations of the forms ax + b = 0 and ax2 + bx + c = 0 where any or all of a, b & c are
imaginary constants.

Example 14: Solve for x & y from the equation 4 − jx = y − j3 .

Solution: Rearrange the equation and equate the parts correspondingly.

4 − jx = y − j 3
( − y − jx = −4 − j3)( −1)
y + jx = 4 + j 3
y = 4& x = 3

Example 15: Solve for x & y from the equation 7 x + jx − j3 y = 3 y + j9 .

Solution: Rearrange the equation and equate the parts correspondingly.

7 x + jx − j 3 y = 3 y + j 9
7 x + j ( x − 3 y ) = 3 y + j9
( 7 x − 3 y ) + j ( x − 3 y ) = 0 + j9
7 x − 3 y = 0  3 7
x − 3y = 9 
 where the solution set is x =− ,y =− 
 2 2
Example 16: Solve the linear equation 4x − j3x = 3 + j 2 .

Solution: Factor out x form the terms of the left side and solve for x .

4 x − j3x = 3 + j 2
( 4 − j 3) x = 3 + j 2
3 + j 2 4 + j3
x= 
4 − j3 4 + j3
(3)(4) + j (3)(3) + j (2)(4) − (2)(3)
x=
42 + 3 2
12 − 6 + j 9 + j8
x=
25
6 + j17 6 17
x= = +j
25 25 25

Example 17: Solve the linear equation j 2 x 2 − 3 x + 4 + j = 0 .

Solution: Start by identifying the coefficients a, b & c .

a = j 2, b = −3 & c = ( 4 + j )

Using the QF (Quadratic Formula)

−b  b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
− ( −3)  ( −3) − 4 ( j 2 )( 4 + j )
2

x=
2 ( j2)
3 9 − j8 ( 4 + j ) 3  9 − j 32 + 8
x= =
j4 j4
3  17 − j 32 − j − j 3  − j 17 − j 32
x=  =
j4 −j 4
− j3  − j ( −1)(17 − j32 ) − j3  − j ( −1)  ( −17 + j32 )
x= =
4 4
− j3  ( −17 + j32 )
x=
4
The solution set is found to be
 − j 3 + ( −17 + j32 ) − j3 − ( −17 + j32 ) 
x= , 
 4 4 
Example 17: Solve the linear equation ( 2 − j ) x − 4 x − ( 3 − j 2 ) = 0 .
2

Solution: Start by identifying the coefficients a, b & c .

a = 2 − j, b = −4 & c = − ( 3 − j 2 )

Using the QF (Quadratic Formula)

−b  b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
− ( −4 )  ( −4 )− 4 ( 2 − j )  − ( 4 + j )  4  16 + 4 ( 2 − j )( 4 + j )
2

x= =
2(2 − j) 4 − j2

4  4 ( 4 ) + ( 2 − j )( 4 + j ) 
x=
4 − j2
4  2 4 + ( 2 − j )( 4 + j )
=
4 − j2
4  2 4 + 8 + j2 − j4 +1
=
4 − j2
4  2 13 − j 2 4 + j 2
= 
4 − j2 4 + j2
4 ( 4 + j 2 )  2 ( 4 + j 2 ) 13 − j 2
=
16 + 4

=
(16 + j8)  (8 + j 4 ) 13 − j 2
20
1

x=
(16 + j8)  (8 + j 4 )(13 − j 2 ) 2
20
 1 1

 (16 + j8 ) + ( 8 + j 4 )(13 − j 2 ) 2 (16 + j8 ) − (8 + j 4 )(13 − j 2 ) 2 
x= , 
 20 20 
 
Additional Reference
Properties of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Exponents
Let a & b be real numbers and m & n be integers. Then the following properties of exponents holds, provided that
all of the expressions appearing in a particular equation are defined.

( ) 3. ( ab ) = a m b m
n
1. a m  a n = a m + n
m
2. a m = a mn
m
am a am 1
4. n = a m − n , a  0 5.   = m , b  0 6. a − m = ,a0
a b b am

( a)
1 m
m
7. a n = n a 8. a 0 = 1, a  0 9. a n = n a m = n

Logarithms

Definition: y = log a x if and only if x = a y where a  0 . In other words, logarithms are simply exponents.

Note:

• log x always refers to log base 10 that is, log x = log10 x .

• ln x is called the natural logarithms and is used to represent log e x , where the irrational number
e  2.71828... Therefore, ln x = y if and only if x = e y .
• Most calculators can directly compute log base 10 and natural logarithm, ln .
log10 a ln a
• For any other base it is necessary to use the change of base formula: log b a = or .
log10 b ln b

Properties of Logarithms
Note that logarithms are only defined for positive values of x.

For the Natural Logarithm For Logarithms Base a

1. ln xy = ln x + ln y 1. log a xy = log a x + log a y
x x
2. ln = ln x − ln y 2. log a = log a x − log a y
y y
3. ln x y = y  ln x 3. log a x y = y  log a x
4. ln e x = x ln e = x 4. log a a x = x
5. eln x = x 5. a loga x = x

Useful Identities for Logarithms

For the Natural Logarithm For Logarithms Base a

1. ln e = 1 1. log a a = 1, for all a  1
2. ln1 = 0 2. log a 1 = 0, for all a  1