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Ebook Comparative International and Global Justice Perspectives From Criminology and Criminal Justice 1St Edition Banks Test Bank Full Chapter PDF
Ebook Comparative International and Global Justice Perspectives From Criminology and Criminal Justice 1St Edition Banks Test Bank Full Chapter PDF
4. Which theory of punishment utilizes sentencing guidelines that set punishment for each offense
according to the nature of the offense?
*a. Just Deserts
b. Retribution
c. Incapacitation
d. Rehabilitation
5. Which theory of punishment states that individual circumstances should be taken into account when
determining penalty?
a. Just Deserts
b. Deterrence
*c. Rehabilitation
d. Incapacitation
6. Which theory of punishment confines offenders so that they are no longer capable of committing
offenses?
a. Incarceration
*b. Incapacitation
c. Rehabilitation
d. Just Deserts
7. According to the 10th edition of the World Prison Population List, which country had the highest
prison population rate?
a. Russia
*b. The United States
c. Japan
d. England and Wales
8. According to the 10th edition of the World Prison Population list, which country had the lowest prison
population rate?
*a. Japan
B. England and Wales
c. Oceania
d. Russia
9. According to the 10th edition of the World Prison Population list, what is the world average for prison
population rates?
a. 51 per 100,000
b. 102 per 100,000
*c. 144 per 100,000
d. 475 per 100,000
10. Which of the following international conventions was passed in 1948 in order to prohibit cruel,
inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment for prisoners?
a. UN Minimum Standard Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners
b. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
*c. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
d. Istanbul Statement
11. Which of the following international conventions was passed in 2007 in order to limit the usage of
solitary confinement?
a. UN Minimum Standard Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners
b. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
c. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
*d. Istanbul Statement
12. Which of the following international conventions was passed in to mandate what is accepted as
being good principle and practice in the treatment of prisoners and the management of institutions?
*a. UN Minimum Standard Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners
b. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
c. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
d. Istanbul Statement
13. Which of the following international conventions says that the death penalty may only be imposed
for the most serious crimes, and not on underage people of pregnant women?
a. UN Minimum Standard Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners
*b. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
c. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
d. Istanbul Statement
14. Which of the following is NOT one of the top five U.S. states in which two-thirds of executions are
carried out?
a. Louisiana
b. Missouri
*c. Arizona
d. Florida
15. Out of the following Islamic nations, which does NOT permit the death penalty?
a. Saudi Arabia
b. The United Arab Emirates
c. Egypt
*d. Morocco
17. Which of the following is true in regards to the death penalty in the United States?
a. The majority of executions are concentrated in the South
b. It disproportionately targets poor blacks who commit crimes against white victims
c. It is energized by heinous crimes and racial hatreds
*d. All of the above
18. What is the means of carrying out the death penalty that is provided by the 1908 Japanese Penal
Code?
a. Electric Chair
*b. Hanging
c. Firing Squad
d. Lethal Injection
19. Which of the following is NOT true in regards to the death penalty in Japan?
*a. Only 10% of Japanese respondents favored the death penalty in a 2005 poll
b. There is an average of four hangings per year
c. Those waiting on death row are informed of their execution date/time an hour beforehand
d. Relatives are informed of the execution after it happens
20. What is the means of carrying out the death penalty that is preferred by the Chinese criminal justice
system?
a. Electric Chair
b. Hanging
c. Firing Squad
*d. Lethal Injection
21. During the campaign of which U.S. president did the term “three strikes and you’re out” become
popular?
a. Johnson
b. Kennedy
*c. Goldwater
d. Nixon
22. Which of the following did NOT present issues in the creation of a penal system in India?
a. The caste system
*b. Limited technology
c. Geography
d. Economic constraints
23. In which country was it common for two lines to be tattooed across a forearm to signify a recidivist?
a. China
b. Jamaica
*c. Japan
d. India
24. Which of the following was NOT used in Japanese judicial torture procedures?
*a. Flogging
b. “Hugging the stones”
c. The “lobster”
d. The suspension
25. What philosophies are said to have played an important role in shaping criminal punishment in China?
a. Confucianism
b. Legalism
c. Daoism
d. Buddhism
e. A and D
*f. All of the above
26. Which of the following is NOT true in regards to Chinese criminal punishment?
a. It ensures social control and corrects deviant minds
*b. The usage of torture was looked down upon
c. All powers were vested in the emperor and executed on his behalf
d. The prison system was based on Marxist theoretical framework
27. During which dynasty was there a move towards European criminal justice standards?
a. Qin
b. Han
*c. Manchu
d. Guomindang
29. Which of the following was true in China in regards to the ‘strike hard’ campaigns?
a. Public arrests and sentencing rallies were intended to reduce crime
b. Criminality ended up increasing because of the brutalizing effect
c. Gangs accounted for only 20% of criminal offenses
*d. A and B
e. All of the above
30. During which dynasty was the Beijing Reform School created?
a. Qin
b. Han
c. Manchu
*d. Guomindang
32. Which of the following punishments were allowed historically in accordance with Japanese social
rank and relationships?
a. Children who murdered their parents were paraded and crucified
b. Women who murdered their husbands were burned at the stake
c. If a husband caught his wife with another man, he was entitled to kill his wife and the other man
d. B and C
*e. All of the above
34. Which of the following was NOT a common punishment in 18th and 19th century United States?
*a. Solitary confinement
b. Stocks
c. Branding
d. Mild mutilation
36. The rehabilitation and reform initiatives of the 1850s in Jamaica were a massive success.
a. True
*b. False
37. The Penal Servitude Act of 1854 allowed for the release of prisoners who had served more than half
of their sentence, as long as they agreed to serve as agricultural laborers for three quarters of their
remaining time.
*a. True
b. False
38. The One Hundred Articles were published as penal code in Japan during the Yoshimune period.
*a. True
b. False
40. The Chinese criminal punishment system relies heavily on reinforcing moral conformity through
religious ideals and belief systems.
a. True
*b. False
41. The U.S. prison population rate is the highest worldwide at 716 per 100,000 persons.
*a. True
b. False
42. According to Marxism, punishment has not been proven to deter crime.
*a. True
b. False
43. The Auburn system imposed solitary confinement on prisoners in order to allow them time to
commune with their consciences.
a. True
*b. False
45. In the United States, the death penalty represents democracy in action.
*a. True
b. False
Type: E
46. Explain what forces have contributed to the U.S. becoming the only developed Western country to
retain the death penalty.
*a. Answers may vary
Type: E
47. Name and define three of the five theories for punishment, and then indicate whether studies
confirm or oppose this theory as a form of effective punishment.
*a. Answers may vary
Type: E
48. Compare and contrast the Japanese and Chinese criminal punishment methodologies throughout
history. To what extent has each culture been affected by Western-style modern criminal justice
movements?
*a. Answers may vary
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“Then, no doubt you are ready for something to eat? Susan, you
may take the young man down the village and introduce him to Mrs.
Hogben, and, on the way, you can show him the motor.” Then, to
Wynyard, “And as you find it, I shall expect you to keep it. I will give
you further orders in the morning.” Then, in the voice of a person
speaking to a child: “Now, go with Miss Susan. You won’t be long?”
she added, addressing her sister; “there are those letters to be
answered.”
“No; but anyway I must run up to the Rectory. I’ve just had a note
from Aurea; she came home last night.”
CHAPTER VII
MRS. HOGBEN AT HOME
Wynyard strolled out into the little front garden along the red brick
path to the wooden gate; as he closed this, he observed that it bore
in large characters the enticing name of “Holiday Cottage.” He
smiled rather grimly as he looked back at his new residence, a wood
and plaster construction, bowed in the upper storey, with small,
insignificant windows. Then he glanced up and down the empty
thoroughfare, and was struck by the deathlike silence of the place.
What had become of the residents of Ottinge? A flock of soiled,
white ducks waddling home in single file from the marshes, and a
wall-eyed sheep-dog, were the only live objects in sight.
Ottinge was undeniably ancient and picturesque, a rare field for an
artist; the houses were detached—no two alike—and appeared to
have been built without the smallest attempt at regularity. Some
stood sideways at right angles; others had turned their backs upon
the street, and overlooked the fields; many were timbered; several
were entirely composed of black boarding; one or two were yellow;
but the majority were of rusty brick, with tiled and moss-grown roofs.
Wynyard noticed the ivy-clad house or “dogs’” hotel, with its three
rows of long, prim windows, and close by another of the same class,
with a heavy yew porch that recalled a great moustache. On its neat
green gate was affixed a brass plate and the inscription—D. Boas,
M.D. Farther on at intervals were more houses and a few scattered
shops; these looked as if they were anxious to conceal their identity,
and only suffered a limited display of their wares. Chief among them
was one double-fronted, with tins of pressed beef and oatmeal on
view, and above the door the worthy signboard—T. Hoad, Grocer.
“Quality is my Watchword.” Next came John Death, Butcher, with a
wide window, over which an awning had been discreetly lowered.
Almost every house had its front garden, with a brick wall or palings
between it and the road. One, with a flagged path, an arbour, and a
bald, white face, exhibited a square board close under the eaves, on
which was briefly inscribed the seductive invitation, “Tea.” An
adjoining neighbour, with absolutely bare surroundings, had affixed
to his porch the notice, “Cut Flowers”; and, from the two
advertisements, it was evident that the all-penetrating motor had
discovered the existence of Ottinge-in-the-Marsh!
The next object of note—and in daring proximity to the church—was
the Drum Inn; an undoubtedly ancient black-and-white building, with
dormer windows, an overhanging top storey, and stack of imposing
chimneys. It was strikingly picturesque without (if cramped and
uncomfortable within), and stood forth prominently into the street
considerably in advance of its neighbours, as if to claim most
particular attention; it was a fact that the Drum had been frequently
sketched, and was also the subject of a (locally) popular postcard.
The tall church, grey and dignified, was a fitting conclusion to this
old-world hamlet; parts of it were said to date from the seventh
century. Splendid elms and oaks of unknown age sheltered the
stately edifice, and close by, the last house in Ottinge, was the
dignified Queen Anne rectory. Surrounded by shaven lawns and an
imposing extent of garden walls, it had an appearance of mellow
age, high breeding, and prosperity. The sitting-room windows stood
open, the curtains were not yet drawn, and Wynyard, noticing one or
two flitting figures, permitted his mind to wonder if one of these was
Miss Aurea, who, so to speak, ran the village, ruled the Manor, and
was, according to Thomas Hogben, the prettiest girl—bar one—in
ten parishes?
Pipe in mouth, the explorer wandered along for some distance, and
presently came to a farmhouse, encircled by enormous black barns
and timbered outhouses, with thatched, sloping roofs; but there was
no smoke from the farm chimney, no sound from stables or byre; the
yard was covered with grass, the very duck-pond was dry. A former
tenant and his family, finding the old world too strong for them, had
fled to Canada many years previously, and ever since Claringbold’s
farm had remained empty and desolate. In autumn, the village
urchins pillaged the orchard; in winter, wandering tramps encamped
in the outhouses. Never again would there be a sound of lowing
cows, the humming of threshing gear, the shouts of carters
encouraging their horses, or children’s voices calling to their dogs.
The newcomer leant his arms upon the gate and surveyed the low,
flat country with its distant, dark horizon. Then he turned to
contemplate the hills behind the church, dotted with sheep and
lambs and scored with lanes; he must learn his bearings in this new
locality, as behoved his duty as chauffeur. He had now inspected
Ottinge from end to end, from the low-lying grey Manor, projecting
into its fields, to the Queen Anne rectory, a picture of mellowed
peace.
So here he was to live, no matter what befell. He wondered what
would befall, and what the next year held in store for him? For nearly
an hour he remained leaning on the stout old gate, giving his
thoughts a free rein, and making stern resolutions. Somehow he did
not feel drawn to his billet, nor yet to Miss Parrett, but he resolved
that he would play the game, and not disappoint Leila. She had, as
usual, taken her own line; but had he chosen his fate he would have
preferred a rough-and-tumble town life, active employment in some
big garage, and to be thrown among men, and not a pack of old
women! However, in a town he might be spotted by his friends; here,
in this dead-and-alive village, his position was unassailable, and
possibly Leila was right—it was her normal attitude.
At last he recognised that the soft April night had fallen, bats were
flitting by, the marsh frogs’ concert had commenced—it was time to
go back to Holiday Cottage, and turn in, for no doubt the Hogbens
were early birds.
The ceiling of his room was so low that he hit his head violently
against a beam, and uttered an angry swear word.
The place, which held an atmosphere of yellow soap and dry rot,
was palsied with age; a sloping, creaking floor shook ominously
under his tread; if it collapsed, and he were precipitated into the
kitchen, what an ignominious ending!
In a short time Mrs. Hogben’s new lodger had stretched himself upon
his narrow, lumpy bed, and, being tired, soon fell asleep, and slept
like the proverbial log, until he was awoke by daylight streaming in at
the window, and the sound of some one labouring vigorously at the
pump. He looked at his watch—seven o’clock—he must rise at once
and dress, and see what another day had in store for him.
CHAPTER IX
THE NEW CHAUFFEUR
As the new arrival wandered up the street, and inspected the village,
he had been under the impression that the place was deserted—he
scarcely saw a soul; but this was the way of Ottinge folk, they spent
most of their time (especially of an evening) indoors, and though he
was not aware of it, Ottinge had inspected him! Girls sewing in
windows, men lounging in the Drum, women shutting up their fowl,
all had noted the stranger, and wondered who this fine, tall young
gentleman might be? An hour later they were amazed to learn that
he was no more and no less than the Parretts’ new chauffeur, who
was lodging with Sally Hogben—Sally, who could talk faster and tell
more about a person in five minutes than another in twenty. This
intelligence—which spread as water in a sponge—created a
profound sensation, and shared the local interest with the news of
the sudden death of Farmer Dunk’s best cow.
The following morning it was the turn of the chauffeur to be
surprised. When he repaired to the Manor, to report himself and ask
for orders, he encountered Miss Parrett herself in the hall, who
informed him, in her shrillest bleat, that as she did not propose to
use the car that day, and as there was nothing else for him to do, he
could put in his time by cleaning windows. When Wynyard heard
Miss Parrett’s order, his face hardened, the colour mounted to his
forehead, and he was on the point of saying that he had been
engaged as chauffeur, and not as charwoman; but a sharp mental
whisper arrested the words on his lips:
“Are you going to throw up your situation within twenty-four hours,
and be back on Leila’s hands after all the trouble she has taken for
you?” demanded this peremptory voice. “You must begin at the
bottom of the ladder if you want to get to the top. Let this old woman
have her own way, and bully you—and if you take things quietly, and
as they come, your affairs will mend.”
After what seemed to Miss Parrett a most disrespectful silence,
during which she glared at Owen with her little burning eyes, and
mumbled with her toothless jaws, he said slowly—
“All right, ma’am. I’ve never cleaned windows yet, but I’ll do my best;
perhaps you will give me something to clean them with?”
“Go through that door and you will find the kitchen,” said Miss
Parrett. “The cook will give you cloths, soap, and a bucket of water.
You may begin in the dining-room;” and pointing towards the
servants’ quarters, she left him. As he disappeared, Susan, who had
overheard the last sentence, boldly remonstrated—
“Really, Bella, that young man is not supposed to undertake such
jobs! He was only engaged as chauffeur, and I’m sure if you set him
to do housework, he will leave.”
“Let him, and mind your own business, Susan,” snapped her sister.
“He is in my employment, and I cannot afford to pay him two guineas
a week—six shillings a day—for doing nothing. I am not a millionaire!
As it is, my hand is never out of my pocket.”
“But you engaged him to drive the car, and if you are afraid to go out
in it, is that his fault?” argued Susan, with surprising courage.
“Who says I’m afraid?” demanded Miss Parrett furiously. “Susan, you
forget yourself. I shall have the car to-morrow, and motor over to call
on the Woolcocks.”
Meanwhile Owen passed into the back premises, which were old
and spacious. Here, in a vast kitchen overlooking a great paved
yard, he found a tall woman engaged in violently raking out the
range. She started as he entered, and turned a handsome, ill-
tempered face upon him.
“Can you let me have some cloths and a bucket of hot water?” he
asked in his clear, well-bred voice.
“Yes, sir,” she answered, going to a drawer. “What sort of cloths—
flannels or rubbers?”
“Something for cleaning windows.”
“Oh, laws, so you’re the new chauffeur! Well, I never!” And, leaving
the drawer open, she turned abruptly, leant her back to the dresser,
and surveyed him exhaustively.
He nodded.
“And so that’s the sort of work the old devil has set you to? Lady
Kesters engaged me for this place, and by all accounts she did the
same kindness by you and me! I understood as this was a proper
establishment, with a regular housekeeper and men—a butler at
least and a couple of footmen; there isn’t as much as a page-boy. It’s
a swindle! I suppose you take your meals with us?” (Here, with an
animated gesture, she dismissed an inquisitive kitchen-maid.)
“No; I board myself.”
Her face fell. This good-looking chauffeur would be some one to flirt
with, and her voice took a yet sharper key.
“You’re from London, I can see, and so am I. Lord! this is a
change”—now casting herself into a chair. “Ye see, I was ordered
country air, and so I came—the wages being fair, and assistance
given; and thinking we were in a park, I brought my bicycle, and
expecting there’d be some society, I brought a couple of ball-gowns,
and find this!” and her expression was tragic.
“Have you been here long?” he asked civilly.
“Two weeks too long. I give notice next day, and am going at the
month, and you won’t be long after me, I bet! Do you bike?”
“No,” he answered rather shortly.
“Well, anyway, you’ve the use of your legs! To-morrow is my evening
out, so you come round here at five, and I’ll give you a nice cup o’
tea, and we’ll go for a stroll together. We ought to be friendly, seeing
as we both come from Lady Kesters’ recommendation.”
To walk out with the cook! This was ten times worse than window-
cleaning! Wynyard was beating his brain for some civil excuse when