Oil Seeds

 Temperature: 15-30°C
 Rainfall: 30-75 cm.
 Soil Type: Loam to clayey loam and well-drained sandy loams.
 Top Oilseed Producing States: Madhya Pradesh > Rajasthan > Gujarat > Maharashtra
> Uttar Pradesh
 Various oil seeds are planted, accounting for around 12% of the country's total
cropped area.
 The majority of these are edible and can be used as cooking media.
 Some of these, however, are also utilised as raw materials in the manufacture of soap,
cosmetics, and ointments.
 Groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesamum (til), soyabean, castor seeds, cotton
seeds, linseed, and sunflower are the most common oilseeds produced in India.
 Government programmes for oilseeds include the Yellow Revolution and
the Integrated Scheme on Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil Palm, and Maize (ISOPOM).
 Groundnut is a kharif crop that accounts for over half of the country's principal
oilseed production.
 Rabi crops include linseed and mustard.
 Sesamum is a kharif crop in the north and a rabi crop in the south.
 Castor seed is grown in both the rabi and kharif seasons.

Groundnut

Cotton

 It is a tropical and subtropical crop that requires high temperatures ranging from 21
to 30 degrees Celsius and an annual rainfall of 50 to 100 centimetres.
 Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, and Rajasthan account for approximately 80% of total
cotton irrigated area.
 A high amount of rainfall in the beginning and sunny and dry weather during the
ripening period are beneficial for a good crop.
 It is primarily a Kharif crop, but it is also grown as a Rabi crop in Tamil Nadu.
 It grows well in deep black (regur) soils of the Deccan Plateau, as well as alluvial
soils of the Satluj-ganga plain.
  After the United States and China, India is the world's third largest producer of cotton.
 Gujarat is India's largest cotton-producing state.
 It is grown in Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh,
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka, among other places.
 The government initiatives for increasing cotton production in India are the Silver
Fibre Revolution and the Technology Mission on Cotton.
 Cotton has been genetically modified into BT Cotton to combat environmental stress
and pest attacks.

Cotton

Jute

 It is known as the golden fibre.

 It is a hot and humid climate crop.
 It necessitates high temperatures ranging from 24℃ to 35℃, as well as heavy rainfall
of 120-150 cm and relative humidity of 80-90%.
 A large amount of water is required not only for crop growth but also for fibre
processing after the crop is harvested.
 Light sandy or clayey loams are thought to be the best for jute.
 Growing and processing jute requires a large supply of cheap labour.
 India is the world's leading jute producer.
 Over 99% of India's total jute is produced in just five states: West Bengal, Bihar,
Assam, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha, with West Bengal being the largest producer.
 It is used to make gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets, and other items.
 Because of its high cost, it is losing market share to synthetic fibres and packing
materials, particularly nylon.
 Two government initiatives to increase jute production in India are the Golden Fibre
Revolution and the Technology Mission on Jute and Mesta.
 Jute

Tea

 Temperature: 20-30°C
 Rainfall: 150-300 cm.
 Soil Type: Deep, fertile, well-drained soil rich in humus and organic matter.
 Tea, introduced by the British and produced in India, is one of the most important
beverage crops.
 Tea is an evergreen tropical and subtropical plant that grows in tropical and
subtropical climates.
 India is both the world's second-largest producer and its largest consumer.
 To avoid waterlogging in the roots, tea is frequently grown on the slopes of hillsides.
 Its leaves must be harvested several times per year, necessitating the availability of
plentiful and cheap labour.
 Tea bushes require a warm, frost-free climate all year.
 Frequent rainfall, evenly distributed throughout the year, ensures that the delicate
leaves continue to thrive.
 Assam, the hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, and
Kerala are the top tea-producing states.
 Other tea-producing states in the country include Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal,
Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh, and Tripura.
 Tea Development and Promotion Scheme, Wage Compensation Scheme, and Tea
Boutiques are a few of the government tea schemes.

Tea

Coffee
  Temperatures ranging from 16° to 28° C, rainfall ranging from 150-250cm, and well-
drained slopes are all required for its establishment.
 It grows on mountain slopes between 900 and 1800 metres above sea level. India
produces about 4% of the world's total coffee production.
 Plants are harmed by low temperatures, frost, extended periods of dry weather, and
direct sunlight.
 Soil Type: Well-drained, deep friable loamy soil.
 India is the world's seventh-largest producer of coffee.
 Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu are the top coffee-producing states.
 Karnataka's laterite soils are ideal for growing coffee plants.
 Coffee was first introduced on the Baba Budan Hills after it was brought from
Yemen.
 Coffee is an export product with a high employment rate and a low import intensity.
 It is demonstrated by the fact that the sector, directly and indirectly, employs
approximately six lakh people.
 Arabica and Robusta are the two main coffee varieties grown in India.
 Arabica coffee has a higher market value than Robusta coffee because the beans are
more aromatic.
 Robusta, on the other hand, has higher strength and is used in a wide range of blends.

Coffee

Significance of Cash Crops

 Cash crop cultivation is critical in developing countries like India for ensuring
economic sustainability for farmers and food security for society as a whole.
 Farmers benefit from increased profits from cash crop farming, which raises their
standard of living.
 It also contributes to the creation of more job opportunities in the agricultural and
agro-based sectors, thereby boosting the overall economy.
 This stimulates agricultural innovation by increasing capital available for
agricultural investment and rural development.
 As the human population grows, so will the demand for food. It is then necessary to
find ways to meet that demand.
 Because farming such crops focuses on increasing yields as well as product quality,
it is an important step toward achieving global food security.
 The concept of sustainable agricultural intensification, which aims to combine
increased agricultural production with environmental protection, underpins the future
of cash crop farming.
 This entails preserving soil fertility, biodiversity, and other ecosystem services
through techniques such as micro-dosing fertiliser, intercropping, genetic crop
improvements, and so on.
 The only way to ensure long-term food security is to reduce one's environmental
footprint.