Balqista Surya Azizah-Revisi Full Draft

A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF EMOTIVE INTERJECTIONS
PERFORMED BY THE MAIN CHARACTERS IN

DISNEY-PIXAR’S LUCA
A THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a

Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Literature Study Program
Balqista Surya Azizah
19211141017
ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES, ARTS, AND CULTURE
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI YOGYAKARTA
2023
APPROVAL SHEET

A THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Acquire a Sarjana Sastra

Degree in English Literature Study Program
Written by:
19211141017
Approved by the Supervisor on 12 July 2023
Supervisor,
Dr. Titik Sudartinah, S.S., M.A.

NIP 198009112003122001
ii
RATIFICATION SHEET

A THESIS
Written by:
19211141017
Accepted by the Board of Examiners of Faculty of Languages, Arts, and Culture

Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta on 21 July 2023 and declared to have fulfilled the
requirement for the attainment of a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Literature
Study Program
Board of Examiners
Chairperson Dr. Titik Sudartinah, S.S., M.A. 26 July 2023
Secretary Yosa Abduh Alzuhdy, S.S., M.Hum.
Examiner Susana Widyastuti, S.S., M.A., Ph.D.
Yogyakarta, July 2023

Faculty of Languages, Arts, and Culture
Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta
Dean,
Prof. Dr. Sri Harti Widyastuti, M.Hum.

NIP 196210081988032001
iii
SURAT PERNYATAAN
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, penulis:
Nama : Balqista Surya Azizah
NIM : 19211141017
Program Studi : Sastra Inggris
Fakultas : Bahasa, Seni, dan Budaya
Judul Skripsi : A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF EMOTIVE
INTERJECTIONS PERFORMED BY THE
MAIN CHARACTERS IN DISNEY-PIXAR’S
LUCA
menyatakan bahwa karya ilmiah ini adalah hasil karya penulis sendiri dan
sepanjang pengetahuan penulis, karya ini tidak berisi materi yang ditulis oleh
orang lain atau telah digunakan sebagai persyaratan pada penyelesaian studi di
perguruan tinggi lain, kecuali pada bagian-bagian tertentu yang penulis ambil
sebagai acuan atau kutipan dengan mengikuti tata cara dan etika penulisan karya
ilmiah yang lazim.
Apabila ternyata terbukti bahwa pernyataan ini tidak benar, sepenuhnya hal ini
akan menjadi tanggung jawab penulis.
Yogyakarta, 12 Juli 2023

Penulis,

iv
MOTTOS
“It’s our choices that show what we truly are, far more than our abilities.”
(Albus Dumbledore)
“Remember, if you ever need a helping hand, it’s at the end of your arm. As you
get older, remember you have another hand: The first is to help yourself,
the second is to help others.”
(Audrey Hepburn)
“Look around for a second. Notice? It’s not so scary anymore.”

(Gilmore Girls)
“Long story short, I survived.”

(Taylor Swift)
v
DEDICATIONS
By the name of Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta’Ala who blesses my life with infinite
mercy until an unspecified time, this thesis is proudly dedicated to:
The spirit of my life, Umi Pratna Suryanti and Abi Edi Suryono
My beloved sister, Tuffahatti Surya Azzahra
Myself
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All the praise is merely to the Mightiest Allah SWT for the tremendous
blessing to enable me in finishing this undergraduate thesis. It is important to
know that this script would never have come into any existence without any
support, encouragement, and assistance by several generous people. Thus, I would
like to express my sincere gratitude and honor for those who have contributed in
helping and supporting me to get this script finished:
1. Dr. Titik Sudartinah, S.S., M.A., my supervisor, who has given assistance,
suggestions, encouragement, and valuable guidance during the process of
accomplishing the writing;
2. Yosa Abduh Alzuhdy, S.S., M.Hum., my academic advisor, who has given
his best support, and also all the lecturers and staffs of English Literature
Study Program who have contributed in broadening and deepening my
knowledge during my study;
3. my beloved parents, Umi Pratna Suryanti and Abi Edi Suryono for their
endless love, prayers, and motivation: I thank them for everything they have
given that enables me to survive until now;
4. my captivating sister, Tuffahatti Surya Azzahra for her enormous
encouragement, companion, and positive energy;
5. my amazing IRAS (Ismail Raja Alamsyah) and Sabariyadi Family for their
great contribution in supporting me during my study: thank you for always
giving me a place to belong;
6. my ups-and-downs buddies, Nindea Thalita Putri, Gita Audria Salsabila,
Faricha Elwarda A, and Alsab Noverul Hidayat for the uncountable laughter,
positive vibes, and wonderful advice this far: thank you for shaping me into
who I am and being my best friends since I can remember;
7. my angels and knights during college life, Geng Baru team such as Gadis
Dara Cantikawati, Azzahra Chalista Putri, Ilham Hilal Ramadhan, and
vii
Richard Pratama Putra for the astonishing stories, unimportant jokes, mood
jumpers, and colorful days;
8. my stunning wonder women who had accompanied me during my growth
process in completing this script, Nadsky, Kiky, Epi, Nyta, Anggi, Ninik,
Woro, Della, and Galuh: thank you for all the immense love, overwhelming
kindness, countless digital-library dates, and in-depth discussion at dozens of
coffee shops;
9. my triangulators, Diany Puspita Sari and Wine Ashfyasari who have been
playing a big role in helping me to triangulate my thesis;
10. all my friends in English Literature 2019, A & E Class, Linguistics Class,
KKN Story of Petirsari Family, and HRD members of UKM Bahasa Asing
SAFEL who boundlessly have given constructive critics and sarcasms,
incredible moments, and valuable stories;
11. anyone who cannot be mentioned directly here who has contributed in
completing this script; and
12. last but not least, I would like to address myself a giant gratitude for having
crashes on knees but still standing up strongly, for never giving up, for
sacrificing sleep hours, and for dealing with those struggles, tears, and panic
attacks this whole time.
Finally, I do realize that this script is far from perfect. Therefore,

constructive comments and suggestions are kindly welcomed and appreciated.
Yogyakarta, 7 July 2023

The writer,

NIM 19211141017
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE...................................................................................................................................
APPROVAL SHEET...........................................................................................................
RATIFICATION SHEET...................................................................................................iii
SURAT PERNYATAAN.......................................................................................................iv
MOTTOS.............................................................................................................................
DEDICATIONS.................................................................................................................vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...............................................................................................vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................................ix
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES..................................................................................xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................xii
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION......................................................................................
A. Background of the Research...........................................................................................
B. Research Focus................................................................................................................
C. Research Objectives........................................................................................................
D. Significance of the Research...........................................................................................
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK.......
7
A. Literature Review............................................................................................................
1. Pragmatics.............................................................................................................
2. Interjections...........................................................................................................
a. Types of Interjections....................................................................................11
1) Emotive Interjections.................................................................................11
2) Conative Interjections................................................................................11
3) Phatic Interjections....................................................................................12
b.Forms of Interjections...................................................................................12
1) Primary Interjections.................................................................................12
2) Secondary Interjections.............................................................................13
c. Positions of Interjections...............................................................................14
ix
1) Initial Position............................................................................................14
2) Free-standing Position...............................................................................15
3. Luca.....................................................................................................................18
4. Previous Studies..................................................................................................20
B. Conceptual Framework.................................................................................................21
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD........................................................................23
A. Research Type...............................................................................................................23
B. Forms and Sources of Data...........................................................................................23
C. Research Instrument......................................................................................................24
D. Data Collection Technique............................................................................................25
E. Data Analysis Technique..............................................................................................26
F. Data Trustworthiness....................................................................................................26
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION...........................................................28
A. Findings.........................................................................................................................28
B. Discussion.....................................................................................................................31
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS..............................................72
A. Conclusions...................................................................................................................72
B. Suggestions...................................................................................................................73
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................75
APPENDICES..................................................................................................................79
x
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
Figure 1 Luca (2021) Movie.................................................................................18

Figure 2 Conceptual Framework..........................................................................22
Table 1 Meanings of Interjections........................................................................16

Table 2 Data Sheet Example.................................................................................24
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AG : Anger
AN : Annoyance
AP : Approval
CO : Contempt
DI : Disgust
FE : Fear
FS : Free Standing
IM : Impatience
IT : Initial
JO : Joy
PA : Pain
PI : Pity
PL : Pleasure
PR : Primary
RE : Relief
SC : Secondary
SO : Sorrow
SU : Surprise
SY : Sympathy
TR : Triumph
WO : Wonder
xii

19211141017
ABSTRACT
Various language styles are used by people to communicate with others. In

everyday life conversation, they sometimes use words like eh, wow, and oh,
spontaneously to express their feelings towards something. These words that are
used to express feelings are called interjections. The choice of interjections is
closely related to the speaker’s emotional state. In relation to this, this research
examined the linguistic phenomena of interjections in Disney-Pixar’s Luca.
Focusing on emotive interjections, this research aims to identify the forms of
emotive interjections, to classify the positions of emotive interjections, and to
analyze the functions of emotive interjections performed by the main characters in
Disney Pixar’s Luca.
Using a mixed method design, the data in this research were in the form of
utterances of the main characters in Luca. The approach used in this research was
a pragmatic approach. The data were collected by watching the movie and reading
the movie script, followed by analyzing the forms, positions, and meanings of
emotive interjections from the dialogues in the script. Moreover, the research was
consulted with the supervisor and peers to check and verify the data analysis and
results of the research.
The research results revealed three findings from 183 utterances data in
Luca movie. First, there are two forms of emotive interjections used by the main
characters in the movie; they are primary interjection (88.52%) and secondary
interjection (11.48%). Primary interjections become the main form of emotive
interjections since the main characters prefer to use non-word interjections to
express their feelings that suddenly pop up in their minds with their own way.
Second, there are two positions in performing the emotive interjections by the
main characters, i.e., free-standing position (75.96%) and initial position
(24.04%). The emotive interjections uttered by the main characters mainly occur
in a free-standing position since the speakers often express their feeling
spontaneously and thus causes them to perform interjections without any other
words following them. Third, 16 meanings of emotive interjections were found in
the main characters’ utterances. Wonder (18.58%) is proven as the most common
meaning expressed through emotive interjections, revealing the new world that
has not been experienced by the main characters.
Keywords: pragmatics; interjections; Luca
xiii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Research
Language plays a fundamental role in everyday communication. As is well
known, language is essential for people to communicate with each other and to
share their thoughts, feelings, and opinions with others. Language is also
constructed at many different levels from words, sentences, and texts, to speech
and discourse (Ansorge et al., 2022). As specified by Hedeager (2012), although
all living beings have their ways of communicating, humans are the only ones that
master cognitive language communication.
Communication is not only a basic need for human beings but also a
process of delivering information from speakers to hearers. As social beings,
people need to interact with others. Interaction can be found in real-life
conversations, television shows, discussions, movies, and many other occasions.
Every word or sentence has a different meaning depending on who is speaking
and who is the listener.
Each language speaker has their own specialty which creates their
language style applied in the written and spoken forms of language. Written
language usually has the proper structure to achieve clarity. Meanwhile, spoken
language in oral communication tends to be dynamic and does not require a
straightforward sentence structure. Oral communication involves expressing
ideas, information, feelings, and others that employ the voice verbally. Oral
1
2
communication is usually represented by the utterances of the speakers. Through
their utterances, people can express their feelings and intentions. Many choices of
language variety are used by speakers to communicate with others. The variety of
language used can be a variety of formal or informal language. In non-formal
situations, the variety of everyday language becomes one of the choices of variety
used in doing communication process.
In everyday life conversation, speakers sometimes use words like eh,
wow, and oh, spontaneously to express their feelings towards something. These
words that are used to express feelings are called interjections. The choice of
interjections is closely related to the speaker’s emotional state. To strengthen the
feelings such as wonder, happiness, sadness, wonder, and other feelings, the
speaker sometimes uses certain words that contain the main meaning in question.
Thus, interjections enrich the speaker’s efforts to convey emotions that cannot
only be described through various other words but are conveyed in one
expression, namely interjection.
As stated by Nforbi et al. (2016), interjections can be placed at the
beginning, middle, and end of a sentence as a word that can stand alone even
though its relationship is still visible in the sentence. Interjections are often found
in oral and written communication in the form of conversations and in informal
sentences. Thus, interjections are rarely used in written language that is not in the
form of conversation, especially a formal one. Interjections are recognized as an
element in the language system’s particular pattern.

3
The phenomena of interjections occur not only in real-life conversation but
also in movies since movies are reflections of real human life. The characters
apply interjections in their utterances to deliver their intended purposes. Movies
that were previously only known as a form of entertainment have gradually
developed into a medium of education, information, and as a medium of
expression. The scope of movies has expanded over time and can be enjoyed by
anyone. Whittington (2011) stated that movies have progressively developed and
shifted from silent to sound, B&W to color, and low-definition to high-definition
video. Thus, as movies continue to expand rapidly, many filmmakers are
interested in making cartoon films using animation techniques. The animation
film industry also broadens the range of motion in animated films that may be
viewed from the stories, visuals, durations, and themes to expand the scope of the
film audience. In terms of duration, some animation films have a long duration of
one to three hours, and others vary with shorter duration.
An example of movies that supports the existence of interjections
is Luca. Luca is a 2021 American animated movie directed by Enrico Casaroca
and produced by Disney-Pixar. This movie is set in a seaside town in Italy,
following a sea-monster boy named Luca who shares new adventures with his
newfound best friend named Alberto, who is also a sea monster.
Luca movie is chosen as the object of the research because the researcher
is interested in the story in which the main characters as sea monsters, travel to
land and find many new things they had never known before. When the main
characters find something new during their adventures, they often use
4
interjections to express their feelings. Interjections are clarified through their
utterances. The words used to emphasize more on the spoken language used, thus
allowing the emergence of interjections.
B. Research Focus
Regarding the elaboration of the research background above, the
researcher finds some aspects that can be investigated in this research. This
research is aimed to analyze the interjections performed by the main characters
in Luca movie focusing on emotive interjections since the main characters tend to
express their emotions through interjections. Considering a wide range of aspects
of the research, the researcher limits the focus of this research to three things only.
The first one is to identify the forms of emotive interjections performed by
the main characters in Luca movie. According to Ameka (1992), interjections are
classified into primary and secondary interjections.
The second one is to classify the positions of emotive interjections
performed by the main characters in Luca movie. In reference to Norrick (2009),
interjections have initial position and free-standing position.
The third one is to analyze the meanings of emotive interjections
performed by the main characters in Luca movie. Jovanović (2004:22-23) list 21
meanings of interjections, i.e., anger, annoyance, approval, contempt, delight,
disgust, enthusiasm, fear, impatience, indignation, irritation, joy, pain, pity,
pleasure, relief, sorrow, surprise, sympathy, triumph, and wonder.
Since the main characters, i.e., Luca and Alberto are the sea monsters who
just come from the sea to the land, they often use interjections to express their
5
amazement and surprise of a new world they had barely known before. In view as
the fact that interjections are heterogeneous and multi-functions, the researcher
limits the scope of the research to only emotive interjections, which are primarily
used to express personal feelings or emotions and highlight the fundamental
pragmatic purpose of interjections. Moreover, the research is narrowed down to
analyze the emotive interjections performed by the main characters to gain the
focus of the research.
Based on the background of the research above, three problems are
proposed in this research as follows.
1. What forms of emotive interjections are performed by the main characters in
Disney Pixar’s Luca?
2. In what positions do emotive interjections are performed by the main
characters in Disney Pixar’s Luca?
3. What are the meanings of emotive interjections performed by the main
characters in Disney Pixar’s Luca?
C. Research Objectives
Following the formulation of the problems, the objective of the research in
specific is to analyze the interjections in Luca. Whereas in general, the objectives
of the research are:
1. to classify the forms of emotive interjections performed by the main
characters in Disney Pixar’s Luca;

6
2. to identify the positions of emotive interjections performed by the main
characters in Disney Pixar’s Luca;
3. to analyze the meanings of emotive interjections performed by the main
characters in Disney Pixar’s Luca.
D. Significance of the Research
By conducting research related to interjections, the researcher expects that
the research finding is useful for many parties. This research is expected to give
insightful contributions to provide theoretical and practical significance, as
follows.
1. Theoretical Significance
This research is expected to give a wide example to strengthen specific
knowledge in linguistics, especially on the theory of interjections in pragmatics
studies. In addition, it is also expected to be used as a reference for other
researchers keen on analyzing interjections.
2. Practical Significance
a. The Students of English Literature Study Program
This research is expected to shed input for English Literature students that
they would be more encouraged and gain a more information, especially those
majoring in linguistics.
b. Other Researchers
The result of this research is expected to be used as a reference in
conducting similar research about interjections in linguistics.

7
c. Readers in General
This research is expected to give some insights to the readers in general in
enhancing their knowledge of interjections. As a result, they can implement the
concept of interjections in daily life. Lastly, it is expected to support the
development of the subject dealing with pragmatics.

CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
A. Literature Review
1. Pragmatics
Pragmatics is the study of meaning concerning speech situations.
According to Levinson in Chemmel & Phillipe (2018), pragmatics is the study of
the ability of language users to associate sentences with appropriate contexts. In
agreement with this, Senft (2014) states that language use depends not only on
linguistics for its grammatical and lexical knowledge but also on cultural,
situational, and interpersonal contexts.
In pragmatics, meaning is defined in relation to the speaker or user of the
language (Leech, 1993). Leech also emphasizes that pragmatics is the study of
meaning concerning speech situations. The meaning in pragmatics is a reflexive
intention, which is an intention that is only achieved when the intention is
understood by the speaker. Pragmatics examines the form of language by
considering the units in an utterance of co-text and also extra lingual (situational)
context, such as goals, situations, and participants. Pragmatics can be used to
understand the intention of the interlocutor.
Yule (2006) asserts that pragmatics is the study of meaning conveyed by
speakers or writers and interpreted by listeners or readers. Therefore, this study
deals more with analyzing what people mean by utterances than with the meaning
of each word or phrase used in the speech itself.
8
9
Moreover, according to Griffiths (2006), pragmatics is about how the
listener interprets utterances and how the speaker produces interpretable
utterances. In brief explanation, pragmatics is the study of the speaker's meaning
by the utterances and the interpretation by the listener. The advantage of studying
language via pragmatics is that one can talk about people's intended meanings,
assumptions, purpose or goals, and the kinds of actions they perform when
speaking (Yule, 2000).
In doing communication, speakers consider how their words can be
adapted to the hearers they are talking to thus that later the speech partner can
interpret the meaning of the speaker's words. Later, there will be continuity
between the speaker and the hearer according to the context of the speech.
Based on the opinions proposed by some scholars above, it can be seen
that pragmatics cannot be separated from language and context. The focus of
pragmatics is the relationship between language and context. It can be concluded
that pragmatics is a branch of linguistics that examines speakers to determine the
suitability between speech and the context of speech so that communication can
run smoothly and there are no errors in interpretation.
Pragmatics covers a wide range of topics in its study including deixis,
implicature, speech acts, politeness, and interjections. Firstly, deixis is pointing a
certain object via language (Yule, 2006:115). In other words, lexical and
grammatical contextual information that points to a certain thing is called deixis.
Deixis is divided into person deixis (me, you), spatial deixis (here, there), and
temporal deixis (now, then).

10
Secondly, implicature is a hidden meaning that is implied in an utterance,
both spoken and written. Implicature means something that is involved or
becomes the subject of discussion. It functions as a bridge between what is said
and what is implied (Grice, 1975:44).
Thirdly, speech acts are utterances conveying performative function in
language and communication. It may be performed when someone offers a
request, compliment, invitation, and apology. Austin (1962) proposes that
communicating speech acts consists of locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and
perlocutionary acts.
Fourthly, politeness means as showing awareness for another person’s face
in an interaction (Yule, 2006). Face, in pragmatics, is a public self-image. It refers
to the social sense and emotions and it demands everyone else to recognize. Being
polite thus consists of attempting to save for another.
Fifthly, interjections are words or non-words that can stand alone and has
their own word class that is found in any languages expressing the emotion of the
speaker (Ameka, 1992). The concept of interjections is explained further in the
following section.
2. Interjections
Interjections rank among the most frequently used words in
interaction. They are also, in Ameka’s memorable formulation, “the
universal yet neglected part of speech” (Ameka, 1992). Interjections are
such shouts that express mood, soul, thoughts, commands, warnings, and
11
calls. Interjections convey the speaker's feelings, although they have no
grammatical relationship to the other parts of the phrase. Interjections can
be in the form of a sound, word, phrase, or even a short clause. They are
usually placed at the beginning of a sentence.
Moreover, Stange (2016) views interjections as part of language
from a functional perspective for serving as windows into the speaker’s
state of mind. He claims that interjections have been defined in various
opinions and ways and with reference to different criteria. There is still no
consensus on how interjections should be defined in consideration of the
heterogeneity that interjections could perform. Thus, it is difficult to
pinpoint the part of speech ‘interjections’ in absolute terms (Gehweiler,
2010).
Dingemanse (2021) also claims that interjections can express
culturally diverse meanings. They are useful for various communicative
purposes. As pointed out by Wierzbicka (1992), interjections as a
conventionalized linguistic sign have some characteristics such as can
stand alone in their use, express a particular meaning, are not included in
other signs, and are not homophones with other lexical forms that are
semantically related, and are mental statement or spontaneous mental
action of speaker.
Based on the definition of interjections proposed by some scholars
above, it can be summed that interjections are informal sounds, words,
phrases, or even clauses that express the reactions or emotions of the

12
speaker. There are interjections for nearly any feeling or response, such as
excitement, happiness, surprise, or disappointment. It is used to emphasize
a conversation so that each party can understand the intent between the
speaker and the hearer. The form of interjections is usually short,
consisting of one or more syllables, even if it consists of a subject and a
predicate in writing.
a. Types of Interjections
Ameka (1992) proposes a classification of interjections based on
the specific communication functions they fulfill and according to the
types of meaning they predicate. Three categories that are particularly
relevant for this are emotive, with focus on the speaker’s state, the
conative, with emphasis on the speaker’s wishes, and the phatic which has
to do with the establishment of contact. The detailed can be seen in the
following explanation.
1) Emotive Interjections
Emotive interjections express the speaker’s state concerning the emotions
and sensations they have at the time based on. This type of interjections is used
when people want to deliver their feelings of a certain emotion spontaneously or
not. Some examples of emotive interjections are such as Wow! that expresses I am
surprised, Yuck! that expresses I feel disgust, and Ouch! that expresses I feel pain.
2) Conative Interjections
Conative interjections primarily invite actions or responses from another
party in the interaction. They are the expressions that are directed at an auditor.
13
The aims of conative interjections are either to get someone’s attention or to
demand actions or responses from someone of a speaker or writer’s wants. Some
examples of conative interjections are eh? which expresses I want to know
something and sh which expresses I want silence here.
3) Phatic Interjections
Phatic interjections are primarily used to establish and maintain
communicative contact. Phatic is classified by Ameka (1992) as a variety of
conventional vocalizations that express a speaker or writer’s mental attitude and
backchannel the conversation. Phatic interjections are often used in the
performance of various interactional routines, such as greeting, farewelling, and
welcoming people. Some examples of phatic interjections are yeah, uh-huh, and
mmhm.
b. Forms of Interjections
As speakers produce and select appropriate interjections to communicate
their state of mind and express a variety of different feelings according to the
speaker's intention and the accompanying context, different interjections lead to
different meanings and fulfill different functions. In line with this, Ameka (1992)
categorizes interjections based on their form into so-called primary and secondary
interjections.
1) Primary Interjections
Primary interjections are individual sounds that are used only as
interjections. They are sounds that can constitute an utterance by themselves and
do not typically enter into construction with other word classes, for
14
instance, oops, hmm, gee, woohoo, ow, ouch, and yum. They could be used as co-
utterances with other units.
Some English interjections do not contain any vowels, for
example, shh, and pst. From the point of view of the main sound system of
English, these are ‘non-words’. Primary interjection can be seen in the following
example.
1.
“Oh, and we can bring a telescope, too!
(Warren & Casarosa, 2021)
In this usage, they are related to connectors which always occur
with another utterance. It must be highlighted, however, that connectors
cannot stand alone as utterances unless they are used elliptically.
2) Secondary Interjections
Secondary interjections are words with an independent semantic
value but which can be used conventionally as utterances to express a
mental attitude of the speaker (Ameka, 1992). According to (Andrason &
Dlali, 2020), secondary interjections are interjections that, in terms of
form, have shown a phonotactic pattern like words in general and have
undergone articulation.
Secondary interjections are in the form of words, repetition of
words, and phrases. Concerning its form, secondary interjections can also
occupy other lexical functions, not only as interjections used to express the
speaker or the writer’s feelings. Examples of secondary interjections are
alarm calls and attention getters such as careful!, help, and swear such as
15
damn!, hell!, heavens!, Christ! and other emotive words such as shame!,
bother!, drats! (Ameka, 1992). Secondary interjections can be seen in the
following example.
2.
“Great! I mean, fine, whatever.”
(Warren & Casarosa, 2021)
According to Cruz (2017), secondary interjections are more open
to the word classes of adjectives, nouns, verbs, and adverbs than primary
interjections. Secondary interjections can also be multi-word expressions,
phrases, such as thank God!, bloody hell!, dear me!, and my
Goodness!. In accordance with this, Ameka (1992) proposes to call these
utterances as interjectional phrases. Interjections and interjectional phrases
can be classified along with other utterances as exclamations. In brief,
interjection as a label specifies a class of words and should not be used
ambiguously to express utterance types.
c. Positions of Interjections
Interjections in everyday conversation oftentimes function as pragmatic
markers which initiate utterances and relate them to the foregoing interaction. It is
important to note, following Jovanović (2004:21), that interjections are not
grammatically related to other word classes of the sentence and do not have any
syntactical relation to another clause. Thus, they are independent elements of
sentences/utterances and only loosely linked with the sentence they appear in.
In his insightful exploration on interjections as pragmatic markers, Norrick
(2009) characterizes the positions of interjections in initial position followed by

16
utterances and free-standing position. Therefore, beforehand, two cases of turn-
initiators interjections are pointed out here.
1) Initial Position
Initial interjections are interjections in initial position that are followed by
the rest of the utterances. Here is an example of interjections as an initial
transition word introducing a new turn as a direct positive response to a question.
3.
Christa : you’re at UCSB?
Mark : yeah I’m a, uh, graduate student in Anthropology?
Christa : uh-huh.
(Norrick, 2009)
In the example above, interjection yeah acts as a turn initiator as
well as a response with information. Mark performs a direct positive
response through interjection yeah as emotional responses attributed to the
question that Christa asks. Interjection yeah is followed with other
utterances forming new information asked by Mark.
2) Free-standing Position
Free-standing interjections are utterances initial by default that stand alone
as a complete utterance. Norrick (2009) characterizes free-standing interjections
as activities in the back-channel and exclude them from the consideration of initial
position that is followed by other utterances. As turn initiators, some examples of
free-standing interjections are yeah, oh, and, well, okay, so, but, mhm, y’know,
mm, um, uh, (be)cause, I mean, like, huh, or, hey, hm, uh-huh, wow, ah, ooh,
anyway. Here is an example of free-standing interjections as turn initiators in a
conversation.
17
4.
Brad : our blue book usually shows the U:hers.
Tammy : yeah.
Brad : our older Uhers.
(Norrick,
2009)
In this example, Tammy presumably agrees with Brad’s opinion.
Thus, yeah in this example appears to function to acknowledge
information new to the discourse but consistent with current active
information.
c. Meanings of Interjections
It has to be taken for granted that interjections are oftentimes
context-dependent which makes it impossible to infer their meaning only
based on their word or non-word form. Nevertheless, there are still strict
guidelines that border on specificity of the use of interjections in
communication. The meaning of interjections has been fairly established
since each interjection is uttered in particular language and situational
context. The theory by Vladimir Ž. Jovanović about meanings of
interjections was used in analyzing this research.
Jovanović (2004) lists 21 meanings of interjections according to
the predominant semantic features, i.e., anger, annoyance, approval,
contempt, delight, disgust, enthusiasm, fear, impatience, indignation,
irritation, joy, pain, pity, pleasure, relief, sorrow, surprise, sympathy,
triumph, and wonder. However, since there are some similar meanings that
18
are possibly similar and overlapping one another, the researcher decided to
classify them into 17 categories, as presented in Table 1 below.
Table 1. Meanings of Interjections
No Meaning Definition Example
1 Anger A strong feeling of hot damn! damnation! the devil!

displeasure, rage, or doggone! fuck! ha! hang it! hell!
being irritated hunh! rats! shit! what! zounds!
here! here! why! cor! corks!
doggone! hell! hoot! lord! lor'!
lor! lors!lordy! lord me! merde!
sapperment! shit! upon my
word!
2 Annoyance A feeling or state of bother! damn! damnation!
being annoyed deuce! drat! drot! mercy! merde!
oof! ouf(f)! ouch! rot! son of a
bitch! spells! tut! tut-tut! zut!
3 Approval Believing something is hear! hear! hubba-hubba!
acceptable hurrah! keno! olé! so!
4 Contempt Treating and mocking bah! boo! booh! faugh! hum!
others disrespectfully humph! hunh! paff! paf! pah!
pfui! pho! phoh! phoo! phooey!
pish! poof! pouf! pouff! pooh!
prut! prute! pshaw! puff! poff!
quotha! rot! sho! shoo! shuh!
shah! soh! tcha! tchah! tchu!
tchuh! tuh! tush! tusch! tusche!
tuch! yech! zut!
5 Disgust A feeling of revulsion aargh! bah! faugh! fuck! gad!
and dislike on an humph! pah! phew! phooey!
offensive situation pish! pshaw! pugh! rot! shit!
shoot! ugh! yech! yuck!
6 Fear An unpleasant emotion of eeeek! oh! oh, no!
frightened or worried by
something dangerous that
is happening or might
happen
7 Impatience A feeling of being chut! gah! pish! pooh! pshaw!
unwillingness to wait for psht! pshut! tcha! tchah! tchu!
something or someone tchuh! tut! tut-tut! why! zut!
19
8 Joy Vivid emotion that heyday! hurrah! ole! whee!

involves enjoyment of whoop! whoopee! yippee! ah!
happiness, delight, or ach! coo! coo-er! goody! goody
enthusiasm goody! whacko! wacko! whizzo!
wizzo! yipee! hubba-hubba!
wahoo! zowie!
9 Pain An unpleasant feeling ah! oh! ouch! ow! wow! yipe!
that causes mild to severe yow!
physical discomfort and
emotional distress
10 Pity A feeling of sorry for alas! dear! dear me! ewhow!
someone else’s lackaday! lackadaisy! las! och!
unhappiness or difficult oche! wellaway! welladay!
situation that belittles welliday!
them
11 Pleasure A feeling of well-being aha! boy! crazy! doggone! good!
that derives from the heigh! ho! wow! yum! yumyum!
fulfillment of a natural
instinct
12 Relief A relaxed feeling because whew! whoof!

something difficult or
unpleasant has been
stopped, avoided, or
made easier
13 Sorrow A feeling of a deep alas! ay! eh! hech! heck! heh!
distress, sadness, or lackaday! lackadaisy! las!
regret mavrone! och! oche! wellaway!
welladay! welliday! wirra!
14 Surprise A feeling caused by ah! alack! blimey! boy!
encountering caramba! coo! cor! dear! dear
something that is c me! deuce! the devil! doggone!
gad! gee! gee-whiz! golly! good!
goodness! gracious! gosh! ha!
heck! heigh! heigh-ho! hey!
heyday! ho! hollo! hoo-ha! huh!
humph! indeed! jiminy! lord!
man! mercy! my! nu! od! oh!
oho! oh, no! phew! say! shit! so!
son of a bitch! upon my soul!
well! what! whoof! whoosh!
why! upon my word! wow!
yow! zounds!
15 Sympathy Understanding and now! tsk!
having sincere concern or
care for someone else’s
20
suffering
16 Triumph A feeling of having a aha! ha! hurrah! ole! so!
great success,
achievement, or victory
17 Wonder A feeling of admiration blimey! crazy! gee! goodness!
caused by experiencing gosh! ha! heyday! oh! what!
or seeing something that wow!
is strange and new
3. Luca
Figure 1. Luca (2021) Movie
Luca is an American animated movie directed by Enrico Casaroca and
produced by Disney-Pixar. This animation was premiered on Disney+ Hotstar on
June 18, 2021. In producing this movie, Disney collaborated with Pixar
Animation. The story follows a boy named Luca Paguro who shares new
adventures with his new-found best friends. Luca, as the main character in this
movie is a sea monster who has strong characters.
This movie set on a seaside town in Italy, precisely in the city of
Portorosso on the coast of Paguro Beach. The central character, Luca, is a young
sea monster who is forbidden by his parents to approach the surface, as humans
21
might hunt him. One day, he meets Alberto Scorfano, a fellow sea monster child
who lives alone above the surface. Alberto encourages Luca to adventure out of
the ocean to the nearest human town.
The characters in this movie are divided into two categorizations. The first
one is a group of sea monsters who has an ability to transform into human as they
step on dry land, but return to their true forms when they get wet. The second one
is humans (the Portorosso people who are very scared of the sea monsters).
Luca, as a character who has a great sense of knowledge, is the biggest
cause of conflict. He is portrayed as a teenage boy who is full of curiosity. He is
accompanied by a third party who becomes his best friend, Alberto, who
apparently has gone to land many times which is considered very taboo and
prohibited by the inhabitants of the sea.
4. Previous Studies
In conducting the research, the researcher believes that many
researchers have conducted studies under the same topic. The analysis of
interjections phenomena has become a long-standing interest for linguists
since studies of interjections by Ameka and Wierzbicka in 1992.
One of the previous studies is a study by Nurhalima Tanjung, Yetty
Zainil, and Delvi Wahyuni (2020) entitled “The Types and Functions of
Interjections Used in Webtoon Digital Comic”. This study aimed at
describing the types and functions of the use of interjections. The
researchers used a descriptive qualitative method. The data was taken from
22
five genre of Webtoon digital comic: drama; fantasy; romance; sci-fi;
comedy. The results presented the dominant type and function of
interjections.
Another related study is a study by Susiana (2017) entitled
“Interjection in Tangled Movie Script”. This study aimed at describing the
forms, and meanings of interjections. In order to answer the research
questions, Susiana employed Interjections theory proposed by Jovanovic.
The data was taken from movie transcript of Tangled movie. The
researcher used a descriptive qualitative method.
Similar with the previous researches, the researcher of this research
also takes interjections analysis as the topic of the research. The researcher
also seeks to describe interjections. Moreover, the researcher uses
descriptive qualitative method which is also used in the previous studies.
However, the focus of this research is different than the previous studies.
The researcher puts addition to the research focus on analyzing the forms,
positions, and meanings of interjections.
B. Conceptual Framework
The research employs a mixed-method design that uses tables for the
forms, positions, and meanings of emotive interjections used by the main
characters in Disney-Pixar’s Luca. Pragmatics is used as an approach in the
research.
23
To answer the objectives of the research, the researcher used the theories
of interjections proposed by Ameka (1992) that explains the forms of
interjections. For the positions of interjections, the researcher used the theory
proposed by Norrick (2009). In addition, the research also used the theory of
meanings of interjections proposed by Jovanović (2004).
To illustrate how the research is conducted, a diagram of the conceptual
framework is provided as follows.

24
Pragmatics
Deixis Implicature Interjection Politeness Speech Act
Cognitive Emotive Expletive
Context
Forms Positions Meanings

(Ameka, 1992) (Norrick, 2009) (Jovanović, 2004)
Luca Movie
1.Primary 1.Initial 1.Anger

2.Secondary 2.Free 2.Annoyance
standing 3.Approval
4.Contempt
5.Disgust
6.Fear
7.Impatience
8. Joy
9. Pain
10.Pity
11.Pleasure
12.Relief
13.Sorrow
14.Surprise
15.Sympathy
16.Triumph
17.Wonder
A Pragmatic Analysis of Emotive Interjections Performed by the Main Characters in

Disney-Pixar’s Luca
Figure 2. Conceptual Framework

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
A. Research Type
The researcher used mixed-method design as the methodological
orientation. Mixed-method research design is a method that includes the
integration of quantitative and qualitative research and data in a research study
(Creswell & Creswell, 2018). The data from both approaches were linked
embedding to provide a better understanding of the research problem than either
research alone could provide. The use of numbers or statistics is needed to provide
an initial depiction of the frequency of occurrence of interjections in the data
sources. Moreover, these frequencies need to be discussed in a comprehensive
manner so that a descriptive approach is also important.
The mixed method was used in this research due to the phenomenon of the
research which was the interjections performed by the main characters in Disney-
Pixar’s Luca. The approach was used to analyze the forms, positions, and
meanings of emotive interjections performed by the main characters
in Luca movie.
B. Forms and Sources of Data
The form of the data was the utterances uttered by the characters in the
conversation process from Luca movie. This research focused on the utterances
that consisted of interjections by the main characters (Luca and Alberto) in the
25
26
movie. The primary source of data was Luca movie watched from
https://www.hotstar.com/my/movies/luca/1260063730. The secondary source of
data was Luca movie script which was downloaded from https://deadline.com/wp-
content/uploads/2022/01/Luca-Read-The-Screenplay.pdf.
C. Research Instrument
As the main instrument, the researcher plays the role as the designer, data
collector, data analyst, data interpreter, and reporter of the research findings. As
the secondary instrument, the researcher used a table or data sheets to note the
data related to the objectives of the research. The data sheet was in the form of a
table of forms, positions, and meanings of emotive interjections performed by the
main characters in Luca. The sample of the data sheet can be seen as follows.
Table 2. Data Sheet Example

No Data Explanation
PR SC IT FS AG AN AP CO DI FE IM JO PA PI PL RE SO SU SY TR WO
1 “Aaah, ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca startles and shouts as

fish out he knows the goatfish that
of the are supposed to be guarded
barn!” by him are scattered. He
employs Aaah as a primary
interjection since it is just a
little sound that does not
enter into construction with
other word classes. It is in
initial position as it is
followed by the rest of the
utterance. The meaning
employed in the
interjection is to express
surprise because of the
mishap Luca has done.
27
D. Data Collection Technique
The data were collected from the utterances performed in the dialogues by
the main characters in Luca movie. The researcher was involved directly in
analyzing the object of the research. The researcher collected the data from the
movie script and selected the utterances which consist of interjections. Moreover,
considering that the animated movie sets entirely in Italy, and thus represents
Italian characters, words in Italian or other than English were excluded in this
research. In other words, the researcher did not take all utterances of the main
characters.
The data collection technique used in this research was note taking which
collected and recorded the data manually. Some procedures conducted by the
researcher in collecting the data are listed as in the following.
1. The researcher watched Luca movie comprehensively in order to gain a deep
comprehension and to find out the information related to the objectives of the
research.
2. The researcher downloaded the movie script of Luca movie.
3. The researcher rechecked whether the movie script corresponded to the movie.
4. The researcher read and re-read the transcript of Luca movie.
5. The researcher took note on the utterances of the main characters which
consisted of emotive interjections.
6. The researcher transferred the expressions into the data sheets as the research
instrument.
28
E. Data Analysis Technique
The data analysis technique of this research was carried out using a mixed-
method technique that formulated and described the data in the form of utterances
performed by the main characters in Luca movie. The researcher employed
descriptive statistics for the quantitative data analysis. The main characters’
emotive interjections were calculated by recoding the items under each scale and
then summing the scores. Furthermore, the researcher employed textual analysis
to examine qualitative data. According to Vanderstoep & Johnston (2009), textual
analysis is described as identification or interpretation of a set of verbal or
nonverbal communication. Some procedures in analyzing the data are listed as in
the following.
1. The researcher categorized the main characters’ utterances which consist of
emotive interjections.
2. The researcher classified the emotive interjections from the dialogue of the
main characters in the movie script according to the theory used in the
research.
3. The researcher examined to uncover the use of emotive interjections from the
main characters’ utterances.
4. The researcher presented the discussion of the data.
5. The researcher drawn conclusion based on analyzing the data.

29
F. Data Trustworthiness
In conducting research, each researcher has to provide valid data.
Therefore, trustworthiness is needed to validate the data. To gain trustworthiness,
the data must be examined based on four specific criteria, namely credibility,
transferability, dependability, and conformability (Moleong, 2018). In this
research, the researcher only used the criteria of credibility and conformability.
The researcher read and re-read critically the object and the result that had been
made.
The researcher only used conformability and credibility to triangulate the
data in this research. Conformability refers to neutrality that is concerned with to
the degree to which the result can be confirmed by others. The researcher also
employed credibility that is focused in checking the data whether the data could
be called credible or not (Moleong, 2018).
Moreover, the researcher also used triangulation technique to gain more
data trustworthiness. Triangulation is a technique of checking the validity of data
using multiple methods of data sources that uses something else. The researcher
only used triangulation technique to by examining various evidences originating
from different data sources and using them to build justifications related the object
of the research. Denzin in Moleong (2018) explains that there are four main kinds
of peer triangulation, by source, by researcher, by method, and by theories.
The researcher gathered several sources in the form of research books,
journals, papers, and some written sources from the internet related to the study of
interjections. Then, the researcher also asked opinions and consulted the research
30
from her thesis advisors. The researcher also discussed the data with fellow
linguistics students to triangulate the data. By using various researches and other
researchers’ opinion, the researcher aimed to minimize differences and biases that
may happen in interpreting the data.

CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter discusses the results of the research and is divided into two
parts. The first part presents the examined data which are taken from Luca movie.
The data found are related to the forms, positions, and meanings of emotive
interjections in Luca movie and presented in the form of frequency. The second
part consists of discussion of the data found in Luca movie. This section provides
a deep explanation on the forms, positions, and meanings of interjections in Luca
movie. The researcher provided some examples of the analysis to make the
explanations more obvious.
A. Findings
This section presents the findings of this research in the form of a table. It
includes the forms of interjections which are used by the main characters in
Luca movie, the positions of interjections in the main characters’ utterances, and
the meanings of interjections which are expressed by the main characters. The
data were gathered from the main characters’ utterances in Luca movie that
contain interjections. However, the researcher only focused on English emotive
interjection in the utterances.
This research used Ameka’s theory (1992) which categorizes interjections
into primary and secondary interjection. Furthermore, Norrick’s (2009) theory
31
32
was used to classify the positions of interjections. The positions of interjections
are in initial and free-standing interjection. Moreover, the meanings of
interjections were analysed using Jovanović’s (2014) theory which lists 21
categories of meanings of emotive interjections. However, the researcher
compacted and narrowed down the meanings into 17 categories since some
emotions are quite similar and overlapping one another. The meanings of
interjections employed in this research are expressing anger, annoyance, approval,
contempt, disgust, fear, impatience, joy, pain, pity, pleasure, relief, sorrow,
surprise, sympathy, triumph, and wonder. The findings are shown in the following
table.
Table 3. Occurrence of Forms, Positions, and Meanings of Emotive Interjections
in Luca Movie
Meanings
No Forms Positions Frequency %
WO FE SU JO PA AP RE AN IM SO TR AG PL DI PI SY CO
FS 23 21 25 21 18 2 3 2 1 2 4 1 2 0 1 0 0 125 68.30
1 PR
IIT 10 4 5 3 1 5 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 37 20.22
TOTAL 162 88.52
FS 1 6 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 14 7.65
2 SC
IIT 0 2 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 3.83
TOTAL 21 11.48
Frequency 34 33 32 25 19 9 6 5 4 4 4 3 2 1 1 1 0
% 18.58 18.03 17.48 13.66 10.38 4.92 3.27 2.73 2.19 2.19 2.19 1.64 1.09 0.55 0.55 0.55 0 183 100
TOTAL
33
As shown in Table 3, the researcher found 183 occurrences of emotive
interjections performed by the main characters in Luca movie. The findings
clearly show that the most frequent type of interjections used by the main
characters in the movie is primary interjection with 162 occurrences (88.52%).
Here, primary interjections mostly occur in free-standing position with 125
occurrences (68.30%). This signals the tendency that since the main characters are
still children, they are likely use non-word interjections to express their feelings.
In addition, secondary interjection only occurs in 21 out of 183 data
(11.48%). In this category, most interjections also occur in free-standing position
for 14 occurrences (7.65%). Free-standing position becomes the most-used
category because the speakers tend to express their feeling spontaneously and thus
causes them to perform interjections without any other words following them.
The data show that there are 16 out of 17 meanings of emotive
interjections in Luca movie. The most prominent emotion expressed by the main
characters is wonder. It occurs 34 times out of the total data (18.58%). Wonder
becomes the most-used type since the main characters, Luca and Alberto,
encounter a whole new world they have never experienced before. Thus, their
curiosity and wonder emerge oftentimes.
Meanwhile, compared to other meanings of interjections, the researcher
did not find any interjections expressing contempt. Contempt is treating and
mocking others disrespectfully. Considering that Luca and Alberto are sea
monsters who come up to the surface and are made to be marginalized in their
34
new surrounding environment, they are more likely to be innocent as they
discover and learn the world they have never been in before.
B. Discussion
In this section, the researcher answered the research questions in Chapter I
by giving an in-depth explanation using related theories previously presented in
Chapter II. Moreover, this section also presents some examples to support the
explanations of the forms, positions, and meanings of emotive interjections
performed by the main characters in Luca movie. In order to give a thorough
explanation, the examples in this section are taken from the appendix. This section
consists of three parts. The first part explains the first question related to the forms
of emotive interjections performed by the main characters in Luca movie. The
second part explains the second question, which is related to the positions of
emotive interjections performed by the main characters in Luca movie. Finally,
the last part explains the third question, which is the meanings of emotive
interjections performed by the main characters in Luca movie.
1. Forms of Emotive Interjections in Luca Movie
a. Primary Interjection
Primary interjections are little sounds or non-words that can stand
independently without entering other word classes. In addition, they may be made
up of sounds and sound sequences that are not found in other parts of the
language. In this research, primary interjections are main form of emotive

35
interjections used by the main characters in Luca movie. Since the main
characters are still children, they prefer to use non-word interjections to express
their feelings. The following are the applications of the primary form found of
emotive interjections found in the data.
5.
Luca : “Aaah, fish out of the barn!”
(Datum 1)
At the beginning of the movie, the emotive interjection aaah is the first
interjection uttered by the central character of Luca movie, Luca. He is supposed
to herd his family’s school of goatfish but loses track of them. Spontaneously, he
screams and utters emotive interjection as he knows the goatfish are scattered.
This interjection is an imitation of monosyllabic human voice or consisting of one
syllable. It is a sound that can stand on its own and does not enter into any word
classes other than interjection, so it is classified as a primary interjection.
6.
Luca : “Whoo-hoo-hoo!”
(Datum 32)
When Luca imagines riding a Vespa and flying over the sea gloriously
with Alberto, he shouts whoo-hoo-hoo as he enjoys the beauty of riding the
Vespa. This utterance is categorized as an emotive interjection since it represents
a strong feeling of the speaker. The interjection in the datum above is a primary
interjection since it is constructed of a sequence of similar sounds not found in
other parts of speech.
7.
Alberto : “Ha-ha!”
(Datum 43)
36
In the datum above, the interjection ha-ha is uttered by Alberto to express
his feeling. Alberto rides a junky Vespa down the hill and is attacked by a seagull.
To ensure he is okay, he gives Luca a thumbs-up and shouts joyfully. This
utterance is assuredly an interjection since it conveys Alberto’s feelings of joy in
this context and is signified by an exclamation mark at the end. This interjection is
a sub-category primary interjection since it shows reduplication that comprises a
sequence of the same sounds.
8.
Giulia : “Every year they change the pasta. You have to be ready
for anything. Could be cannelloni, penne, fusilli, trofie,
even lasagna. And you have to use a forchetta. It’s the
rule.”
Alberto : “Ugh, rules are for rule people!”
(Datum 106)
The datum above tells of Alberto, who struggles to learn to eat pasta with a
fork for the first time. Alberto shrugs and is about to grab a handful of pasta when
Giulia raps his knuckles with a fork. Giulia says, “And you have to use forchetta.
It’s the rule.”. Then, Alberto impatiently grabs the fork and starts eating the pasta.
He murmurs ugh, which is classified as an emotive interjection since it represents
Alberto’s impatience because he cannot use a fork correctly. It is classified as a
primary interjection since it is a non-word interjection made up of a single sound
that is not included in any other word classes.
b. Secondary Interjection
Secondary interjections are linguistic elements with an independent
semantic value borrowed from other word classes but which can be used
conventionally as utterances to express a mental attitude of the speaker.

37
Concerning their form, secondary interjections can be made up of words,
repetition of words, and phrases. In this research, secondary interjections occur
much less frequently than primary interjections, either in initial or free-standing
position for 21 occurrences. Some examples of secondary interjections found in
the movie are in the following.
9.
Luca : “No, no, no!”
(Datum 2)
Luca opens the undersea barn door and finds that his family’s herd of
goatfish are disappeared. He whirls to see the goatfish dispersed all over the
pastoral undersea landscape, snacking on inappropriate things. He then says he
says no, no, no, afraid that her mother will be mad at him. This utterance is
classified as an emotive interjection representing his fear expression. It is
constructed of a sequence of words borrowed from other word classes, making it a
secondary interjection. This secondary interjection can initially be used as an
adverb, adjective, or noun. However, in this context, the phrase enters into the
class of interjection and be used with a different expressive potential.
10.
Alberto : “Great, I mean, fine, whatever.”
Luca : “Hmm, okay.”
(Datum 25)
Alberto gives Luca a quick lesson on walking when he lands on the
surface. As Luca has managed to stand up, Alberto addresses great to him,
signifying his approval that Luca can stand up correctly. The word initially enters
into other word classes besides interjection, such as adjective and noun. However,
in this context, it is used quite differently to express Alberto’s emotions. As a

38
result, it transfers from its initial word classes into the class of secondary
interjection.
11.
Luca : "Yes, we're alive! I can’t believe it!"
Alberto : “Take that, Bruno!”
(Datum 53)
Luca and Alberto ride the homemade vespa on a cove near Alberto’s
place. The vespa breaks in half as they ride it down the hill and splash into the sea.
Luca surfaces safely and shouts emotive interjection yes as his disbelief quickly
turns to elation. This emotive interjection is classified into the sub-class of
secondary interjection since it is borrowed from other word classes. It can initially
be used as an adverb, noun, or verb. However, in this context, it functions as an
expression of Luca’s feeling of delight, proven by his action of shooting his fists
in the air as he manages to surface safely. Moreover, the feeling of delight is also
emphasized by Alberto who responds Luca with “Take that, Bruno!”. Because of
a shift from its context, the word yes transfers from its previous word class to the
word class of interjection.
12.
Luca : “I wanna go to school.”
Alberto : “That again? We can’t go to school.”
Luca : “You’re just afraid you can’t do it.”
Alberto : “I’m not afraid. You’re the one who gets afraid.”
Luca : “Shut up!”
(Datum 148)
Luca becomes enraged at Alberto, who says he cannot go to school like
Giulia since he is a sea monster. Luca says that Alberto is just afraid to go to
39
school because he cannot do it. He gets into a fight with Alberto when Alberto
says “I’m not afraid. You’re the one who gets afraid.”. Alberto shoves him, and he
shoves Alberto back. Then, Luca gets mad at Alberto and shouts shut up in anger.
This utterance is a phrasal verb formed from a group of words. It initially
functions as an imperative sentence as it is used to give a command to the hearer.
Moreover, it is characterized by an exclamation mark at the end of the utterance.
However, the utterance also conveys the speaker’s emotion projected towards the
former word class. As the utterance undergoes the lexical pragmatic process of
broadening, which changes the meaning to become more generalized in a
particular context, it transfers from the phrasal verb into the word class of
secondary interjection.
2. Positions of Emotive Interjections in Luca Movie
a. Initial Position
Initial position of interjections is the usual sentential position that is said to
be independent, which means they are not grammatically related to any other
word class. Interjections in initial position are those that do not stand alone and
are followed by the rest of the utterances. In Luca movie, the main characters
mostly utter emotive interjections in initial position as turn-initial pragmatic
markers. However, the cases where emotive interjections in initial position were
used in a non-conversational situation were also found in the movie. The
followings are the data application of initial position of emotive interjections used
by the main characters.
13.
40
Luca : “Hah, land monsters! Everybody, under the rock!”

(Datum 8)
While herding his family’s goatfish, Luca is shocked as he spots a boat of
fishermen overhead and quickly herds the scattered goatfish into a small cave. He
spontaneously utters emotive interjection hah and commands the goatfish to hide
under the rock afterward. This interjection occurs in an initial position with a non-
conversational situation. It is followed by the rest of the utterance, which signifies
Luca’s surprise as he is shocked by the appearance of humans above the water.
14.
Luca : “Whoa.”
Alberto : “That’s the magic singing lady machine. It’s broken
actually. Whoa, you unbroke it!”
(Datum 30)
Alberto is amazed by Luca, who discovers the gramophone crank in
Alberto’s hiding place and turns the gramophone on. At first, Alberto thinks that
the gramophone is broken since it could not play anything by saying “That’s the
magic singing lady machine. It’s broken, unfortunately.”. He is momentarily at a
loss for words and instinctively shouts whoa afterward when Luca twists the
gramophone handle and turns the music on. This little sound is undoubtedly an
emotive interjection since, in this context, it is uttered by Alberto to show his
expression of amazement. It is used at the beginning of the sentence, indicating
that it has an initial position.
15.
Luca : “Wouldn’t be amazing to have a real Vespa?”
Alberto : “Yeah, that’s the dream.”
(Datum 55)
41
Luca dreams and tells Alberto how amazing to have a real Vespa when he
and Alberto lay around the campfire, gazing at the stars. Luca asks for Alberto’s
validation by saying, “Wouldn’t it be amazing to have a real Vespa?”. Then,
Alberto responds by uttering yeah, signifying that he agrees with Luca’s opinion.
As a response token, the sound follows an emotive expression signaling Alberto’s
feeling of approval. This interpretation is reflected in Alberto saying that the
desire to have a real vespa is “the dream”. In this datum, the emotive interjection
has an initial position since it is placed at the beginning and followed by the rest
of the utterance.
16.
Giulia : “Every year they change the pasta. You have to be ready
for anything. Could be cannelloni, penne, fusilli, trofie,
even lasagna. And you have to use a forchetta. It’s the
rule.”
Alberto : “Ugh, rules are for rule people!”
(Datum 106)
Alberto is trained by Giulia to eat pasta with a fork for his part in the race.
He shrugs and is about to grab a handful of pasta when Giulia raps his knuckles
with a fork. Giulia says, “And you have to use forchetta. It’s the rule.”. In this
datum, the spill cries ugh conveys Alberto’s feeling of impatience and thus
functions as an emotive interjection. In addition, the interjection also plays a role
as a back-channel token from Alberto to Giulia, who trains him to eat pasta with a
fork.
b. Free-Standing Position
Free-standing interjections are utterances initial by default that stand alone
as a complete utterance. They do not only function as expressions of the speaker’s

42
emotions or feelings but are also characterized as back-channel tokens and turn
initiators in a conversational situation. In Luca movie, the emotive interjections in
free-standing position were more frequently found than in initial position. The
occurrences of emotive interjections in free-standing positions found in the movie
are explained in the following data.
17.
Alberto : “Yahoo!”
(Datum 40)
Alberto rides the homemade janky Vespa down the hill. He feels very
excited and performs emotive interjection yahoo in a free-standing position. This
little sound conveys Alberto’s joyous expression as he tests the vespa that he and
Luca previously assembled. With no other utterance following the interjection, it
only stands alone and is in a free-standing position. This interjection occurs in a
non-conversational situation and only functions as an expression of the speaker’s
feelings. In this case, it is not produced instinctively by the speaker but entirely
intentionally uttered to show his joyous expression.
18.
Alberto : “Wow.”
(Datum 49)
When Alberto rides the Vespa with Luca on the back of the Vespa, they go
hurtling down the hill. The vespa begins to fall apart, and afterward, they soar
gloriously into the sky. Alberto sees the beautiful scenery and utters emotive
43
interjection wow as he flies for a moment in the air. Alberto uttered the emotive
interjection spontaneously, with no other utterances following it, forming the
interjection in a free-standing position. Since it occurs in a non-conversational
situation, the emotive only expresses the speaker’s emotion.
19.
Luca : “Madams, what’s wrong with you, stupido?”
Old Ladies : “Hah!”
Alberto : “Aw!”
(Datum 75)
Alberto gets pummeled by a couple of old ladies with an umbrella after he
and Luca salute the old ladies with, “What’s wrong with you, stupido?”. They
misunderstand the greeting as something like “What’s up, hotshot?”.
Spontaneously, Alberto verbalizes his emotion through the spill cry aw in a free-
standing position. Here, he only utters the spill cry without any utterances
following it as he feels the sudden pain caused by the old ladies’ smack.
20.
Giulia : “Well, I think that’s enough training for today.”
Luca : “Yeah, agreed.”
Alberto : “Yup.”
(Datum 118)
When Giulia announces that the training is enough for that day, Alberto
agrees to Giulia’s opinion to get back home. Giulia says, “Well, I think that’s
enough training for today.”. As a response, Alberto says yup which signifies his
agreement with Giulia’s opinion. This little sound acts as an interjectional

44
pragmatic marker used by the speaker to signal the agreement in the foregoing
turn. Since the emotive interjection stands alone, it is thus utterance initial by
default, forming it in a free-standing position as no other utterances follow it.
3. Meanings of Emotive Interjections in Luca Movie
a. Anger
Anger is a strong feeling of displeasure and usually of antagonism
(Merriam-Webster, n.d.). As for the occurrences, there are three occurrences
(1.64%) of emotive interjections expressing anger that were found in Luca movie.
Those come with ugh, shut up, and no. Detailed examples can be seen in the
following data.
21.
Daniela : “Hey. Look me in the eye. You know I love you, right?”
Luca : “Ugh.”
(Datum 66)
Luca is displeased when his parents plan to send him to the deep ocean
with his senile uncle for the rest of the summer. His parents make this decision
after discovering that he has been going off to the surface by saying “You’re
going to stay with uncle Ugo for the rest of the season.”. Upset with his parents’
decision, Luca utters the emotive interjection ugh to express his anger. Afterward,
he runs away from home and escapes to the human town with disappointments.
45
Disappointment and anger are closely related, as disappointments often
cause anger. The unwillingness to accept that Luca does not get what he expects
triggers his anger. It continues with his reaction, where he leaves his parents
behind to retreat to the nearby human town with a hateful expression; his face
becomes fiercer, showing that he is indeed experiencing anger at the moment of
uttering the interjection. Therefore, the emotive interjection ugh that he utters
infers an expression of anger. It can be interpreted that the interjection may
contain meanings such as ‘I am feeling a kind of hatred’, ‘I do not want this’, and
‘I am disappointed with your decision’.
22.
Luca : “I wanna go to school.”
Alberto : “That again? We can’t go to school.”
Luca : “You’re just afraid you can’t do it.”
Alberto : “I’m not afraid. You’re the one who gets afraid.”
Luca : “Shut up!”
(Datum 148)
Luca gets angry with Alberto, who says he cannot attend school. He says
this because seeing Luca and Giulia bonding over shared interests makes him
distraught, as he does not want to lose Luca, his only friend. He gets into a fight
with Alberto when Alberto says “I’m not afraid. You’re the one who gets afraid.”.
Alberto is carried away and shoves Luca. Luca enrages even further, causing him
to shove Alberto back and shout shut up, which expresses his anger.
When people feel attacked, the natural way to express their anger is to
respond aggressively. Anger is a natural response to threats, which causes people
to fight and defend themselves when they are attacked. As Alberto shoves Luca
first, Luca makes an adaptive response which causes him to shove Alberto back.
46
Moreover, Luca is in denial and is struggling to accept that he cannot attend
school with Giulia since he is merely a sea monster. He expresses his feeling by
saying shut up with a furious expression. Thus, it can be inferred that the emotive
interjection expresses a feeling of anger. Some possible meanings can be
interpreted, such as ‘I am feeling angry that you did this to me’ and ‘I do not want
to believe it’.
23.
Luca : “Alberto…”
Alberto : “No, stop! Just stay there. You’re still okay.”
Luca : “Alberto, wait!”
Alberto : “Andiamo!”
Luca : “No!”
(Datum 170)
As the bike portion in the Portorosso Cup begins, Luca cannot get far
enough without revealing his identity since it is starting to rain. Nevertheless,
Alberto soon runs toward him with an umbrella, but Ercole knocks him down,
revealing his sea monster form to everyone. Ercole deliberately tries to kill
Alberto by snagging his net to Alberto.
Generally, when there is something wrong, or injustice happens, the
feeling of anger arises instinctively. As an immediate response to unfairness,
anger supplies the energy to make it right. In this scene, Luca is furious when he
sees Ercole snagging his net to Alberto, and he spontaneously shouts no with an
irritated expression. Therefore, in this context, it can be inferred that the word no
is an emotive interjection that expresses the feeling of anger. The meaning of the
47
interjection can be interpreted as ‘It is not fair to do that’ and ‘I am feeling angry
that you did my friend dirty’.
b. Annoyance
Annoyance is the act of annoying someone or being annoyed (Merriam-
Webster, n.d.). There are five occurrences (2.73 %) of emotive interjections
expressing annoyance. Those come up with oh, argh, great, and ugh. The
occurrences can be seen in the data below.
24.
Luca : “Oh, Giuseppe.”
(Datum 4)
In the datum above, the emotive interjection oh is uttered by the character
Luca to express his annoyance. The situation is described as Luca sees Giuseppe,
one of the goatfish, that tries to stray a little from the flock. Instead of sticking
around in the flock after Luca manages to gather the flock, Giuseppe slowly gets
away from the flock. He seems even more determined than the rest to wander off
and explore his surroundings. However, this plan fails as Luca catches him
straying away.
People tend to take long, deep breaths, producing little sounds when
annoyed. Likewise, in Luca movie, it can be seen that the character is
experiencing such feelings because of the situation. Annoyed by Giuseppe’s little
mischief, Luca sighs an emotive interjection oh to express his annoyance. In this
context, Luca’s sigh signals a negative mood of frustration. Moreover, he
performs it with an annoyed expression; his facial expression becomes tense, and
48
his eyes droop down, showing that he is indeed experiencing annoyance at the
moment of speaking. Therefore, the interjection is inferred as an indicative
expression of annoyance. It can be interpreted as ‘I am having a sensation of
annoyance’ and ‘I am tired of your behavior’.
25.
Giulia : “Rise and shine!”
Alberto : “Argh!”
(Datum 128)
Alberto is awakened by Giulia, who is pretending to play the military
wake-up call. She wakes up Luca and Alberto early in the morning to practice the
preparation for the Portorosso Cup and says “Rise and shine!”. However, the boys
are so tired and can barely move. After Alberto finally wakes up, he groans with
great annoyance as Giulia awakes him suddenly.
Usually, when people get disturbed, they are more likely to feel annoyed.
In this scene, it is described that Alberto does not want to wake up yet, but Giulia
suddenly wakes him up to practice for the race. Alberto is annoyed because he
does not ready to wake up yet. Alberto immediately sighs argh in an upset voice
expressing his feeling of annoyance. In addition, his annoyance can be seen in his
upset expression as he hears the military wake-up call from Giulia. Therefore,
from the context, it can be inferred that the interjection argh functions as an
emotive expression of annoyance. The meaning of the interjection can be
interpreted as ‘I do not want to wake up yet’ and ‘I have this upset feeling because
of this’.
26.
Giulia : “Ooh, guys, look! That’s the train to Genova!”
Luca : That goes to your school?”
49
Giulia : “Yeah.”
Luca : “I was wondering, actually, is your school open to
everyone?”
Giulia : “Well, it costs a little money, but I guess.”
Alberto : “Great, thank you Giulia for showing us the boring thing
that takes you to the terrible place.”
(Datum 142)
The datum above tells that Alberto feels annoyed as he listens to Luca and
Giulia talking about school stuff. Luca wonders whether the school is open to
everyone or not by saying, “I was wondering actually, is your school open to
everyone?”. Then, Giulia responds with, “Well, it costs a little money, but I
guess.”. Spontaneously, Alberto takes over the conversation impatiently by saying
an emotive interjection great. It is used by Alberto to incur his annoyance towards
Giulia. This happens because Alberto gets jealous that Luca is spending more
time with Giulia than him.
Jealousy is generally associated with feelings of insecurity, annoyance,
and fear around loss or abandonment. Likewise, in this scene, Alberto hates when
Luca makes friend with Giulia. He is so jealous of Luca’s friendship with Giulia.
This is due to the fact that Alberto is afraid that Luca will leave him alone, just
like his father did. Therefore, he immediately cuts off the conversation by saying
great in a sarcastic voice and annoyed expression as he rolls his eyes and raises
one side of his mouth. According to the context, it can be inferred that the
interjection belongs to the emotive category of annoyance. It can be interpreted
that the word great in this context may contain meanings such as ‘I am being
annoyed for what you did’ and ‘I do not like this situation’. situation’.
27.
Luca : “Ugh, not now! I’m so close!”
50
(Datum 168)
In the datum above, the emotive interjection ugh is performed by the
character Luca to express his feeling of annoyance. This situation is described as
the rain falling at the bike portion of the race, causing little spots of sea-monster
transformation on Luca’s arm. Thus, he stops under an awning to wait out the
downpour.
People likely get annoyed or upset when something unexpected and
usually unpleasant happens. This case also happens in the movie where Luca does
not expect the rain to fall, which troubles him to ride the bike under the rain
without being transformed into his sea-monster form. He instinctively utters ugh
in an annoyed voice, showing disbelief that he has to wait until it stops raining.
Thus, as expressed by the character, the interjection ugh is inferred as an emotive
expression of annoyance. Some possible meanings that can be assumed are ‘I do
not expect this’ and ‘I am annoyed because of this’.
c. Approval
Approval is an instance of approving something (Merriam-Webster, n.d.).
It is also described as the feeling of having a positive opinion of someone or
something (Cambridge University Press, n.d.). As for the occurrences, nine
occurrences (4.92 %) of emotive interjections expressing approval were found
in Luca movie. Those come with great, yeah, yup, hey, and okay. Detailed
examples can be seen in the following data.
28.
Giulia : “Well, I think that’s enough training for today.”
Luca : “Yeah, agreed.”
(Datum 117)
51
In the datum above, the interjection yeah is expressed by the character
Luca to represent his approval. When Luca, Alberto, and Giulia have been
training hard that day, Giulia invites them to go home by saying, “Well, I think
that’s enough training for today.”. Shortly, Luca agrees with Giulia, who decides
that the training for the Portorosso Cup is enough for that day. In this context,
Luca expresses his agreement with Giulia’s opinion by saying yeah. This
interjection is inferred as an emotive expression of approval. Moreover, it can be
seen from the following utterance where Luca says, “agreed”. The meaning of the
interjection can be interpreted as ‘I do agree with you’ and ‘I am approving this’.
29.
Alberto : “Hey!”
Luca : “Whoo-hoo, that’s amazing!”
(Datum 137)
When Alberto finally succeeds in eating pasta with a fork correctly, he
calls Luca and Giulia from across the table to seek their approval. He utters
interjection hey as he manages to capture a forkful of pasta of his own after
Massimo shows him the way to eat pasta correctly. However, Luca and Giulia
ignore him since they are busy reading Giulia’s zoology book. In this scene, the
interjection hey is uttered by Alberto to seek Luca and Giulia’s approval for his
accomplishment in using the fork. It is used to express the feeling of approval that
Alberto encounters. As it is the first time Alberto uses a fork correctly, he craves
approval from Luca and Giulia. Some possible meanings that can be assumed are
‘Look what I just done’ and ‘I have succeeded in this’.
30.
52
Luca : “Alberto?”
Alberto : “Get outta here! I’m not gonna tell you again.”
Luca : “Okay, I’ll go.”
(Datum 158)
Luca approaches Alberto’s hiding place after he betrays Alberto for hiding
his identity and calls him a sea monster. Even though Alberto tells Luca to go
away by saying, “Get outta here! I’m not gonna tell you again.”. Luca wants to go
through with the race for the sake of their friendship. In this scene, the character
Luca uses the interjection okay to express his approval. Luca takes Alberto’s
advice to get out of the building as he has an idea to join the Portorosso Cup
alone. He signals an agreement with Alberto’s opinion, which asks him to leave
his building. Therefore, it can be inferred that in this context, the
word okay belongs to an emotive interjection that indicates approval. The
meaning of the interjection can be interpreted as ‘I will do what you want’, and ‘I
am agreeing on this’.
d. Disgust
Disgust is a marked aversion aroused by something highly distasteful
(Merriam-Webster, n.d.). It is a feeling of revulsion and dislike in an awful
situation. Within Luca movie, only one occurrence (0.55%) of emotive
interjection expressing disgust was found with the interjection ugh. The detail of
the finding is explained below.
31.
Luca : “I guess that’s how humans swim?”
Alberto : “Ugh, that's embarrassing.”
(Datum 112)
53
In the datum above, the emotive interjection ugh is performed by the
character Alberto to express his feeling of disgust. This situation is described as
Alberto paddling with Luca and watching Giulia swim in the sea to practice for
the Portorosso Cup. Luca asks for Alberto’s opinion by saying, “I guess that’s
how humans swim?”. However, the way Giulia swim is so slow that it is
unimpressed Alberto that makes him comment, “Ugh, that’s embarrassing.”.
People may feel revulsion by simply seeing something, either because
someone performs a nauseating action or noticing something that causes the
speaker to feel disgusted. In this context, Alberto sees that the way Giulia swim is
disgusting. Thus, he voices ugh as an emotive interjection of disgust. The feeling
may also be signaled right from the following utterance when Alberto
says, “that’s embarrassing”. The meaning of the interjection can be interpreted as
‘I am thinking that it is awful’ and ‘I am having a sensation of disgust’.
e. Fear
Fear is an unpleasant often strong emotion caused by anticipation or
awareness of danger (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). In Luca movie, 33 occurrences
(18.03%) of emotive interjections express fear. Those come with no, aaah, hah,
help me, eeek, whoa, oh no, uh, and oh-oh. The following are the applications of
emotive interjection expressing fear that were found in the data.
32.
Luca : “Help me!”
Alberto : “First time?”
Luca : “Of course it is! I’m a good kid!”
(Datum 19)
54
In the datum above, the interjection help me is uttered by the character
Luca to express his fear. The situation is described as Luca is pulled to the surface
by Alberto. He freaks out as he completely turns into a human and thinks that he
might be dying. Thus, he screams the emotive interjection help me when he finds
himself in danger. Alberto asks, “First time?” to him as a response to his fright.
Then, Luca answers, “Of course it is! I’m a good kid”, confirming that it is his
first time stepping on dry land.
Usually, when people are panicked, they tend to scream to signal that they
need immediate help. Therefore, others can aid them in their distress. Likewise, in
this scene, after completely transforming into a human, Luca immediately screams
and seeks help from others. Luca, who is unaware that transforming into a human
is a natural thing for sea monsters when they step onto dry land, becomes startled.
He instinctively alarms himself that he is in danger. In addition, his fear can be
seen in his gestures; he covers his eyes with both hands and rolls around, yelling
on the sand. Therefore, in this context, it can be inferred that the interjection help
me functions as an emotive expression of fear. Some possible meanings that can
be assumed are ‘I am feeling like I am in danger’ and ‘I am scared of what has
just happened’.
33.
Luca : “What are you doing?”
Ercole : “Ah, just a little bath.”
Luca : “Oh, no, no, no!”
(Datum 82)
Luca is terrified when Ercole tries to bully him by dragging him into the
fountain. Ercole shoves Luca’s face toward the water, almost revealing Luca’s
55
scales. Ercole grabs Luca’s hand and drag him to away while saying, “Ah, just a
little bath. It’s funny.”. Scared that his identity would be revealed, Luca says oh,
no, no, no as Ercole marches him into the fountain. Fortunately, he is saved by
Giulia just in time, and takes him away.
Thus, in this context, the interjection has an emotive expression of fear. In
addition, his fear can also be seen in his body language, where he pulls himself
away from Ercole. The meaning of the interjection can be interpreted as ‘I do not
want this’ and ‘I am feeling threatened’.
34.
Giulia : “Forza, Luca, don’t let him get in your head. You can do
this.”
Luca : "Okay. Silenzio, Bruno. Here we go. “Whoa, I can’t!”
(Datum 109)
In the datum above, the situation is described as Luca practicing riding a
bike for the Portorosso Cup. He comes to the top of the hill and nervously looks
down the steep incline, scared of the height. Luca barely balances himself as he
rides the bike down the hill. Therefore, he instinctively screams whoa to express
his fear of crashing down from the bike.
Generally, people are more likely to be anxious once they face danger or
stress. The perceived threat or stimuli immediately triggers an emotion of fear.
Likewise, in this scene, Luca thinks that it is too dangerous to ride up the steep
hill. He becomes startled as he realizes that he can barely balance himself when
riding the bike down the hill. This is evident in his fearful expression; he closes
his eyes and hits the brakes immediately. According to the context, it can be
inferred that the interjection whoa belongs to the emotive category that expresses
56
fear. The interjection's meaning can be interpreted as ‘I am feeling like I am in
danger’ and ‘I am scared of what will happen’.
35.
Daniela : “Luca, stop!”
Luca : “Aaah, sorry mom! Sorry, dad! I have to do this!”
Lorenzo : “Get back here right now!”
(Datum 165)
When Luca competes in the race, he freaks out as he sees his parents lunge
for him. As her mother sees him riding the bike at the race, she says, “That’s him.
That’s him! Luca, stop!”. Instead of stopping the bike, Luca keeps pedaling right
away. He swerves his bike, barely evading his parents to finish the race. Scared by
the appearance of his parents in front of him, he instinctively shouts aaah to
express his fear of getting caught by his parents. Knowing that Luca tries to avoid
his parents, his father shouts to him, “Get back here right now!”.
Luca’s fearful emotion can also be seen in his facial expression; his eyes
bulge, and his eyebrows get straighter. Therefore, in this context, the
interjection aaah may be inferred as an emotive interjection that indicates fear. It
can be interpreted as ‘I am flustered because of what has just happened’ and ‘I am
feeling scared because of this’.
f. Impatience
Impatience is the quality or state of being impatient (Merriam-Webster,
n.d.). It is also described as the feeling of impatience with someone’s mistakes or
because you have to wait (Cambridge University Press, n.d.). There are a total of
four occurrences (2.19%) of emotive interjections expressing impatience that were

57
found in Luca movie. Those interjections come with ugh and come on. Detailed
examples are given in the following data.
36.
Alberto : “Just take a step without even thinking about it. No, no,
no, don’t think about it.”
Luca : “I don’t know how to not think about something.”
Alberto : “Ugh, okay, okay, watch.”
(Datum 26)
In the datum above, the interjection ugh is expressed by Alberto to
represent his impatience. Alberto teaches Luca how to walk when Luca steps on
dry land for the first time. Although Alberto has given his instructions to teach
Luca to walk, Luca somehow keeps failing at it. Alberto gives Luca instruction on
how to walk by saying, “Just take a step without even thinking about it.”.
However, Luca still could not walk properly and responds, “I don’t know how to
not think about something.”. Impatience by Luca’s slow progress on walking,
Alberto decides to demonstrate it by himself.
Oftentimes, frustration triggers an emotion of impatience as people
encounter something impossible to do. Likewise, in Luca movie, the feeling of
impatience is depicted by Alberto, who is frustrated by Luca’s slow progress on
walking. Alberto is known as enthusiastic and free-spirited, hence seeing Luca’s
slow progress is frustrating him. His facial expression and body language may
also signal the feeling; he rolls his eyes and rubs his face with both hands as he
watches Luca walk. Therefore, as conveyed by the character, the
interjection ugh in this context is inferred as an indicative expression of
impatience. It can be interpreted as ‘I am frustrated because of this’ and ‘I am
impatient with your slow progress’.

58
37.
Luca : “Come on!”
Giulia : “Hmm.”
Luca : “Thank you.”
Giulia : “Don’t thank me.”
(Datum 162)
In the datum above, the situation occurs on the day of the Portorosso Cup.
On the pasta portion, Luca has trouble using the fork to eat the pasta as he has
never trained to use a fork before. He impatiently enforces himself to use the fork
properly to eat the dish faster. As Luca stumbles using the fork to finish the pasta
portion on the race, he says come on with an irritated expression. His gestures
may also signal the feeling as he hurriedly twists the pasta into his mouth.
Therefore, it can be inferred that the interjection come on functions as an emotive
expression of impatience. Some possible meanings can be interpreted, such as ‘I
am having this not good feeling because of this’ and ‘I do not have time for this’.
g. Joy
Joy is an emotion evoked by well-being, success, good fortune, or the
prospect of possessing what one desire (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). There are 25
occurrences (13.66%) of emotive interjections expressing joy found
in Luca movie. Those come with whoo-hoo, yeah, hihihi, yahoo, haha, yes,
whoo, and hah. The detailed examples are given in the following data.
38.
Luca : “Hihihi.”
(Datum 35)
In the datum above, the interjection hihihi is uttered by Luca to express his
joy. The situation is described as Luca recalling the memories of him going to the
59
surface for the first time. He goes back to his home after having a great adventure
on land. He cannot sleep in his room, thinking he just had the most incredible day
of his life.
When people experience something enjoyable, they will likely become
happy, excited, and joyful. Likewise, in this scene, Luca even cannot sleep to
recall the memories of having a great experience on land. He is experiencing a
joyful feeling with the fact that it is the first time he goes to the surface. In
addition, it can be seen in his facial expression and body language; he closes his
eyes and moves both his hands and feet. Therefore, the interjection hihihi may be
inferred as an emotive interjection that indicates joy. It can be interpreted as ‘I am
excited’ and ‘I am happy with what I have just done’.
39.
Alberto : “Yahoo!”
(Datum 46)
Alberto rides the homemade Vespa that he and Luca previously
assembled. With Luca on the back, they ride the Vespa from the top of the hill.
Alberto suggests riding the Vespa over the ramp together, but Luca is terrified.
Thus, Alberto convinces him that the hill is fine to overcome his fear by saying,
“Don’t listen to stupid Bruno… Shut him up. Say, ‘silenzio, Bruno’.”. As Luca
and Alberto go hurtling down the hill, Alberto chants yahoo which signals his
excitement. It can be seen in his happy expression; his eyebrows are raised, and
his eyes are wide open. Thus, it can be inferred that the
interjection yahoo functions as an emotive expression of joy. Some possible

60
meanings that can be interpreted are ‘I am having a great time’ and ‘This is
obviously making me happy’.
40.
Alberto : “Whoo-hoo, take me gravity!”
(Datum 69)
In the datum above, the interjection whoo-hoo is uttered by Alberto to
signal his excitement. This situation is described as Alberto and Luca plan to
retreat to the nearby town of Portorosso and find a way to get their dream vespa
and be free. On their way to the town, Alberto runs toward a cliff and jumps into
the sea. With much excitement, he screams whoo-hoo to express his enthusiasm.
In addition, it can be seen in his happy expression while merrily saying, “take me
gravity!” which shows his joy and excitement. Thus, the interjection whoo-
hoo can be inferred as an emotive interjection which indicates the feeling of joy.
It can be interpreted as ‘I am having a great time’ and ‘I am feeling joyful because
of this’.
h. Pain
Pain is an unpleasant bodily sensation that causes physical discomfort and
emotional distress (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). As for the occurrences, 19
occurrences (10.38%) of emotive interjections expressing pain were found
in Luca movie. Those come with ow, ouch, ugh, aw, hah, aaah, huh-hah,
huh, and eeek. Detailed examples can be seen in the following data.
41.
Alberto : “Ouch, this is normal! Stay focused!”
(Datum 37)
61
In the datum above, the interjection ouch is uttered by Alberto to express
his pain. The situation is described as Alberto tests the homemade Vespa he has
assembled. He rides the Vespa down the hill towards Luca. However, the vespa
hits a rock and breaks in half. As a result, his left foot hits the rock when he tries
to stop the Vespa. He convinces himself that the situation is merely a common
accident by saying, “Ouch, this is normal! Stay focused!”.
When people get injured, the automatic body response stimulates pain
receptors. In other words, the physical message from the injury travels from where
they are hurt directly to the brain. This also associates with the utterance of little
cries, which interferes with the body’s pain signals. Likewise, in this scene, as
Alberto stumbles when riding the Vespa on a rocky road, he chants an emotive
interjection ouch in a painful voice. It also can be seen in his painful expression
while convincing himself by saying, “This is normal! Stay focused!”. Thus, it can
be inferred that the interjection ouch functions as emotive, which indicates the
feeling of pain. The interjection can be interpreted as ‘I am in pain’ and ‘I am not
feeling good because of this’.
42.
Alberto : “Ugh!”
(Datum 39)
After the homemade Vespa has broken in half, Alberto continues
assembling another Vespa with Luca. He then swings a buoy around joyously and
accidentally bonks himself in the head. As he feels the sudden pain in his head, he
instinctively shouts interjection ugh to express his pain. It also can be seen from
Alberto’s painful voice while uttering the interjection. Thus, from the context, it
62
can be inferred that the interjection functions as an emotive expression of pain.
The meaning conveyed in the interjection can be interpreted as ‘This is painful’
and ‘I am feeling discomfort because of this’.
i. Pity
Pity is a feeling of sorry for someone else’s unhappiness or difficult
situation (Cambridge University Press, n.d.). In Luca movie, there is only one
occurrence (0.55%) of emotive interjection expressing pity that comes with wow.
The detailed finding is explained below.
43.
Alberto : “Wow, that was hard to watch.”
(Datum 22)
In this datum, the interjection wow is uttered by Alberto to express pity.
The situation is described as Alberto watches Luca swim back and forth. This is
due to the fact that Luca’s fear overtakes him to go to the surface. Alberto, who
has been watching this embarrassing thing, approaches him, startling Luca and
making him shouts, “Aaah!”. Then, Alberto invites Luca to go out of the sea by
saying, “Come on.”.
When people sense or notice something terrible happens to someone else,
they likely feel pity for that person. Likewise, in this scene, Alberto feels pity for
Luca as he watches what Luca is doing. Thus, Alberto gives his sarcastic response
by performing the interjection wow. In addition, it can be seen from his sarcastic
expression by narrowing his eyes. He also adds the comments by saying, ‘that was
hard to watch’, signalling his pity for Luca. Therefore, as expressed by the
character, the interjection wow in this context functions as an emotive expression

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of pity. Some possible meanings that can be interpreted are ‘I do not like what you
are doing’ and ‘I think that this is pity’.
j. Pleasure
Pleasure is a feeling of enjoyment or satisfaction derived from what is to
one’s liking (Collins Dictionary, n.d.). As for the occurrences, there are two
occurrences (1.09%) of emotive interjection expressing pleasure found
in Luca movie that comes only with mmm. The detail of the findings is explained
below.
44.
Massimo : “Dinner’s ready. Trenette al Pesto. Mangiamo.”
Alberto : “Mmm.”
(Datum 96)
In the datum above, the interjection mmm is performed by Alberto to
express pleasure. The situation takes place at Giulia’s house, where Alberto eats
pesto pasta prepared by Massimo for the first time. Having no idea what the dish
is and how the utensils work, he grabs a handful of pasta and sticks it in his
mouth, which he loves.
The sense of pleasure can be triggered by tasting something delicious.
Since eating is a basic need, people consume food in a particular emotional state.
Thus, the taste of delicious food can provide people with pleasure. Likewise, in
this scene, Alberto feels pleased as he tastes the pasta with pesto. He instinctively
voices mmm as he tastes the savor of the pasta pesto, which signals his feeling of
pleasure. Moreover, since it is the first time he tastes the dish, he experiences a
food culture shock that causes the food tastes more delicious. The sense of
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pleasure can also be seen from his facial expression and body gestures; his eyes
are almost closed, and he impatiently grabs another handful of pasta. Therefore, as
assured from the speaker’s expression, the interjection mmm is inferred as an
emotive expression of pleasure. The meaning of this interjection can be
interpreted as ‘I am feeling pleased’ and ‘This dish tastes so delicious’.
k. Relief
Relief is a feeling of happiness that something unpleasant has not
happened or has ended (Cambridge Dictionary, n.d.). There are 6 occurrences
(3.27%) of emotive interjections expressing relief that were found in Luca movie.
Those come with phew, oh thank goodness, huh, and whew. The detailed
examples can be seen in the following data.
45.
Luca : “Phew, okay, that’s everyone.”
(Datum 3)
In the datum above, the interjection phew is uttered by Luca to express his
feeling of relief. The situation is described as Luca, who is supposed to herd his
family’s school of goatfish, ends up losing track of them. After he manages to
collect the scattered goatfish, he voices a little cry phew that signals his relief.
Afterward, he returns to the new-assembled flock to herd the goatfish back home.
The feeling of relief is seen from his following utterance, which says, “okay,
that’s everyone”, meaning that he successfully gathers the goatfish back. Thus, it
can be inferred that the interjection phew functions as an emotive expression of
relief. The meaning of the interjection can be interpreted as ‘I am relief there is
nothing bad happened’ and ‘I am feeling something good because of this’.

65
46.
Alberto : “Boo. It’s fine. I’m not human.”
Luca : “Oh thank goodness.”
(Datum 14)
Luca spots a figure in a diving suit that goes near him. Frightened by the
figure for thinking it is a human, he hides in a cave with the flock of goatfish. As
the figure approaches Luca, he removes his helmet and reveals that he is Alberto,
a fellow sea monster like Luca. After removing his helmet, Alberto also says, “It’s
fine. I’m not human.” to confirm that he is just a fellow sea monster.
Knowing that the figure is not a human, Luca says oh thank goodness to
express his relief. The feeling can also be seen from his facial expression and
body gestures; he closes his eyes and puts his left hand to his chest. Therefore, it
is inferred that the words oh thank goodness in this context functions as an
emotive interjection that expresses relief. The meaning of the interjection can be
inferred as ‘I am feeling relief’ and ‘I am glad nothing bad happened’.
l. Sorrow
Sorrow is a feeling of deep stress, sadness, or regret (Merriam-Webster,
n.d.). In Luca movie, there are four occurrences (2.19%) of emotive interjections
expressing sorrow that come with huh and no. Detailed examples of the findings
can be seen in the following data.
47.
Giulia : “Risking your life for a Vespa?”
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Luca : “My parents were gonna send me away. That’s why we

did all of this. But it's over now. Huh, goodbye Giulia.”
(Datum 154)
In the datum above, the interjection huh is uttered by Luca to express his
sorrow. After Giulia finds out Luca’s true identity, she is concerned that the
people out there might hurt him since Portorosso is a fish-hunting town. Thus, she
tells him to leave the town for his safety even though she does not want him to by
saying,
“Luca, you have to get out of here … Look, it’s just not worth it. Risking your life
for a vespa?”. Then, Luca answers, “My parents are gonna send me away. That’s
why we did all of this.”, explaining that his parents are going to send him to the
deep ocean if he comes back home. As he could not convince Giulia, he says,
“Huh, goodbye Giulia.”.
The feeling of sorrow is a natural emotional response to the loss of
someone close. Likewise, in this scene, Luca feels sad as he will be separated
from Giulia, the only human friend he has. As Giulia tells him that he needs to
leave the town, Luca utters a spill cry huh that expresses his sorrow. He also says
goodbye to her by saying “goodbye Giulia” with a sorrowful expression. Thus, it
is inferred that, in this context, the interjection huh functions as an emotive
expression of sorrow. Some possible meanings that can be interpreted are ‘I am
feeling broken’ and ‘It is too bad that I have to leave’.

67
48.
Ercole : “Out of the way! Via, via!”
Alberto : “No!”
(Datum 172)
Luca and Alberto are chased by Ercole as their sea-monster identity has
been revealed at the bike portion of the Portorosso Cup. Ercole throws harpoons at
Luca and Alberto to kill them both and says, “Now, I gotta kill some sea
monsters!”. However, Giulia tries to save them by smashing herself into Ercole
and says, “So long, evil empire of injustice.”, showing her anger to Ercole.
Giulia’s sudden move makes Ercole out of the lane. She crashes to the ground as
Luca and Alberto ride to the finish line. Luca screams no which signals his
sorrow as he watches Giulia crash down from her bike. The feeling can also be
seen from his facial expression; his eyelids are drooped, and the inner corners of
his eyebrows rise. Therefore, the word no is interpreted as an emotive interjection
expressing sorrow in this context. The meaning of this interjection can be
interpreted as ‘I cannot believe what has just happened’ and ‘I am feeling bad
because of this.’
m. Surprise
Surprise is the feeling caused by something unexpected or unusual
(Merriam-Webster, n.d.). There are a total of 32 occurrences (17.48%) of emotive
interjections expressing surprise that were found in Luca movie. Those come with
aaah, hah, whoa, holy carp, oh, eeek, and no. The following are the applications
of the emotive interjections expressing surprise that were found in the data.
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49.
Luca : “Hah, land monsters! Everybody, under the rock!”
(Datum 8)
In the datum above, the interjection hah is uttered by Luca to express his
feeling of surprise. The situation is described as Luca herds his family’s goatfish,
which have been collected after they scattered. Of a sudden, a boat of fishermen
passes overhead. He quickly herds the scattered goatfish under the rock as a place
to hide.
When people face something sudden, they will likely get surprised as they
are unprepared. Likewise, Luca, who spots the boat of fishermen that suddenly
appears, finds it completely unexpected. From this scene, it can be seen that Luca
is so scared of humans or what he thinks as land monsters. His expression of
surprise can also be seen in him saying interjection hah instinctively as he spots
the boat. Thus, in this context, the interjection functions as an emotive expression
of surprise. The meaning of the interjection can be interpreted as ‘I am shocked’
and ‘I would not have thought this would have happened’.
50.
Luca : “Whoa.”
Alberto : “That’s the magic singing lady machine. It’s broken
actually. Whoa, you unbroke it!”
(Datum 30)
As Luca is in Alberto’s hiding place on the surface, he sees some human
objects that interest him. He spots a gramophone and discovers the crank beside it.
He fiddles the gramophone with the crank, and the music comes out. At first,
Alberto thinks that the gramophone is broken since it could not play anything by
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saying “That’s the magic singing lady machine. It’s broken, unfortunately.”.
Then, he is amazed by Luca who successfully turns the gramophone on.
When people encounter something shocking, the brain automatically
signals and raises the emotion of surprise. Within seconds, surprise passes as
people figure out what is happening. Likewise, in this scene, Alberto is surprised
by Luca, whom he thinks could unbreak the gramophone. Of a sudden, he shouts
interjection, whoa to express his expression of surprise. This feeling can also be
seen from his facial expression; his eyes are wide open, and his jaws drop down.
Therefore, the interjection whoa is interpreted as an emotive expression of
surprise in this context. Some possible meanings of the interjection are ‘I am not
expecting this’ and ‘I am amazed at what you have done’.
51.
Luca : “Holy carp, no, I can't!”
Ercole : “I know, I know. And remember, piccoletto...”
Giulia : “Forza, Luca, don’t let him get in your head. You can do
this.”
(Datum 108)
Luca struggles to pedal the bike uphill as he trains to compete for the bike
portion at the Portorosso Cup. Alberto and Giulia slowly walk behind him to keep
track of his progress. He comes to the top of the hill and nervously looks down the
steep incline. Surprised by the hill’s steepness, Luca utters the interjection holy
carp in a shocked tone. However, Giulia convinces him to overcome his fear by
saying, “Forza, Luca, don’t let him get in your head. You can do this.”.
Luca’s feeling of surprise is also proven by his facial expressions, such as
raising eyebrows and opening mouth which show that he is feeling surprised.
Thus, the words holy carp in this context function as an emotive expression of
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surprise. The meaning of the interjection can be interpreted as ‘I do not believe
this’ and ‘I am feeling shocked as I see this’.
n. Sympathy
Sympathy is a feeling of understanding and care for someone else’s
suffering (Cambridge University Press, n.d.). In Luca movie, the emotive
interjection expressing sympathy was only found for one occurrence (0.55%) with
I’m sorry. The detailed explanation of the finding can be seen below.
52.
Luca : “Alberto, what are those marks on the wall? Tell me
what they mean.”
Alberto : “I started when my dad left.”
Luca : “You were living here alone for that many days?”
Alberto : “I just stopped counting after a while. He said I was old
enough to be on my own.”
Luca : “I’m sorry.”
(Datum 156)
Luca approaches Alberto’s hiding place after he betrays Alberto for hiding
his identity and calls him a sea monster. The trashed possessions are already
scattered on the floor in Alberto’s room. He climbs up to the rooftop of the
building to approach Alberto, who is sulking alone in the dark. Luca who sees
tally marks on the wall asks, “Alberto, what are those marks on the wall?”,
demanding an explanation from Alberto. At this moment, Alberto explains to
Luca his tragic backstory that his father went away and left him alone by saying,
“I started when my dad left. I just stopped counting after a while. He said I was
enough to be on my own.”.
When people are concerned about others’ situations, they tend to sense a
feeling of sympathy. This is because people are much more likely to be

71
sympathetic towards someone who does not deserve their problems and has done
nothing to earn their misfortune. Likewise, in this scene, Luca is sympathetic to
Alberto, who appears to have a broken home family. He feels sorry for Alberto by
saying I’m sorry with a sympathetic expression; his forehead creases, and his
eyes droop down. Therefore, as conveyed by the character, the sentence I’m
sorry in this context is inferred as an indicative expression of sympathy. The
interjection can be interpreted as ‘I am feeling sorry for you’ and ‘I am feeling bad
that this happened to you’.
o. Triumph
Triumph is the feeling that comes from a very great success, achievement,
or victory (Cambridge University Press, n.d.). There are 4 occurrences (2.19%) of
emotive interjections expressing triumph found in Luca movie that come only
with whoo-hoo. The detailed explanation of the findings can be seen below.
53.
Luca : “Whoo-hoo!”
(Datum 85)
In the datum above, the interjection whoo-hoo is uttered by both Luca to
express his feeling of triumph. The situation is described as Luca dissolving into
his imagination when he and Alberto spots a real Vespa. He daydreams about
being showered with gold coins as the prize for winning the race. He and Alberto
triumphantly ride a Vespa they have craved through a sea of gold coins. After
coming back into reality, Luca admires the Vespa closely and praises, “It’s so
beautiful.”. Alberto, who agrees with Luca also says, “Yes, we need it.”.
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In this scene, Luca is experiencing a triumph because he and Alberto get
golden coins from winning the race and exchange the coins for their dream Vespa.
His feeling can be seen in their happy expression while triumphantly saying the
interjection whoo-hoo simultaneously. Thus, it can be inferred that the
interjection functions as an emotive expression of triumph. Some possible
meanings that can be interpreted from the interjection are ‘I am having a feeling
of triumph’ and ‘I am happy with what I have just won’.
p. Wonder
Wonder is a feeling of great surprise and admiration caused by seeing or
experiencing something that strange and new (Cambridge University Press, n.d.).
There are a total of 34 occurrences (18.58%) of emotive interjections expressing
wonder that were found in Luca movie. Those come with hah, whoa, huh, hmm,
ooh, mother-of-pearl, wow, whoo-hoo, and oh wow. The followings are the data
application of emotive interjections expressing wonder found in the movie.
54.
Luca : “Mother-of-Pearl!”
Alberto : “Yeah.”
Luca : “You live up here?”
Alberto : “Yeah. Me and my dad.”
(Datum 27)
In the datum above, the interjection mother-of-pearl is uttered by Luca to
express his wonder. This situation is described as Luca goes to the dry land for the
first time. Alberto leads Luca to the base of an abandoned Saracen tower which
Alberto uses as his hiding place on the surface after his father leaves him alone.
Luca is amazed by the building as it is the first time Luca spots a tall building that
73
reaches the clouds. He expresses his wonder by uttering interjection mother-of-
pearl in an amazed expression. He could not believe that Alberto really lives in
the building by saying, “You live up here?”. Alberto confirms the question by
saying, “Yeah. Me and my dad.”, even though his dad had already left him alone.
This feeling of wonder can also be seen in Luca’s facial expression; his
eyebrows rise, and his eyes get bigger. Therefore, as conveyed by the character, it
can be inferred that the interjection mother-of-pearl is inferred as an indicative
expression of wonder. The interjection can be interpreted as ‘I have never seen
anything like this before’ and ‘I cannot believe what I am seeing’.
55.
Luca : “Whoa, it's even better than the picture.”
Alberto : “Yeah, it is.”
(Datum 34)
Luca and Alberto improvise and assemble a homemade vespa from scrap
material and junk. Luca looks at the Vespa as the assembling process is
completely finished and dreamily admires it. The feeling of wonder or
astonishment arises as he sees something admirable. Since it is the first time Luca
sees a vespa with his own eyes, he utters the interjection whoa in a surprised tone
to express his wonder. Alberto approves Luca’s opinion by saying, “Yeah, it is.”.
In addition, the feeling of wonder can also be seen in his facial expression
and body gesture; his eyebrows rise, and he clenches both hands on his chest.
Therefore, in this context, the interjection whoa functions as an emotive
expression of wonder. The meanings that can be interpreted from the interjection
are ‘This is something incredible’ and ‘I am amazed for seeing this’.

74
56.
Luca : “Could I maybe borrow this? Just for tonight.”
Giulia : “You can have it. Ha-ha. The universe is literally yours!”
Luca : “Wow, thank you.”
(Datum 124)
In the datum above, the interjection wow is uttered by Luca to express his
wonder. This situation is described as Luca is absorbed in Giulia’s schoolbooks.
Giulia explains anything she learns at school, such as the vastness of towns, the
world, and the universe. Luca is mind-blown as it is the first time he learns this
knowledge. However, in the middle of the conversation, Alberto interrupts them
and calls Luca away. Giulia gives Luca one of her books about the universe and
says, “You can have it” while she signs the book with her hand signature. Luca,
who feels amazed and honored to be given Giulia’s schoolbook responds, “Wow,
thank you.”.
People may pronounce words to express their wonder when they feel are in
awe or amazement. Likewise, Luca, whom Giulia gives a book, feels excited as it
is the first book he has. As he receives the book, he utters wow signaling his
feeling of wonder towards the book. He could not help but stare at the book in
astonishment as pure marvel flooded his mind. Moreover, the feeling of wonder
can also be seen in his facial expression; his eyebrows rise, and his eyes get
bigger. Thus, in this context, it can be inferred that the interjection wow is an
emotive expression of wonder. Some possible meanings that can be interpreted
are ‘This is unbelievable’ and ‘I am so amazed to receive this’.

75
The main characters in Luca movie apply emotive interjections in their
utterances to express their feelings. In performing the emotive interjections, the
main characters dominantly use the form of primary interjections. Since the main
characters are still children, they prefer non-word interjections to express their
feelings. Moreover, the emotive interjections uttered by the main characters
mainly occur in a free-standing position since the speakers often express their
feeling spontaneously and thus causes them to perform interjections without any
other words following them. In addition, the emotive interjections in the main
characters’ utterances represent various meanings depending on each context they
are performed. Wonder becomes the most-used type since the main characters
encounter a whole new world they have never experienced before. Thus, their
curiosity and wonder emerge frequently.

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
Based on the research findings and discussion in the previous chapter, the
research results can be drawn as follows.
1. In terms of the forms of emotive interjections in Luca movie, the researcher
found all of the two types referred by Ameka (1992) in the main characters’
utterances: primary interjection and secondary interjection. Primary
interjections are the main form used by the main characters. Since the main
characters, Luca and Alberto, are still children, they prefer non-word
interjections, which are easier and more spontaneous, to express their
feelings. The use of non-word interjection also indicates that the main
characters express their feelings using their own way.
2. There are two positions of interjections as specified by Norrick (2009): initial
position and free-standing position, and both positions are used by the main
characters in Luca movie. The main characters tend to perform emotive
interjections in free-standing position because the speakers express their
feeling spontaneously without any other words following the
interjections. Moreover, spontaneous language is a proof that the main
characters use emotive interjections in free-standing position to express things
that suddenly pop up in their mind.
76
77
3. In performing the emotive interjections, 16 out of 17 meanings of emotive
interjections are represented in the main characters’ utterances
in Luca movie. The emotive interjections’ meanings immensely depend on
what context they are performed. The speakers’ intonation, gestures, and
expressions also play an essential role in determining the meaning of the
emotive interjections. The most prominent emotion expressed by the main
characters is wonder. Wonder ranks as being highly dominant meaning since
the main characters encounter a whole new world they have never
experienced before. As a result, their feelings of curiosity and wonder emerge
frequently. Meanwhile, compared to other meanings of interjections, the
researcher did not find any interjections expressing contempt. This has to do
with the fact that Luca and Alberto are actually sea monsters who transform
into human and come up to the surface. They are made to be marginalized in
their new surrounding environment. Thus, they are more likely to be innocent
as they discover the world they have never been in before. In contrast, they
are oftentimes picked on by local bullies viciously for their arrival in the
human town.
B. Suggestions
After conducting this research, the researcher proposed some suggestions
based on the conclusions of the research as in the following.
1. To English Literature Students

78
English Literature students, especially those majoring in Linguistics who
are interested in pragmatics, are suggested to gain an in-depth understanding of
learning pragmatics since it is an exciting subject to be discussed. However,
interjections that occur more frequently in everyday conversation need more
attention. Moreover, the students can use this research as a reference to enrich
their knowledge of interjections.
2. To Further Researchers
Interjection is an interesting topic of discussion that is oftentimes
neglected in linguistics studies. The discussion of interjections is limited as well.
They are simple but rich in meaning on their own since they are highly dependent
on context. It is suggested that other linguistics researchers analyze interjections
in a more comprehensive and detailed manner. In addition, different approaches
and objects in doing interjections studies are recommended to develop the
research in the field. Moreover, further researchers can use this research as a
reference to research the topic of interjections.
3. To General Readers
Interjection is a phenomenon found in everyday conversation,
spontaneously or intentionally. Therefore, the discussion of interjections asserted
in this research can give some insights about interjections in daily communication.
For this reason, the readers are expected to develop an understanding of the theory
and object in this research and even to be interested to learn more about
interjections.
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REFERENCES
Ameka, F. (1992). Interjections: The universal yet neglected part of speech.

Journal of Pragmatics, 18(2-3), 101–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-
2166(92)90048-g
Andrason, A., & Dlali, M. (2020). The (crucial yet neglected) category of
interjections in Xhosa. STUF - Language Typology and Universals, 73(2),
159–217. https://doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2020-2001
Ansorge, U., Baier, D., & Choi, S. (2022). Linguistic Skill and Stimulus-Driven
Attention: A Case for Linguistic Relativity. Frontiers in Psychology, 13.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.875744
Austin, J.L. (1962). How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Cambridge University Press. (n.d.). Approval. In Cambridge Dictionary.

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APPENDICES
Appendix 1 Data Sheet of Forms, Positions, and Meanings of Emotive Interjections in Luca Movies
List of abbreviations:
PR : Primary IT : Initial AG : Anger IM : Impatience SO : Sorrow
SC : Secondary FS : Free Standing AN : Annoyance JO : Joy SU : Surprise
AP : Approval PA : Pain SY : Sympathy
CO : Contempt PI : Pity TR : Triumph
DI : Disgust PL : Pleasure W : Wonder
O
FE : Fear RE : Relief
Forms Position Meanings

s
No Data Explanation
D S
PR SC IT FS AG AN AP CO FE IM JO PA PI PL RE SU SY TR WO
I O
1 Luca: “Aaah, ✔ ✔ Luca startles and shouts as he knows the

fish out of the goatfish that are supposed to be guarded by him
barn!” are scattered. He employs Aaah as a primary
interjection since it is just a little sound that
does not enter into construction with other word
classes. It is in initial position as it is followed
by the rest of the utterance. The meaning
employed in the interjection is to express
84
surprise because of the mishap Luca has done.
2 Luca: “No, no, ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is scared that her mother will be angry for
no!” the scattered goatfish. Thus, he expresses
s
No Data Explanation
D S
I O
his emotion by saying No, no, no! as

secondary interjection since it is a
repetition of words. It has a free-standing
position since it is not followed by any
utterances. Luca states the interjection as
means of expressing his fear as his goatfish
are gone.
3 Luca: “Phew, ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca has managed collecting the goatfish
okay, that's and returns to the new-assembled flock. He
everyone.” utters Phew as a primary interjection since
it does not enter into any word classes other
than interjection. It is located in initial
position considering it is followed by the
rest of the utterance. This interjection has a
meaning of expressing Luca's relief after
collecting the scattered goatfish.
4 Luca: “Oh, ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca sees Giuseppe, one of the goatfish,
Giuseppe.” that tries to stray a little from the flock. He
employs primary interjection Oh as it is
only an individual sound. It has a position
in initial since it is followed by Giuseppe
at the end of the sentence. It has a meaning
of expressing Luca’s annoyance for
Giuseppe’s disobedient behavior.
5 Luca: "Hah!" ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca discovers an alarm clock on the
seafloor while herding his goatfish. He then
85
utters interjection Hah as a primary
interjection since it does not enter into any
word classes other than interjection. It is in
free-standing position as it only stands
alone

s
No Data Explanation
D S
I O
in the utterance. It has a meaning of

expressing Luca's wonder towards the new
human object he just found.
6 Luca: "Aaah!" ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is intrigued by the alarm clock and he
picks it up. It suddenly turns on, terrifies
him, then mercifully stops. As a result,
Luca screams Aaah as primary interjection
since it is not involved into other word
classes other than interjection. It has a
position in free-standing position since it is
not followed by any utterances. It has a
meaning of showing Luca's surprise
towards the ringing alarm clock.
7 Luca: "Whoa!" ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca spots a playing card floating nearby
and examines it closely. He utters primary
interjection Whoa as it only has a value of
interjection. It is located in free-standing
utterances. It has a meaning of showing
Luca's wonder towards the floating card.
8 Luca: "Hah, ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca spots a boat overhead and quickly
land monsters! herds the scattered goatfish into a small
Everybody, cave. He performs primary interjection
86
under the rock!" Hah as it does not enter into any word
classes other than interjection. It has an in
initial position as it is followed by the rest
of the utterance. It has a meaning of
showing Luca's surprise of the sudden
emergence boat.

s
No Data Explanation
D S
I O
9 Lorenzo: “She ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca has his ear pinched by his father's

can sense crab. He shouts Ow! as a primary
weakness.” interjection since it only functions as
Luca: "Ow!" interjection. This interjection is categorized
in free-standing position as it only stands
alone in the utterance. It has a meaning of
expressing Luca's pain as his ear got
pinched by the crab.
10 Luca: "Huh?" ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is curious and wondering what human
stuffs are in front of him. He utters emotive
interjection Huh that is classified as
primary interjection since it is only a little
sound that does not enter into any word
class besides interjection. It has a free-
standing position as it stands alone in the
utterance. The meaning employed in this
interjection is to express Luca's curiosity
and wonder towards human stuffs.
11 Luca: "Whoa!" ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca spots a gramophone when he hunts
more fascinating human objects. Amazed
by the gramophone, Luca utters primary
interjection Whoa as the word only
87
functions as interjection. It is located in
free-standing position as it only stands
alone in the utterance. This interjection has
a meaning of expressing Luca's wonder
towards the gramophone.
12 Luca: "Hmm." ✔ ✔ ✔ Similar with the previous datum, Luca
examines the gramophone and wonder what
kind of human stuff it is. He utters emotive
s
No Data Explanation
D S
I O
interjection Hmm that is categorized into

primary interjection as it only enters into
interjection word class. It is located in free-
standing position as it is not followed by any
utterance. The meaning of this interjection
is to express Luca's curiosity and wonder
towards the gramophone.
13 Luca: "Aaah!" ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca notices an ominous figure in a diving
suit stealthily closing in behind him. He
shouts Aaah! as a primary interjection
since it does not constitute any meaning
other than as interjection. It has a free-
standing position since it is not followed by
any utterance. The meaning employed in
this interjection is expressing Luca's fear of
the scary figure.
14 Alberto: “Boo. ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca feels relief when the figure in a diving
It’s fine. I’m suit takes off its helmet to reveal that it's
not human.” just another sea monster boy. He utters Oh,
Luca: "Oh, thank goodness that is categorized into
thank secondary interjections as the words also
88
goodness." have meaning other than as interjection. It
has a free-standing position that is not
followed by any utterance. It has a meaning
of expressing Luca's relief after knowing
that the man is just an ordinary sea monster.
15 Alberto: “Here. ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is terrified when Alberto hands him
Hold this.” his harpoon. He yells primary interjection
Luca: "Hah!" Hah! since it does not enter into any word
classes other than interjection. It is located
in free-
No Data
s
Explanation
D S
I O
standing position since it only stands alone as

an utterance. It has a meaning of showing
Luca's fear towards the harpoon.
16 Alberto: ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto collects the human items that have
"Uh!" fallen to the seafloor and picks Luca's crook.
Luca: “Uh, He performs primary interjection Ooh! as it
hey! Wait, can only be used as interjection. It is located
that’s mine!” in free-standing position since it is not
followed by any utterance. It has a meaning of
expressing Alberto's wonder when finding an
object that he thought as human item.
17 Luca: “Sir, ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca screams Aaah! in shocked as he is being
you forgot pulled by Alberto to the surface. This
your harpoon interjection is categorized into primary
and…” interjection since it only enters into
Alberto: “Oh, interjection word class. It has a free-standing
yeah. position since it only stands alone in the
Thanks.” utterance. It has a meaning of expressing
Luca: Luca's emotion of surprise for being pulled to
89
"Aaah!" the surface.
18 Luca: "Aaah, ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is terrified when he begins to transform
oh no!” into human or for what he thinks as a land
monster. He shouts Aaah! that is categorized
into primary interjection since it does not
constitute meaning other than as interjection.
It is located in initial position, followed by oh,
no at the end of the utterance. It has a
meaning of expressing Luca's fear for turning
into a human.

No Data D S Explanation
I O
19 Luca: "Help ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca freaks out as he completely turns into

me!” human and thinks that he might be dying. He
Alberto: shouts Help me! as a secondary as it also
“First time?” enters into other word classes. This
Luca: “Of interjection is located in free-standing position
course it is! since it only stands alone in the utterance. It
I’m a good has a meaning of expressing Luca's fear for
kid!” turning into human.
20 Alberto: ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is amazed as he takes a sight of the
“Hey, relax. surface for the first time. He performs primary
Breathe.” interjection Whoa! as the word only enters
Luca: into interjection word class. It is located in
“Whoa!” free-standing position as it only stands alone
expressing Luca's wonder of the land above
the water.
21 Luca: "Eeek." ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca attempts to return to the surface but
backs away, afraid of what will happen. As he
90
tries to get out of the water, he yells Eeeek
that is categorized into primary interjection as
it does not enter into any word classes except
interjection. It has a free-standing position as
it only stands alone in the utterance. The
meaning employed is expressing Luca's fear
of getting out of the sea.
22 Alberto: ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto employs emotive interjection with
"Wow, that implied sarcasm by shouting Wow as he
was hard to watches Luca swim back and forth, afraid to
watch." go to the surface. It is categorized into
primary interjection as it does not enter into
any word class except interjection. It has a
free-standing
No Data D S W Explanation
PR SC IT FS AG AN AP CO FE IM JO PA PI PL RE SU SY TR
I O O

utterance. It has a meaning of conveying
Alberto’s pity expression towards Luca’s
behavior.
23 Luca: ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is surprised seeing Alberto that has been
"Aaah!" watching him swim back and forth. He shouts
Alberto: Aaah! that is categorized into primary
“Here, come interjection as it does not enter into any word
on.” class other than interjection. It has a free-
standing position as it only stands alone in the
utterance. The meaning employed in the
interjection is an expression of Luca's surprise
for something strange behind him.
24 Luca: ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is amazed as he transforms into human.
"Whoa!" He performs primary interjection Whoa! since
Alberto: it only has a meaning as interjection. It has a
91
“Yeah, that’s free-standing position as it is not followed by
called any utterance. This interjection has a meaning
phantom tail. to express Luca's wonder of his
You’ll get transformation.
used to it.”
25 Alberto: ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto gives Luca a quick lesson on walking
“Great, I when he just lands on the surface. As Luca has
mean, fine, managed to stand up, Alberto addresses
whatever.” Great! as secondary interjection since the
Luca: “Hmm, interjection also enters into other word class. It
okay.” has an initial position as it is followed by the
rest of the utterance. This interjection has a
meaning as an expression of Alberto's
approval as he considers that Luca is able to
stand up correctly.
No Data C P W Explanation
PR SC IT FS AG AN AP DI FE IM JO PA PL RE SO SU SY TR
O I O
26 Alberto: “Just take a ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto tries his best in teaching Luca how
step without even to walk but Luca keeps failing at it.
thinking about it. Frustrated by Luca’s slow progress, Alberto
No, no, no, don’t then addresses Ugh that is categorized into
think about it.” primary interjection since it does not enter
Luca: “I don’t know into any word class other than interjection.
how to not think The interjection is located in initial position
about something.” because it is followed by the rest of the
Alberto: "Ugh, utterance. It has a meaning of expressing
okay, okay, watch." Alberto's impatience as Luca cannot walk
properly.
27 Luca: "Mother-of- ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is amazed when he sees Alberto's
Pearl.” place, an abandoned tower. He shouts
Alberto: “Yeah.” emotive interjection Mother-of-Pearl! that
Luca: “You live up is categorized into secondary interjections
92
here?” since it is combination of words that have
Alberto: “Yeah. Me other meaning than interjection. It has a
and my dad.” free-standing position which is not
followed by any utterance. This interjection
has a meaning of expressing Luca's wonder
of the building.
28 Luca: "Whoa!" ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca takes in the incredible spectacle of
Alberto: “As you Alberto's room that contains a wide range
can see, I’ve been of human stuffs. He performs primary
collecting for a long interjection Whoa! as it does not enter into
time, so ask me any word class other than interjection. It
anything.” has a free-standing position as it only
stands alone in the utterance. It has a
meaning of expressing Luca's wonder to
Alberto's human stuff collection.

No Data P S Explanation
PR SC IT FS AG AN AP CO DI FE IM JO PA PL RE SO SU TR WO
I Y
29 Luca: "Whoa!" ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca spots a gramophone, gazes into it,

Alberto: “That’s the and performs emotive interjection Whoa.
magic singing lady This interjection is categorized into
machine. Whoa, primary interjection since it only has a
you unbroke it!” meaning as interjection. It is located in
free-standing position as it is not followed
by any utterance. It has a meaning as an
expression of Luca's wonder towards the
gramophone.
30 Luca: "Whoa!" ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto is amazed by Luca who discovers
Alberto: “That’s the the gramophone crank and turns the music
magic singing lady on. He then utters emotive interjection
machine. Whoa, Whoa! That is categorized into primary
you unbroke it!” interjection since it does not enter into any
93
word class other than interjection. It has
an initial position as it is followed by the
rest of the utterance. It shows Alberto's
surprise on how Luca managed repairing
the gramophone.
31 Luca: “What’s ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca spots a vespa poster at Alberto's
that?” hiding place, advertising the scooter as the
Alberto: “Oh, it’s vehicle to freedom. He utters emotive
just the greatest interjection Luca, rapt, reads the Italian on
thing that humans the poster Whoa as he is amazed seeing
ever made. The the poster. The interjection is categorized
Vespa.” into primary interjection since it only has
Luca: "Whoa!" a function as interjection. It is located in
Alberto: “You just free-standing position as it is not followed
by
94
No Data J S Explanation
PR SC IT FS AG AN AP CO DI FE IM PA PI PL RE SO SY TR WO
O U
sit on it, and it any utterance. It has a meaning of expressing

takes you Luca's wonder towards the vespa poster.
anywhere you
wanna go.”
32 Luca: ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca imagines riding a vespa, flying over the
"Whoo-hoo- sea, gloriously. He shouts primary interjection
hoo!" Whoo-hoo-hoo as it does not enter into any
word class other than interjection. It has a free-
utterance. This interjection has a meaning of
expressing Luca's joy when he imagines riding
the magical vespa.
33 Luca: ✔ ✔ ✔ Similar with the previous datum, Luca rides
"Yeah!” the magical vespa in his imagination and also
performs emotive interjection Yeah. This
interjection is categorized into primary
word class other than interjection. It has a free-
utterance. It still has a meaning of expressing
Luca's joy.
34 Luca: "Whoa, ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca improvises and makes a vespa with
it's even better Alberto. He admires the vespa and utters
than the emotive interjection Whoa. This interjection is
picture." categorized into primary interjection since it
Alberto: only enters into interjection word class. It is
“Yeah, it is.” located in initial position since it does not
stand alone in the utterance. It has a meaning
of expressing Luca's wonder towards the
improvised vespa.
95
PR SC IT FS AG AN AP CO DI FE IM PA PI PL RE SO SY TR WO
O U
35 Luca: ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca goes back to his home after having a

"Hihihi." great adventure. In his room, he can't sleep,
thinking that he just had the greatest day of his
life. He performs primary interjection Hihihi
as it only has a meaning as an interjection. It
has a free-standing position as it only stands
alone in the utterance. The meaning employed
in this interjection is expressing Luca's joy for
having a great adventure on that day.
36 Luca: "Whoa, ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is amazed to find the vespa now outside
how'd you get Alberto's hiding place, at the top of the hill. He
it down?” utters emotive interjection Whoa that is
Alberto: “I categorized into primary interjection as it does
rode it down.” not enter into any word class other than
interjection. It is located in initial position
since it is followed by the rest of the utterance.
It has a meaning of showing Luca's wonder
towards Alberto who rode the vespa to the top
of the hill.
37 Alberto: ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto rides the vespa down the hill towards
"Ouch, this is Luca. The vespa hits a rock and breaks in half.
normal! Stay He yells Ouch as a primary interjection since
focused!" it only has a meaning as an interjection. It is
located in initial position as it is followed by
the rest of the utterance. This interjection has a
meaning of expressing Alberto's pain as he
continues hurtling towards Luca.
96
PR SC IT FS AG AN AP CO DI FE IM PA PI PL RE SO SU TR WO
O Y
38 Luca: “He’s ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto crashes into the sea after the vespa
dead. I killed broke in half. Suddenly, he lifts his fists to
him!” the air and screams emotive interjection
Alberto: Whoo-hoo. This interjection is categorized
"Whoo-hoo!" into primary interjection as it does not enter
Luca: “Wait. into any word class other than interjection.
That was It is located in free-standing position since
good?” it only stands alone in the utterance. The
Alberto: Oh meaning employed in this interjection is to
my… Did you show Alberto's joy as he is having a good
see the height I time playing around.
got?”
39 Alberto: "Ugh!" ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto continues assembling another
vespa with Luca. He then swings a buoy
around joyously and accidentally bonks
himself in the head. He utters Ugh that is
categorized into primary interjection since
the word only has a meaning as an
interjection. It has a free-standing position
since it only stands alone in the utterance.
This interjection has a meaning of
expressing Alberto's pain as he hit himself
in the head.
40 Alberto: ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto begins to ride the junky vespa
“Yahoo!” down the hill. He feels very excited and
performs primary interjection Yahoo as the
word does not enter into any word class
other than interjection. This interjection is
located in a free-standing position since it is
97
not followed by any utterance. The
meaning

No Data S P S Explanation
PR IT FS AG AN AP CO DI FE IM JO PA PL RE SO SY TR WO
C I U
employed in this interjection is as an

expression of Alberto's joy for riding the
vespa down the hill.
41 Luca: "Ow!" ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is under the ramp and attacked by a
seagull. He performs primary interjection
Ow since it only enters into interjection word
class. This interjection is located in a free-
standing position as it only stands alone in
the utterance. It has a meaning of expressing
Luca's pain as he is attacked by a seagull.
42 Alberto: "Ugh!" ✔ ✔ ✔ Same as Luca, Alberto is also attacked by a
seagull. He performs emotive interjection
Ugh that is categorized into primary
interjection as the word does not enter into
any word class other than interjection. This
interjection also has a free-standing position
since it is not followed by any utterance. The
meaning of this interjection is to express
Alberto's pain after being attacked by a
seagull.
43 Alberto: "Ha- ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto makes sure he is okay by giving
ha!" Luca thumbs-up. He yells Ha-ha that is
categorized as a primary interjection since
the word does not enter into any word class
other than interjection. It has a free-standing
position as it only stands alone in the
98
interjection is as an expression of Alberto's
joy for having a good time.

C I U
44 Alberto: ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto does a cliff dive and jumps into the

"Whoo-hoo!" sea. He shouts Whoo-hoo that is categorized
into primary interjection as the word only
enters into interjection word class. It has a
free-standing position as it is not followed by
any utterance. This interjection has a
meaning of expressing Alberto's joy for
having a good time.
45 Alberto: “Come ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca tries to do a cliff dive and jumps into
on, Luca!” the sea, just like what Alberto did. However,
Luca: "Whoa!" he slips and ends up doing more of a brutal
cliff belly flop. He screams primary
interjection Whoa as the word is only
functions as an interjection. This interjection
is located in a free-standing position since it
only stands alone in the utterance. The
meaning employed in the interjection is an
expression of Luca's fear of falling from the
cliff.
46 Alberto: ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto rides the vespa with Luca on the
"Yahoo!" back of the vespa. They go hurtling down the
hill. Excited of the situation, Alberto shouts
emotive interjection Yahoo that is
categorized into primary interjection as the
word only has meaning as an interjection.
This interjection is located in a free-standing
99
utterance. It has a meaning of expressing
Alberto's joy as he rides the vespa down the
hill.

C I U
47 Alberto: ✔ ✔ ✔ Similar with the previous datum, Alberto

"Yeah!" rides the vespa and bounces off loose rocks
and stuff. He also shouts Yeah that is
word does not enter into any word class other
than interjection. It is located in free-standing
position. This interjection also has a meaning
as an expression of Alberto's joy as he is
having a good time.
48 Luca: "Whoa." ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca opens his eyes as he and Alberto soar
gloriously into the sky. He is amazed when
seeing the sparkling sea, the clouds, and the
shoreline. He performs emotive interjection
Whoa. This interjection is categorized into
primary interjection as it is only a little sound
that has no meaning rather than as
meaning employed in the interjection is to
express Luca's wonder towards the beautiful
scenery he has never seen before.
49 Alberto: ✔ ✔ ✔ Similar to the previous datum, Alberto also
"Wow." takes a sight at the wonderful scenery. He
utters emotive interjection Wow as he flies
for a moment on the air. This interjection is
100
except interjection. It is located in a free-
standing position as it is not followed by any
C I U
showing Alberto's wonder towards the

scenery.
50 Luca: "Aaah!" ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca utters emotive interjection Aaah as he
and Alberto fall down and splash into the
sea. This interjection is categorized into
primary interjection as it is a little sound that
only has a meaning as interjection. It is
located in a free-standing position since it
meaning employed in the interjection is to
express Luca's fear for falling down to the
sea.
51 Alberto: ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto and Luca splash safely into the sea.
"Whoo-hoo." Feeling a lot of excitement, Alberto utters
primary interjection Whoo-hoo as the word
only functions as interjection. This
interjection is in a free-standing position as it
is not followed by any utterances. It has a
meaning of expressing Alberto's joy towards
the exciting experience.
52 Alberto: ✔ ✔ ✔ Similar with the previous datum, Alberto
"Yeah!" also shouts emotive interjection Yeah as he
feels excitement when he and Luca splash
into the water. This interjection is
categorized into primary interjection as it
101
does not enter into any word class other than
interjection. It located in a free-standing
position as it stands alone in the utterance.
The meaning employed in the interjection is

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Explanation
PR SC IT FS AG AN AP CO DI FE IM JO PA PI PL RE SO SY TR WO
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also to express Alberto's joy as he is happily

playing around.
53 Luca: "Yes, ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca shoots his fists in the air and utters
we're alive! I emotive interjection Yes as he managed to
can’t believe splash into the water. This interjection is
it!" categorized into secondary interjection as it
Alberto: “Take also enters into other word class. This
that, Bruno!” interjection is located in initial position as it
is followed by the rest of the utterance. The
meaning employed in this interjection is to
express Luca's joy towards the wonderful
experience.
54 Luca: “What ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is astounded when he listens to
are all those Alberto's adventure story. He utters Wow as
tiny lights?” a primary interjection since the word only
Alberto: enters into interjection word class. It is
“Anchovies. located in free-standing position as it is not
They go there to followed by any utterance. The meaning of
sleep.” this interjection is to express Luca's wonder
Luca: “Really?” towards Alberto’s story.
Alberto: “Yeah.
And the big fish
protects them. I
102
touched it once.
I don’t know, it
felt like a fish."
Luca: "Wow."
55 Luca: ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto agrees to Luca's opinion in having a
“Wouldn’t be real vespa. He then utters emotive
interjection Yeah that is categorized into
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amazing to have primary interjection as the word does not

a real Vespa?” enter into any word class other than
Alberto: “Yeah, interjection. This interjection is located in
that's the initial position as it is followed by the rest of
dream.” the utterance. The meaning employed in this
interjection is expressing Alberto's approval
towards Luca's opinion.
56 Luca: "Whoo." ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca dissolves into his imagination that he
and Alberto are riding through open fields on
a real vespa, not the assembled one. With
excitement, he performs emotive interjection
Whoo. This interjection is categorized into
word that does not enter into any word class
other than interjection. It is located in free-
the utterance. The meaning employed in this
interjection is as an expression of Luca's joy
as he imagines riding the vespa.
57 Alberto: ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto utters emotive interjection Whoa as
"Whoa." he and Luca see a herd of riderless wild
vespas jumping on the open fields. This
103
interjection as it is a little sound that only has
a meaning as interjection. It is located in a
free-standing position as it is not followed by
any utterance. It has a meaning of showing
Luca and Alberto's wonder towards the wild
vespas.

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58 Luca: "Whoa, ✔ ✔ ✔ Similar with the previous datum, Luca utters

wild vespas!" emotive interjection Whoa again as he sees a
herd of wild vespas. The interjection is
classified into primary interjection as it does
not enter into any word class besides
interjection. It is located in initial position as
it is followed by the rest of the utterance.
The meaning employed in the interjection is
to express Luca's wonder towards the wild
vespas.
59 Luca: "Whoo- ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca utters emotive interjection Whoo-hoo
hoo!" when he sees the riderless wild vespas ride
next to him and Alberto. This interjection is
the word only functions as an interjection. It
is located in free-standing position as it only
meaning of expressing Luca's joy towards
the festive vibe he encounters.
60 Alberto: ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto is full of euphoria when he and Luca
"Whoo- hoo- ride the vespa toward a giant ramp that goes
hoo-hoo!" straight into the sky. He performs an emotive
interjection Whoo-hoo-hoo-hoo that is
104
classified into primary interjection since it
only enters into interjection word class. It is
located in free-standing position as it is not
followed by any utterance. This interjection
has a meaning of expressing Alberto's joy as
he is having fun.

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61 Luca: "Whoa." ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca utters emotive interjection Whoa when

he and Alberto fly among the stars and see a
luminous golden fish. This interjection is
categorized into primary interjection as it is
only little sound that does not enter into any
word class other than interjection. It has a
free-standing position as it only stands alone
in the utterance. The meaning employed in
the interjection is to express Luca and
Alberto's wonder towards the golden fish.
62 Luca: "Aaah!" ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca reaches out to touch the golden fish,
but when he looks back, Alberto has
disappeared and everything around him
begins turning to water. Suddenly, he
transforms back into sea monster and begins
falling earthward. As he freaks out for what
happens, he screams emotive interjection
Aaah that is classified into primary
interjection since the word does not enter
into any word class other than interjection. It
has a free-standing position for not followed
by any utterance. The meaning of this
interjection is to express Luca's fear of
105
transforming back into sea monster.
63 Luca: "Oh, no! ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca jolts awake on the rooftop and shocks
I fell asleep!" when he knows he fell asleep. He performs
Alberto: secondary interjection Oh, no as it also
“What?” enters into other word class besides
interjection. The interjection is located in
initial osition as it is followed by the rest of
the utterance. It has

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a meaning of expressing Luca's fear after he

fell asleep and does not get back home yet.
64 Luca: "Phew." ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca sneaks into his room after going home
Daniela: “Um- late. Seeing his grandma sleep, he feels relief
um.” and says Phew. This emotive interjection is
classified into primary interjection as it is a
little sound that only functions as an
it is not followed by any utterance. This
interjection has a meaning of expressing
Luca's relief after he managed sneaking into
his room.
65 Luca: "Hah!" ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is startled seeing his mother stands
beside him after he sneaks in. He performs
primary interjection Haaa as the interjection
does not enter into any word class other than
it only stands alone in the utterance. It has a
meaning of showing Luca's surprise towards
his mother unexpected appearance.
66 Daniela: “Hey. ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is displeased when his parents are
106
Look me in the going to send him to the deep ocean with his
eye. You know uncle. He sighs emotive interjection Ugh
I love you, that is categorized into primary interjection
right?” since it is a little sound that does not enter
Luca: “Ugh!” into any word class other than interjection. It
is located in free-standing position. The
meaning employed in this interjection is an
expression of Luca's anger because of his
parents' decision.
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Explanation
PR SC IT FS AG AN AP CO DI FE IM PA PI PL RE SO SU SY TR WO
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67 Alberto: And we say, ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is astonished with Alberto's

“signor Vespa, build us drawing of him and Luca riding a
one of these!” vespa. He utters emotive
Luca: "Whoa, this is the interjection Whoa that is
greatest drawing I've ever categorized as primary interjection
seen." as it is only a little sound that has a
function as interjection. It is located
in initial position as it is followed
by the rest of the utterance. The
meaning employed in this
interjection is to express Luca's
wonder towards the drawing.
68 Luca: "Whoa, this is the ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto agrees to Luca's opinion
greatest drawing I've ever that the drawing is the greatest
seen." drawing he has ever seen. He says
Alberto: "Yeah, I know. Yeah that is classified a primary
Luca, think about it. interjection since it only enters into
Every day, we’ll ride interjection word class. It is located
someplace new, and in initial position as it does not
every night, we’ll sleep stand alone in the utterance. It has a
under the fish. No one to meaning of showing Alberto's
107
tell us what to do. Just approval to Luca's opinion.
you and me out there.
Free."
69 Alberto: "Whoo-hoo, ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto runs toward a cliff and
take me gravity!" jumps into the sea. With a lot of
excitement, he screams Whoo-hoo
that is categorized into primary
interjection as the sound only enters
into interjection word class. It has
an initial position as it is located in
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Explanation
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the beginning of the sentence and followed

by the rest of the utterance. The meaning
employed in this interjection is to show
Alberto's joy for having a good time.
70 Luca: "Whoo- ✔ ✔ ✔ Similar with the previous datum, Luca also
hoo." does a cliff dive and utters emotive
interjection Whoo-hoo. This interjection is
categorized into primary interjection as it
only enters into interjection word class. It
has a free-standing position as it is located in
the beginning with no other utterances
following it. It has a meaning of expressing
Luca's joy as he does cliff dive.
71 Alberto: “Come ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is startled when he is pulled by Alberto
on!” to leap off of the water. He screams primary
Luca: "Aaah!" interjection Aaah since the sound does not
enter into any word class other than
interjection. This interjection has a free-
the utterance. The meaning employed in this
108
interjection is as an expression of Luca's
surprise for not ready jumping out of the
water.
72 Alberto: "Ha- ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto is having a good time skimming and
ha!" skating across the waves. He screams Ha-ha
that is classified into primary interjection
since the sound only functions as an
it is followed by any utterance. It has a
meaning of expressing Alberto’s joy as he
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Explanation
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plays on the surface.

73 Luca: "Whoa." ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is amazed seeing the human town in
front of him. He utters emotive interjection
Whoa that is categorized into primary
interjection as the sound does not enter into
any word class other than interjection. It is
located in free-standing position as it only
stands alone in the utterance. The meaning
employed in this interjection is to express
Luca's wonder towards the human town.
74 Luca: "Hah!" ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is shocked when a fishing boat motor
Fisherman’s comes by. He gasps and utters emotive
Daughter: interjection Haaa that is categorized into
“Papa, what’s primary interjection as it is just a little sound
that?” that only functions as interjection. This
interjection is in free-standing position as it
is not followed by any utterance. The
meaning employed in this interjection is as
an expression of Luca and Alberto's surprise
towards the sudden appearance of the fishing
109
boat.
75 Luca: ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto gets pummeled by a couple of old
“Madams, ladies with an umbrella after he and Luca
what’s wrong salute the old ladies with "What's wrong
with you, with you, stupido?". He utters emotive
stupido?” interjection Aw classified as a primary
Old Ladies: interjection since it is only a little sound that
“Hah!” does not enter into any word class other than
since the interjection only stands alone in the
utterance. This
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Alberto: "Aw!" interjection has a meaning to express

Alberto's pain for getting pummeled by the
old ladies.
76 Luca: ✔ ✔ ✔ Similar with the previous datum, Luca also
“Madams, gets hit by the old ladies and utters emotive
what’s wrong interjection Ugh. This interjection is
with you, categorized into primary interjection as it
stupido?” only enters into interjection word class. It
Old Ladies: has a free-standing position as it is located at
“Hah!” the beginning of the sentence and not
Alberto: "Aw!" followed by other utterance. The meaning
Luca: "Ugh!" employed in this interjection is expressing
Luca's pain after getting hit on the head by
the old ladies.
77 Luca: "Hah!" ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca spots an ominous frescoes and statues
around him that picture a man slaying
various sea monsters. He utters emotive
interjection Hah that is classified into
primary interjection since the word does not
110
enter into any word class other than
interjection. This interjection has a meaning
of expressing Luca's fear knowing that the
human town hates sea monsters.
78 Luca: "Hah!" ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca hears an unmistakable sound of
oncoming vespa that belongs to Ercole and
then shouts emotive interjection Hah. This
word class other than interjection. It is
located in a free-standing position as it only
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Explanation
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meaning of expressing Luca's surprise
towards the oncoming vespa.
79 Luca: "Whoa." ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca sees the vespa and is amazed by its
Alberto: “It’s beauty. He performs emotive interjection
signor Vespa!” Whoa that is classified into primary
interjection as it is a little sound that only
functions as interjection. This interjection is
located in free-standing position as it stands
showing Luca's wonder towards the vespa.
80 Alberto: ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto gazes the vespa and overwhelms

"Whoo-hoo, with it. He utters emotive interjection whoo-
there it is. hoo that is classified into primary
That’s how interjection as the word only functions as
we’re gonna see interjection. It is located in initial position
the world." since it is followed by the rest of the
111
interjection is to express Alberto's wonder
towards the vespa.
81 Ercole: “Hey!” ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca looks at the vespa, still amazed by its
Luca: “Hah.” beauty. Suddenly, his train of thought is
Ercole: “Stop interrupted by Ercole, resulting in shouting
looking. She’s emotive interjection Hah. This interjection is
too beautiful for classified into primary interjection as it does
you.” not enter into any word class other than
Luca: “I, uh…” interjection. It is located in free-standing
position since it only stands alone in the

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interjection is to express Luca's surprise

when Ercole startles him.
82 Luca: “What ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca terrifies when Ercole tries to bully him
are you doing?” by dragging him to the fountain. He
Ercole: “Ah, performs emotive interjection Oh, no, no, no
just a little that is categorized into secondary
bath.” interjection since the interjection also enters
Luca: "Oh, no, into other word class. This interjection has a
no, no!" free-standing position as it is not followed by
any utterance other than the interjection
itself. The meaning employed in this
interjection is to express Luca's fear.
83 Ercole: “It’s ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is tortured by Ercole when he shoves
funny.” Luca's face toward the water on the fountain.
Luca: "Hah!" He utters emotive interjection Hah that is
classified into primary interjection since the
other than interjection. It has a free-standing
112
interjection is to express Luca's pain.
84 Luca: "No!" ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca almost transforms into sea monster as
Ercole: “Huh?” the droplets of water begin to hit his face. As
Giulia: “Hey! tiny little green flecks begin to appear on his
Ercole, basta!” skin, he utters emotive interjection No. This
interjection is categorized into secondary
interjection since it also enters into other
word class besides interjection. It is located
in free-standing position since it only stands
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Explanation
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expressing Luca's fear that he will be found

out as a sea monster.
85 Luca: "Whoo- ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca dissolves into his imagination that he
hoo!" and Alberto get the prize for winning the
race. He and Alberto triumphantly ride the
vespa he craved through a sea of golden
coins. He and Alberto utters emotive
interjection Whoo-hoo as primary
interjection since the sound only enters into
interjection word class. It has a free-standing
expressing Luca and Alberto's triumph for
winning the race and having the vespa as the
prize.
86 Alberto: “You ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca crashes down from a bike as he has
gotta show it never ridden a bike before this moment. He
you’re the shouts emotive interjection Aaah that is
113
boss!” categorized into primary interjection since it
Luca: "Aaah!" is only a little sound that does not enter into
Giula: “Santa any word class other than interjection. This
mozzarella.” interjection has a free-standing position as it
express Luca's pain for falling from a bike.
87 Giulia: “Eyes ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca tries to balance himself to the bike
up. Looking effortfully and utters emotive interjection
down is what’s Whoa. This interjection is classified into
making you primary interjection as it only has a function
fall.” as an interjection. It has a free-standing
Luca: "Whoa." position as it is not followed by any
utterance.
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Explanation
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The meaning employed in this interjection is

as an expression of Luca's fear for crashing
down to the ground.
88 Luca: "Whoa, ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca manages to stay upright on the bike and
I'm doing it." then utters emotive interjection Whoa. This
Alberto: “So, interjection is classified as a primary
can we be on interjection since it is a little sound that only
the team?” enters into interjection word class. It is
Giulia: located in initial position as the interjection
“Aspetta.” is followed by the rest of the utterance. The
an expression of Luca's wonder for
managing to ride the bike.
89 Giulia: “Can ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca rides the bike and startles as Giulia
you dodge totters in his way and challenges him with
obstacles? What some obstacles. He shouts Hah that is
114
if an old lady classified as primary interjection as it only
crosses your has a function as interjection. It is located in
path?” a free-standing position as it is not followed
Luca: "Hah!" by any utterance. This interjection has a
meaning of expressing Luca's surprise
towards Giulia act.
90 Giulia: “Finally, ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca falls to the ground when he rides the
can you handle bike across a plank. He utters emotive
the course’s interjection Aaah that is classified as a
fiendishly primary interjection since it is only a little
difficult sound that does not belong into any word
terrain?” class besides interjection. It has a free-
Luca: "Aaah!" standing position as it stands alone in the
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interjection is to express Luca's pain as he

falls to the ground.
91 Giulia: “Hey ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is startled out when he seessome
papa! I brought harpoons hung on Giulia's dining room. He
some friends for shouts Hah, classified into primary
dinner.” interjection since it is only a little sound that
Luca: “"Hah!" has no function other than interjection. This
interjection has a free-standing position as it
is not followed by any utterance. The
an expression of Luca’s surprise for seeing
the harpoons.
92 Giulia: “Is there ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto looks at Giulia's father with
enough for amazement, Massimo, and greets him.
four?” However, Luca jams his hand in Alberto's
Alberto: mouth before he can finish. Amazed with
115
"Whoa, what's Massimo appearance, Alberto utters Whoa
wrong with you that is categorized into primary interjection
stup…" since it is only a sudden sound that has no
function other than interjection. This
interjection is located in initial position as it
is followed by the rest of the utterance. The
express Alberto's wonder towards Massimo
huge body.
93 Giulia: ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca startles when he sees a picture of sea
“Everyone in monster on a piece of newspaper. He says
Portorosso Hah that is classified into primary
pretends to interjection since it does not enter into any
word class besides interjection. It has a free-
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Explanation
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believe in sea standing position as it only stands alone in

monsters.” the utterance. The meaning employed in the
Luca: "Hah!" interjection is as an expression of Luca's
Massimo: surprise towards the sea monster picture on
“Well, I’m not the newspaper.
pretending.”
94 Luca: "Aaah!" ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca drinks a glass of water and spit-takes
onto Alberto when Massimo violently pins
the newspaper in to the wall with a knife.
Suddenly, Luca performs emotive
interjection Aaah as he sees half of Alberto's
face turns into sea monster. This interjection
is categorized into primary interjection since
it does not belong into any word class other
than interjection. It has a free-standing
position for standing alone in the utterance.
116
The meaning employed in this interjection is
as an expression of Luca's surprise towards
what Massimo did.
95 Alberto: ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto feels relief when he manages
"Phew." covering his identity. He utters emotive
interjection Phew that is classified into
primary interjection since it is just a little
word that only has a function as interjection.
It is located in free-standing position as it is
not followed by any utterance. It has a
meaning of expressing Alberto's relief as he
manages covering his identity.

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96 Massimo: ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto grabs a handful of pasta that is

“Dinner’s prepared by Massiomo and sticks it into his
ready. Trenette mouth. He utters emotive interjection Mmm
al Pesto. that is classified into primary interjection as
Mangiamo.” it is only a little sound that does not enter
Alberto: into any word class besides interjection. It is
“Mmm." located in free-standing position as it stands
alone in the utterance. The meaning of this
interjection is to express pleasure
experienced by Alberto as he tasted pesto for
the first time.
97 Massimo: ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca follows Alberto in grabbing a handful

Dinner’s ready. of pesto into his mouth. He also utters
Trenette al emotive interjection Mmm that is classified
Pesto. into primary interjection as it only enters into
117
Mangiamo.” interjection word class. It has a free-standing
Alberto: position as it is not followed by other
“Mmm." utterance. The meaning employed in this
Luca: "Mmm." interjection is to show Luca's pleasure in
tasting pesto for the first time.
98 Luca: "Huh, ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca exhales in relief for managing to cover
that was close." he and Alberto's identity. He utters Huh as a
Alberto: “I primary interjection since the word does not
know.” enter into any word class other than
interjection. It is located in initial position as
it is followed by the rest of the utterance.
This interjection has a meaning of expressing
Luca's relief as he managed covering their
identity.

No Data S S Explanation
PR IT FS AG AN AP CO DI FE IM JO PA PI PL RE SO SY TR WO
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99 Luca: “I ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca agrees to Alberto's opinion that they

thought we are good on blending with humans. He
were gonna die, utters emotive interjection Yeah that is
like, a hundred categorized into primary interjection since
times.” the word does not enter into any word class
Alberto: “Hey, other than interjection. It is located in
relax. We’re initial position as it is followed by other
incredible at words to form the utterance. The meaning
this humaning employed in the interjection is to show
stuff.” Luca's approval towards Alberto's opinion.
Luca: "Yeah,
you're right."
100 Luca: "Oh no, ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca wakes up and terrifies when he finds
Alberto, wake he and Alberto have transformed into sea
118
up!" monsters after the rain poured when they
Alberto: slept. He utters emotive interjection Oh no
“What?" that is classified into secondary interjection
since it also enters into other word class
other than interjection. It is located in
of the utterance. The meaning of the
fear as he and Alberto have transformed
into sea monsters.
101 Alberto: ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto is startled out seeing he and Luca
"Aaah, the have transformed into sea monsters. He
sky's been believes that the water that transforms
leaking!" them comes from the sky that has been
leaking. He utters emotive interjection
Aaah that is classified as a primary
interjection since it is only a sound that
does not enter into any
C U
word class besides interjection. It has an

initial position since it is followed by the
rest of the utterance. The meaning
Alberto's fear of seeing him and Luca have
transformed into sea monsters.
102 Luca: "Hah." ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca and Alberto scramble out of the tree,
hiding from Giulia. They try to dry them
off to transform back into humans before
anyone sees them. Luca utters emotive
interjection Hah that is categorized into
primary interjection since the word only
119
has function as interjection. It has a free-
standing position since it stands alone in
the utterance. The meaning employed in
this interjection is to express Luca’s fear
who hastily transform himself into human.
103 Alberto: ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca and Alberto almost fly out of the boat
"Aaah." and into the water as the waves are jostling
Massimo: them. Alberto utters primary interjection
“Hey, this isn’t Aaah that is classified as a primary
a joyride. Make interjection since it is only a little sound
yourselves that has no functions other than as an
useful.” interjection. It is located in free-standing
is to express Alberto's fear of falling into
the water.

C U
104 Massimo: ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca terrifies as Machiavelli, Massimo's

“Hey, this isn’t cat, glances and scans him with scary eyes.
a joyride. Make He utters emotive interjection Uh that is
yourselves categorized into primary interjection since
useful.” it does not enter into any word class
Luca: "Uh." besides interjection. It has a free-standing
position since it stands alone in the
interjection is to express Luca's fear of
Machiavelli.
105 Luca: "Aaah." ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca gets attacked by Massimo’s cat.
Massimo: Machiavelli, on the face, resulting him in
120
“Hey, no screaming Aaah. This interjection is
goofing around categorized into primary interjection since
back there.” it is a little sound that does not enter into
any word class besides interjection. It is
located in free-standing position as it
employed in this interjection is an
expression of Luca's pain as he is attacked
by Machiavelli.
106 Giulia: “Every ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto shrugs and is about to grab a
year they handful of pasta when Giulia raps his
change the knuckles with fork. He impatiently grabs
pasta. You have the fork and starts eating the pasta. He
to be ready for performs emotive interjection Ugh that is
anything. Could classified as a primary interjection since it
be cannelloni, is only a little sound that does not enter
penne, fusilli, into any word class besides interjection. It
trofie, even is located in initial position as it is
lasagna. And followed by the rest of the utterance. The
you have to use meaning employed in this interjection is to
express
s
No Data Explanation
J S
PR SC IT FS AG AN AP CO DI FE IM PA PI PL RE SU SY TR WO
O O
a forchetta. It’s Alberto's impatience for learning to use

the rule.” fork for the first time.
Alberto: "Ugh,
rules are for
rule people."
107 Alberto: "Ugh." ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto keeps trying to eat with fork
impatiently. He utters Ugh, again, that is
categorized as a primary interjection since
121
it is only a little sound that does not enter
into any word class besides interjection.
This interjection has a free-standing
interjection is as an expression of Alberto's
impatience.
108 Luca: "Holy ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca struggles uphill on the bike as
carp, no, I Alberto and Giulia slowly walk behind
can't." him. At the top of the downhill, he looks
Ercole: “I the steep incline and utters profanity Holy
know, I know. crap. This interjection is categorized into
And remember, secondary interjection since it does not
piccoletto...” only enter into interjection word class. It
Giulia: “Forza, has an initial position as it is followed by
Luca, don’t let the rest of the utterance. It has a meaning
him get in your of expressing Luca's surprise towards the
head. You can steep incline.
do this.”
109 Giulia: “Forza, ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca hits the brakes and rides the bike
Luca, don’t let down the hill. He shouts Whoa that is
him get in your categorized into primary interjection since
it is a little
No Data S P W Explanation
PR IT FS AG AN AP CO DI FE IM JO PA PL RE SO SU SY TR
C I O
head. You can sound that only has the function as an

do this.” interjection. It is located in initial position
Luca: "Okay. as it is followed by other utterance. It has a
Silenzio, Bruno. meaning of expressing Luca's fear of
Here we go. crashing down from the bike.
Whoa, I can't!"
110 Giulia: “Forza, ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca hits the brakes and rolls up to the air
122
Luca, don’t let from the bike. He shouts emotive
him get in your interjection Aaah that is classified into
head. Yo can do primary interjection as it does not enter
this.” into any word class other than interjection.
Luca: "Okay. It has a free-standing position since it
Silenzio, Bruno. stands alone in the utterance. The meaning
Here we go. employed in the interjection is to express
Whoa, I can't! Luca's fear as he rolls up to the air.
Aaah!"
111 Luca: "Ugh." ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca crashes down from the bike and hits
his head bike before this moment. He
shouts emotive interjection Aaah that is
it is only a little sound that does not enter
into any word class other than interjection.
It is in free-standing position as it is not
followed by any utterance. The meaning
Luca's pain after he falls off from the bike.
112 Luca: “I guess ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto paddles with Luca and watches
that’s how Giulia swim in the sea, unimpressed. He
humans swim?” utters emotive interjection Ugh that is
C U
Alberto: "Ugh, is only a little sound that does not enter

that's into any word class beside interjection. It
embarrassing." has an initial position as it is followed by
other utterance. The meaning employed in
this interjection is as an expression of
Alberto's disgust towards how Giulia
swims.
123
113 Giulia: “Oh, ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca terrifies when he sees Ercole comes
no! It’s Ercole! closer in a motorboat with a high speed,
Go, go!” trying to hit Luca and Alberto's boat. He
Alberto: “Luca! shouts emotive interjection Aaah as Ercole
Faster, faster!” approaches them with a high speed. This
Luca: “Why interjection is categorized into primary
aren’t we interjection since it is a little sound that
mobing?” only has function as interjection. It is
Guido: located in free-standing position as it only
“Ercole?” stands alone in the utterance. It has a
Luca: "Aaah!" meaning of showing Luca's fear towards
Ercole.
114 Guido: ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto is startled out when he transforms
“Ercole?” into sea monsters after he got splashed
Luca: "Aaah!" with water because of Ercole. He utters
Alberto: emotive interjection Aaah that is classified
"Aaah!" as a primary interjection since it is only a
Ercole: little sound that does not enter into any
“Guido!” word class other than interjection. It has a
Guido: “I… I free-standing position since it is not
slipped.” followed by any utterance. The meaning
employed in this interjection is as an
expression of Alberto's surprise as he sees
himself turn into sea monster.

C U
115 Alberto: "Ugh." ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto accidentally gets hit by Luca in the

Luca: “Oh-oh.” face when Luca tries throwing a tarp over
Ercole: “Hmm. Alberto to dry him. He sighs emotive
Where did the interjection Ugh that is classified into
other one go?” primary interjection since it only enters
124
into interjection word class. It has a free-
the interjection is to express Alberto's pain
on his face.
116 Luca: "Oh-oh." ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca hastily throws a tarp over Alberto
Ercole: “Hmm. when Giulia clambers on board. He utters
Where did the emotive interjection Oh-oh that is
other one go?” categorized into primary interjection since
the repetition of sounds does not enter into
any word class other than interjection. This
interjection has a free-standing position as
meaning employed in the interjection is as
an expression of Luca's fear if Giulia finds
out Alberto's identity.
117 Giulia: “Well, I ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca agrees to Giulia who decided that the
think that’s training is enough for today. He performs
enough training emotive interjection Yeah that is classified
for today.” into primary interjection since the word
Luca: "Yeah, does not enter into any word class besides
agreed." interjection. This interjection is located in
of the utterance. The meaning of this

C U
interjection is to show Luca's approval

towards Giulia's opinion.
118 Giulia: “Well, I ✔ ✔ ✔ Similar with the previous datum, Alberto
think that’s also agrees to Giulia's opinion to get back
enough training home. He utters Yup that is classified as a
125
for today.” primary interjection since the word only
Luca: “Yeah, has function as an interjection. It is located
agreed.” in free-standing position since it stands
Alberto: alone in the utterance. It has a meaning of
“Yup.” expressing Alberto's approval to Giulia's
opinion.
119 Giulia: “This is ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca looks at the galaxy that is full with
a telescope. Old stars through a telescope. Amazed by the
man Bernardi what he sees, Luca utters emotive
lets me use it. It interjection Whoo-hoo that is classified
makes faraway into primary interjection since it does not
things seem enter into any word class other than
close. Look.” interjection. It has a free-standing position
Luca: "Whoo- as it only stands alone in the utterance. The
hoo." meaning employed in the interjection is to
express Luca's wonder of the stars that he
has never seen before.
120 Giulia: “That’s ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca imagines falling through the space to
saturno. It’s my Saturn. As he falls down, he utters Whoa
favorite. It’s the that is classified as a primary interjection
lightest of the since it is only a little sound that has no
planets. They function except as interjection. It has a
say, if there was free-standing position since it stands alone
an ocean big in the utterance. The meaning of the
enough to hold interjection is
C U
it, it would float to express Luca's surprise when he falls

in it!” through the space.
Luca: "Whoa!"
121 Luca: "Wow." ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca imagines running on the ring around
Giulia: “Come Saturn. Amazed by the view around him,
126
on, Luca!” Luca utters emotive interjection Wow that
is categorized into primary interjection
since the sound does not enter into any
word class other than interjection. It has a
free-standing position since it is not
followed by any utterance. It has a
meaning of expressing Luca's wonder
toward the view on Saturn.
122 Luca: "Whoa!" ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca imagines flying by on a Da Vinci
flying machine with Giulia above Roman
ruins. Amazed by the buildings, Luca
utters emotive interjection Whoa that is
is a little sound that only has function as an
interjection. It is located in a free-standing
position since it stands alone in the
interjection is to express Luca's wonder
towards the view of the Roman ruins.
123 Luca: “And is ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is utterly absorbed and excited in
there anything Giulia's schoolbooks that have been firing
beyond the his imagination. He shouts emotive
solar system?” interjection Ha-ha as Giulia explains the
galaxy to him. This interjection is
C U
Giulia: Only a the repetition of sound does not enter into

galaxy full of any word class other than interjection. It is
solar syste”s.” located in free-standing position as it
Luca: “Then stands alone in the utterance. It has a
what?” meaning of showing Luca's excitement and
127
Giulia: “A joy in learning something new.
universe full of
galaxies!”
Luca: "Ha-ha!"
124 Luca: “Could I ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is astonished when Giulia gives her
maybe borrow schoolbook to him. He shouts emotive
this? Just for interjection Wow that is classified into
tonight.” primary interjection since it is only a little
Giulia: “You word that has no function other than as an
can have it. Ha- interjection. It is located in initial position
ha. The as it is followed by the rest of the
universe is utterance. The meaning employed in this
literally yours!” interjection is to express Luca's wonder
Luca: "Wow, towards Giulia.
thank you."
125 Alberto: “Take ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto agrees to Luca to add telescope
a look. I that shoots lightning to the vespa they
thought of dream of. He says Yeah that it categorized
every single as a primary interjection since the word
thing we’re only enters into interjection word class.
gonna need. This interjection is located in initial
Also, I added position as it does not stand alone in the
flames.” utterance. The meaning of this interjection
Luca: “That’s is to show Alberto's agreement towards
so cool! And Luca's opinion.
C U
we can bring a
telescope, too!”
Alberto: "Yeah,
that shoots
lightning!"
128
126 Luca: "Whoa." ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca startles out when Ercole's harpoon
Ercole: “Hey, slams into a nearby sea monster relief. He
look who it is. shouts Whoa that is classified into primary
And with no interjection since it does not enter into any
Giulia to hide word class besides interjection. It has a
behind.” free-standing position as it is not followed
by any utterance. The meaning employed
is as an expression of Luca's fear towards
Ercole.
127 Luca: "Hah!" ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca and Alberto are dead asleep and
Giulia: “Rise suddenly jolted upright into wakefulness as
and shine!” Giulia does her patented trumpet imitation.
Luca screams Hah that is classified into
enters into interjection word class. It has a
free-standing position since it stands alone
expressing Luca’s surprise as he just woke
up.
128 Giulia: “Rise ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto is annoyed by Giulia who woke
and shine!” him and Luca in a sudden. He performs
Alberto: emotive interjection Ugh that is
"Argh." categorized into primary interjection since
the sound only functions as interjection. It
is located in free-standing position as it
stands alone in

No Data A P W Explanation
PR SC IT FS AN AP CO DI FE IM JO PA PL RE SO SU SY TR
G I O
the utterance. It has a meaning of showing

Alberto's annoyance towards Giulia.
129
129 Giulia: “Go, ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto struggles in eating the pasta with
go! Go, fork. He sighs Ugh that is classified into
Alberto, go!” primary interjection since the word does
Alberto: "Ugh." not enter into any word class other than
interjection. It is located in free-standing
It has a meaning of showing Alberto's
annoyance as he struggles eating the pasta
with fork.
130 Luca: "Huh- ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca effortfully pedals the bike uphill. He
hah." utters primary interjection Huh-hah that is
the sounds do not enter into other word
class besides interjection. This interjection
only stands alone in the utterance. It
conveys ameaning of expressing Luca's
pain in riding the bike uphill.
131 Massimo: ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto startles out as Massimo wakes him
“Buongiorno!” up. He shouts emotive interjection Hah
Alberto: that is categorized into primary interjection
"Hah!" since it is a little sound that has no
Massimo: meaning other than as interjection. It is
“Andiamo, located in free-standing position as it only
dai!” stands alone in the utterance. The meaning
Alberto's surprise after waking up in a
sudden.
No Data A P W Explanation
PR SC IT FS AN AP CO DI FE IM JO PA PL RE SO SU SY TR
G I O
132 Massimo: “Sea ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto is horrified when Massimo plunges

monster! his harpoon into the sea monster-shaped
130
Argh!” shadow in the water. Fortunately, it is only
Alberto: a clump of seaweed. Alberto exhales in
"Whew." relief and sighs emotive interjection Whew
that is classified into primary interjection
as the sound only enters into interjection
word class. This interjection has a free-
this interjection is to express Alberto's
relief after knowing that the shadow is not
a sea monster.
133 Alberto: "Oh." ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto startles out when Massimo touches
his left arm with wet gloves, exposing his
sea monster scales on his left arm. He sighs
Oh that is classified into primary
interjection as it is only a little sound that
has no function other than as interjection. It
is located in afree-standing position as it is
not followed by any utterance. It has a
meaning of expressing Alberto's surprise
for his visible sea monster scales.
134 Alberto: ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto freaks out and rubs a part of his
"Eeek." left arm that exposes his sea monster
scales. He utters primary interjection Eeek
since the sound only enters into interjection
word class. It has a free-standing position
as it stands alone in the utterance. The
meaning

C U
131
Alberto's fear of revealing his identity.
135 Giulia: ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca and Alberto are awoken by Giulia
“Espresso.” with two cups of espresso. They sip it and
Luca: "Eeek." perk up in a sudden. Luca shouts Eeek that
is categorized into primary interjection as
the sound only has function as interjection.
It is located in free-standing position as it
is not followed by any utterance. It has a
meaning of expressing Luca's surprise as
he tastes espresso for the first time.
136 Massimo: ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto manages to capture a forkful of
“Mm?” pasta on his own after Massimo
Alberto: demonstrated it. He utters primary
"Hah!" interjection Hah as it does not enter into
other word class besides interjection. It has
a free-standing position as it stands alone
expressing Alberto's joy after he manages
to eat the pasta with fork.
137 Alberto: "Hey!" ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto seeks for Luca and Giulia approval
Luca: “Whoo- for his accomplishment in using the fork.
hoo, that’s He utters emotive interjection Hey that is
amazing!” categorized into primary interjection as the
sound does not enter into any word class
other than interjection. It has a free-
standing position as it is not followed by
any utterance. The meaning employed in
this interjection is as an expression of
seeking approval from Alberto to Luca and
Giulia.
No Data Forms Positions Meanings Explanation
132
S S
C U
138 Alberto: “Hey!” ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is thrilled and lost in schoolbooks

Luca: "Whoo- with Giulia. He yells emotive interjection
hoo, that’s Whoo-hoo that is categorized as a primary
amazing!" interjection since it does not enter into any
word class besides interjection. It is located
in initial position since it is followed by the
rest of the utterance. It has a meaning of
expressing Luca's joy to the schoolbooks.
139 Alberto: "Hey!" ✔ ✔ ✔ Similar with the previous datum, Luca is
Luca: "Whoo- amazed seeing the pictures on
hoo, that’s schoolbooks. He utters Oh wow that is
amazing! Oh classified into primary interjection since it
wow." only has function as an interjection. It has a
free-standing position as it stands alone in
the utterance. The meaning of this
wonder towards the schoolbooks.
140 Daniela: “I just ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca rides a bike carrying Alberto and
never in a Giulia and is surprised spotting her parents
million years who is still sitting on the side of a fountain.
would have As her mother calls him, he pedals faster
thought he'd do and utters emotive interjection Hah. This
this. It’s live I interjection is classified into primary
don’t even interjection as it is only a little sound that
know who he does not enter into any word class other
is!” than interjection. It is located in free-
Luca: "Hah!" standing position as it stands alone in the
Giulia: “Go, utterance. It conveys a meaning of surprise
go!” as Luca is startled out seeing his parents.
133
No Data S Explanation
PR IT FS AG AN AP CO DI FE IM JO PA PI PL RE SO SU SY TR WO
C
141 Daniela: “Luca, stop! ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is tired after he furiously

Luca!” pedals up to the top of the hill to
Luca: "Huh." avoid his parents. He sighs Huh
Giulia: ‘Where are we that is classified as a primary
going?” interjection since the word only
Luca: “Uh… a shortcut.” enters into interjection word class.
It is located in free-standing
position as it stands alone in the
utterance. It has a meaning of
expressing Luca's pain as he is
absolutely exhausted after riding
the bike furiously.
142 Giulia: “Ooh, guys, ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto rolls his eyes as he listens
look! That’s the train to to Luca and Guilia talking about
Genova!” school stuffs. He cuts the
Luca: That goes to your conversation off impatiently by
school?” saying emotive interjection Great.
Giulia: “Yeah.” This interjection is categorized
Luca: “I was wondering, into secondary interjection as it
actually, is your school also enters into other word class
open to everyone?” besides interjection. It is located
Giulia: “Well, it costs a in initial position as it is followed
little money, but I by the rest of the utterance. The
guess.” meaning employed in this
Alberto: "Great, thank interjection is to express Alberto's
you Giulia for showing annoyance towards Luca and
us the boring thing that Giulia who keep talking about
takes you to the terrible school stuff.
place."
134
s
No Data Explanation
S
U
143 Alberto: “Would you ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is surprised when Alberto

stop bossing him takes over the bike impatiently.
around?” He performs emotive interjection
Giulia: “What is your Whoa that is classified into
problem?” primary interjection as it is only a
Alberto: “I’m his friend. little sound that has no function
I know what he needs.” other than as interjection. It is
Giulia: “Oh, yeah? Well, located in free-standing position
then, what does he as it stands alone in the utterance.
need?” This interjection has a meaning of
Alberto: “Me. We’ll just expressing Luca's surprise as
ride it like we did on the Alberto takes over the bike.
island. Together.
Andiamo!”
Giulia: “No!”
Luca: “"Whoa!"
144 Luca: "Whoa, Alberto ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca freaks out as Alberto rides
stop!" the bike down the hill furiously.
Alberto: “That’s Bruno He screams emotive interjection
talking!” Whoa that is classified into
Luca: “No! I’m pretty primary interjection as it only
sure that’s just me!” enters into interjection word class.
It has an initial position as it is
followed by other word. The
meaning employed in this
interjection is expressing Luca's
fear of crashes to the ground
because Alberto rides the bike
furiously.
135
No Data Explanation
PR SC IT FS PR SC IT FS PR SC IT FS PR SC IT
145 Luca: “Stop, ✔ ✔ ✔ Similar with the previous datum, Luca still
Alberto!” freaks out as Alberto pedals the bike
Alberto: “Let it carelessly. Luca screams Aaah as they hit
go!” a couple of old man who is still playing
Luca: "Aaah!" chess. This interjection is classified into
sound that has no function except as an
as it is not followed by any utterance. The
Luca's fear as Alberto rides the bike
carelessly.
146 Luca: “Look ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca and Alberto go over a guard rail and
out.” sail off a cliff into the sea. They scream
Alberto: emotive interjection Aaah that is
“What?” categorized into primary interjection since
Luca: "Aaah!" it only enters into interjection word class.
It has a free-standing position as it stands
alone in the utterance. The meaning
employed in the interjection is expression
of Luca and Alberto's fear when they fall
from the cliff.
147 Luca: "Hah!" ✔ ✔ ✔ Down in the water, Luca is surprised when
Giulia: “Oh, he sees Giulia looking for him and Alberto
no! Luca! from above the surface. He sighs emotive
Alberto!” interjection Hah that is classified as
has a function as interjection. It is in free-
136
standing position since it stands alone in
the

No Data A Explanation
PR SC IT FS AN AP CO DI FE IM JO PA PI PL RE SO SU SY TR WO
G
utterance. The meaning of this

surprise when he sees Giulia search
him and Alberto.
148 Luca: “I wanna go to ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca gets angry on Alberto who said
school.” that he cannot go to school. Alberto
Alberto: “That shoves him and he shoves Alberto
again? We can’t go back. Luca shouts emotive
to school.” interjection Shut up that is classified
Luca: “You’re just as a secondary interjection since it
afraid you can’t do also enters into other word class
it.” besides interjection. It has a free-
Alberto: “I’m not standing position since it stands alone
afraid. You’re the in the utterance. The meaning
one who gets employed in this interjection is an
afraid.” expression of Luca's anger towards
Luca: “Shut up!” Alberto.
149 Luca: "Ow!" ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca fights with Alberto and gets
Alberto: “What bitten by him on his left hand. He
happens when she screams Ow that is classified as
sees you? When primary interjection as it is only a
anyone sees you?” little sound that has no function other
Luca: “Get off me!” than interjection. It is located in free-
standing position as it is not followed
by any utterance. The meaning of this
interjection is to express Luca's pain
137
as his left hand gets bitten by
Alberto.

No Data C J Explanation
PR SC IT FS AG AN AP DI FE IM PA PI PL RE SO SU SY TR WO
O O
15 Alberto: “I doubt ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is startled out by Alberto who

0 your school would suddenly jumps into the water,
even accept sea revealing his identity to Guilia. He
monsters, right?” shouts No that is categorized as
Luca: “Ah, that’s a secondary interjection since the word
weird joke, Alberto.” also enters into other word class
Alberto: “I know, besides interjection. It is located in
it’s kinda hard to free-standing position as it is not
imagine. So, let me followed by any utterance. This
just show you!” interjection has a meaning as an
Luca: "No!" expression of Luca's surprise as he sees
Alberto jumps to the water.
15 Luca: "Hah!" ✔ ✔ ✔ Similar with the previous datum, Luca
1 Giulia: “Come on.” still startles seeing Alberto jumps into
Luca: “Giulia, wait!” the sea. He utters another emotive
interjection Hah that is classified into
primary interjection as it does not enter
into any word class other than
interjection. It is located in free-
standing position as it stands alone in
the utterance. The meaning employed
in this interjection is to show Luca's
surprise towards Alberto sudden
action.
15 Ercole: “Sea ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca betrays Alberto for acting as
138
2 monster! There it is! human and shouts Alberto as sea
Ragazzi, now!” monster. Ercole and his friends throw
Luca: "No!" their harpoons towards Alberto. Luca
Ercole: “Ah, idiot, utters emotive interjection No as he
you let it get away!” freaks out seeing the harpoons almost

G
hit Alberto. This interjection is

classified as secondary interjection
since it also enters into other word
class besides interjection. The
meaning employed in this interjection
is to express Luca's fear when the
harpoons almost stab Alberto.
153 Luca: “Well, the two ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca startles out when Giulia
of us can still do the splashes a glass of water at him that
race. You’ll swim, exposing his sea monster scales. He
you’ll eat, you’ve shouts emotive interjection Aaah that
done both before…” is classified into primary interjection
Giulia: “Luca, I…” since it is only a little word that does
Luca: “… and I’ll do not enter into any word class other
the ride. I mean, than interjection. It has a free-
that’s allowed, standing position as it is not followed
right?” by any utterance. The meaning of this
Giulia: “Luca. interjection is to express Luca's
Luca?” surprise as Giulia splashes water into
Luca: “It should be him in a sudden.
fine, we’re still
okey…”
Giulia: “Luca!”
139
Luca: "Aaah!"
154 Giulia: “Risking ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca says goodbye to Giulia after she
your life for a tells him that he needs to leave,
Vespa?” scared about what might happen to
Luca: “My parents him. Luca utters emotive interjection
were gonna send me Huh that is classified into primary
interjection as

G
away. That’s why it is only a little sound that does not

we did all of this. enter into any word class other than
But it's over now. interjection. It is located in initial
Huh, goodbye position since it is followed by the
Giulia." rest of the utterance. The meaning
employed in this interjection is
expressing Luca's sorrow as he has to
leave the human town.
155 Luca: "Ugh." ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca approaches Alberto's hideout
and climbs up the building hesitantly.
He yells emotive interjection Ugh as
he climbs the building. This
interjection is classified into primary
interjection as it is only a little sound
that has no function other than
interjection. It is located in free-
standing position as it stands alone in
the utterance. It has a meaning as an
expression of pain as Luca climbs the
building hesitantly.
156 Luca: “Alberto, what ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca feels sympathy towards Alberto
140
are those marks on who is abandoned by his father. He
the wall? Tell me utters emotive interjection I'm sorry
what they mean.” that is categorized into secondary
Alberto: “I started interjection since the words also enter
when my dad left.” into other word classes besides
Luca: “You were interjection. It is located in free-
living here alone for standing position as it is not followed
by any utterance. This interjection
has

G
that many days?” a meaning of expressing Luca's

Alberto: “I just sympathy towards Alberto's
stopped counting background story.
after a while. He
said I was old
enough to be on my
own.”
Luca: “I'm sorry.”
157 Luca: "Huh." ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca gazes sadly and feels guilty
after treating Alberto bad. He
apologizes to Alberto but Alberto is
still mad at him. He sighs emotive
interjection Hah that is categorized
into primary interjection since itdoes
not enter into any word class other
than interjection. It has a free-
standing position as it is not followed
by any utterance. The meaning in this
141
sorrow as Alberto is still mad at him.
158 Luca: “Alberto?” ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca takes Alberto's advice to get out
Alberto: “Get outta of the building. Luca agrees as he has
here! I’m not gonna an idea to join the Portorosso Cup
tell you again.” alone. He utters secondary
Luca: "Okay, I'll interjection Okay as the word also
go." enters into other word class besides
interjection. It has an initial position
as it is followed by the rest of the
utterance.

No Data A C J S W Explanation
PR SC IT FS AN AP DI FE IM PA PI PL RE SU SY TR
G O O O O
The meaning of this interjection is to show

Luca's agreement towards Alberto.
159 Luca: “I’ll go ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is excited as he has an idea to join
win the race.” the Portorosso alone and get the vespa. He
Alberto: performs emotive interjection Yeah yeah
“What?” that is classified into primary interjection
Luca: "Yeah as the repetition of sound does not enter
yeah, and then into any word class other than interjection.
the Vespa will It is located in initial position as it is
be ours!" followed by the rest of the utterance. The
meaning employed in this interjection is
expressing Luca's joy of getting the vespa
after winning the cup.
160 Luca: “Well, ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca falls down from the rooftop of
maybe I’m Alberto's building. He screams emotive
crazy. Take me, interjection Ow as he reaches the ground.
gravity!” This interjection is categorized into
Alberto: primary interjection since it is only a little
142
“Luca!” sound that has no functions other than as
Luca: "Ow." interjection. It is located in free-standing
It has a meaning of expressing Luca's pain
for crashing to the ground.
161 Marsigliese: ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca who stands on the starting line freaks
We know out seeing several fishing boats all around
there’s been a the harbor, brimming with fisherman
few sightings wielding harpoons and nets to guard the
lately, but fear race from sea monsters. He utters emotive
not! If any sea interjection Hah that is categorized into

No Data A C J S W Explanation
PR SC IT FS AN AP DI FE IM PA PI PL RE SU SY TR
G O O O O
monsters show primary interjection since it does not enter

up today, we into any word class other than interjection.
are ready for It is located in free-standing position as it
them.” is not followed by any utterance. The
Luca: “Hah!” meaning of this interjection is to express
Marsigliese: Luca's fear towards the fishermen who is
“Swimmers, ready to hunt any sea monsters nearby.
take your
mark!”
162 Luca: "Come ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca troubles using the fork to eat the
on!" pasta. As he fumbles with the pasta, he
Giulia: “Hmm.” utters emotive interjection Come on. This
Luca: “Thank interjection is categorized into secondary
you.” interjection since the words enter into
Giulia: “Don’t other word classes other than interjection.
thank me.” It has a free-standing position as it stands
alone in the utterance. This interjection has
143
a meaning of expressing Luca's impatience
as he gets troubled using the fork.
163 Luca: "Whoa." ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca runs to his bike and lets out an insane
burp in a sudden. He shouts emotive
interjection Whoa that is classified into
primary interjection since it is a little
sound that only enters into interjection
word class. It has a free-standing position
as it is not followed by any utterance. The
an expression of Luca's surprise towards
the sudden burp.

No Data S Explanation
PR IT FS AG AN AP CO DI FE IM JO PA PI PL RE SO SU SY TR WO
C
164 Daniela: “That’s ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is surprised seeing his parents at

him. That’s him.” the water table. He screams emotive
Luca: "Whoa." interjection Whoa that is categorized
Daniela: “Luca, into primary interjection as it does not
stop!” enter into any word class except
Luca: “Aaah, interjection. It is located in free-standing
orry, mom! Sorry, position as it stands alone in the
dad! I have to do utterance. It has a meaning of expressing
this!” Luca's surprise towards his parents’
presence.
165 Daniela: “Luca, ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca freaks out seeing his parents and
stop!” swerves his bike, avoid them to finish
Luca: "Aaah, the race. He performs primary
sorry mom! interjection Aaah as it is only a little
Sorry, dad! I have sound that does not enter into any word
to do this!" class other than interjection. It is located
144
Lorenzo: “Get in initial position as it is followed by the
back here right rest of the utterance. The meaning
now!” employed in the interjection is to
express Luca's fear of his parents.
166 Luca: "Eeek." ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca effortfully rides the bike uphill and
Ercole: “What? passes Ercole in front of him. As he is in
Impossible! He’s trouble riding the bike uphill, he utters
cheating! Eeek that is classified into primary
Arbitro! Arbitro!” interjection since it does not enter into
any word class except interjection. It has
a free-standing position as it stands
alone in the utterance. The meaning
employed in this interjection is to
express Luca's pain in riding the bike
uphill.

C U
167 Luca: "No, no, no, ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca freaks out as rain starts to fall,
no, no!" causing little spots of transformation
appear on his arm. He utters emotive
interjection No, no, no, no, no that is
classified into secondary interjection
since the repetition of word also enters
into other word class besides
interjection. It has a free-standing
position as it is not followed by any
utterance. The meaning employed in
this interjection is to express Luca's
fear of his transformation to sea
monster.
145
168 Luca: "Ugh, not ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca stops under an awning to wait
now! I’m so close!" out the downpour. He utters emotive
interjection Ugh that is categorized
into primary interjection since it is
only a little sudden sound that only
enters into interjection word class. It is
located in initial position as it is
followed by the rest of the utterance. It
has a meaning of expressing Luca's
annoyance towards the rain.
169 Alberto: “Luca! Just ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is startled out seeing Alberto
stay right there.” transforms into sea monster after
Luca: “Alberto.” Ercole trips him up and exposes him to
Alberto: “I’m the rain. Luca shouts emotive
coming for you.” interjection Hah that is classified into
Ercole: “What’s primary interjection as it the word only

No Data P S Explanation
PR SC IT FS AG AN AP CO DI FE IM JO PA PL RE SO SU TR WO
I Y
wrong, piccoletto? functions as interjection. It is in free-

Afraid of a little standing position as it only stands alone in
rain?” the utterance. The meaning employed in
Alberto: “Hey!” the interjection is showing Luca's surprise
Ercole: “Huh? For to Alberto's transformation.
the last time, you
two don’t belong
here. Get out of my
town!”
Luca: "Hah!"
17 Luca: “Alberto…” ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is furious seeing Ercole snags his net
0 Alberto: “No, stop! to Alberto. He utters emotive interjection
146
Just stay there. No that is classified into secondary
You’re still okay.” interjection as it also enters into other
Luca: “Alberto, word class besides interjection. It has a
wait!” free-standing position as it stands alone in
Alberto: the utterance. The meaning employed in
“Andiamo!” this interjection is as an expression of
Luca: “No!” Luca's anger seeing Alberto trapped in a
net.
17 Alberto: "Whoa, ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto is hoisted by Luca to the bike and
1 you really are amazed for what Luca did. He shouts
crazy!" emotive interjection Whoa that is
Luca: “Learned it categorized into primary interjection as it
from you! Let’s get is a little sound that only functions as
to the water!” interjection. It is located in initial position
as it is followed by the rest of the
interjection is to show Alberto's
amazement and wonder to what Luca did.

No Data A C J S Explanation
PR SC IT FS AN AP DI FE IM PA PI PL RE SU SY TR WO
G O O O
172 Ercole: “Out of ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto freaks out when he sees Ercole

the way! Via, throws his harpoon towards him and Luca.
via!” He shouts emotive interjection Hah that is
Alberto: classified into primary interjection since it
"Hah!" does not enter into any word class other
than interjection. It has a free-standing
The meaning of this interjection is to show
Alberto's fear towards Ercole.
173 Ercole: “Now, I ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca watches Giulia crash down from her
147
gotta kill some bike as she saves Luca and Alberto from
sea monsters!” Enrico. He shouts emotive interjection No
Giulia: “So that is classified into secondary interjection
long, evil since the word does not only enter into
empire of interjection word class. It has a free-
injustice.” standing position as it stands alone in the
Luca: "No!" utterance. The meaning of this interjection
Alberto: is as an expression of Luca's sorrow for
“Giulia!” seeing Giulia in pain.
174 Marsigliese: ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto cannot believe that he and Luca

“Technically, have won the race. He utters primary
legally, yes, interjection Wow as it is only a little sound
they won.” that does not enter into any word class
Alberto: other than interjection. It is located in
"Whoa, we initial position as it is followed by the rest
won?" of the utterance. The meaning employed in
the interjection is as an expression of
Alberto's wonder as he won the race.

G O O O
175 Marsigliese: ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is amazed when Signora Marsigliese,

“Signore e the manager of the Portorosso Cup, hands
signori, the them the trophy. He utters primary
winners of this interjection Wow since the word only
year’s enters into interjection word class. It is
Potorosso Cup, located in free-standing position as it
the underdogs.” stands alone in the utterance. The meaning
Luca: "Wow." employed in the interjection is as an
expression of Luca’s wonder towards the
148
trophy.
176 Luca: “I can’t ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is thrilled for winning the race. He
believe we shouts emotive interjection Whoo-hoo that
won!” is classified into primary interjection since
Alberto: “We the sounds only function as interjection. It
won!” has a free-standing position as it is not
Luca: "Whoo- followed by any utterance. The meaning
hoo!" employed in this interjection is as an
Giulia: “Yes! expression of Luca's triumph for winning
Underdogs!” the Portorosso Cup.
177 Giulia: Yes, we ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is surrounded by the crowd in
did it!” astonishment as they celebrate Luca and
Luca: "Ha-ha- Alberto's victory. He shouts emotive
ha!" interjection Ha-ha-ha that is classified into
Little Boy: “We primary interjection since the repetition of
won!” sound only enters into interjection word
class. It is located in free-standing position
as it only stands alone in the utterance. The
Luca's joy for having a great time.

G O O O
178 Alberto: ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto rides the janky vespa with Luca

"Whoo-hoo- and Giulia to Giulia's home. On their way,
hoo-hoo-hoo!" Alberto shouts emotive interjection Whoo-
hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo that is classified as
primary interjection since it is only a
repetition of sounds that only enters into
interjection word class. It is located in free-
standing position as it stands alone in the
149
is to express Alberto's triumph for winning
the race.
179 "Whoo-hoo!" ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto laughs and goofs off on the janky
vespa with Luca and Giulia, celebrating
their victory. He shouts Whoo-hoo that is
it only enters into interjection word class. It
of this interjection is to express Alberto's
triumph that celebrates their victory.
180 Giulia: “Ciao, ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca feels sad when Giulia went away for
ragazzi. A school, leaving him alone with Alberto. He
presto!” utters emotive interjection Huh as he is
Luca: "Huh, about to leave the train and asks Alberto to
well, let's go fix fix the vespa. This interjection is classified
our vespa." into primary interjection as the word only
Alberto: “Yeah, enters into interjection word class. It has an
about that. initial position as it is followed by the rest
Uh… It’s a of the utterance. The meaning employed in

C U
crazy thing. I might the interjection is to express Luca's

have sold it.” sorrow as he cannot go to school with
Giulia.
181 Daniela: “Luca?” ✔ ✔ ✔ Luca is surprised when Alberto hands
Luca: “Mom? What him a train ticket to Genova so he can
are you all doing go to school with Giulia. He asks his
150
here?” parents’ permission and utters emotive
Daniela: “If you interjection Hah when his parents
promise to write to allow him to go to school. This
us every single day interjection is categorized into primary
and be as safe as interjection since it is only a little
possible, and I mean word that has no function other than as
safer than safe, you interjection. It is located in initial
can go to school.” position as it is followed by the rest of
Luca: "Hah, I can?" the utterance. The meaning employed
Lorenzo: “It’s all in this interjection is as an expression
arranged, actually.” of Luca's surprise when his parents
allow him to go to school.
182 Alberto: “Piacere, ✔ ✔ ✔ Alberto runs to keep the pace as the
Giralamo train leaves away. He jumps off into
Trombetta.” the rain and transforms into sea
Luca: “Seriously, monster. He screams emotive
what does that interjection Yeah that is categorized
mean?” into primary interjection since the
Alberto: "No idea. word only enters into interjection word
Go find out for me, class. It has a free-standing position as
will ya? Go, Luca! it only stands alone in the utterance. It
Yeah! Whoo-hoo!" has a meaning

No Data Explanation
PR SC IT FS AG AN AP CO DI FE IM JO PA PI PL RE SO SU SY TR WO
of expressing Alberto's joy towards Luca

who pursues his dream to go to school
18 Alberto: “Piacere, ✔ ✔ ✔ Similar with the previous datum, Alberto
3 Giralamo who has transformed into sea monster
Trombetta.” screams emotive interjection Whoo-hoo.
Luca: “Seriously, This interjection is classified into primary
151
what does that interjection since it is a little sound that only
mean?” enters into interjection word class. It is
Alberto: "No idea. located in free-standing position as it only
Go find out for me, stands alone in the utterance. It has a
will ya? Go, Luca! meaning of expressing Alberto's joy towards
Yeah! Whoo-hoo!" Luca who pursues his dream to go to school.
TOTAL FREQUENCY 162 21 44 139 3 5 9 0 1 33 4 25 19 1 2 6 4 32 1 4 34
PERCENTAGE 88.52 11.48 24.04 75.96 1.64 2.73 4.92 0 0.55 18.03 2.19 13.66 10.38 0.55 1.09 3.27 2.19 17.48 0.55 2.19 18.58
152
Appendix 2 SURAT PERNYATAAN TRIANGULASI
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya:
Nama : Diany Puspita Sari

NIM : 19211141040
Program Sudi : Sastra Inggris
Fakultas : Bahasa, Seni dan Budaya
menyatakan bahwa saya telah melakukan triangulasi pada karya tulis
ilmiah (skripsi) dari mahasiswa:

NIM : 19211141017
INTERJECTIONS PERFORMED BY THE MAIN
CHARACTERS IN DISNEY-PIXAR’S LUCA
Demikian surat pernyataan ini saya buat. Semoga dapat dipergunakan
sebagaimana mestinya.
Yogyakarta, 15 Juni 2023

Triangulator,
Diany Puspita Sari

NIM 19211141040
153
SURAT PERNYATAAN TRIANGULASI
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya:
Nama : Wine Ashfyasari

NIM : 19211141024
menyatakan bahwa saya telah melakukan triangulasi pada karya tulis
ilmiah (skripsi) dari mahasiswa:

NIM : 19211141017
INTERJECTIONS PERFORMED BY THE MAIN
CHARACTERS IN DISNEY-PIXAR’S LUCA
Demikian surat pernyataan ini saya buat. Semoga dapat dipergunakan
sebagaimana mestinya.
Yogyakarta, 15 Juni 2023

Triangulator,
Wine Ashfyasari
NIM 19211141024
154

Balqista Surya Azizah-Revisi Full Draft

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A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF EMOTIVE INTERJECTIONS

PERFORMED BY THE MAIN CHARACTERS IN

Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a

Balqista Surya Azizah

ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES, ARTS, AND CULTURE

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI YOGYAKARTA

A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF EMOTIVE INTERJECTIONS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Acquire a Sarjana Sastra

Approved by the Supervisor on 12 July 2023

Dr. Titik Sudartinah, S.S., M.A.

A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF EMOTIVE INTERJECTIONS

Accepted by the Board of Examiners of Faculty of Languages, Arts, and Culture

Chairperson Dr. Titik Sudartinah, S.S., M.A. 26 July 2023

Secretary Yosa Abduh Alzuhdy, S.S., M.Hum.

Examiner Susana Widyastuti, S.S., M.A., Ph.D.

Yogyakarta, July 2023

Prof. Dr. Sri Harti Widyastuti, M.Hum.

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, penulis:

Nama : Balqista Surya Azizah

Program Studi : Sastra Inggris

Fakultas : Bahasa, Seni, dan Budaya

Judul Skripsi : A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF EMOTIVE

INTERJECTIONS PERFORMED BY THE

MAIN CHARACTERS IN DISNEY-PIXAR’S

ilmiah yang lazim.

akan menjadi tanggung jawab penulis.

Yogyakarta, 12 Juli 2023

Balqista Surya Azizah

“Look around for a second. Notice? It’s not so scary anymore.”

“Long story short, I survived.”

mercy until an unspecified time, this thesis is proudly dedicated to:

My beloved sister, Tuffahatti Surya Azzahra

Finally, I do realize that this script is far from perfect. Therefore,

Yogyakarta, 7 July 2023

Balqista Surya Azizah

Figure 1 Luca (2021) Movie.................................................................................18

Table 1 Meanings of Interjections........................................................................16

Balqista Surya Azizah

Various language styles are used by people to communicate with others. In

Keywords: pragmatics; interjections; Luca

A. Background of the Research

Language plays a fundamental role in everyday communication. As is well

and discourse (Ansorge et al., 2022). As specified by Hedeager (2012), although

master cognitive language communication.

process of delivering information from speakers to hearers. As social beings,

people need to interact with others. Interaction can be found in real-life

conversations, television shows, discussions, movies, and many other occasions.

Every word or sentence has a different meaning depending on who is speaking

and who is the listener.

language in oral communication tends to be dynamic and does not require a

straightforward sentence structure. Oral communication involves expressing

communication is usually represented by the utterances of the speakers. Through

language used can be a variety of formal or informal language. In non-formal

used in doing communication process.

In everyday life conversation, speakers sometimes use words like eh,

interjections is closely related to the speaker’s emotional state. To strengthen the

expression, namely interjection.

As stated by Nforbi et al. (2016), interjections can be placed at the

in oral and written communication in the form of conversations and in informal

form of conversation, especially a formal one. Interjections are recognized as an

element in the language system’s particular pattern.

The phenomena of interjections occur not only in real-life conversation but