8

Science
Quarter 3-Module 6
Week 6, Ions and Isotopes
Science - Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 - Module 6: Ions and Isotopes
Revised Copy 2021

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cebu City
Schools Division Superintendent: Rhea Mar A. Angtud, CESO VI

Development Team of the Module

Writer/Compiler: Emarie Kathleen G. Verano, Teacher I, (CCDCAGMNHS)

Illustrator/Layout Artist: N/A

Content Editors: Dr. Gemma A. Bendebel , Principal II Lahug Night High School
Mr. Rommel C. Villahermosa, Assisting Principal, Abellana NS

Language Editor: Mrs. Nenita Nacional, School Principal, Pasil Elementary School

Management Team: Dr. Rhea Mar A. Angtud, Schools Division Superintendent

Dr. Bernadette A. Susvilla, Assistant Schools Division
Superintendent
Mrs. Grecia F. Bataluna, CID Chief
Dr. Raylene S. Manawatao, EPS-Science
Mrs. Vanessa L. Harayo, EPS LRMDS

Printed in the Philippines by : Department of Education – Division of Cebu City

Office Address : New Imus Avenue, Barangay Day-as, Cebu City
Telephone Nos. : (032) 2551516
E-mail Address : cebu.city@deped.gov.ph

II
 Lesson Ions and Isotopes
Quarter : Third Quarter
Content Standard : The learners should be able to identify a
substance according to its atomic structure.
Performance Standard : The learners should be able to create an article
that explains the importance of isotopes in
agricultural, medicine and industry
Competency : The learners should be able to determine the
number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in a
particular atom. S8MT-IIIe-f10
Duration : Week 6
Topic : Ions and Isotopes

What I Need to Know

The atom is not indivisible. This tiny object that we cannot even see is
made up of even smaller particles. In the previous lesson, you have learned that
different elements have different atoms. Moreover, you have learned that an
electrically neutral atom contains equal number of protons and electrons. In this
lesson, you will learn what happens to an atom if it gains or loses an electron. You
will also learn that not all atoms of an element are the same. With your
understanding of the model of the atom, we can now proceed to a more detailed
discussion of the atom’s structure.
At the end of this module, you can accomplish the following specific
learning from the competency:
Objectives:
1. Differentiate between an isotope and ion.
2. Interpret shorthand notations for isotopes and atoms.
3. Infer that ions are formed from the removal or addition of electron/s,
4. Evaluate the overall electrical charge of an atom.

1
 What I Know
PRE-ASSESSMENT
DIRECTIONS. Read and understand each question below. Write the letter of your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is an isotope? Atoms of the same element with different numbers of ______.
A. electrons B. mass number C. neutrons D. protons
2. Which of the following statements CORRECTLY describes the change in a neutral
atom that undergoes as it becomes a cation? The atom_________________.
A. gains a proton and becomes positive C. loses an electron and becomes positive
B. loses a proton and becomes negative D. gains an electron and becomes negative
3. Which of the following statements is a CORRECT description of an anion? A
negatively charged ion that _____________________.
A. gains a proton B. loses a proton C. loses an electron D. gains an electron
4. What will you do to change lithium atom (Li) into lithium ion (Li+)?
A. add one proton C. remove one proton
B. add one electron D. remove one electron
5. How many protons and electrons are in an oxygen ion that has a -2 charge?
A. 8 electrons and 6 protons C. 8 electrons and 10 protons
B. 8 electrons and 8 protons D. 10 electrons and 8 protons
6. How do Cu+ and Cu2+ differ? They differ in the number of________.
A. atoms B. electrons C. neutrons D. protons
7. What is the chemical symbol for an ion containing 34 protons, 45 neutrons, and 36
electrons?
45 +2 81 D. 79Se-2
A. 34Se B. 36Se-2 C. 79Se+2
36 34
8. What will be the net charge of potassium (19K) when it loses one electron?
A. 0 B. -1 C. +1 D. +18
9. Which of the following statements is a CORRECT description of a cation? A
positively charged ion that ____________________.
A. gains a proton B. loses a proton C. loses an electron D. gains an electron
10. What are ions? Atoms with __________________________.
A. no charge C. only negative charge
B. only positive charge D. positive or negative charge
11. What sub-atomic particle/s must have the SAME number in an isotope of the same
element?
A. electrons B. neutrons C. protons D. both A and B
12. Which of the following is the CORRECT use of Boron-10 in the field of medicine? It
is used as a/an _____________.
A. energy source for pacemakers
B. energy source for most smoke alarms
C. radiation source for treating brain tumors
D. nuclear reactor for electrical power generation
13. What sub-atomic particle/s must have a DIFFERENT number in an isotope of the
same element?
A. electrons B. neutrons C. protons D. all of the above
14. Which of the following statement is the CORRECT use of Plutonium-238 in the field
of medicine? It is used as a/an_____________.
A. energy source for pacemakers
B. energy source for most smoke alarms
C. radiation source for treating brain tumors
D. nuclear reactor for electrical power generation
15. Which of the following statements is a CORRECT description of radioisotopes?
Radioisotopes are_____________.
A. atoms that lose or gains electrons
B. atoms with excess or missing electrons

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 C. atoms that can emit high-energy radiation
D. ions that are composed of more than one atom

What’s In
Let us have a quick look at what you learned from the previous module. This
will help you get connected.

DIRECTIONS: Analyze each statement below. Draw a smiley face if the

statement is true and sad face if the statement is false. Write your answers on
a separate sheet of paper.
1. Democritus believed that all atoms were spherical.
2. John Dalton visualized the atom as indestructible.
3. The proton is the negatively charged subatomic particle.
4 Rutherford’s experiment led to the conclusion that atoms were mostly empty
space.
5. Nowadays, we still believe that atoms are indivisible.

What’s New
Activity 1
Word Up
DIRECTIONS: Search the following words in the puzzle below. The words may be written
horizontally, or diagonally. Then describe each word and write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
N P U R A T O M K M N R I E E H
O K H G E W M C P W E A C Y C F
I V K I M I K A P B U Q Q Z V E
N V T Y H M R O M K T Q H W H S
A R B A Y X C U C N R F V M O T
D H S N T H N L L W O L P F F Y
A T O M I C M A S S N I Q N F U
X P Q E I X A H C J K Y T U L G
A X S M L T F I F J H I W A P Y
B Q O C Q E S C N X F N T X C L
I T D H L O C T C Z W F V W E E
A O G N T N O T O R P T J F Q V
P Q H O Y K X N R M L I W S D E
K N P K G P Q L G O J G O U O L
N E U P T G X P D L N O B N J R

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 1. ANION-_____________________________________________________
2. ATOMIC MASS-______________________________________________
3. ATOMIC NUMBER-____________________________________________
4. CATION-____________________________________________________
5. ELECTRON-_________________________________________________
6. ISOTOPE-___________________________________________________
7. NEUTRON-__________________________________________________
8. PROTON-___________________________________________________
9. ATOM-______________________________________________________
10. ION-________________________________________________________

What is It

Ions
Atoms are electronically neutral. This means that the number of protons of
an atom is equal to the number of electrons. Atoms, however, can sometimes give
off or gain some electrons. If this happens, the atom becomes electrically charged.
This process in which an atom loses, or gains electrons is called ionization.
Monoatomic ions (those formed from atoms) are atoms with excess or missing
electrons.
An atom that loses some of its electrons becomes positively charged. When
this happens, the number of protons becomes greater than the number of electrons.
A positive ion is called a cation. An atom that loses an electron will still have the
same atomic number and mass number.
You can represent an ion using shorturl.at/aktB7
the same mass and atomic number of
the element from where it was formed.
The charge of the ion will be written as a
superscript on the right side of the
symbol. In the ion formed in figure 1, the
sodium atom loses one electron.
Therefore, it acquires a net charge of +1.
The symbol of the ion formed will be
FIGURE 1. The ionization of a sodium
atom

23 +1
11
Na

If an atom loses one electron, it will acquire a net charge of +1. If it loses
two electrons, then the charge of the ion is +2.

4
 An atom gains excess electrons
becomes negatively charged. When this shorturl.at/z
happens, the number of protons is less than the MQSV
number of electrons in the particle. A negative
ion is called an anion. An atom that gains extra
electrons will have the same mass number and
atomic number as the ion that was formed.
In figure 2, the chlorine atom contains 17
protons, 17 electrons, and 18 neutrons. Upon
ionization, the chlorine atom gained an extra
electron FIGURE 2. The ionization of a chlorine atom
If an atom gains an extra electron, it will form an ion with a net charge of -1.
If it gains two electrons, it will acquire a net charge of -2. The symbol of the chlorine
ion formed in figure 2 is
-1
35
17 Cl
Table 1. Charges of some elements
Element Atomic Number of Number of Charge
number Protons Electrons
Oxygen 8 8 10 -2
Iron 26 26 26 0
Calcium 20 20 18 +2
Sodium 11 11 10 +1
Polyatomic ions are ions composed of more than one atom. Usually,
polyatomic ions contain two or three atoms with a net electric charge ranging from
-4 to +4. Some of the most common polyatomic ions are listed in table 2.
Table 2. The most common polyatomic
ions.

shorturl.at/dstO5
5
 shorturl.at/pJKP6
Analyze the models of Carbon
Atoms in figure 3. Is there anything
similar or different? All the atoms in
figure 3 have the same number of
protons but different number of
neutrons. These atoms are called
isotopes.

FIGURE 3. Carbon atoms and their isotopes

Isotopes are atoms of the same elements with different mass numbers. Atoms
of the same element have the same atomic number. That means they have an equal
number of protons. However, not all atoms have the same number of neutrons. It
means that not all atoms of the same element have the same mass number. The
presence of isotopes disproved one of Dalton’s postulates in his atomic theory,
which states that all the atoms of a particular element are alike. Two atoms are not
alike if they have different mass numbers.
Most elements have at least two or three isotopes. For example, hydrogen
has three known isotope---protium, deuterium and tritium are symbolized H-1, H-2,
and H-3, the atomic masses of which are 1 amu, 2 amu, 3 amu, respectively H-1,
H-2, and H-3.

shorturl.at/ctQ78
FIGURE 4. The different isotopes of hydrogen

The numbers of the subatomic particles of the isotopes of hydrogen are shown
below.

For H-1: For H-2: For H-3:

Atomic no. = 1 Atomic no. = 1 Atomic no. = 1

Mass no. = 1 Mass no. = 2 Mass no. = 3
no. of p+ = 1 no. of p+ = 1 no. of p+ = 1
no. of n= 1-1=0 no. of n= 2-1=1 no. of n= 3-1=2
No. of e- = 1 No. of e- = 1 No. of e- = 1

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 Some elements, such as fluorine, do not have any isotopes. An atom of fluorine
will always contain nine protons and 10 neutrons.
If the isotopes of an element have the same number of electrons, then they will
have the same chemical properties. The chemical characteristics of a given atom
depend only on the number of electrons in the atom, not the neutron number.
However, isotopes of an element have slightly different physical properties. The
slight variation in their physical property is due to the small difference in their relative
masses.
Uses of Isotopes
Isotopes have various uses in the field of medicine. Most of these uses
are in medical imaging and radiation therapy. The isotopes used in medicine are
called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes are atoms that are incapable of emitting high
energy radiation. They are classified as radioactive substances. The common
radioisotopes and their uses are as follows:
➢ Iodine-131 is used for treatment of hyperthyroidism or thyroid cancer,
iodine -123 is used in medical imaging.
➢ Technetium-99m (99mTc) is the most widely used radioisotope in the field of
nuclear imaging.
➢ Boron-10 is used as radiation source for treating brain tumors.
➢ Plutonium- 238 is used as energy source for pacemakers.
➢ Carbon-14 is used in determining the age of a given fossil sample through
the process called carbon dating
➢ Uranium-235 is used in nuclear reactors for electrical power generation.
➢ Americium-241is used as an energy source for most smoke alarms.

What’s More

Activity 2
What’s in a number?
Objectives:
After performing this activity, you should be able to:
1. locate the atomic number in a periodic table,
2. Identify the subatomic particles associated with the mass number
3. determine the number of neutrons from the mass number,
4. interpret shorthand notations for isotopes and atoms
5. make an inventory of subatomic particles of a given element.
Materials: paper, ballpen
Procedure: Use your periodic table in answering the questions provided. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Refer to the following Periodic Table of Elements.

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 shorturl.at/vNRSZ
8
 Q1. What is the element with an atomic number of 15? ________________
Q2. How many protons does the atom of this element have? _____________
Q3. How many protons are there in an atom of aluminum? _____________
Q4. Which element has the smallest number of protons in its atom? _______
2. Consider two isotopes of carbon, C-12 and C-13.
Q5. How many protons are there in the C-12 isotope? ___________
How about the number of neutrons? ______________________
Q6. How many protons are there in the C-13 isotope? _______________
How about the number of neutrons? ___________________________
3. Atomic mass is the mass of an atom of a particular element. It is the average
of the mass numbers of the naturally occurring isotopes of the element
multiplied with their respective abundance.
Q7. What is the atomic mass of magnesium (Mg)? ___________________
How about for potassium (K)? ______________
4. Consider the lithium ion shown in the notation.
Q8. How many protons are there in the lithium ion? ________________
Q9. How many neutrons are there in the lithium ion? _______________
Q10. How many electrons are there in the lithium ion? ______________
5. Write the shorthand notation showing mass number and atomic number of
the following naturally occurring isotopes of iron.
a. 54Fe b. 56Fe

What I Have Learned

DIRECTIONS: Copy and complete the table by supplying the correct quantity or
numbers of subatomic particles of an element on a separate sheet of paper.
Isotope Element # of p + # of e - # of n o Charge
Name
B-6 Boron 5 1 0
N-14 Nitrogen 7
F-9 Fluorine 9 10
N-10 Neon 10 10
Mg-24 Magnesium 12 10

What I Can Do

You are a contributing writer for a science magazine. The editor asked you
to write an article about the importance of isotopes in agriculture, medicine, and
industry. Your article must be scientifically accurate, free from grammatical errors,
interesting to read, and must be original. Write your article on a separate sheet of
paper.
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Rubrics:
Category 10 Excellent 9-8 Good 7-6 Satisfactory 5-0 Needs
Improvement
Content Content Content Content Shows some
Accuracy indicates indicates original indicates thinking thinking and
synthesis of thinking and and reasoning reasoning but
ideas, in- depth develops ideas applied with most ideas are
analysis and with sufficient original thought underdeveloped
evidences and firm on a few ideas. and unoriginal
original thought evidence.
and support for
the topic.
Organization Writing shows Writing is Writing is Writing lacks
high degree of coherent and coherent and logical
attention to logic logically logically organization. It
and reasoning of organized with organized. shows some
points. Unity transitions used Some points coherence but
clearly leads the between ideas remain ideas lack unity.
reader to the and paragraphs misplaced Serious errors.
conclusion and to create and stray
stirs thought coherence. from the
regarding the Overall unity of topic.
topic. ideas is present. Transitions
evident but not
used throughout
essay.
Clarity and The article is The article is The article is Organization of
Neatness easy to read and easy to read and somewhat easy material is
all elements are most elements to read and confusing to the
clearly written. are clearly some elements reader. The
All information is written. Most are clearly article is hard to
organized information is written. Some read and few
properly. organized information is elements are
properly. organized clearly written.
properly.

Assessment

POST-ASSESSMENT
DIRECTIONS: Read and understand each question below. Write the letter of
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following statements CORRECTLY describes the change that
a neutral atom undergoes as it becomes an anion? The atom_______.
A. gains a proton and becomes positive C. loses an electron and becomes positive
B. loses a proton and becomes negative D. gains an electron and becomes negative
2. Which of the following is NOT an example of a Polyatomic Ions?
A. cobalt B. chlorate C. chlorite D. chromate
3. What do isotopes of lithium contain?
A. 3 protons B. 3 neutrons C. 3 electrons D.3 protons and 4 neutrons
4. What will be the net charge of aluminum when it loses three electrons?
A. 1+ B. 2+ C. 3+ D. 4+
5. What will happen to a neutral atom when it loses electrons? It becomes___.
A. a cation B.an anion C.an isotope D. none of the above
6. What will happen to a neutral atom when it gains electrons? It becomes___.
A. a cation B.an anion C.an isotope D. none of the above

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7. Which is an example of an Isotope?
A. CO2 B. Cu C. H20 D. C-14
8. What quantities vary between isotopes of an element?
A. neutrons and electrons
B. neutrons and atomic mass
C. protons, electrons, and atomic mass
D. protons, electrons, and atomic number 2 columns
9. Which of the following is/are TRUE only of the isotopes of an element?
I. The same mass number
II. The same number of electrons
III. The same number of neutrons but different numbers of protons
IV. The same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
A. I only B. IV only C. II and III only D. II and IV
10. What will be the net charge of sodium (11Na) when it loses one electron?
A. 0 B. -1 C. +1 D. +10
11. Which of the following Radioisotopes is used as an energy source for most
smoke alarms?
A. Americium B. Boron C. Iodine D. Technetium
12. Which of the following is the CORRECT use of Carbon-14 in the field of
medicine? It is used _____________.
A. as an energy source for most smoke alarms
B. as a nuclear reactor for electrical power generation
C. as the most widely used radioisotope in the field of nuclear imaging
D. in determining the age of a given fossil sample through the process
called carbon dating
13. Which of the following statement is the CORRECT use of Uranium-235 in
the field of medicine? It is used as _____________.
A. an energy source for pacemakers
B. an energy source for most smoke alarms
C. a radiation source for treating brain tumors
D. nuclear reactors for electrical power generation
14. Which of the following statements is a CORRECT description of Ionization?
Ionization is the process in which______________.
A. atoms that lose or gains electrons
B. atoms with excess or missing electrons
C. atoms that can emit high-energy radiation
D. ions that are composed of more than one atom
15. What is the chemical symbol for hypochlorite?
A. ClO - B.ClO2- C. ClO3- D. ClO4-

11
References
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/472948398346860399/

https://www.highschoolpedia.com/2017/01/isotopes-isobars-and-isotones.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_hydrogen

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen

https://keystagewiki.com/index.php/Calculating_the_Numbers_of_Protons,_Neutrons_and_Elect
rons

Campo, Pia C., et Al 2013, Science 8 Learner’s Module First Edition. Philippines: Department of
Education

Campo, Pia C., et Al 2013, Science 8 Teacher’s Guide, First Edition. Philippines: Department of
Education

de Guzman, D., Delos Reyes, M. and Espinosa, A., 2012. Discover Science: Chemistry. Makati City,
Philippines: Diwa Learning System Inc, pp.92-103.

Flores, A., Mingoa, T., Obille, E., Ferrer, D., Cano, M. and Rabago, L., 2006. Dynamic Science: An
Integration of Physical and Biological Sciences: Modular Approach. Quezon City, Philippines: Vibal
Publishing House Inc., pp.101-117.

Lim, A., et Al 2015. Science for the 21st Century Learner. Makati City, Philippines: Diwa Learning
System Inc, pp.285-305.

Villamar, R. and Torres, M., 2015. Science Conforming to the Globalized Trends in Education.
Quezon City, Philippines: Sta. Teresa Publications, Inc, pp.209-219.

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 13
Answer Key
WHAT’S IN
1. 😊
2. ☹
3. ☹
4. 😊
5. ☹
WHAT’S NEW
1. ANION- a negatively charged ion
2. ATOMIC MASS-equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom
3. ATOMIC NUMBER-the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
4. CATION-a positively charged ion
5. ELECTRON-subatomic particle with a charge of negative
6. ISOTOPE-each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of
protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei
7. NEUTRON- subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric
charge
8. PROTON-a subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge
9. ATOM- the basic unit of all matter
10. ION-an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more
electrons
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
Isotope Element # of p # of e - # of n o Charge
Name +
B-6 Boron 5 5 1 0
N-14 Nitrogen 7 7 7 0
F-19 Fluorine 9 10 10 -1
NE-20 Neon 10 10 10 0
Mg-24 Magnesium 12 10 12 +2
Al-27 Aluminum 13 10 14 +3
Si-28 Silicon 14 14 14 0
S-32 Sulfur 16 16 16 0
K-35 Potassium 19 18 16 +1
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Office Address : New Imus Avenue, Barangay Day-as, Cebu City
Telephone Nos. : (032) 2551516
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