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Chapter 24: Geometrical Optics
MULTIPLE CHOICE
24.1 Ray (Geometrical) Optics
1. A line representing a wave front for a wave should be drawn:

a. from the source to the receiver.
b. from one crest to the preceding crest.
c. in the direction the wave is moving.
d. along one of the crests of the wave.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1
24.2 Reflection from a Plane Mirror: The Law of Reflection
2. A ray of light strikes a thick sheet of glass (n = 1.5) at an angle of 39° with the normal. Find the angle
of the ray reflected off the glass surface with respect to the normal.
a. 56° c. 46°
b. 25° d. 39°
3. As the angle of incidence is decreased for a ray incident on a reflecting surface, the angle between the
incident and reflected rays ultimately approaches what value?
a. 90° c. 45°
b. 180° d. zero
4. Light from a 560-nm monochromatic source is incident upon the surface of fused quartz (n = 1.56) at
an angle of 30°. What is the angle of reflection from the surface?
a. 30° c. 60°
b. 75° d. 15°
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1
5. When viewing your image in a hand-held mirror, if you move the mirror away at a speed v, the image
appears to:
a. also move away at v. c. move away at 2v.
b. move away at v/2. d. not move.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2
6. When light reflects and produces a clear image, this reflection is referred to as:
a. retroreflection. c. diffuse reflection.
b. specular reflection. d. double reflection.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1
7. Two mirrors are joined together along a common side, the planes of the mirrors separated by the angle
. If the joined mirrors can be used as a retroreflector when a beam of light strikes both surfaces (one
after the other), what is the value of ?
a. 90° c. 45°
b. 135° d. 30°
8. You stand three feet away from a plane mirror. How far is it from you to your image?
a. 4.0 ft c. 2.0 ft
b. 6.0 ft d. 3.0 ft
9. Which of the following best describes the image from a plane mirror?
a. virtual and magnification equal to one
b. real and magnification equal to one
c. real and magnification less than one
d. virtual and magnification greater than one
10. When the reflection of an object is seen in a plane mirror, the image is:
a. real and upright. c. real and inverted.
b. virtual and upright. d. virtual and inverted.
11. When the reflection of an object is seen in a plane mirror, the distance from the mirror to the image
depends on:
a. the distance from the object to the mirror.
b. the size of the object.
c. the distance of both the observer and the object to the mirror.
d. the wavelength of light used for viewing.
12. If a man wishes to use a plane mirror on a wall to view both his head and his feet as he stands in front
of the mirror, the required length of the mirror:
a. depends on both the height of the man and the distance from the man to the mirror.
b. is equal to the height of the man.
c. is equal to one-half the height of the man.
d. depends on the distance the man stands from the mirror.
13. How large should a wall-mounted mirror be to view the upper half of one’s height, h?
a. h c. h/4
b. h/2 d. The answer is not given.
14. A corner cube is formed by three plane mirrors perpendicular to one another resulting in a
retroreflector. What is the angle between the directions of an incoming ray of light and of the
corresponding outgoing ray of light for this device?
a. 90 c. 0
b. 180 d. 360
15. Two plane mirrors make an angle of 50° with one another. A ray of light parallel to mirror #1 reflects
off mirror #2 and then strikes mirror #1. What is the angle of incidence the ray makes with mirror #1?
a. 50° c. 40°
b. The answer is not given. d. 55°
16. A mirror lies flat on a table. A beam of light strikes the mirror with an angle of incidence or 15°, the
reflected ray being to the right of the incident beam. The right edge of the mirror is then lifted so that
the mirror now makes a 5° angle with the horizontal. What is the resulting angle between the incident
beam and the reflected beam?
a. 25° c. 35°
b. 20° d. The angle is not given.
24.3 Refraction
17. Three flat layers of transparent material are stacked upon one another. The top layer has index of
refraction n1, the middle has n2, and the bottom one has n3. If n1 < n2 < n3, at what angle of incidence
will a ray of light traverse the three layers in a single straight line?
a. c.
b. There is such an angle, but it is not given. d.
refraction n1, the middle has n2, and the bottom one has n3. If n1 > n2 > n3, and if a ray of light strikes
the top layer at an angle of incidence , in which layer is the angle of refraction the greatest?
a. Once the ray enters the touching layers, the angle of refraction remains constant.
b. the top layer
c. the middle layer
d. the bottom layer
refraction n1, the middle n2, and the bottom one n3. If n1 > n2 > n3, and a ray of light in air strikes the
top layer, at which surface given can total internal reflection occur first?
a. the top surface
b. the surface between materials with indices n1 and n2
c. the surface between materials with indices n2 and n3
d. Total internal reflection cannot occur at any of these surfaces.
20. Light of colors 1 and 2 are sent through a prism and the rays of light of color 2 bend more. Which of
the following is not true?
a. The speed of light for color 2 is greater than that for color 1 in this prism.
b. The index of refraction for color 2 is greater than that for color 1.
c. The wavelength for color 1 is different than that for color 2 in this prism.
d. The two colors of light have different frequencies associated with them.
21. White light is sent through a prism, and the various colors are separated in typical fashion. Which of
the following colors would have the highest index of refraction in this prism?
a. green c. blue
b. red d. yellow
22. Which of the following describes what will happen to a light ray incident on an air-to-glass boundary?
a. total transmission
b. partial reflection, partial transmission
c. partial reflection, total transmission
d. total reflection
23. When light of one wavelength from air hits a smooth piece of glass at an angle, which of the following
will not occur?
a. refraction c. reflection
b. dispersion d. All of these choices will occur.
24. A liquid has an index of refraction of 1.33. What is the speed of light through it? (c = 3.00  108 m/s)
a. 3.99  108 m/s c. 4.46  108 m/s
b. 2.26  108 m/s d. 2.04  108 m/s
25. A ray of light strikes a thick sheet of glass (n = 1.5) at an angle of 46° with the normal. Find the angle
of the refracted ray within the glass with respect to the normal.
a. 25° c. 29°
b. 56° d. 16°
26. Dez pours water (n = 1.333) into a container made of crown glass (n = 1.52). The light ray in glass
incident on the glass-to-liquid boundary makes an angle of 30.0° with the normal. Find the angle of the
corresponding refracted ray.
a. 19.2° c. 55.5°
b. 34.8° d. 27.2°
27. A monochromatic beam of light in air has a wavelength of 632 nm. It passes through glass (n = 1.52)
and then through carbon disulfide (n = 1.63). What is its wavelength in the carbon disulfide?
a. 361 nm c. 895 nm
b. 960 nm d. 388 nm
28. A light ray in air is incident on an air-to-glass boundary at an angle of 30.0° and is refracted in the
glass at an angle of 16.7° with the normal. Find the index of refraction of the glass.
a. 1.74 c. 1.23
b. 1.40 d. 2.13
29. A beam of light in air is incident at an angle of 46° to the surface of a rectangular block of clear plastic
(n = 1.46). The light beam first passes through the block and re-emerges from the opposite side into air
at what angle to the normal to that surface?
a. 23° c. 46°
b. 59° d. 30°
30. A beam of light in air is incident on the surface of a rectangular block of clear plastic (n = 1.40). If the
speed of the beam before it enters the plastic is 3.00  108 m/s, what is its speed inside the block?
a. 2.14  108 m/s c. 1.94  108 m/s
b. 2.01  10 m/s
8 d. 3.00  108 m/s
31. A light ray in air enters and passes through a block of glass. What can be stated with regard to its
speed after it emerges from the block?
a. Speed is less than when in glass.
b. Speed is same as that before it entered glass.
c. Speed is same as that in glass.
d. Speed is less than before it entered glass.
32. Assuming the frequency remains constant, a monochromatic light ray is transmitted through an glass-
to-air boundary, what happens to the wavelength?
a. decreases c. increases
b. approaches zero value d. remains unchanged
33. Monochromatic light hits a piece of glass. Assuming the frequency remains constant, what happens to
the wavelength in the glass as the index of refraction decreases?
a. decreases c. increases
b. approaches 3  108 m d. remains constant
34. If the speed of light through an unknown liquid is measured at 1.67  108 m/s, what is the index of
refraction of this liquid? (c = 3.00  108 m/s)
a. 1.80 c. 0.600
b. 1.67 d. 1.20
35. If the wavelength of a monochromatic source is 600 nm in vacuum, what is the wavelength from the
same source when it passes through a liquid where the speed of light is 2.00  108 m/s? (c = 3.00  108
m/s)
a. 612.5 nm c. 400 nm
b. 671 nm d. 392 nm
36. What is the angle of incidence on an air-to-glass boundary if the angle of refraction in the glass (n =
1.60) is 25°?
a. 40° c. 43°
b. 25° d. 16°
37. A monochromatic light source emits a wavelength of 490 nm in air. When passing through a liquid,
the wavelength reduces to 389 nm. What is the liquid’s index of refraction?
a. 1.26 c. 1.14
b. 1.33 d. 1.49
38. A material has an index of refraction of 1.92 for light from a 560 nm source. What is the speed of light
for this wavelength within the material? (c = 3.00  108 m/s)
a. 2.19  108 m/s c. 1.56  108 m/s
b. 4.68  10 m/s
8 d. 1.92  108 m/s
39. If light from a 560 nm monochromatic source in air is incident upon the surface of fused quartz (n =
1.56) at an angle of 70°, what is the wavelength of the ray refracted within the quartz?
a. 560 nm c. 192 nm
b. 874 nm d. 359 nm
40. A ray of light travels from a glass-to-liquid interface at an angle of 41.8°. Indices of refraction for the
glass and liquid are, respectively, 1.52 and 1.63. What is the angle of refraction for the ray moving
through the liquid?
a. 23.2° c. 32.3°
b. 46.0° d. 38.4°
41. A ray of light is incident on a liquid-to-glass interface at an angle of 42°. Indices of refraction for the
liquid and glass are, respectively, 1.63 and 1.52. What is the angle of refraction for the ray moving
through the glass?
a. 23° c. 46°
b. 30° d. 38°
42. A fish is 2.1 m beneath the surface of a still pond of water. At what maximum angle can the fish look
toward the surface (measured with respect to the normal to the surface) in order to see a fisherman
sitting on a distant bank? (for water, n = 1.333)
a. 18.6°
b. 48.6°
c. 37.2°
d. The fish will not see the fisherman at any angle.
43. A light ray passes from air through a thin plastic slab (n = 1.3) with parallel sides. If the ray in air
makes an angle of 67° with the normal after leaving the slab, what is the angle of incidence for the ray
in air as it impinges upon the other side of the slab?
a. 33° c. 58.5°
b. 67° d. 45°
44. A ray of light is incident on the mid-point of a glass prism surface at an angle of 20° with the normal.
For the glass, n = 1.60, and the prism apex angle is 40°. What is the angle of incidence at the glass-to-
air surface on the side opposite where the ray exits the prism? The surfaces involved are those of the
apex angle.
a. 12.3° c. 22.7°
b. 38.0° d. 27.7°
45. A ray of light is incident on the mid-point of a glass prism surface at an angle of 25.0° with the normal.
For the glass, n = 1.55, and the prism apex angle is 40.0°. What is the angle of refraction as the ray
enters the air on the far side of the prism? The surfaces involved are those of the apex angle.
a. 39.4° c. 22.3°
b. 46.0° d. 14.1°
46. An oil film floats on a water surface. The indices of refraction for water and oil, respectively, are 1.333
and 1.466. If a ray of light is incident on the air-to-oil surface at an angle of 40.0° with the normal,
what is the incident angle at the oil-to-water surface?
a. 24.2° c. 26.0°
b. 37.0° d. 18.1°
47. An oil film floats on a water surface. The indices of refraction for water and oil, respectively, are 1.333
and 1.466. If a ray of light is incident on the air-to-oil surface at an angle of 40.0° with the normal,
what is the angle of the refracted ray in the water?
a. 37.0° c. 24.2°
b. 26.8° d. 28.8°
48. Light in air enters a diamond (n = 2.42) at an angle of incidence of 60.0°. What is the angle of
refraction inside the diamond?
a. 45.6° c. 17.9°
b. 24.7° d. 21.0°
49. An underwater scuba diver sees the Sun at an apparent angle of 45.0° from the vertical. How far is the
sun above the horizon? (nwater = 1.333)
a. 19.5° c. 48.2°
b. 68.0° d. 41.8°
50. A light beam is incident upon a still water surface. What is the maximum possible value for the angle
of refraction? (nwater = 1.333).
a. 76.2° c. 54.4°
b. 67.5° d. 48.6°
51. A beam of light is incident upon a flat piece of glass (n = 1.50) at an angle of incidence of 60. Part of
the beam is transmitted and part is reflected. What is the angle between the reflected and transmitted
rays?
a. 85 c. 107
b. 28 d. 152
52. The lowest possible value for the index of refraction is:
a. 0. c. 0.707.
b. 1. d. 3-1/2.
53. Three materials with n1 < n2 < n3 are arranged in layers of uniform thickness. A light ray in air enters
the first layer at an angle of incidence of 40° and the ray eventually exits the third layer at the refracted
angle  in air. What is the value of ?
a. Some angle more than 40°. c. 40°.
b. Insufficient information to answer. d. Some angle less than 40°.
54. Of the values listed below, which is the greatest possible value for the index of refraction?
a. 1.5 c. 2.0
b. 2.4 d.
55. A ray of white light, incident upon a glass prism, is dispersed into its various color components. Which
one of the following colors experiences the least angle of deviation?
a. orange c. green
b. violet d. red
56. Dispersion occurs when:

a. a material changes some frequencies more than others.
b. a material slows down some wavelengths more than others.
c. some materials bend light more than other materials.
d. light has different speeds in different materials.
57. A certain kind of glass has nblue = 1.650 for blue light and nred = 1.610 for red light. If a beam of white
light (containing all colors) is incident at an angle of 60.0°, what is the angle between the red and blue
light inside the glass?
a. 0.45.0° c. 1.81°
b. 0.22.3° d. 0.882°
58. When white light disperses as it passes through a prism, which of the following colors moves at the
highest speed in the prism?
a. yellow c. blue
b. red d. green
59. When light passing through a prism undergoes dispersion, the effect is a due to:
a. different wavelengths traveling at different speeds.
b. different wavelengths refracting differently.
c. different wavelengths having different indices of refraction.
d. all of the above.
60. Diamond has an index of refraction of 2.419. What is the critical angle for internal reflection inside a
diamond that is in air?
a. 48.8° c. 24.4°
b. 131° d. 155°
61. A container of flint glass (n = 1.66) holds a small quantity of benzene (n = 1.501). What is the critical
angle for internal reflection of a ray in the liquid when it is incident on the liquid-to-glass surface?
a. 89.5°
b. 64.7°
c. 41.1°
d. The critical angle does not occur in this case.
62. Which of the following describes what will happen to a light ray incident on an air-to-glass boundary
at less than the critical angle?
a. total reflection
b. partial reflection, partial transmission
c. partial reflection, total transmission
d. total transmission
63. Which of the following describes what will happen to a light ray incident on a glass-to-air boundary at
greater than the critical angle?
a. partial reflection, total transmission
b. total transmission
c. total reflection
d. partial reflection, partial transmission
64. A ray of light travels across a liquid-to-glass interface. If the indices of refraction for the liquid and
glass are, respectively, 1.75 and 1.52, what is the critical angle at this interface?
a. 60.3° c. 52.2°
b. 30.0° d. Critical angle does not exist.
65. A fiber optic cable (n = 1.40) is submerged in water (n = 1.33). What is the critical angle for light to
stay inside the cable?
a. 71.8° c. 62.5°
b. 27.6° d. 41.8°
66. If total internal reflection occurs at a glass-air surface:

a. no light is reflected.
b. no light is refracted.
c. light is leaving the air and hitting the glass with an incident angle less than the critical
angle.
d. light is leaving the air and hitting the glass with an incident angle greater than the critical
angle.
67. An optical fiber is made of clear plastic with index of refraction n = 1.50. For what angles with the
surface will light remain within the plastic “guide”?
a.  < 66.6° c.  < 51.7°
b.  < 41.8° d.  < 57.1°
68. A small underwater pool light is 1.26 m below the surface of a swimming pool. What is the radius of
the circle of light on the surface, from which light emerges from the water? (nwater = 1.333).
a. 0.77 m c. 1.13 m
b. 0.57 m d. 1.43 m
69. Before light can undergo total internal reflection when incident on material 1 from material 2, what
must be true of the indices of refraction?
a. n1 = n2 c. n1 < n2
b. Either n1 or n2 must be equal to 1. d. n1 > n2
70. Fiber optics has to do with:

a. light having fiber characteristics as well as wave and particle characteristics.
b. the color of fabrics.
c. string theory.
d. none of the above.
71. A light ray incident on the interface between air and glass can undergo total internal reflection:
a. in the air only if the index of refraction of the glass is greater than the .
b. only in the glass.
c. in either the glass or the air.
d. only in the air.
72. A slab of plastic rests on a slab of glass. A ray of light in the plastic crosses the interface between the
plastic and the glass with the result that the ray bends toward the normal. What must be true about the
indices of refraction in these materials?
a.
b.
c.
d. More information is needed to decide the answer.
73. A slab of material 1 rests on the surface of a slab of material 2. A light ray in material 1 has an angle of
incidence of 30° on the interface between the materials, while the ray in material 2 has an angle of
refraction of 45°. What is the critical angle of incidence for total internal reflection for a ray of light
going from material 2 to material 1?
a. 30°
b. 45°
c. In this case there is no critical angle.
d. At least one of the indices of refraction or its equivalent is needed to solve this problem.
74. Two parallel beams of light in air strike the surface of a transparent material and the refracted beam 1
is closer to the normal than beam 2. Which beam is traveling at higher speed in the material, and which
beam has the higher index of refraction in the material?
a. beam 1, beam 1 c. beam 2, beam 2
b. beam 1, beam 2 d. beam 2, beam 1
75. When the midpoint of the face of the Sun appears to be on the horizon, where is the actual midpoint
from the point of view of the observer?
a. above the horizon at sunrise and below the horizon at sunset
b. on the horizon
c. below the horizon
d. above the horizon
76. In glass, which of the following colors of light travels fastest?

a. red
b. blue
c. yellow
d. All three of the above travel at the same speed.
24.4 Reflections and Images Produced by Curved Mirrors
77. A concave mirror has radius R. When an object is located a distance 2R from the lens, which describes
the image formed?
a. real, inverted, reduced c. virtual, upright, reduced
b. real, inverted, of equal size d. real, inverted, enlarged
78. The magnification for a flat mirror:
a. is a function of the image distance.
b. is a function of the object distance.
c. is a function of the object and image distances.
d. is 1.
79. The real image of an object is located 35.0 cm away from a concave mirror, which has a focal length
of 10.0 cm. How far is the object from the mirror?
a. 40.0 cm c. 14.0 cm
b. 35.0 cm d. 12.9 cm
80. A concave mirror forms a real image at 25.0 cm from the mirror surface along the principal axis. If the
corresponding object is at a 20.0-cm distance, what is the mirror’s focal length?
a. 1.43 cm c. 7.14 cm
b. 16.7 cm d. 11.1 cm
81. If a virtual image is formed along the principal axis 15 cm from a concave mirror with the focal length
15 cm, what is the object distance from the mirror?
a. 6.0 cm c. 30 cm
b. 10 cm d. 7.5 cm
82. If a virtual image is formed 8.00 cm along the principal axis from a convex mirror of focal length –
15.0 cm, how far is the object from the mirror?
a. 30.0 cm c. 3.00 cm
b. 6.00 cm d. 17.1 cm
83. A woman looking in a makeup mirror sees her face at twice its actual size and right-side up. If she is
22.0 cm from the mirror, what is its focal length?
a. 44.0 cm c. 18.6 cm
b. 48.3 cm d. 56.0 cm
84. Which best describes the image of a concave mirror when the object is located somewhere between the
focal point and twice the focal point distance from the mirror?
a. virtual, upright, and magnification greater than one
b. virtual, upright, and magnification less than one
c. real, inverted, and magnification greater than one
d. real, inverted, and magnification less than one
85. Which of the following best describes the image of a concave mirror when the object is at a distance
greater than twice the focal point distance from the mirror?
a. virtual, upright, and magnification greater than one
b. real, inverted, and magnification less than one
c. virtual, upright, and magnification less than one
d. real, inverted, and magnification greater than one
86. Which of the following best describes the image of a concave mirror when the object’s distance from
the mirror is less than the focal point distance?
a. real, inverted, and magnification greater than one
b. virtual, upright, and magnification greater than one
c. virtual, upright, and magnification less than one
d. real, inverted, and magnification less than one
87. Which of the following best describes the image of a convex mirror when the object’s distance from
the mirror is less than the absolute value of the focal point distance?
a. real, inverted, and magnification greater than one
b. virtual, upright, and magnification greater than one
c. real, inverted, and magnification less than one
d. virtual, upright, and magnification less than one
88. A convex mirror with focal length of −20 cm forms an image 15 cm behind the surface. Where is the
object located as measured from the surface?
a. 30 cm c. 15 cm
b. 7.5 cm d. 60 cm
89. A convex mirror with a focal length of −20 cm forms an image 12 cm behind the surface. If the object
height is 1.2 cm what is the image height?
a. 0.30 cm c. 0.94 cm
b. 0.48 cm d. 3.0 cm
90. An object placed 12 cm from a concave mirror produces a real image 8.0 cm from the mirror. If the
object is now moved to a new position 15.0 cm from the mirror, where is the new image located as
measured from the mirror?
a. 6.5 cm c. 7.1 cm
b. 14.6 cm d. 3.0 cm
91. An object is held at a distance of 18 cm from a convex mirror creating an image that is 1/6 the object
size. What is the focal length of the mirror?
a. −3.6 cm c. −6.0 cm
b. −18 cm d. −9.0 cm
92. When the reflection of an object is seen in a concave mirror the image:
a. will always be enlarged. c. will always be virtual.
b. may be either real or virtual. d. will always be real.
93. When the reflection of an object is seen in a convex mirror the image will:
a. may be either real or virtual. c. always be virtual.
b. will always be enlarged. d. always be real.
94. Parallel rays of light that hit a concave mirror will come together:
a. at the focal point.
b. at a point half way to the focal point.
c. at infinity.
d. at the center of curvature.
95. A girl is standing in front of a concave mirror. Consider two rays of light, one from her nose and one
from her mouth that are parallel as they are traveling toward the mirror. These rays will come together:
a. at the focal point.
b. at the center of curvature.
c. at the image point.
d. behind the mirror if she is too close to the mirror.
96. A candle is 49.0 cm in front of a concave spherical mirror of radius of curvature 70.0 cm. What are the
image distance and the magnification, respectively?
a. −20.4 cm, +0.417 c. +20.4 cm, −0.417
b. +122.5 cm, −2.50 d. +122.5 cm, +2.50
97. An object 2 cm high is placed 10 cm in front of a mirror. What type of mirror and what radius of
curvature is needed for an image that is inverted and 4 cm tall?
a. Concave, R = 40 cm c. Convex, R = 13 cm
b. Convex, R = 6.7 cm d. Concave, R = 20 cm
98. An object is 12.0 cm from the surface of a spherical Christmas tree ornament that is 10.0 cm in
diameter. What is the magnification of the image?
a. −0.500 c. +0.172
b. −0.200 d. +0.143
99. An object is placed 10 cm in front of a mirror, and an image is formed that has a magnification of 2.5.
Which of the following statements is true?
a. This is the only true statement.
b. The focal length of the mirror is 30 cm.
c. The image is real.
d. The image is inverted.
100. An object is placed 10 cm in front of a mirror, and an image is formed that has a magnification of 3.
Which of the following statements is false?
a. The image is upright.
b. The image is virtual.
c. The focal length of the mirror is 15 cm.
d. This is the only true statement.
101. If an optical system consists only of an object and a single convex mirror,
a. the image will sometimes be inverted.
b. the magnification will sometimes have an absolute value greater than 1.
c. the image distance will never be negative.
d. the image will always be virtual.
24.5 Lenses
102. A convex lens has a focal length of magnitude F. At which of the following distances from this lens
would an object give an inverted, virtual image?
a. Any value greater than 2F
b. 2F
c. F
d. This cannot be done with a convex lens.
103. An object is placed a distance d from a converging lens. The object is then moved to a distance 2d
from the converging lens. Which of the following statements is false?
a. The image in the second case with the object at distance 2d can be the larger one.
b. If both images are real, the image in the second case is smaller.
c. If the image in the first case is real, the image in the second case is upright.
d. The image in the first case with the object at distance d can be the larger one.
104. A 4.0-cm tall object is placed along the principal axis of a thin, convex lens of 30.0-cm focal length. If
the object distance is 40.0 cm, which of the following best describes the image distance and height,
respectively?
a. 17.3 cm and 7.0 cm c. 120 cm and 1.3 cm
b. 17.3 cm and 1.3 cm d. 120 cm and 12 cm
105. Which of the following best describes the image for a thin, convex lens that forms whenever the object
is at a distance less than one focal length from the lens?
a. upright, diminished, and virtual c. upright, enlarged, and virtual
b. inverted, diminished, and real d. inverted, enlarged, and real
106. Which of the following best describes the image for a thin, concave lens that forms whenever the
magnitude of the object distance is less than that of the lens's focal length?
a. inverted, diminished, and real c. inverted, enlarged, and real
b. upright, diminished, and virtual d. upright, enlarged, and virtual
107. An object is placed at a distance of 40 cm from a thin, convex lens along its axis. The lens has a focal
length of 10 cm. What are the values, respectively, of the image distance and magnification?
a. 13.3 cm and −0.33 c. 60 cm and 2.0
b. 13.3 cm and 0.33 d. 60 cm and −0.50
108. Sally places an object 6.0 cm from a thin, convex lens along its axis. The lens has a focal length of 12
cm. What are the respective values of the image distance and magnification?
a. 12 cm and −2.0 c. 3.0 cm and −0.50
b. –12 cm and 2.0 d. −6.0 cm and −1.0
109. Ansel places an object 30 cm from a thin, convex lens along the axis. If a real image forms at a
distance of 15 cm from the lens, what is the focal length of the lens?
a. 15 cm c. 7.5 cm
b. 10 cm d. 30 cm
110. An object is placed at a distance of 50 cm from a thin lens along the axis. If a real image forms at a
distance of 50 cm from the lens, on the opposite side from the object, what is the focal length of the
lens?
a. 25 cm c. 200 cm
b. 22 cm d. 90 cm
111. A projector lens is needed to form an image on a screen 20 times the size of its corresponding object.
The screen is located 8.0 m from the lens. What is the required focal length of the lens?
a. 0.32 m c. 0.73 m
b. 0.38 m d. 1.25 m
112. An object, located 90 cm from a concave lens, forms an image 30 cm from the lens on the same side as
the object. What is the focal length of the lens?
a. −150 cm c. −36 cm
b. −45 cm d. −180 cm
113. What is the image distance of an object 1.00 m in front of a converging lens of focal length 25.0 cm?
a. +25.0 cm c. +20.0 cm
b. +33.3 cm d. +16.7 cm
114. When an image is inverted compared to the object, it is also:

a. enlarged. c. diminished.
b. virtual. d. reversed left to right.
115. Which of the lens shapes given below results in a diverging lens?
a. plano concave
b. double convex
c. convex meniscus
d. None of the shapes listed will be diverging.
116. When light goes through two or more separated lenses,

a. the image distance of the first lens (the one nearest the object) will be positive.
b. the final image can be inverted.
c. the image distance of the first lens will be the object distance for the second lens.
d. the object distance for the second lens will be negative.
24.6 How the Eye Works
117. An eyeglass lens is cut with one surface having a radius R1 and the other surface having a radius R2,
with R1 < R2. Both positive radii are measured from the same side with R2 being the side closer to the
eye. Is this convex-concave lens a converging lens or a diverging lens?
a. This is neither, since a lens cannot be made this way.
b. This is a diverging lens.
c. This can be either a converging or diverging lens, as more information is needed for a final
determination.
d. This is a converging lens.
118. For a converging lens with two convex surfaces, the radius of curvature for both surfaces is 20 cm. If
the focal length is 10 cm, what must the index of refraction be?
a. 1.5 c. 2.0
b. 2.5 d. 3.0
119. A converging lens with two convex surfaces has a front surface with radius of curvature of 10.0 cm;
the back surface has radius of curvature of 30.0 cm, and the lens is made from material with an index
of refraction of 2.50. What is the focal length of the lens?
a. −13.3 cm c. 5.00 cm
b. 4.44 cm d. 0.250 cm
120. A lens of focal length 30.0 cm is made of a material with index of refraction 1.50. What is the focal
length of a lens with the same geometry but is made of material with an index of refraction 2.00?
a. 40.0 cm c. 15.0 cm
b. 60.0 cm d. 22.5 cm
24.7 Optics in the Atmosphere

121. A rainbow is a result of:
a. the Huygens Effect. c. dispersion.
b. different color droplets of water. d. interference.
122. What is the maximum possible arc that can be subtended by a rainbow? (Consider all possible viewing
geometries).
a. 180° c. 90°
b. 360° d. 270°
123. Atmospheric refraction of light rays is responsible for:

a. none of the above. c. light scattering.
b. spherical aberration. d. stars twinkling.
124. If atmospheric refraction did not occur, how would the apparent time of sunrise and sunset be
changed?
a. Both would be earlier.
b. Both would be later.
c. Sunrise would be earlier and sunset later.
d. Sunrise would be later and sunset earlier.
24.8 Aberrations
125. Which of the following effects is the result of the fact that the index of refraction of glass will vary
with wavelength?
a. mirages c. light scattering
b. spherical aberration d. chromatic aberration
126. In an ideal case rays coming from an object toward a lens or mirror should be reasonably close to the
optical axis. To the extent that this condition is not completely met, which one of the following effects
occurs?
a. mirages c. spherical aberration
b. chromatic aberration d. light scattering
127. A fused combination of a diverging and converging lens pair, each made from a different index of
refraction glass, is used to reduce the occurrence of which of the following effects?
a. mirages c. chromatic aberration
b. light scattering d. spherical aberration
128. Use of a parabolic mirror, instead of one made of a circular arc surface, can be used to reduce the
occurrence of which of the following effects?
a. mirages c. chromatic aberration
b. spherical aberration d. light scattering
129. A thin lens has a focal length of 10.00 cm for blue light. If the index of refraction for the lens material
tends to decrease with increasing wavelength, what is the focal length of the lens for red light?
a. more than 10.00 cm
b. It depends on whether the lens is converging or diverging.
c. also 10.00 cm
d. less that 10.00 cm
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Title: The crisis

A record of the darker races, Vol. I, No. 3, January
1911
Author: Various
Editor: W. E. B. Du Bois
Release date: September 14, 2023 [eBook #71650]
Language: English
Original publication: New York City: National Association for the

Advancement of Colored People, 1910
Credits: Richard Tonsing, hekula03, and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book
was produced from images made available by the
HathiTrust Digital Library.)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CRISIS

***
Transcriber’s Note:
New original cover art included with this eBook is
granted to the public domain.
THE CRISIS
A RECORD OF THE DARKER RACES
Volume One JANUARY, 1911 Number Three
Edited by W. E. BURGHARDT DU BOIS, with the co-

operation of Oswald Garrison Villard, J. Max Barber,
Charles Edward Russell, Kelly Miller, W. S.
Braithwaite and M. D. Maclean.
CONTENTS
Along the Color Line 5
Opinion 9
A Winter Pilgrimage 15
Editorial 16
Cartoon 18
By JOHN HENRY
ADAMS
Editorial 20
Social Control 22
By JANE ADDAMS
The Teacher: Poem 23

By LESLIE PINCKNEY
HILL
Employment of Colored
Women in Chicago 24
The Burden 26
Talks About Women 27

By Mrs. J. E.
MILHOLLAND
What to Read 28
PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
AT TWENTY VESEY STREET NEW YORK CITY
ONE DOLLAR A YEAR TEN CENTS A COPY

ONE OF THE SUREST WAYS
TO SUCCEED IN LIFE IS TO
TAKE A COURSE AT
The Touissant Conservatory of Art and Music

253 West 134th Street
NEW YORK CITY
The most up-to-date and thoroughly equipped conservatory in
the city. Conducted under the supervision of
MME. E. TOUISSANT WELCOME
The Foremost Female Artist of the Race
Courses in Art
Drawing, Pen and Ink Sketching, Crayon, Pastel, Water
Color, Oil Painting, Designing, Cartooning, Fashion Designing,
Sign Painting, Portrait Painting and Photo Enlarging in Crayon,
Water Color, Pastel and Oil. Artistic Painting of Parasols, Fans,
Book Marks, Pin Cushions, Lamp Shades, Curtains, Screens,
Piano and Mantel Covers, Sofa Pillows, etc.
Music
Piano, Violin, Mandolin, Voice Culture and all Brass and
Reed Instruments.
TERMS REASONABLE
THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION for the
ADVANCEMENT of COLORED PEOPLE
OBJECT.—The National Association for the Advancement of

Colored People is an organization composed of men and women of
all races and classes who believe that the present widespread
increase of prejudice against colored races and particularly the denial
of rights and opportunities to ten million Americans of Negro
descent is not only unjust and a menace to our free institutions, but
also is a direct hindrance to World Peace and the realization of
Human Brotherhood.
METHODS.—The encouragement of education and efforts for
social uplift; the dissemination of literature; the holding of mass
meetings; the maintenance of a lecture bureau; the encouragement
of vigilance committees; the investigation of complaints; the
maintenance of a Bureau of Information; the publication of The
Crisis; the collection of facts and publication of the truth.
ORGANIZATION.—All interested persons are urged to join our
organization—associate membership costs $1, and contributing and
sustaining members pay from $2 to $25 a year.
FUNDS.—We need $10,000 a year for running expenses of this
work and particularly urge the necessity of gifts to help on our
objects.
OFFICERS.—The officers of the organization are:
National President—Mr. Moorfield Storey, Boston, Mass.
Chairman of the Executive Committee—Mr. Wm. English Walling,
New York.
Treasurer—Mr. John E. Milholland, New York.
Disbursing Treasurer—Mr. Oswald Garrison Villard, New York.
Director of Publicity and Research—Dr. W. E. B. DuBois, New
York.
Executive Secretary—Miss Frances Blascoer, New York.
COMMITTEE.—Our work is carried on under the auspices of the
following General Committee, in addition to the officers named:
[1]Miss Gertrude Barnum, New York.
[1]Rev. W. H. Brooks, New York.
Prof. John Dewey, New York.
Miss Maud R. Ingersoll, New York.
Mrs. Florence Kelley, New York.
[1]Mr. Paul Kennaday, New York.
[1]Mrs. F. R. Keyser, New York.
Dr. Chas. Leng, New York.
Mr. Jacob W. Mack, New York.
[1]Mrs. M. D. MacLean, New York.
Rev. Horace G. Miller, New York.
Mrs. Max Morgenthau, Jr., New York.
Mr. James F. Morton, Jr., New York.
Mr. Henry Moskowitz, New York.
Miss Leonora O’Reilly, New York.
[1]Rev. A. Clayton Powell, New York.
[1]Mr. Charles Edward Russell, New York.
Mr. Jacob H. Schiff, New York.
Prof. E. R. A. Seligman, New York.
[1]Rev. Joseph Silverman, New York.
Mrs. Anna Garlin Spencer, New York.
Mrs. Henry Villard, New York.
Miss Lillian D. Wald, New York.
[1]Bishop Alexander Walters, New York.
Dr. Stephen S. Wise, New York.
Rev. Jas. E. Haynes, D.D., Brooklyn, N. Y.
[1]Rev. John Haynes Holmes, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Miss M. R. Lyons, Brooklyn, N. Y.
[1]Miss M. W. Ovington, Brooklyn, N. Y.
[1]Dr. O. M. Waller, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Mrs. M. H. Talbert, Buffalo, N. Y.
Hon. Thos. M. Osborne, Auburn, N. Y.
[1]Mr. W. L. Bulkley, Ridgewood, N. J.
Mr. George W. Crawford, New Haven, Conn.
Miss Maria Baldwin, Boston, Mass.
Mr. Francis J. Garrison, Boston, Mass.
Mr. Archibald H. Grimke, Boston, Mass.
[1]Mr. Albert E. Pillsbury, Boston, Mass.
Mr. Wm. Munroe Trotter, Boston, Mass.
Dr. Horace Bumstead, Brookline, Mass.
Miss Elizabeth C. Carter, New Bedford, Mass.
Prest. Chas. T. Thwing, Cleveland, O.
Mr. Chas. W. Chesnutt, Cleveland, O.
Prest H. C. King, Oberlin, O.
Prest. W. S. Scarborough, Wilberforce, O.
[1]Miss Jane Addams, Chicago, Ill.
[1]Mrs. Ida B. Wells Barnett, Chicago, Ill.
[1]Dr. C. E. Bentley, Chicago, Ill.
Miss Sopbronisba Breckenridge, Chicago, Ill.
Mr. Clarence Darrow, Chicago, Ill.
[1]Mrs. Celia Parker Woolley, Chicago, Ill.
[1]Dr. N. F. Mossell, Philadelphia, Pa.
[1]Dr. Wm. A. Sinclair, Philadelphia, Pa.
Miss Susan Wharton, Philadelphia, Pa.
Mr. R. R. Wright, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa.
Mr. W. Justin Carter, Harrisburg, Pa.
Rev. Harvey Johnson, D.D., Baltimore, Md.
Hon. Wm. S. Bennett, Washington, D. C.
Mr. L. M. Hershaw, Washington, D. C.
Prof. Kelly Miller, Washington, D. C.
Prof. L. B. Moore, Washington, D. C.
Justice W. P. Stafford, Washington, D. C.
[1]Mrs. Mary Church Terrell, Washington, D. C.
[1]Rev. J. Milton Waldron, Washington, D. C.
Prest. John Hope, Atlanta, Ga.
Mr. Leslie P. Hill, Manassas, Va.
1. Executive Committee.
OFFICES:
Suite 610, 20 Vesey Street, New York.
Marshall’s Hotel 127–129 West 53rd Street

Telephones 4693–4694 Columbus
The Leading Colored Restaurant in America

Cuisine Unsurpassed. Everything Up to date
Shell Fish a Specialty Restaurant Open All Night

We Print THE CRISIS
We Print for the Vogue Magazine and refer by permission to
Mr. Condé Nast, Publisher of
VOGUE MAGAZINE
Wedding Invitations Printed and Engraved. Society
and Commercial Printing a Specialty. A postal or the
telephone (Lenox 6667) brings us to your door.
ROBERT N. WOOD
202 EAST 99th STREET NEW YORK
Phone 2877 Lenox
White Rose Working Girls’ Home

217 EAST 86TH STREET
Bet. Second and Third Avenue

Pleasant temporary lodgings for working girls, with privileges, at
reasonable rates. The Home solicits orders for working dresses,
aprons, etc.
Address:
MRS. FRANCES R. KEYSER, Supt.
JUST OUT
A beautiful sentimental song entitled
“My Home is Down in Dixie, Where the Cotton Grows.”
By Eugene Alexander Burkes
Price 25 Cents Postpaid

Published by
WEBB, ARBUCKLE & CO.,
BOSTON, MASS.
Along the Color Line
POLITICAL.
Objections to the proposed appointment of William R. Lewis, a
Negro attorney of Boston, as an assistant attorney-general are being
presented to Attorney-General Wickersham. President Taft’s
intention to appoint Lewis was learned semi-officially at the White
House several weeks ago. Booker T. Washington has called upon Mr.
Wickersham to urge his approval of the appointment, and Speaker
Cannon has opposed it.
President Taft said in his message: “I renew my recommendation

that the claims of the depositors in the Freedman’s Bank be
recognized and paid by the passage of the pending bill on that
subject. I also renew my recommendation that steps be taken looking
to the holding of a Negro exposition in celebration of the fiftieth
anniversary of the issuing by Mr. Lincoln of the Emancipation
Proclamation.”
There is only one feature of the apportionment matter which is apt

to precipitate trouble, and that is the proposal to reduce the
representation of the Southern States which have deprived a part of
their population of the right of suffrage. Louisiana, Mississippi,
North Carolina, South Carolina and other Commonwealths below the
Mason and Dixon line have imposed restrictions upon the Negroes
which make it impossible for them to vote at any election.—Denver
Times.
THE COURTS.
In Richmond, Va., Judge Goff, in the United States Circuit Court of
Appeals, decided that no deed conveying real estate could legally
preclude the subsequent conveyance of any part of that real estate to
persons of African descent. He held that any provision or clause
providing that real estate shall not be acquired by Negroes is invalid
and void, and that no such provision can be put into a deed. The case
was argued for the Negroes by George J. Hooper and William L.
Royall. A. O. Boschen argued for the other side. The decision of
Judge Goff will be appealed to the Supreme Court of the United
States. It is attracting wide attention and much comment among
members of the local bar. The case was that of the People’s Pleasure
Park vs. Worsham.
Having been defeated in the Supreme Court of New York, and that
defeat having been affirmed by the Appellate Division, the colored
Order of Elks has filed an appeal to the Court of Appeals and has
filed a bond of the National Surety Company to cover the payment of
any costs that may be awarded against it. The colored order was
enjoined from using the name or the emblem of the white Order of
Elks.
The verdict of $1,000 awarded George W. Griffin, a Pullman car

porter, against Daniel L. Brady, brother of “Diamond Jim” Brady,
was affirmed by the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court. Griffin
was arrested by Brady on a charge of theft, and after proving his
innocence sued his accuser.
Joseph Atwater, an Oklahoma Negro, filed in the Supreme Court

of the United States at Washington his appeal from the decision of
the Oklahoma courts which had refused to enjoin election officials in
Oklahoma City from denying him the right to vote on Nov. 8th. The
petition for injunction was based on the claim that the “grandfather
clause” placed in the Oklahoma constitution by amendment was
invalid, because it would deny the right to vote to a large number of
Negroes in the State entirely on account of color or previous
condition of servitude.

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College Physics Reasoning and

Relationships 2nd Edition Nicholas

24.1 Ray (Geometrical) Optics

1. A line representing a wave front for a wave should be drawn:

24.2 Reflection from a Plane Mirror: The Law of Reflection

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2

56. Dispersion occurs when:

66. If total internal reflection occurs at a glass-air surface:

70. Fiber optics has to do with:

76. In glass, which of the following colors of light travels fastest?

24.4 Reflections and Images Produced by Curved Mirrors

114. When an image is inverted compared to the object, it is also:

116. When light goes through two or more separated lenses,

24.6 How the Eye Works

24.7 Optics in the Atmosphere

123. Atmospheric refraction of light rays is responsible for:

Title: The crisis

Release date: September 14, 2023 [eBook #71650]

Original publication: New York City: National Association for the

Credits: Richard Tonsing, hekula03, and the Online Distributed

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CRISIS

Volume One JANUARY, 1911 Number Three

Edited by W. E. BURGHARDT DU BOIS, with the co-

Along the Color Line 5

The Teacher: Poem 23

Talks About Women 27

PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE

ONE DOLLAR A YEAR TEN CENTS A COPY

The Touissant Conservatory of Art and Music

OBJECT.—The National Association for the Advancement of

Suite 610, 20 Vesey Street, New York.

Marshall’s Hotel 127–129 West 53rd Street

The Leading Colored Restaurant in America

Shell Fish a Specialty Restaurant Open All Night

Phone 2877 Lenox

White Rose Working Girls’ Home

Bet. Second and Third Avenue

Price 25 Cents Postpaid

President Taft said in his message: “I renew my recommendation

There is only one feature of the apportionment matter which is apt

The verdict of $1,000 awarded George W. Griffin, a Pullman car

Joseph Atwater, an Oklahoma Negro, filed in the Supreme Court

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