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Prentice Halls Federal Taxation 2015 Individuals 28Th Edition Pope Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF
Prentice Halls Federal Taxation 2015 Individuals 28Th Edition Pope Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF
Prentice Halls Federal Taxation 2015 Individuals 28Th Edition Pope Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF
U.S. Individual Income Tax Return OMB No. 1545-0074 IRS Use Only—Do not write or staple in this space.
For the year Jan. 1–Dec. 31, 2013, or other tax year beginning , 2013, ending , 20 See separate instructions.
Your first name and initial Last name Your social security number
Dave Stevens 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
If a joint return, spouse’s first name and initial Last name Spouse’s social security number
Exemptions 6a
b
✓ Yourself. If someone can claim you as a dependent, do not check box 6a .
✓ Spouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
} Boxes checked
on 6a and 6b
No. of children
2
(4) ✓ if child under age 17 on 6c who:
c Dependents: (2) Dependent’s
social security number
(3) Dependent’s
relationship to you qualifying for child tax credit • lived with you 3
(1) First name Last name (see instructions) • did not live with
Andrew Stevens 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 son ✓ you due to divorce
or separation
If more than four
Isaac Stevens 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 son ✓ (see instructions)
dependents, see
instructions and Mira Stevens 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 daughter ✓ Dependents on 6c
not entered above
check here ▶
d Total number of exemptions claimed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Add numbers on
lines above ▶
5
Income 7 Wages, salaries, tips, etc. Attach Form(s) W-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 32,000
8a Taxable interest. Attach Schedule B if required . . . . . . . . . . . . 8a 3,200
b Tax-exempt interest. Do not include on line 8a . . . 8b
Attach Form(s)
9a Ordinary dividends. Attach Schedule B if required . . . . . . . . . . . 9a
W-2 here. Also
attach Forms b Qualified dividends . . . . . . . . . . . 9b
W-2G and 10 Taxable refunds, credits, or offsets of state and local income taxes . . . . . . 10
1099-R if tax 11 Alimony received . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
was withheld.
12 Business income or (loss). Attach Schedule C or C-EZ . . . . . . . . . . 12 147,345
13 Capital gain or (loss). Attach Schedule D if required. If not required, check here ▶ 13
If you did not 14 Other gains or (losses). Attach Form 4797 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
get a W-2,
see instructions. 15a IRA distributions . 15a b Taxable amount . . . 15b
16a Pensions and annuities 16a b Taxable amount . . . 16b
17 Rental real estate, royalties, partnerships, S corporations, trusts, etc. Attach Schedule E 17
18 Farm income or (loss). Attach Schedule F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
19 Unemployment compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
20a Social security benefits 20a b Taxable amount . . . 20b
21 Other income. List type and amount 21
22 Combine the amounts in the far right column for lines 7 through 21. This is your total income ▶ 22 182,545
23 Educator expenses . . . . . . . . . . 23
Adjusted 24 Certain business expenses of reservists, performing artists, and
Gross fee-basis government officials. Attach Form 2106 or 2106-EZ 24
Income 25 Health savings account deduction. Attach Form 8889 . 25
26 Moving expenses. Attach Form 3903 . . . . . . 26
27 Deductible part of self-employment tax. Attach Schedule SE . 27 9,023
28 Self-employed SEP, SIMPLE, and qualified plans . . 28
29 Self-employed health insurance deduction . . . . 29
30 Penalty on early withdrawal of savings . . . . . . 30
31a Alimony paid b Recipient’s SSN ▶ 31a
32 IRA deduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
33 Student loan interest deduction . . . . . . . . 33
34 Tuition and fees. Attach Form 8917 . . . . . . . 34
35 Domestic production activities deduction. Attach Form 8903 35
36 Add lines 23 through 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 9,023
37 Subtract line 36 from line 22. This is your adjusted gross income . . . . . ▶ 37 173,522
For Disclosure, Privacy Act, and Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see separate instructions. Cat. No. 11320B Form 1040 (2013)
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Sign Under penalties of perjury, I declare that I have examined this return and accompanying schedules and statements, and to the best of my knowledge and belief,
they are true, correct, and complete. Declaration of preparer (other than taxpayer) is based on all information of which preparer has any knowledge.
Here
Your signature Date Your occupation Daytime phone number
▶
Joint return? See
instructions. Physical therapist
Keep a copy for Spouse’s signature. If a joint return, both must sign. Date Spouse’s occupation If the IRS sent you an Identity Protection
your records. PIN, enter it
Teacher here (see inst.)
Print/Type preparer’s name Preparer’s signature Date PTIN
Paid Check if
self-employed
Preparer
Firm’s name ▶ Firm's EIN ▶
Use Only
Firm’s address ▶ Phone no.
Form 1040 (2013)
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}
Itemized No. Your deduction is not limited. Add the amounts in the far right column
Deductions for lines 4 through 28. Also, enter this amount on Form 1040, line 40. . . 29 26,700
Yes. Your deduction may be limited. See the Itemized Deductions
Worksheet in the instructions to figure the amount to enter.
30 If you elect to itemize deductions even though they are less than your standard
deduction, check here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ▶
For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see Form 1040 instructions. Cat. No. 17145C Schedule A (Form 1040) 2013
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Note. If you
received a Form
1099-INT, Form
1099-OID, or
substitute
statement from
a brokerage firm,
list the firm’s
name as the
payer and enter
2 Add the amounts on line 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3,200
the total interest 3 Excludable interest on series EE and I U.S. savings bonds issued after 1989.
shown on that Attach Form 8815 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
form. 4 Subtract line 3 from line 2. Enter the result here and on Form 1040A, or Form
1040, line 8a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ▶ 4 3,200
Note. If line 4 is over $1,500, you must complete Part III. Amount
Part II 5 List name of payer ▶
Ordinary
Dividends
(See instructions
on back and the
instructions for
Form 1040A, or
Form 1040, 5
line 9a.)
Note. If you
received a Form
1099-DIV or
substitute
statement from
a brokerage firm,
list the firm’s
name as the
payer and enter
the ordinary 6 Add the amounts on line 5. Enter the total here and on Form 1040A, or Form
dividends shown
on that form. 1040, line 9a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ▶ 6
Note. If line 6 is over $1,500, you must complete Part III.
You must complete this part if you (a) had over $1,500 of taxable interest or ordinary dividends; (b) had a
foreign account; or (c) received a distribution from, or were a grantor of, or a transferor to, a foreign trust. Yes No
Part III 7a At any time during 2013, did you have a financial interest in or signature authority over a financial
account (such as a bank account, securities account, or brokerage account) located in a foreign
Foreign country? See instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ✓
Accounts If “Yes,” are you required to file FinCEN Form 114, Report of Foreign Bank and Financial
Accounts (FBAR), formerly TD F 90-22.1, to report that financial interest or signature authority?
and Trusts See FinCEN Form 114 and its instructions for filing requirements and exceptions to those
(See requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
instructions on b If you are required to file FinCEN Form 114, enter the name of the foreign country where the
back.)
financial account is located ▶
8 During 2013, did you receive a distribution from, or were you the grantor of, or transferor to, a
foreign trust? If “Yes,” you may have to file Form 3520. See instructions on back . . . . . . ✓
For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see your tax return instructions. Cat. No. 17146N Schedule B (Form 1040A or 1040) 2013
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I Did you make any payments in 2013 that would require you to file Form(s) 1099? (see instructions) . . . . . . . . Yes ✓ No
J If "Yes," did you or will you file required Forms 1099? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yes No
Part I Income
1 Gross receipts or sales. See instructions for line 1 and check the box if this income was reported to you on
Form W-2 and the “Statutory employee” box on that form was checked . . . . . . . . . ▶ 1 300,000
2 Returns and allowances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3 Subtract line 2 from line 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 300,000
4 Cost of goods sold (from line 42) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5 Gross profit. Subtract line 4 from line 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 300,000
6 Other income, including federal and state gasoline or fuel tax credit or refund (see instructions) . . . . 6 225
7 Gross income. Add lines 5 and 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ▶ 7 300,225
Part II Expenses Enter expenses for business use of your home only on line 30.
8 Advertising . . . . . 8 18 Office expense (see instructions) 18
9 Car and truck expenses (see 19 Pension and profit-sharing plans . 19
instructions) . . . . . 9 20 Rent or lease (see instructions):
10 Commissions and fees . 10 a Vehicles, machinery, and equipment 20a 15,000
11 Contract labor (see instructions) 11 b Other business property . . . 20b
12 Depletion . . . . . 12 21 Repairs and maintenance . . . 21
13 Depreciation and section 179 22 Supplies (not included in Part III) . 22 24,000
expense deduction (not
included in Part III) (see 23 Taxes and licenses . . . . . 23 4,500
instructions) . . . . . 13 4,500 24 Travel, meals, and entertainment:
14 Employee benefit programs a Travel . . . . . . . . . 24a
(other than on line 19) . . 14 b Deductible meals and
15 Insurance (other than health) 15 37,500 entertainment (see instructions) . 24b
16 Interest: 25 Utilities . . . . . . . . 25 3,750
a Mortgage (paid to banks, etc.) 16a 12,000 26 Wages (less employment credits) . 26 51,000
b Other . . . . . . 16b 27a Other expenses (from line 48) . . 27a 630
17 Legal and professional services 17 b Reserved for future use . . . 27b
28 Total expenses before expenses for business use of home. Add lines 8 through 27a . . . . . . ▶ 28 152,880
29 Tentative profit or (loss). Subtract line 28 from line 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 147,345
30 Expenses for business use of your home. Do not report these expenses elsewhere. Attach Form 8829
unless using the simplified method (see instructions).
Simplified method filers only: enter the total square footage of: (a) your home:
and (b) the part of your home used for business: . Use the Simplified
Method Worksheet in the instructions to figure the amount to enter on line 30 . . . . . . . . . 30
31 Net profit or (loss). Subtract line 30 from line 29.
• If a profit, enter on both Form 1040, line 12 (or Form 1040NR, line 13) and on Schedule SE, line 2.
(If you checked the box on line 1, see instructions). Estates and trusts, enter on Form 1041, line 3.
• If a loss, you must go to line 32.
} 31 147,345
}
32 If you have a loss, check the box that describes your investment in this activity (see instructions).
• If you checked 32a, enter the loss on both Form 1040, line 12, (or Form 1040NR, line 13) and
on Schedule SE, line 2. (If you checked the box on line 1, see the line 31 instructions). Estates and 32a All investment is at risk.
trusts, enter on Form 1041, line 3. 32b Some investment is not
at risk.
• If you checked 32b, you must attach Form 6198. Your loss may be limited.
For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see the separate instructions. Cat. No. 11334P Schedule C (Form 1040) 2013
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33 Method(s) used to
value closing inventory: a Cost b Lower of cost or market c Other (attach explanation)
34 Was there any change in determining quantities, costs, or valuations between opening and closing inventory?
If “Yes,” attach explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yes No
35 Inventory at beginning of year. If different from last year’s closing inventory, attach explanation . . . 35
39 Other costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
42 Cost of goods sold. Subtract line 41 from line 40. Enter the result here and on line 4 . . . . . . 42
Part IV Information on Your Vehicle. Complete this part only if you are claiming car or truck expenses on line 9
and are not required to file Form 4562 for this business. See the instructions for line 13 to find out if you must
file Form 4562.
43 When did you place your vehicle in service for business purposes? (month, day, year) ▶ / /
44 Of the total number of miles you drove your vehicle during 2013, enter the number of miles you used your vehicle for:
45 Was your vehicle available for personal use during off-duty hours? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yes No
46 Do you (or your spouse) have another vehicle available for personal use?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yes No
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Note. Use this flowchart only if you must file Schedule SE. If unsure, see Who Must File Schedule SE in the instructions.
No Yes
▼ ▼ ▼
Are you a minister, member of a religious order, or Christian
Was the total of your wages and tips subject to social security Yes
Science practitioner who received IRS approval not to be taxed Yes
on earnings from these sources, but you owe self-employment ▶ or railroad retirement (tier 1) tax plus your net earnings from ▶
self-employment more than $113,700?
tax on other earnings?
No No
▼ ▼
Are you using one of the optional methods to figure your net Did you receive tips subject to social security or Medicare tax Yes
Yes ▶
earnings (see instructions)? ▶ that you did not report to your employer?
No
No ▼
▼
No Did you report any wages on Form 8919, Uncollected Social Yes
Did you receive church employee income (see instructions) Yes ◀ Security and Medicare Tax on Wages? ▶
reported on Form W-2 of $108.28 or more? ▶
No
▼ ▼
You may use Short Schedule SE below ▶ You must use Long Schedule SE on page 2
Section A—Short Schedule SE. Caution. Read above to see if you can use Short Schedule SE.
1a Net farm profit or (loss) from Schedule F, line 34, and farm partnerships, Schedule K-1 (Form
1065), box 14, code A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1a
b If you received social security retirement or disability benefits, enter the amount of Conservation Reserve
Program payments included on Schedule F, line 4b, or listed on Schedule K-1 (Form 1065), box 20, code Z 1b ( )
2 Net profit or (loss) from Schedule C, line 31; Schedule C-EZ, line 3; Schedule K-1 (Form 1065),
box 14, code A (other than farming); and Schedule K-1 (Form 1065-B), box 9, code J1.
Ministers and members of religious orders, see instructions for types of income to report on
this line. See instructions for other income to report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 147,345
3 Combine lines 1a, 1b, and 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 147,345
4 Multiply line 3 by 92.35% (.9235). If less than $400, you do not owe self-employment tax; do
not file this schedule unless you have an amount on line 1b . . . . . . . . . . . ▶ 4 136,073
Note. If line 4 is less than $400 due to Conservation Reserve Program payments on line 1b,
see instructions.
5 Self-employment tax. If the amount on line 4 is:
• $113,700 or less, multiply line 4 by 15.3% (.153). Enter the result here and on Form 1040, line 56,
or Form 1040NR, line 54
• More than $113,700, multiply line 4 by 2.9% (.029). Then, add $14,098.80 to the result.
Enter the total here and on Form 1040, line 56, or Form 1040NR, line 54 . . . . . . . 5 18,045
6 Deduction for one-half of self-employment tax.
Multiply line 5 by 50% (.50). Enter the result here and on Form
1040, line 27, or Form 1040NR, line 27 . . . . . . . . 6 9,023
For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see your tax return instructions. Cat. No. 11358Z Schedule SE (Form 1040) 2013
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U.S. Individual Income Tax Return OMB No. 1545-0074 IRS Use Only—Do not write or staple in this space.
For the year Jan. 1–Dec. 31, 2013, or other tax year beginning , 2013, ending , 20 See separate instructions.
Your first name and initial Last name Your social security number
Lyle James 11122 3333
If a joint return, spouse’s first name and initial Last name Spouse’s social security number
Exemptions 6a
b
✓ Yourself. If someone can claim you as a dependent, do not check box 6a .
✓ Spouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
} Boxes checked
on 6a and 6b
No. of children
2
c Dependents: (2) Dependent’s (3) Dependent’s (4) ✓ if child under age 17
qualifying for child tax credit
on 6c who:
• lived with you
2
(1) First name Last name social security number relationship to you
(see instructions) • did not live with
Jessica James 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Daughter ✓ you due to divorce
✓
or separation
If more than four
dependents, see
Jerron James 8 8 8 9 9 1 0 1 0 Son (see instructions)
Dependents on 6c
instructions and not entered above
check here ▶
d Total number of exemptions claimed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Add numbers on
lines above ▶
4
Income 7 Wages, salaries, tips, etc. Attach Form(s) W-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 240,000
8a Taxable interest. Attach Schedule B if required . . . . . . . . . . . . 8a
b Tax-exempt interest. Do not include on line 8a . . . 8b
Attach Form(s)
9a Ordinary dividends. Attach Schedule B if required . . . . . . . . . . . 9a
W-2 here. Also
attach Forms b Qualified dividends . . . . . . . . . . . 9b
W-2G and 10 Taxable refunds, credits, or offsets of state and local income taxes . . . . . . 10
1099-R if tax 11 Alimony received . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
was withheld.
12 Business income or (loss). Attach Schedule C or C-EZ . . . . . . . . . . 12
13 Capital gain or (loss). Attach Schedule D if required. If not required, check here ▶ 13 250
If you did not 14 Other gains or (losses). Attach Form 4797 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
get a W-2,
see instructions. 15a IRA distributions . 15a b Taxable amount . . . 15b
16a Pensions and annuities 16a b Taxable amount . . . 16b
17 Rental real estate, royalties, partnerships, S corporations, trusts, etc. Attach Schedule E 17 5,350
18 Farm income or (loss). Attach Schedule F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
19 Unemployment compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
20a Social security benefits 20a b Taxable amount . . . 20b
21 Other income. List type and amount 21
22 Combine the amounts in the far right column for lines 7 through 21. This is your total income ▶ 22 245,600
23 Educator expenses . . . . . . . . . . 23
Adjusted 24 Certain business expenses of reservists, performing artists, and
Gross fee-basis government officials. Attach Form 2106 or 2106-EZ 24
Income 25 Health savings account deduction. Attach Form 8889 . 25
26 Moving expenses. Attach Form 3903 . . . . . . 26
27 Deductible part of self-employment tax. Attach Schedule SE . 27
28 Self-employed SEP, SIMPLE, and qualified plans . . 28
29 Self-employed health insurance deduction . . . . 29
30 Penalty on early withdrawal of savings . . . . . . 30
31a Alimony paid b Recipient’s SSN ▶ 31a
32 IRA deduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
33 Student loan interest deduction . . . . . . . . 33
34 Tuition and fees. Attach Form 8917 . . . . . . . 34
35 Domestic production activities deduction. Attach Form 8903 35
36 Add lines 23 through 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
37 Subtract line 36 from line 22. This is your adjusted gross income . . . . . ▶ 37 245,600
For Disclosure, Privacy Act, and Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see separate instructions. Cat. No. 11320B Form 1040 (2013)
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Sign Under penalties of perjury, I declare that I have examined this return and accompanying schedules and statements, and to the best of my knowledge and belief,
they are true, correct, and complete. Declaration of preparer (other than taxpayer) is based on all information of which preparer has any knowledge.
Here
Your signature Date Your occupation Daytime phone number
Joint return? See
instructions.
Keep a copy for Spouse’s signature. If a joint return, both must sign. Date Spouse’s occupation If the IRS sent you an Identity Protection
your records. PIN, enter it
here (see inst.)
Print/Type preparer’s name Preparer’s signature Date PTIN
Paid Check if
self-employed
Preparer
Firm’s name ▶ Firm's EIN ▶
Use Only
Firm’s address ▶ Phone no.
Form 1040 (2013)
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}
Itemized No. Your deduction is not limited. Add the amounts in the far right column
Deductions for lines 4 through 28. Also, enter this amount on Form 1040, line 40. . . 29 20,100
Yes. Your deduction may be limited. See the Itemized Deductions
Worksheet in the instructions to figure the amount to enter.
30 If you elect to itemize deductions even though they are less than your standard
deduction, check here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ▶
For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see Form 1040 instructions. Cat. No. 17145C Schedule A (Form 1040) 2013
* R/E tax on New Haven home ($1,400) plus Florida home [$250 = $1000 X (20/80)]
** Interest on New Haven home ($7,200) plus allocated interest on Florida home [$1,250 = $5,000 X (20/80)].
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See instructions for how to figure the amounts to enter on the (g) (h) Gain or (loss)
lines below. (d) (e) Adjustments Subtract column (e)
Proceeds Cost to gain or loss from from column (d) and
This form may be easier to complete if you round off cents to (sales price) (or other basis) Form(s) 8949, Part I, combine the result with
whole dollars. line 2, column (g) column (g)
4 Short-term gain from Form 6252 and short-term gain or (loss) from Forms 4684, 6781, and 8824 . 4
5 Net short-term gain or (loss) from partnerships, S corporations, estates, and trusts from
Schedule(s) K-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6 Short-term capital loss carryover. Enter the amount, if any, from line 8 of your Capital Loss Carryover
Worksheet in the instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ( )
7 Net short-term capital gain or (loss). Combine lines 1a through 6 in column (h). If you have any long-
term capital gains or losses, go to Part II below. Otherwise, go to Part III on the back . . . . . 7 250
Part II Long-Term Capital Gains and Losses—Assets Held More Than One Year
See instructions for how to figure the amounts to enter on the (g) (h) Gain or (loss)
lines below. (d) (e) Adjustments Subtract column (e)
Proceeds Cost to gain or loss from from column (d) and
This form may be easier to complete if you round off cents to (sales price) (or other basis) Form(s) 8949, Part II, combine the result with
whole dollars. line 2, column (g) column (g)
12 Net long-term gain or (loss) from partnerships, S corporations, estates, and trusts from Schedule(s) K-1 12
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18 Enter the amount, if any, from line 7 of the 28% Rate Gain Worksheet in the instructions . . ▶ 18
19 Enter the amount, if any, from line 18 of the Unrecaptured Section 1250 Gain Worksheet in the
instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ▶ 19
No. Complete the Schedule D Tax Worksheet in the instructions. Do not complete lines 21
and 22 below.
21 If line 16 is a loss, enter here and on Form 1040, line 13, or Form 1040NR, line 14, the smaller of:
Note. When figuring which amount is smaller, treat both amounts as positive numbers.
22 Do you have qualified dividends on Form 1040, line 9b, or Form 1040NR, line 10b?
Yes. Complete the Qualified Dividends and Capital Gain Tax Worksheet in the instructions
for Form 1040, line 44 (or in the instructions for Form 1040NR, line 42).
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2013
Form
▶ Information about Form 8949 and its separate instructions is at www.irs.gov/form8949.
Department of the Treasury Attachment
▶ File with your Schedule D to list your transactions for lines 1b, 2, 3, 8b, 9, and 10 of Schedule D.
Internal Revenue Service Sequence No. 12A
Name(s) shown on return Social security number or taxpayer identification number
Lyle and Kaye James 111-22-3333
Most brokers issue their own substitute statement instead of using Form 1099-B. They also may provide basis information (usually your cost) to you on
the statement even if it is not reported to the IRS. Before you check Box A, B, or C below, determine whether you received any statement(s) and, if so,
the transactions for which basis was reported to the IRS. Brokers are required to report basis to the IRS for most stock you bought in 2011 or later.
Part I Short-Term. Transactions involving capital assets you held one year or less are short term. For long-term
transactions, see page 2.
Note. You may aggregate all short-term transactions reported on Form(s) 1099-B showing basis was
reported to the IRS and for which no adjustments or codes are required. Enter the total directly on
Schedule D, line 1a; you are not required to report these transactions on Form 8949 (see instructions).
You must check Box A, B, or C below. Check only one box. If more than one box applies for your short-term transactions,
complete a separate Form 8949, page 1, for each applicable box. If you have more short-term transactions than will fit on this page
for one or more of the boxes, complete as many forms with the same box checked as you need.
✓ (A) Short-term transactions reported on Form(s) 1099-B showing basis was reported to the IRS (see Note above)
(B) Short-term transactions reported on Form(s) 1099-B showing basis was not reported to the IRS
(C) Short-term transactions not reported to you on Form 1099-B
Adjustment, if any, to gain or loss.
1 (e) If you enter an amount in column (g), (h)
(c) (d) Cost or other basis. enter a code in column (f). Gain or (loss).
(a) (b)
Date sold or Proceeds See the Note below See the separate instructions. Subtract column (e)
Description of property Date acquired
disposed (sales price) and see Column (e) from column (d) and
(Example: 100 sh. XYZ Co.) (Mo., day, yr.)
(Mo., day, yr.) (see instructions) in the separate (f) (g) combine the result
instructions Code(s) from Amount of with column (g)
instructions adjustment
2 Totals. Add the amounts in columns (d), (e), (g), and (h) (subtract
negative amounts). Enter each total here and include on your
Schedule D, line 1b (if Box A above is checked), line 2 (if Box B
above is checked), or line 3 (if Box C above is checked) ▶ 2,000 2,000 250 250
Note. If you checked Box A above but the basis reported to the IRS was incorrect, enter in column (e) the basis as reported to the IRS, and enter an
adjustment in column (g) to correct the basis. See Column (g) in the separate instructions for how to figure the amount of the adjustment.
For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see your tax return instructions. Cat. No. 37768Z Form 8949 (2013)
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Most brokers issue their own substitute statement instead of using Form 1099-B. They also may provide basis information (usually your cost) to you on
the statement even if it is not reported to the IRS. Before you check Box D, E, or F below, determine whether you received any statement(s) and, if so,
the transactions for which basis was reported to the IRS. Brokers are required to report basis to the IRS for most stock you bought in 2011 or later.
Part II Long-Term. Transactions involving capital assets you held more than one year are long term. For short-term
transactions, see page 1.
Note. You may aggregate all long-term transactions reported on Form(s) 1099-B showing basis was reported
to the IRS and for which no adjustments or codes are required. Enter the total directly on Schedule D, line 8a;
you are not required to report these transactions on Form 8949 (see instructions).
You must check Box D, E, or F below. Check only one box. If more than one box applies for your long-term transactions, complete
a separate Form 8949, page 2, for each applicable box. If you have more long-term transactions than will fit on this page for one or
more of the boxes, complete as many forms with the same box checked as you need.
(D) Long-term transactions reported on Form(s) 1099-B showing basis was reported to the IRS (see Note above)
(E) Long-term transactions reported on Form(s) 1099-B showing basis was not reported to the IRS
(F) Long-term transactions not reported to you on Form 1099-B
Adjustment, if any, to gain or loss.
1 (e) If you enter an amount in column (g), (h)
(c) (d) Cost or other basis. enter a code in column (f). Gain or (loss).
(a) (b)
Date sold or Proceeds See the Note below See the separate instructions. Subtract column (e)
Description of property Date acquired
disposed (sales price) and see Column (e) from column (d) and
(Example: 100 sh. XYZ Co.) (Mo., day, yr.)
(Mo., day, yr.) (see instructions) in the separate (f) (g) combine the result
instructions Code(s) from Amount of with column (g)
instructions adjustment
2 Totals. Add the amounts in columns (d), (e), (g), and (h) (subtract
negative amounts). Enter each total here and include on your
Schedule D, line 8b (if Box D above is checked), line 9 (if Box E
above is checked), or line 10 (if Box F above is checked) ▶
Note. If you checked Box D above but the basis reported to the IRS was incorrect, enter in column (e) the basis as reported to the IRS, and enter an
adjustment in column (g) to correct the basis. See Column (g) in the separate instructions for how to figure the amount of the adjustment.
Form 8949 (2013)
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2013
(Form 1040) (From rental real estate, royalties, partnerships, S corporations, estates, trusts, REMICs, etc.)
▶ Attach to Form 1040, 1040NR, or Form 1041.
Department of the Treasury Attachment
▶ Information about Schedule E and its separate instructions is at www.irs.gov/schedulee.
Internal Revenue Service (99) Sequence No. 13
Name(s) shown on return Your social security number
Lyle and Kaye James 111-22-3333
Part I Income or Loss From Rental Real Estate and Royalties Note. If you are in the business of renting personal property, use
Schedule C or C-EZ (see instructions). If you are an individual, report farm rental income or loss from Form 4835 on page 2, line 40.
A Did you make any payments in 2013 that would require you to file Form(s) 1099? (see instructions) Yes ✓ No
B If “Yes,” did you or will you file required Forms 1099? Yes No
1a Physical address of each property (street, city, state, ZIP code)
A Ft. Lauderdale, FL
B
C
1b Type of Property 2 For each rental real estate property listed Fair Rental Personal Use
above, report the number of fair rental and QJV
(from list below) Days Days
personal use days. Check the QJV box
A 3 only if you meet the requirements to file as A 60 20
B a qualified joint venture. See instructions. B
C C
Type of Property:
1 Single Family Residence 3 Vacation/Short-Term Rental 5 Land 7 Self-Rental
2 Multi-Family Residence 4 Commercial 6 Royalties 8 Other (describe)
Income: Properties: A B C
3 Rents received . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 15,000
4 Royalties received . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Expenses:
5 Advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 200
6 Auto and travel (see instructions) . . . . . . . 6
7 Cleaning and maintenance . . . . . . . . . 7
8 Commissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
9 Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1,125 *
10 Legal and other professional fees . . . . . . . 10
11 Management fees . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
12 Mortgage interest paid to banks, etc. (see instructions) 12 3,750 *
13 Other interest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
14 Repairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 225 *
15 Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
16 Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 750 *
17 Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 975 *
18 Depreciation expense or depletion . . . . . . . 18 2,625 *
19 Other (list) ▶ 19
20 Total expenses. Add lines 5 through 19 . . . . . 20 9,650
21 Subtract line 20 from line 3 (rents) and/or 4 (royalties). If
result is a (loss), see instructions to find out if you must
file Form 6198 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 5,350
22 Deductible rental real estate loss after limitation, if any,
on Form 8582 (see instructions) . . . . . . . 22 ( )( )( )
23a Total of all amounts reported on line 3 for all rental properties . . . . 23a 15,000
b Total of all amounts reported on line 4 for all royalty properties . . . . 23b
c Total of all amounts reported on line 12 for all properties . . . . . . 23c 3,750
d Total of all amounts reported on line 18 for all properties . . . . . . 23d 2,625
e Total of all amounts reported on line 20 for all properties . . . . . . 23e 9,650
24 Income. Add positive amounts shown on line 21. Do not include any losses . . . . . . . 24 5,350
25 Losses. Add royalty losses from line 21 and rental real estate losses from line 22. Enter total losses here 25 ( )
26 Total rental real estate and royalty income or (loss). Combine lines 24 and 25. Enter the result here.
If Parts II, III, IV, and line 40 on page 2 do not apply to you, also enter this amount on Form 1040, line
17, or Form 1040NR, line 18. Otherwise, include this amount in the total on line 41 on page 2 . . . . 26 5,350
For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see the separate instructions. Cat. No. 11344L Schedule E (Form 1040) 2013
* Amounts shown are 75% of the total cost to account for portion attributed to personal use.
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A
B
C
D
29a Totals
b Totals
30 Add columns (g) and (j) of line 29a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
31 Add columns (f), (h), and (i) of line 29b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 ( )
32 Total partnership and S corporation income or (loss). Combine lines 30 and 31. Enter the
result here and include in the total on line 41 below . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Part III Income or Loss From Estates and Trusts
(b) Employer
33 (a) Name
identification number
A
B
Passive Income and Loss Nonpassive Income and Loss
(c) Passive deduction or loss allowed (d) Passive income (e) Deduction or loss (f) Other income from
(attach Form 8582 if required) from Schedule K–1 from Schedule K–1 Schedule K–1
A
B
34a Totals
b Totals
35 Add columns (d) and (f) of line 34a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
36 Add columns (c) and (e) of line 34b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 ( )
37 Total estate and trust income or (loss). Combine lines 35 and 36. Enter the result here and
include in the total on line 41 below . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Part IV Income or Loss From Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduits (REMICs)—Residual Holder
(b) Employer identification (c) Excess inclusion from (d) Taxable income (net loss) (e) Income from
38 (a) Name
number Schedules Q, line 2c from Schedules Q, line 1b Schedules Q, line 3b
(see instructions)
39 Combine columns (d) and (e) only. Enter the result here and include in the total on line 41 below 39
Part V Summary
40 Net farm rental income or (loss) from Form 4835. Also, complete line 42 below . . . . . . 40
41 Total income or (loss). Combine lines 26, 32, 37, 39, and 40. Enter the result here and on Form 1040, line 17, or Form 1040NR, line 18 ▶ 41 5,350
42 Reconciliation of farming and fishing income. Enter your gross
farming and fishing income reported on Form 4835, line 7; Schedule K-1
(Form 1065), box 14, code B; Schedule K-1 (Form 1120S), box 17, code
V; and Schedule K-1 (Form 1041), box 14, code F (see instructions) . . 42
43 Reconciliation for real estate professionals. If you were a real estate
professional (see instructions), enter the net income or (loss) you reported
anywhere on Form 1040 or Form 1040NR from all rental real estate activities
in which you materially participated under the passive activity loss rules . . 43
Schedule E (Form 1040) 2013
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2013
Form For calendar year 2013 or tax year beginning , 2013, ending , 20
Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service ▶ Information about Form 1120 and its separate instructions is at www.irs.gov/form1120.
A Check if: Name B Employer identification number
1a Consolidated return
(attach Form 851) .
TYPE
Scarlet Furniture Corporation 12-34567
b Life/nonlife consoli- Number, street, and room or suite no. If a P.O. box, see instructions. C Date incorporated
dated return . . . OR
2 Personal holding co. PRINT 789 Presidential Way January 1, 2013
(attach Sch. PH) . . City or town, state, or province, country and ZIP or foreign postal code D Total assets (see instructions)
3 Personal service corp.
(see instructions) . .
Seattle, WA 54789 $ 1,139,400
4 Schedule M-3 attached E Check if: (1) ✓ Initial return (2) Final return (3) Name change (4) Address change
* The Sum of the supplies ($5,000), actual warranty expenses ($2,000) and contract breech penalty ($600)
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14 Income from controlled foreign corporations under subpart F (attach Form(s) 5471) .
17 Other dividends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19 Total dividends. Add lines 1 through 17. Enter here and on page 1, line 4 . . . ▶
20 Total special deductions. Add lines 9, 10, 11, 12, and 18. Enter here and on page 1, line 29b . . . . . . . ▶
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2 Income tax. Check if a qualified personal service corporation (see instructions) . . . . . . . . ▶ 2 50,314
3 Alternative minimum tax (attach Form 4626) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4 Add lines 2 and 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 50,314
5a Foreign tax credit (attach Form 1118) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5a
b Credit from Form 8834 (see instructions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5b
c General business credit (attach Form 3800) . . . . . . . . . . . . 5c
d Credit for prior year minimum tax (attach Form 8827) . . . . . . . . . 5d
e Bond credits from Form 8912 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5e
6 Total credits. Add lines 5a through 5e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7 Subtract line 6 from line 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 50,314
8 Personal holding company tax (attach Schedule PH (Form 1120)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
9a Recapture of investment credit (attach Form 4255) . . . . . . . . . . 9a
b Recapture of low-income housing credit (attach Form 8611) . . . . . . . 9b
c Interest due under the look-back method—completed long-term contracts (attach
Form 8697) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9c
d Interest due under the look-back method—income forecast method (attach Form
8866) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9d
e Alternative tax on qualifying shipping activities (attach Form 8902) . . . . . 9e
f Other (see instructions—attach statement) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9f
10 Total. Add lines 9a through 9f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
11 Total tax. Add lines 7, 8, and 10. Enter here and on page 1, line 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 50,314
Part II–Payments and Refundable Credits
12 2012 overpayment credited to 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
13 2013 estimated tax payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 50,000
14 2013 refund applied for on Form 4466 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ( )
15 Combine lines 12, 13, and 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 50,000
16 Tax deposited with Form 7004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
17 Withholding (see instructions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
18 Total payments. Add lines 15, 16, and 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 50,000
19 Refundable credits from:
a Form 2439 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19a
b Form 4136 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19b
c Form 8827, line 8c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19c
d Other (attach statement—see instructions). . . . . . . . . . . . . 19d
20 Total credits. Add lines 19a through 19d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
21 Total payments and credits. Add lines 18 and 20. Enter here and on page 1, line 32 . . . . . . . . 21 50,000
Schedule K Other Information (see instructions)
1 Check accounting method: a Cash b ✓ Accrual c Other (specify) ▶ Yes No
2 See the instructions and enter the:
a Business activity code no. ▶
b Business activity ▶
c Product or service ▶
3 Is the corporation a subsidiary in an affiliated group or a parent-subsidiary controlled group? . . . . . . . . . . ✓
If “Yes,” enter name and EIN of the parent corporation ▶
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b Own directly an interest of 20% or more, or own, directly or indirectly, an interest of 50% or more in any foreign or domestic partnership
(including an entity treated as a partnership) or in the beneficial interest of a trust? For rules of constructive ownership, see instructions. ✓
If “Yes,” complete (i) through (iv) below.
(ii) Employer (iii) Country of (iv) Maximum
(i) Name of Entity Identification Number Percentage Owned in
(if any) Organization Profit, Loss, or Capital
6 During this tax year, did the corporation pay dividends (other than stock dividends and distributions in exchange for stock) in
excess of the corporation’s current and accumulated earnings and profits? (See sections 301 and 316.) . . . . . . . ✓
If "Yes," file Form 5452, Corporate Report of Nondividend Distributions.
If this is a consolidated return, answer here for the parent corporation and on Form 851 for each subsidiary.
7 At any time during the tax year, did one foreign person own, directly or indirectly, at least 25% of (a) the total voting power of all
classes of the corporation’s stock entitled to vote or (b) the total value of all classes of the corporation’s stock? . . . . ✓
For rules of attribution, see section 318. If “Yes,” enter:
(i) Percentage owned ▶ and (ii) Owner’s country ▶
(c) The corporation may have to file Form 5472, Information Return of a 25% Foreign-Owned U.S. Corporation or a Foreign
Corporation Engaged in a U.S. Trade or Business. Enter the number of Forms 5472 attached ▶
8 Check this box if the corporation issued publicly offered debt instruments with original issue discount . . . . . . ▶
If checked, the corporation may have to file Form 8281, Information Return for Publicly Offered Original Issue Discount Instruments.
9 Enter the amount of tax-exempt interest received or accrued during the tax year ▶ $
10 Enter the number of shareholders at the end of the tax year (if 100 or fewer) ▶
11 If the corporation has an NOL for the tax year and is electing to forego the carryback period, check here . . . . . ▶
If the corporation is filing a consolidated return, the statement required by Regulations section 1.1502-21(b)(3) must be attached
or the election will not be valid.
12 Enter the available NOL carryover from prior tax years (do not reduce it by any deduction on line 29a.) ▶ $
13 Are the corporation’s total receipts (page 1, line 1a, plus lines 4 through 10) for the tax year and its total assets at the end of the
tax year less than $250,000? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ✓
If “Yes,” the corporation is not required to complete Schedules L, M-1, and M-2. Instead, enter the total amount of cash distributions
and the book value of property distributions (other than cash) made during the tax year ▶ $
14 Is the corporation required to file Schedule UTP (Form 1120), Uncertain Tax Position Statement (see instructions)? . . . . ✓
If “Yes,” complete and attach Schedule UTP.
15a Did the corporation make any payments in 2013 that would require it to file Form(s) 1099? . . . . . . . . . . . ✓
b If “Yes,” did or will the corporation file required Forms 1099? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 During this tax year, did the corporation have an 80% or more change in ownership, including a change due to redemption of its
own stock? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ✓
17 During or subsequent to this tax year, but before the filing of this return, did the corporation dispose of more than 65% (by value)
of its assets in a taxable, non-taxable, or tax deferred transaction? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ✓
18 Did the corporation receive assets in a section 351 transfer in which any of the transferred assets had a fair market basis or fair
market value of more than $1 million? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ✓
Form 1120 (2013)
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*$8,000 accrued warranty expense + $10,000 OSHA Fine + $15,000 accrued bonuses = $33,000
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Part II Certain Individuals and Estates Owning the Corporation’s Voting Stock. (Form 1120, Schedule K,
Question 4b). Complete columns (i) through (iv) below for any individual or estate that owns directly 20% or
more, or owns, directly or indirectly, 50% or more of the total voting power of all classes of the corporation’s
stock entitled to vote (see instructions).
(ii) Identifying Number (iii) Country of (iv) Percentage Owned
(i) Name of Individual or Estate Citizenship (see
(if any) instructions) in Voting Stock
For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, Cat. No. 52684S Schedule G (Form 1120) (Rev. 12-2011)
see the Instructions for Form 1120.
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c Check if the LIFO inventory method was adopted this tax year for any goods (if checked, attach Form 970) . . . . . . ▶
d If the LIFO inventory method was used for this tax year, enter amount of closing inventory computed
under LIFO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9d
e If property is produced or acquired for resale, do the rules of section 263A apply to the entity (see instructions)? . . Yes ✓ No
f Was there any change in determining quantities, cost, or valuations between opening and closing inventory? If “Yes,”
attach explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yes ✓ No
Section references are to the Internal Under this accounting method, inventory ending on or after December 31, 2000, has
Revenue Code unless otherwise noted. costs for raw materials purchased for use average annual gross receipts of $10
in producing finished goods and million or less for the 3 prior tax years, (b)
General Instructions merchandise purchased for resale are whose principal business activity is not an
deductible in the year the finished goods or ineligible activity, and (c) whose business is
Purpose of Form merchandise are sold (but not before the not a tax shelter (as defined in section 448
Use Form 1125-A to calculate and deduct year you paid for the raw materials or (d)(3)). See Rev. Proc. 2002-28, 2002-18
cost of goods sold for certain entities. merchandise, if you are also using the cash I.R.B. 815.
method). Uniform capitalization rules. The uniform
Who Must File If you account for inventoriable items in capitalization rules of section 263A
the same manner as materials and supplies generally require you to capitalize, or
Filers of Form 1120, 1120-C, 1120-F,
that are not incidental, you can currently include in inventory, certain costs incurred
1120S, 1065, or 1065-B, must complete
deduct expenditures for direct labor and all in connection with the following.
and attach Form 1125-A if the applicable
indirect costs that would otherwise be • The production of real property and
entity reports a deduction for cost of goods
included in inventory costs. See the tangible personal property held in inventory
sold.
instructions for lines 2 and 7. or held for sale in the ordinary course of
Inventories For additional guidance on this method business.
Generally, inventories are required at the of accounting, see Pub. 538, Accounting • Real property or personal property
beginning and end of each tax year if the Periods and Methods. For guidance on (tangible and intangible) acquired for resale.
production, purchase, or sale of adopting or changing to this method of
• The production of real property and
merchandise is an income-producing accounting, see Form 3115, Application for
tangible personal property by a corporation
factor. See Regulations section 1.471-1. If Change in Accounting Method, and its
for use in its trade or business or in an
inventories are required, you generally instructions.
activity engaged in for profit.
must use an accrual method of accounting Qualifying taxpayer. A qualifying
for sales and purchases of inventory items. See the discussion on section 263A
taxpayer is a taxpayer that, (a) for each
uniform capitalization rules in the
Exception for certain taxpayers. If you prior tax year ending after December 16,
instructions for your tax return before
are a qualifying taxpayer or a qualifying 1998, has average annual gross receipts of
completing Form 1125-A. Also see
small business taxpayer (defined below), $1 million or less for the 3 prior tax years
Regulations sections 1.263A-1 through
you can adopt or change your accounting and (b) its business is not a tax shelter (as
1.263A-3. See Regulations section
method to account for inventoriable items defined in section 448(d)(3)). See Rev.
1.263A-4 for rules for property produced in
in the same manner as materials and Proc. 2001-10, 2001-2 I.R.B. 272.
a farming business.
supplies that are not incidental. Qualifying small business taxpayer. A
qualifying small business taxpayer is a
taxpayer that, (a) for each prior tax year
For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see instructions. Cat. No. 55988R Form 1125-A (Rev. 12-2012)
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(b) Social security number (c) Percent of Percent of stock owned (f) Amount of
(a) Name of officer time devoted to
(see instructions) business (d) Common (e) Preferred compensation
% % %
% % %
% % %
% % %
% % %
% % %
% % %
% % %
% % %
% % %
% % %
% % %
% % %
% % %
% % %
% % %
% % %
% % %
4 Subtract line 3 from line 2. Enter the result here and on Form 1120, page 1, line 12 or the
appropriate line of your tax return . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 40,000
For Paperwork Reduction Act Notice, see separate instructions. Cat. No. 55989C Form 1125-E (Rev. 12-2013)
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Another random document with
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class, the other regent might form those that had been kept back, and
qualified newcomers with them, into a properly sequent first class;
and so the routine would be established. The advice was adopted;
and, on Rollock’s recommendation, the person chosen to be
Humanity teacher in the meantime, and second regent in regular
course, was a Mr. Duncan Nairne, a young man from Glasgow
University. Thus all was arranged; and the work of the first session of
the University of Edinburgh proceeded,—Rollock teaching his
“Bajans,” and Nairne following with the ragged troop whom he was
working up in Latin to fit them for the “Bajan” class of next year.
The “session” in each of the Scottish universities extended then
over ten, or even eleven, months of every year, i.e. from the
beginning of October to, or well into, August. The practice was for
the students, or a proportion of them, to reside within the University
walls; and, though this practice soon fell into disuse in Edinburgh, it
held good at first so far that at least some of the students were
boarded and lodged in some rough fashion within the College. The
original regulation also was that students should wear academic
costume; but against this regulation Edinburgh opinion seems from
the first to have set its face most determinedly. It was never really
obeyed.
The infant years of the University were years of trial and rough
usage. In the jars between the different political factions round the
young King, and struggling for the possession of him, the infant
institution was much shaken and disturbed. The Magistrates and
Town Council, however, did their best; and Rollock was persevering
and judicious. The severest interruption to his labours came in his
second session, or 1584–5. That session had been begun with good
prospects, the property of the College having been increased by a
royal grant, and by a collection of about 300 volumes bequeathed by
Mr. Clement Little to form the nucleus of a college library. Rollock
was proceeding, accordingly, with his second or semi class; and
Nairne, having worked up the laggards by this time, was teaching his
first class of Bajans. But in the course of the winter Edinburgh was
visited by that scourge, “The Plague,” of the frequency of the visits of
which in those times, and their paralysing effects on industry of all
kinds, no one can be aware who is not versed in the old annals of
English and Scottish cities. In May 1585, most of the students having
already dispersed, it was necessary to stop the session entirely. This
would not have mattered so much, had not the alarm of the Plague
continued into the following session. That session, the third in the
history of the University, ought to have begun in October 1585; at
which time, as Rollock would then have been carrying his students
into their third or bachelor class, and Nairne would have been
carrying his into their second or semi class, a third regent would have
had to be appointed, to undertake the new class of freshmen. But it
was not till February 1586, or four months after the proper beginning
of the session, that the College was reopened, and then it was
deemed best not to attempt a new Bajan class at all that year, but
simply to go on with the semies and bachelors. Even in this
arrangement there came a difficulty. Scarcely were the classes begun
when the promising young Mr. Duncan Nairne died, and, in order
that the semi class might be carried on at all, the Town Council had
to elect a professor in his room. They chose Mr. Charles Lumsden, a
young man who had been one of Rollock’s pupils at St. Andrews. The
services of this, the third regent or Professor of Philosophy in the
University, did not, however, outlast the remainder of the session in
which he had been appointed. A College professorship was not then a
post of such attraction that it could be thought strange that Mr.
Lumsden should resign it when, in the following October, he received
a call to be minister of Duddingston parish. By his resignation at that
moment, however, the College would have been left crippled, had not
two new regents been at once appointed. These new regents, chosen
by competitive trial out of six candidates, were Mr. Adam Colt and
Mr. Alexander Scrimgeour. The last of these, Scrimgeour, took
charge of the new class of entrants or Bajans; as there had been no
class of Bajans in the former year, the semi class was this year a
blank; the former pupils of Lumsden and Nairne, now in the third or
bachelor class, were entrusted to Mr. Colt; and Rollock himself,
proceeding with the pupils who had already been continuously in his
charge for three years, carried them through the last or magistrand
class.
In August 1587, six months after the execution of Queen Mary at
Fotheringay, the fourth session of Edinburgh University was brought
to a close by the first act of laureation or graduation in its annals.
Forty-seven of Rollock’s pupils, who had remained with him steadily
through the entire four years, were then made masters of arts,—a
larger number than was to be seen at any subsequent graduation for
more than half a century. The signatures of the forty-seven are still to
be seen in the preserved graduation-book, appended to a copy of that
Scottish Confession of the Reformed Faith to which it was the rule
that all graduates should swear everlasting fidelity. Several of the
names are those of persons afterwards of some note in Scotland. To
three of them is affixed in the graduation-book, in later handwriting,
the dreadful word Apostata, signifying that those three disciples of
Rollock afterwards apostatised from the Protestant religion.
Having thus followed Rollock through one complete cycle of his
regency or professorship in Arts, one would like to know something
as to the nature and methods of his teaching. On this head the
information is as follows:—He began, as we have seen, by testing his
students in the indispensable Latin. But, though ability to read
ordinary Latin authors, to write in Latin, and also to speak Latin in
some fashion and understand spoken Latin, were prerequisites to his
course, the business of that course itself included necessarily much
reading in particular Latin classics, whether for their matter or for
their style. Very soon in his first class, however, he attacked Greek,
teaching it from the grammar upwards, until easy Greek authors
could be read. Greek was continued, for its own sake, into the second
and third years of the course; but the chief business of those years,
and of the fourth, was “Philosophy,” as divided into Logic, Ethics,
and Physics. In each of these departments the philosophical teaching
consisted chiefly of expositions of Aristotle. Whether in the original
Greek, or, as is more probable, in Latin versions, Rollock, we are
expressly told, read Aristotle daily with his pupils, beginning with the
Organon Logicum, and then going through the Nicomachean Ethics
and the Physics. The Physics came probably in the last year, and in
this year also (for mathematics and physical science were then
usually delayed till the end) certain additions to Aristotle: to wit, the
principles of Arithmetic, a sketch of the Anatomy of the human body,
Astronomy as taught in the then standard treatise of Joannes a Sacro
Bosco De Sphæra, and finally Geography. Conceive the routine so
sketched; conceive the steady plodding on day after day, for some
hours every day, through four sessions of ten or eleven months each;
and conceive also the disputations in Latin among the students
themselves every Saturday, and the express catechisings of them in
religion on Sundays: and you will have an idea of what it was to be
under Rollock in the first years of the University of Edinburgh.
A still more minute account of what constituted the curriculum
of study in the Faculty of Arts during the first age of the University is
furnished by an abstract of the “Order of Discipline” in the
University, drawn up in the year 1628. One cannot be sure that in
every particular this “Order of Discipline” accords with what had
been the practice of Rollock; but, as the abstract professes to be
mainly a digest of rules and customs that had been already in force, it
probably describes substantially the scheme of teaching introduced
by Rollock and bequeathed by him to his successors. The scheme
may be tabulated thus:—
First Year: Latin, Greek, and the Elements of Logic—(1) Latin: Exercises in
turning English into Latin and in translation from Latin; with readings in Latin
authors, chiefly Cicero. There seems also to have been practice in Latin verse-
making. (2) Greek: The Greek Grammar of Clenardus; Readings in the New
Testament, in the Orations of Isocrates, and, for poetry, in Phocylides, Hesiod, and
Homer; also translation of Latin themes into Greek, and of Greek into Latin.
Passages of the Greek authors read were got by heart, and publicly recited on
Saturdays. (3) Logic: This was reserved till near the end of the session, and Ramus
was the author used.—There were disputations on Saturdays, and catechisings on
Sundays.
Second Year: Recapitulation of previous studies, with Rhetoric, Logic, and
Arithmetic—(1) Recapitulation: For the first month, with a final examination in
Greek. (2) Rhetoric: Talæus’s Rhetoric (a short and very flimsy compend on the
figures of speech, with instructions in delivery), and portions of other manuals,
such as Cassander’s Rhetoric and Aphthonius’s Progymnasmata (a collection of
specimens of Greek composition to illustrate various styles); also oratorical
exercises by the students themselves. (3) Logic: Perphyry’s Introduction to
Aristotle’s Organon, and then, in the Organon itself, the Categories, the Prior
Analytics, and portions of the Topics and the Sophistics. (4) Arithmetic: towards
the end of the session.—Disputations and declamations on Saturdays, and
catechisings on Sundays.
Third Year: Recapitulation of previous studies, with Hebrew Grammar,
Logic, Ethics, and Physical Science—(1) Recapitulation: This went back upon the
Greek, and included examinations in Rhetoric and in Logical Analysis. (2) Hebrew
Grammar: taught apparently from the beginning of the session. (3) Logic: The two
Books of Aristotle’s Posterior Analytics. (4) Ethics: The first, second, half of the
third, and the fourth and fifth Books of Aristotle’s Ethics. (5) Physical Science:
Aristotle’s Acroamatics, taught partly textually, partly in compend, followed, at the
close of the session, by a descriptive sketch of Human Anatomy.—Disputations on
prescribed theses on Saturdays, and theological instruction on Sundays.
Fourth Year: Recapitulation of previous studies, with Astronomy,
Cosmography, and other portions of Physics, and Disputations and other
preparations for the Laureation. Among the books used in this year were the
Sphæra of Joannes a Sacro Bosco, the books of Aristotle De Cælo, De Ortu, De
Meteoris, and De Anima, and Hunter’s Cosmography. Atlases and the celestial
globe were also in requisition, and the most notable constellations were pointed
out in the heavens themselves. But much of the work of this session consisted in
logical disputations in the evenings, whether among the magistrands, or between
them and the third year’s men.—On Sundays, instruction in Dogmatic and
Polemical Theology.
To return to Rollock personally:—We have spoken of him
hitherto as only the first regent or Arts professor of Edinburgh
University. In reality, however, since February 1586, when he was in
his third session and had Nairne as his single fellow-regent, he had
borne, along with his regency, the higher dignity of the
Principalship,—the Town Council having concluded that the time
had come for the institution of such an office in the University, and
for Rollock’s promotion to it. Accordingly, when Rollock had the
satisfaction of seeing the forty-seven students who had gone through
their full four years’ curriculum with him made Masters of Arts, he
was not only senior Regent, but also Principal of the University, with
a right of superintendence over Colt and Scrimgeour, the other two
regents. But no sooner had this first Edinburgh graduation taken
place than there was a further change. Rollock, satisfied with having
taken one class of students through the full course of four years,
resigned his regency or Arts professorship, in order to become
Professor of Divinity. As it was desirable that those of the new
graduates and others who might be going forward to the Church
should have the means of a theological education within Edinburgh,
this was a natural arrangement. It amounted to the institution,
though on a small scale, of a Theological Faculty in the University, in
addition to the general Faculty of Arts or Philosophy. The
Theological Faculty was represented solely by Rollock, who was also
Principal of the University; while the Arts or Philosophical Faculty
was represented for the time in Colt, Scrimgeour, and a third regent,
Mr. Philip Hislop, one of Rollock’s recent graduates, appointed to the
place which Rollock had just left vacant. In 1589, however, Mr.
Charles Ferme, also one of Rollock’s graduates, was added to the
staff of regents, so as to complete the number of four, necessary for
the full conduct of the Arts classes.
No need to narrate here the rest of Rollock’s life in detail.
Enough if we imagine him going on for ten years more in the exercise
of the double duties of his Professorship of Theology and his
Principalship in the infant University. As Professor of Theology, he
may be said to have founded the Divinity School of Edinburgh. He
trained up assiduously, not only by his lectures on Dogmatic and
Polemical Theology, but also by his personal influence, the first
ecclesiastics whom the University of Edinburgh gave to the Kirk of
Scotland. Some of these attained subsequent distinction, and,
remembering Rollock with reverence, carried his name into the next
generation. Nor was his Principalship a sinecure. He visited the
Philosophy classes, gave special lectures to them on Theology, and
kept them and the regents to their work. Add to this much exertion
beyond the bounds of the University. For a time he delivered Sunday
evening sermons to crowded congregations in the East Kirk of St.
Giles, by way of volunteer assistance to the four city ministers; and,
latterly, when these four were increased to eight, and a division of
the city-pastorate was made into eight districts or parishes, the full
ministerial care of one of these city-charges was entrusted to Rollock.
It was an anxious time, too, in the politics of the Kirk. King James
had begun those efforts of his for the subversion of the Presbyterian
constitution of the Kirk, as it had been established by statute in 1592,
in which he was to persevere so unflinchingly through the remainder
of his resident reign in Scotland, though it was not till he removed to
England, and could act upon his native kingdom from the vantage-
ground of his acquired English sovereignty, that the results were
fully seen in the abolition of the Presbyterian constitution of the Kirk
altogether and the substitution of Episcopacy. Already in Rollock’s
time all Scotland was in anxious agitation in consequence of this
anti-presbyterian policy of the King and the vehement resistance to it
offered by the majority of the Scottish clergy and of the Scottish
people. Rollock himself, as a public man and leading Edinburgh
minister, had to take his part in the controversy. It was a mild part, it
would seem, and not entirely satisfactory to the more resolute
Presbyterian spirits, but truthful and characteristic. Without
following him, however, over this dangerous ground, farther than to
say that he was Moderator of the General Assembly held at Dundee
in 1597, at which the King was present in person and there were
some not unimportant attempts at a compromise, let us pass on to
the year 1599, the last year but one of the sixteenth century.
Rollock was then in his forty-fourth year. He could look back on
his services in connection with Edinburgh University as the most
important work of his life. He had seen fifteen sessions of that
University begun and ended, during four of which he had been senior
regent or Arts professor, and during the remaining eleven Principal
and Professor of Theology. He had seen eleven graduations and a
total of 284 Edinburgh Masters of Arts sent forth by these
graduations into the world. The University, it is true, remained still
but a fragment of what a complete university ought to have been. It
contained as yet no Faculty of Law and no Faculty of Medicine. For
education in these professions Scottish students had still to resort to
foreign universities, as indeed they had to do for more than a century
yet to come. But it was something to have established a Theological
Faculty and a Faculty of Arts. The Theological Faculty was still
represented entire in Rollock’s own person; but in the Arts Faculty,
on which the University depended most, he had seen thirteen regents
after himself appointed. The tenure of office of most of these had
been vexatiously short, drawn off as they had been by the more
tempting emoluments of parish-charges and the like; but the four
who were now in office as regents,—Mr. Henry Charteris, Mr.
Charles Ferme, Mr. John Adamson, and Mr. William Craig,—were all
graduates of the University itself, and therefore all Rollock’s own
men. Moreover, the Arts Faculty had just been increased by the
institution of a separate Professorship of Humanity, distinct from the
four rotating regencies. To this professorship, the first holder of
which was a certain excellent Mr. John Ray, fell a part of the work
that had formerly been assigned to the regents of the first and second
classes: viz. instruction mainly in Latin, but also in elementary Greek
and the rudiments of rhetoric. Such was the staff of Edinburgh
University as Rollock left it. Though yet but in the prime of
manhood, he had been long in ill-health, and was now suffering from
a painful and incurable disease. There are affectionate details of his
death-bed doings and sayings: how he sent messages to the King,
how the ministers and leading citizens of Edinburgh visited him,
what advices he gave them, what pious ejaculations he uttered, and
how, in especial, he spoke of the University of his love, and
recommended it to the care of those who had the power to promote
its interests. On the 9th of February 1599, the sixteenth session of the
University being then in progress, he breathed his last. There was a
great concourse of citizens of all ranks at his funeral, and all over
Scotland the rumour ran that the nation was poorer by the loss of the
eminent Rollock. Verses in Latin, Greek, and English, by old pupils
and others, were showered upon his grave. He left a widow, whom
the Magistrates and Town Council of Edinburgh pensioned; and a
daughter, posthumously born, was also provided for. In deference to
his dying injunctions, the Town Council appointed Mr. Henry
Charteris, his favourite pupil, and then one of the regents, to be his
successor in the principalship and in the professorship of Divinity.
Looked back upon now through the dense radiance of the
subsequent history of the University of Edinburgh, expanded as that
University has been in the course of centuries into its present four-
facultied completeness, each faculty of larger dimensions than
Rollock could ever have dreamt of, and each with its memories of
scores or hundreds of more or less shining celebrities that have
belonged to it in past generations, Rollock himself, it must be
admitted, dwindles into a mere telescopic star. That he is
remembered at all now is due mainly to the fact that he was the first
president of one of the most important institutions of the Scottish
nation, and charged with the affairs of that institution in its
struggling commencement, its “day of small things.” This in itself
would be something. Many men have merited well of society simply
because they have performed diligently the routine duties of the
office they chanced to hold, and so have woven something of their
own personality, though it may be hardly distinguishable afterwards,
into the context of passing affairs and exigencies. Is this all, however,
that we can say of Rollock? Not quite. Though the best of him is
probably imbedded in the beginnings of the University of Edinburgh,
and much of that even in the unrecorded beginnings, he has left
some memorials of himself besides. His writings, all or nearly all of a
theological nature, some published during his life, and others edited
after his death by admiring friends, are so considerable in bulk that
even the selection of them reprinted by the Wodrow Society fills two
thick volumes. The more important and formal of them were
dogmatic treatises or analytical Latin commentaries on portions of
Scripture, some of which were of sufficient ability, after their kind, to
have won recognition from Beza and other foreign theologians. More
interesting, however, now are the specimens that remain of Rollock’s
popular sermons in the vernacular English, or rather the vernacular
Scots, of his day. Two extracts from one of these sermons will enable
us to know Rollock somewhat more intimately, and will give an idea
at the same time of the tastes of the Edinburgh folks of those days in
the matter of pulpit oratory.
Understand that the text of the discourse is 2 Cor. v. 1, 2,
running thus in the old version then in use: “For we knaw that, gif
our earthly hous of this tabernacle be destroyit, we have a buylding
given of God; that is, a house nocht made with hands, bot eternall in
the heavens. For therefore we sigh, desiring to be clothed with our
hous whilk is from heaven.” The thoughts suggested by this text
being those of the evanescence of the present life and the aspiration
after another life of higher expansion, Rollock’s handling of them
takes this form:—
“The Apostle having spoken this, that his eye was set on that hevinly glory, it
micht have been said, ‘Thou settis thine eye upon ane life above; bot tak heid, Paul!
Thou sall die in the mean time; is not life and deith twa contrares? thou mon die,
and that body of thine mon be dissolvit. Luikis thou ever to rise again? thinkis thou
any other thing bot to be disappointed of life? Luikis thou that that body of thine,
being dissolvit in dust, sall rise again to glory?’ This is are fair tentatioun, and
sundry thinkis efter this maner.... Leirne ane lesson here. Ye see, while ane man is
luiking to hevin, he will not be without tentatioun,—nay, not Paul himself, nor nae
other man nor woman that hes their conversatioun in hevin. And the special
tentatioun of him wha wald fain have life is deith, and the dreidful sicht of deith;
and deith is ever in his eye. He was never born bot deith will tempt him, deith will
be terrible to flesh and blude; and, when he is luiking up to that licht and glory in
hevin, it will come in betwixt his eye and the sicht of hevin, as it were ane terrible
black cloud, and some time will twin [sunder] him and that licht of hevin. As, when
ane man is luiking up to the sun, ane cloud will come in on ane suddenty and tak
the sicht of the sun frae him, sae when ane man is luiking up to the Sun of
Richteousness, Christ Jesus, that cloud of deith will come in and cleik [catch] the
sicht of Christ frae him. This is our estate here, and there is nane acquainted with
hevinly things bot he will find this in experience as Paul did. But what is the
remedy? In the first word of the text that we have read he says ‘we knaw,’ that is,
‘we are assured’; for the word imparts ane full assurance, and faith, and are full
persuasion. Then the remedy aganis this tentatioun of deith is only faith, ane full
persuasion and licht in the mind of the knawledge of God in the face of Christ, with
ane gripping and apprehension thereof. This is the only remedy.”
“Thou mon have ane warrand of thy salvation in this life, or ellis I assure thee
in the name of God thou sall never get to hevin. It is ane strait way to come to
hevin, and it is wonder hard to get the assurance of it: it is nae small matter to get
ane assurance of life everlasting efter death. Then luik what warrandis this man
Paul had, that thou may preis to have the like. The first ground of his assurance is
in this second verse. ‘For,’ says he, ‘this cause we sigh, desiring to be clothed’ (to
put on as it were ane garment). Wherewith? ‘With our house whilk is frae hevin.’
Thir [these] are his wordis. Then his first warrand and ground of his assurance is
ane desire of that samin glory. What sort of desire? Ane earnest desire, with
siching and sobbing; not ane cauld desire, but day and nicht crying and sobbing for
life. Trowis thou sae easily to get hevin that can never say earnestly in thy heart,
‘God give me that hevinly life!’ Na, thou will be disappointed; it is the violent that
enters in hevin (Matt. xi. 12), as ye will see ane man violently thring [squeeze] in at
are yett [gate]. Thou that wald gang to hevin, make thee for thringing through
while [until] all thy guttis be almaist thrustit out. Paul, in the viii. chapter to the
Romans, the 22 and 23 verses, usis thir argumentis againis those wickit men that
cannot sich for hevin. First he takis his argument frae the elementis, the senseless
and dumb creaturis, wha sobbis and groanis for the revelation of the sonnis of God.
O miserable man, the eirth sall condemn thee; the flure thou sittis on is siching,
and wald fain heave that carcase of thine to hevin. The waters, the air, the hevinis,
all siching for that last deliverance, the glory apperteinis to thee; and yet thou is
lauchand. What sall betide thee?”
There is evidence here that Rollock cannot have been merely a
stiff scholastic and pedagogue, but was a man of some real, if
coarsish, fervour of heart, of whom it might be expected that he
would have the power on occasion of putting his hand on the
shoulders of any promising youth among his pupils, and doing him
good by some earnest words of moral and spiritual stimulus. On the
whole, however, the impression from the sermons and the other
writings is that he was by no means a man of such extraordinary
calibre intellectually as it was desirable, and perhaps possible, that
the University of Edinburgh should have had for its first regent and
principal, the shaper of its methods and its tendencies from the
outset. High forms of study and speculation were then asserting
themselves in the intellectual world of the British Islands, the
influence of which had never reached Rollock, or to which, in his
place and circumstances, he remained necessarily impervious. His
administration of the University could only be according to the lights
in which he had himself been educated, and which he brought with
him from St. Andrews. What if the Town Council of Edinburgh,
instead of sending to St. Andrews for Rollock to be the first head of
the new University, had invited their neighbour, Napier of
Merchiston, to the post? He was Rollock’s senior by five years, the
one man in all Scotland supremely fitted for the post; and, as he was
to outlive Rollock eighteen years, how different might have been the
infancy of the University had he been in Rollock’s place! But Napier
was a layman and a laird; and the heavens would have fallen on the
Edinburgh Town Council of 1583, as indeed they would have fallen
on any subsequent Edinburgh Town Council till 1858, if they had
thought of choosing any one but an ecclesiastic for the University
Principalship. Besides, it is possible that the Laird of Merchiston, a
man of many acres, and the owner and inhabitant of one of the finest
turreted mansions near Edinburgh, would have regarded the offer as
a joke.
It is in accordance with our estimate of Rollock all in all that,
though, among the students sent forth from the University of
Edinburgh during his Principalship, there were some who
distinguished themselves subsequently by their force and hard-
headedness in the routine affairs of the Scottish Kirk and State, we
do not find any among them whom the historian of the higher
thought and literature of Britain cares to remember now. Among the
284 Masters of Arts who left the University before Rollock died, the
most memorable are perhaps these: Henry Charteris and Patrick
Sands, pupils of Rollock’s own regency, and his successors in the
principalship; Alexander Gibson of Durie, afterwards a judge of the
Court of Session; James Sandilands, afterwards commissary of
Aberdeen; Thomas Hope, afterwards Sir Thomas Hope, and of
celebrity as a lawyer and as King’s Advocate; David Calderwood, the
Presbyterian historian of the Kirk; and Robert Boyd of Trochrig,
sometime minister in France, and afterwards Principal successively
of the Universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh. To these may be
added, as memorable on another ground, John Ruthven, Earl of
Gowrie, and his brother Alexander Ruthven, the two young chiefs or
victims of the mysterious Gowrie conspiracy of 1600. The elder
brother, a favourite of Rollock’s, was a graduate of 1593, and the
younger graduated in 1598. Other names of some interest to the
Scottish literary antiquarian may be found in the list of the
Edinburgh graduates of Rollock’s time, but hardly one now
interesting to the general British muses. But, indeed, Scotland had
then entered on a period of her history during which the higher and
more meditative muses found themselves dismissed from her
territory for a while. Precisely at the time when the University of
Edinburgh was founded, the age of Scotland’s richest outburst in all
forms of a thoroughly native literature had come to an end,—closed,
we may say, by the deaths of Knox and Buchanan, save that in Napier
of Merchiston there was one peculiar survivor. From that date
onwards through the whole of the seventeenth century the energies
of Scotland were to be locked up all but continually and exclusively in
one protracted business of political and ecclesiastical controversy.
From that date, accordingly, the successive batches of graduates sent
forth from the four Scottish Universities,—or rather, we should now
say, from the five Scottish Universities, for the University of
Marischal College, Aberdeen, was added as a fifth in 1593,—were
absorbed, as clerics, lawyers, soldiers, and what not, into the service
of a troubled social element requiring labours that left little sap in
them for literary delights or for purely speculative exertions.
Exceptions, of course, there are; and the two most notable of these
belong to the University of Edinburgh. Drummond of Hawthornden
was a graduate of that University in 1605, six years after Rollock’s
death. Robert Leighton, so dear to Coleridge as one of the finest
Platonic spirits among the British theologians of the seventeenth
century, was an Edinburgh graduate of 1631, and was Rollock’s sixth
successor in the Principalship of the University, and known for ten
years in that capacity before they induced him to become Bishop and
Archbishop.
KING JAMES’S FAREWELL TO HOLYROOD[3]