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Instructor Resource
Orvis, Introducing Comparative Politics, 4th Edition
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Chapter 6: Institutions of Participation and Representation

in Democracies
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. The collective action problem originates with

a. the rational belief that individual actions have great and clear effect
b. the rational belief that individual actions have little or no effect
c. the irrational belief that individual actions have great and clear effect
d. the irrational belief that individual actions have little or no effect
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 6-1: Do some types of institutions in democracies provide better
overall representation of and influence for average citizens?
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Knowledge
Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. An electoral threshold in a proportional representation system refers to the

percent of the
a. vote a party thinks it will be able to win
b. population that must turn out to vote for the election to be valid
c. vote a party must receive to gain representation in parliament
d. candidates that must be represented by different parties
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 6-2: How do institutions affect the representation of ethnic,
gender, religious, and other groups?
Answer Location: Proportional Representation
3. In a closed-list proportional representation system, voters select

a. a party
b. an individual
c. a platform
d. multiple candidates
Ans: A
Instructor Resource
4. Electoral systems are

a. determined by the number of political parties that can get elected to office
b. formal, legal mechanisms that translate votes into control over political offices
c. systems in which the individual with most votes gets elected
d. systems in which parties interact with one another
Ans: B
Answer Location: The Electoral System
5. Modern interest groups

a. developed before mass electoral democracy
b. emerged along with industrialization and mass democracy
c. originated for the first time in the 1960s
d. originally sought to expand rights for women and minorities
Ans: B
Answer Location: Civil Society
6. In a system based on interest group pluralism

a. The government negotiates with the smallest of chosen interest groups.
b. Peak associations unify local groups positions.
c. Many groups independently represent the same broad interests.
d. The government ensures that interest groups exist and function.
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
7. A first-past-the-post system is
a. a majority system
b. a PR system
c. a plurality system
d. all of the above
Ans: C
Instructor Resource
Answer Location: Single-Member Districts: “First-Past-the-Post” and Majoritarian

Voting
8. Which of the following is an SMD system?

a. closed-list PR
b. SNTV
c. open-list PR
d. FPTP
Ans: D
Voting
9. In a two-party system
a. only two parties compete
b. only two parties obtain votes from citizens
c. only two parties are able to get enough votes to win an election
d. more than one party can win an election
Ans: C
Answer Location: Party Systems
10. How did most European parties begin in the nineteenth century?
a. as cadre parties
b. as mass parties
c. as centralized parties
d. as green parties
e. as social democratic parties
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 6-5: Are there clear patterns of when and where particular party
and electoral systems develop?
Answer Location: Political Parties
11. In theory, which of the following types of party system will be the most likely to
emerge within a proportional representation electoral system?
a. dominant party system
Instructor Resource
b. multiparty system
c. two-and-a-half party system
d. two-party system
Ans: B
12. Which of the following is likely to conflict the most with the idea of effective
government?
a. participation
b. political parties
c. popular interest
d. pandering
Ans: A
Answer Location: Easy
13. Which of the following countries has a two-party system?

a. Germany
b. Mexico
c. Britain
d. India
Ans: C
Answer Location: The United Kingdom: SMD/FPTP, Two Parties, and Pluralism
14. How would an institutionalist explain why Germany has had a successful Green
Party but the UK has not?
a. There is greater environmental sentiment in Germany.
b. There is greater voter turnout in Germany.
c. Germans are more politically active than British citizens.
d. Germany’s mixed-PR system encourages more narrowly focused parties.
Ans: D
Instructor Resource
Answer Location: Case Study: Germany: Two-and-a-Half Party System and

Neocorporatism under Threat
15. Japan responded to corruption scandals in the 1970s–1990s by

a. banning the LDP, which had been at the heart of most of the scandals
b. reforming its electoral system to reduce the role of money
c. forbidding Japanese politicians’ attendance at weddings and funerals
d. looking to international assistance to sort out its problems
Ans: B
Answer Location: Case Study: Japan: From Dominant-Party to Two-Party System?
16. In India, labor unions

a. were key to the success of the Indian National Congress
b. are important agents of local rule
c. organize a very small percentage of the population
d. are the strongest element of civil society
Ans: C
Answer Location: Case Study: India: From Dominant-Party to Multiparty Democracy
17. Neocorporatism, also known as societal corporatism

a. is created by design and mandated by the state
b. is created by design
c. is mandated by the state
d. evolves historically and voluntarily
Ans: D
Answer Location: Corporatism
18. Social networks and norms of reciprocity that are important for a strong civil
society are known as
a. SMD
b. FPTP
c. bowling alone
Instructor Resource
d. social capital
Ans: D
19. The collective action problem faced by democratic governments is that

a. too much participation will swamp a political system
b. collective decisions may be irrational
c. the average person has more incentive to participate than the elite
d. expending time or money toward any political goal may be irrational
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
20. The sphere of organized citizen activity between the state and the individual
family or firm is called
a. political society
b. the party system
c. civil society
d. patron–client linkages
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
21. In an open-list proportional representation system, voters choose

a. a party
b. an individual candidate
c. the most important issue to them
d. an electoral bloc
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
Instructor Resource
22. Populist rulers in Latin American often relied on ______ to ensure political
support.
a. clientelism
b. ideological appeals
c. significant policy changes
d. strong party organizations
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
23. Cadre parties

a. have a large membership base
b. are only present in authoritarian settings
c. have a small, elite membership
d. have less clear policy positions
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
24. In a neocorporatist system

a. peak associations unite interest groups and represent the main interests in society
b. the government negotiates with a wide range of interest groups
c. individuals and group are required to belong to peak associations
d. legal restrictions forbid the forming of new interest groups
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
25. Interest groups are an example of

a. collective action problems
b. parastatals
c. civil society
d. social movements
Ans: C
Instructor Resource

Difficulty: Easy
26. Which of the following systems of voting wastes the most votes?
a. first-past-the-post (FPTP)
b. open-list proportional representation
c. closed-list proportional representation
d. semiproportional system
Ans: A
Voting
Difficulty: Easy
27. Which of the following political parties will most likely oppose social welfare
spending according to von Beyme?
a. Christian democrats
b. Social democrats
c. Conservatives
d. Green parties
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge/Comprehension
Difficulty: Easy
28. According to Duverger’s Law, which of the following voting systems will
eventually result in a two-party system?
a. first-past-the-post (FPTP)
b. open-list proportional representation
c. closed-list proportional representation
d. mixed representation
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 6-4: How do different electoral and party systems affect political
leaders’ behavior?
Difficulty: Easy
29. A system where many parties have a chance to win a national election is
referred to as
Instructor Resource
a. dominant party system

b. multiparty system
c. two and a half party system
d. two party system
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
30. The unusual electoral system used in Japan until 1993 was called
a. super-majoritarian
b. first-past-the-post
c. single, nontransferable vote
d. instant runoff voting
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
31. The strength of groups promoting ethnic interests in India in the 1960s led to the
a. creation of additional states
b. onset of violent peasant uprisings
c. banning of ethnically based parties
d. declaration of a state emergency that lasted for three years
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
32. What is an example of a party system?

a. authoritarian
b. pseudo-democratic
c. single party
d. uncompetitive
Ans: C
Answer Location: Formal Institutions: Political Parties and Party Systems
Instructor Resource
Difficulty: Easy
33. Japan drew its electoral district lines to over-represent rural voters in order to
a. punish urban voters for their behavior during the war
b. provide strong support for the anticommunist Liberal Democratic Party
c. promote workers’ rights
d. weigh votes according to demographic conditions
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
34. The founding ideology of the BJP in India is

a. secularism
b. multiculturalism
c. Islamism
d. Hindu nationalism
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
35. Attempts to organize associations to promote the rights of lower-caste Indians

have been hindered by a
a. lack of affirmative action programs
b. legal enshrinement of “untouchability”
c. localization of traditional caste identities
d. government opposition to lower-caste rights
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
36. What is a catch-all party?

a. a party that aims to attract support from a broad range of interest groups and
voters
b. a party consisting of large numbers of citizens as members that undertake
massive political mobilization
c. a party that attracts all voters of a specific demographic or background
Instructor Resource
d. a party in which membership and scope were largely restricted to a small number
of political elites
Ans: A
Answer Location: Political parties
Difficulty: Easy
37. Which theorists argue that modern electoral democracies in reality give limited
power to those in more marginalized positions; elites dominate the national
discourse, control major institutions, and influence voters more than voters influence
who is in office?
a. elite theorists
b. democratic theorists
c. classical theorists
d. rational choice theorists
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
38. In what kind of system must the winner gain an absolute majority of the votes
(50% plus one) rather than just a plurality?
a. minority system
b. majoritarian system
c. proportional system
d. single-party system
Ans: B
Voting
Difficulty: Easy
39. Representation in which candidates from parties are elected in other districts and
so their supporters’ views are represented in the legislature, albeit not by their
representative, is referred to as
a. proportional representation
b. list representation
c. indirect representation
d. virtual representation
Instructor Resource
Ans: D
Voting
Difficulty: Easy
40. Which of the follow countries is a key example of a mixed (or semiproportional)
electoral system?
a. Germany
b. Canada
c. Britain
d. India
Ans: A
Answer Location: Mixed, or Semiproportional, Systems
Difficulty: Easy
41. Which region has the highest percentage of seats in the lower house occupied
by women?
a. Americas
b. Europe, OSCE member countries
c. Nordic countries
d. sub-Saharan Africa
Ans: C
Answer Location: Women in Power
Difficulty: Easy
42. In recent years, major parties’ decline in terms of their share of the vote has
been greater in countries with what kind of electoral system?
a. first-past-the-post
b. proportional representation
c. clientelism
d. two-and-a-half party
Ans: B
Instructor Resource
Difficulty: Medium
True/False
1. In majoritarian systems, candidates must win 50 percent plus one of the votes to
be elected.
Ans: T
Voting
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
2. Democratic regimes have no problems with stimulating and channeling

participation.
Ans: F
3. Formal legal mechanisms that translate votes into control over political offices and
shares of votes are called electoral systems.
Ans: T
4. A system in which each geographical district elects a single representative to a

legislature is called proportional representation.
Ans: F
Voting
5. A system in which multiple parties exist but one wins every election and governs
continuously is called a dominant-party system
Ans: T
Instructor Resource
6. Under open-list PR systems, political parties present ranked lists of candidates

Ans: F
7. State corporatism is typical of fascist regimes.

Ans: T
Answer Location: Government-Interest Group Interaction: Two Models
8. Under closed-list PR systems, political parties present ranked lists of candidates

Ans: T
9. A party system in which multiple parties and free and fair elections exist but one
party wins every election and governs continuously is called a multi-party system.
Ans: F
10. Organizations that bring together all interest groups in a particular sector to
influence and negotiate agreements with the state are called peak associations.
Ans: T
Instructor Resource

11. A broad and charismatic appeal to poor people on the part of a leader to solve
their problems directly via governmental largess is an example of liberalism.
Ans: F
Answer Location: Political Parties-Populism
12. Corporatism mandated by the state is known as neo-corporatism.

Ans: F
Short Answer
1. What are some distinctive characteristics of an open-list PR system?

Ans: Answers may vary, but include factors such as: multiple candidates run in each
district; voters vote for individual candidates; the candidate with the most votes in the
party gets the seat.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Difficulty Level: Hard
2. Explain some of the by-products of corporatism.

Ans: Answers may include that the system, under corporatism, has well-defined
hierarchy; the government interacts with groups; and groups are highly
institutionalized.
3. List some of the sociological explanations for the decline in trust in political
institutions seen since the 1970s in North America, Europe, and Japan.
Instructor Resource
Ans: Answers can including a decline in traditional social divisions based on class
and religion or increased access to education.
Answer Location: Political Institutions
4. Name and describe at least two things that are beneficial for the development of
civil society.
Ans: Answers can include capitalism, industrialization, social capital, and
democracy.
5. Explain two aspects of interest-group pluralism.

Ans: Many groups exist to represent interests; the government remains neutral.
Answer Location: Interest-Group Pluralism
6. Name and describe at least two types of electoral systems.

Ans: Answers can include SMD, FPTP, PR, open-list PR, closed-list PR, SNTV, etc.
overall representation of and influence for average citizens? | 6-2: How do
institutions affect the representation of ethnic, gender, religious, and other groups?
7. Describe at least two differences between a proportional representation and a

first-past-the-post voting system.
Ans: Proportional representation elections are often decided on national rather than
local issues; FPTP system creates an under- or overrepresentation of a district;
proportional representation usually includes a minimal electoral threshold
Answer Location: Proportional representation
Instructor Resource
8. List two arguments that critics make against the proportional representation
system?
Ans: Arguments against proportional representation include indirect elections;
creates an opportunity for extremist parties; underrepresents local concerns
9. Provide two characteristics of an interest group?

Ans: Interest groups are visible, have active membership, and have legitimacy in its
area of expertise.
Answer Location: Political Institutions
Essay
1. Explain the role of geographically-based, “regional” political parties vis-à-vis

Duverger’s Law. Please include in your answer a definition of Duverger’s Law and
an explanation of its consequences.
Ans: Students should recognize that Duverger’s Law cannot work in presence of
large enough “third” political parties that are geographically-based, such as regional
parties. Consequently, geographically-based minor parties will survive even under
SMD FPTP electoral systems. The answer should include an explanation of the law
and its consequences to the party system of any state.
Cognitive Domain: Application | Analysis
2. Compare and contrast the main features of FPTP and PR, highlighting some of
the advantages and disadvantages of each system. Is one of them more
“democratic?” Is one of them more likely to produce political stability and easier
policy-making? Illustrate your answer with at least one country/example for each
system.
Ans: The answer should explain that FPTP enhances governability, while PR
enhances representation. It should also show that students can apply some of the
concepts learned on other chapters to answer a complex question containing many
different elements.
Instructor Resource

3. Compare neocorporatist and interest group pluralist systems. What are the
benefits and drawbacks of each?
Ans: Students should discuss the tradeoffs involved in relatively uncontrolled access
to political processes versus more limited and structured access. These include
questions of accountability and representation as well as policymaking efficiency.
4. What is a two-party system? How is it different from a two-and-a-half party system

and a multiparty system?
Ans: The answer should clearly explain that the difference is not the actual number
of parties that exist within a given country, but the ability of parties to actually garner
enough support to win elections and form governments.
and electoral systems develop? | 6-4: How do different electoral and party systems
affect political leaders’ behavior?
5. Why are candidates for office in the United States more independent from political
parties than in Britain?
Ans: In the United States, candidates for office are selected outside of the formal
party structure through primaries of all registered voters in the party, not just dues-
paying members. In Britain, the party structures select the candidates. Parties also
play a larger role in funding their candidates in Britain than in the United States. May
also mention the role of the parliamentary system in Britain vs the presidential
system in the United States.
and electoral systems develop? | 6-4: How do different electoral and party systems
affect political leaders’ behavior?
6. What is the difference between closed-list proportional representation and open-

list proportional representation?
Ans: In closed-list proportional representation the voters choose the party and then
the parties will split the seats according to how many votes each party received.
Each party will appoint its representatives according to the order of a prearranged
Instructor Resource
list of candidates. In open-list proportional representation the voters choose the

individuals of a specific party. In this case, different parties are still awarded the
seats proportional to how many votes they won but the seats will go to the top
individual vote-getters in each party. Closed list tends to produce much stronger
parties.
7. List and compare at least two of von Beyme’s categories of political parties.
Ans: Categories include: Liberals, Socialists/Social Democrats, Communists,
Ecology movement, Christian Democrats, Conservatives, and Right-wing Extremists.
Definitions and examples can be found in Figure 6.5.
8. Identify the characteristic of a populist regime and apply these characteristics to a

real-life example.
Ans: Some characteristics of a populist regime include vague ideologies, support for
the military, promotion of nationalism, and support from urban workers. Students can
discuss the development and success of populist movements in Western Europe
and the United States in the past decade.
9. Illustrate the distinctions between a dominant-party system and a single-party

government. Name and describe an example for each.
Ans: Students should provide clear definitions of a dominant-party system (multiple
parties exist but the same party wins every election and governs continuously) and a
single-party government (one party is in control of government, but power can
alternate between parties from election to election). Dominant-party system would
be Japan; single-party government would be the United States or Britain.
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tics, 396
Sheif, 347
Sheikh, the, 380
Shemar, 283
Shiel, Lady, 154
Shiraz, 218
climate, 224
famine at, 253
game at, 221
gardens of, 223
ladies, 219
lambs, 220
pipe-clay, 334
priest, 140
unhealthiness, 224
water, 241
wine, 229
women, intrigues of the, 276
Shirazi, gaiety of the, 219
Shirts, 317
Shitūr Gūlū, 226
Shoemakers, 190
Shoes, 321
Shooting antelope, 88
from the saddle, 84
Shopkeepers, 189
Shrine at Kūm, 387
of a saint, 362
Shulwar, 321
Shūr ab, 387
Shūrgistan, 261
Shushan, the palace, 109
Sick-leave, 207
Sick-room, a Persian, 244
Signs of wealth of Imād-u-Dowlet, 112
Silence of young married women, strange, 132
Silver doors, 196
Singers, Persian, 114
Sinsin, 386
Sir A. Kemball, 208
H. Rawlinson, 109
F. Goldsmid, 56, 157
Oliver St. John, 350
Sitting, mode of, 318
Skilled house-decorators, 164
Slavery in Persia, 326
Sleepers in mosques, 197
Smoking, 31
Snakes, 307
superstition as to, 306
Snipe, 116
double, 107
Snow-chair, 272
in Turkey, 213
Socks, 321
Soh, 384
Souhāli, 326
Soup Gework, 143
Spears, 179
Spurious cavalry officer, 73
Staff, health of the, 296
Stages, list of, 411
Stanley, the traveller, 224
Steamer, Caspian, 211
Steelyards, 221
Stone doors, 142
mortars, huge, 360
Storing wine, 58
Story, Persian, 285
Story-teller, 44
Straw, cut, its uses, 175
Stripped, I am, 263
Students, cells of, 197
Studs of horses, 89
Substitute for bells, 139
Successful Armenians, 143
Suez, 342
Suffid Rūd, 400
Suicide of a scorpion, 249
Suleiman Mirza, 90
Summer palace, 372
Sunset gun, 284
Sunstroke, dangers of, 375
Supposed lioness, 35
Surmeh, 260
Susmani girls, 114
Susmanis, 108
Swamp, shooting in a, 117
Swollen eyes, 213
Syudabad Pass, 101
Syud at Kasvin, 208
Houssein, 71
Syuds, dress of, 320
Hassan and Houssein, 153
the three, their fate, 156
T⸺, Mr., 27
Tabriz maund, 220
Tager, 188
Takhtrowan, 368
Taking quinine, 398
Talár, 57
Talisman, 290
Talking lark, 94
Tame pigs, 302
Tame gazelle, 167
lion, 306
partridges, 308
Tanks, 198
Tannūr or oven, 335
Tarantass, 12
Tarantulas, 248
Tattooing, 323
Tax-man at Dehbeed, 133
Tax of turkeys, 144
Taylor, Consul, 212
Taziana, the, 380
Tazzia, 279
Tazzias, dervishes at, 281
T-cloths, marks on, 194
Teachers of religion and law, 338
Teetotaler, a, 380
Teheran, 28, 372
races, 214
Teleet, 136
Telega, 11
Telegraph office, 198
flight of Baabi women to, 154
Telegraph poles, wooden, 80
Temple at Kangawar, 107
Tenets of Baabis, 339
Tent for Tazzia, 280
pitching, 399
Tents, 107
“The Sticks,” 377
Thief-catching, 85
Thieves, gang of, 269
Thorns in feet, 267
Tiflis, 14, 17
“Tiger’s boy,” 341
Tiled dome, 196
halls, 197
mosque, 197
Tile inscription, 177
work gates, 372
Titles, 38, 289
Tobeh, 388
Toffee, expensive, 80
Token, custom of the, 250
Tomb of Cyrus, 355
Esther and Mordecai, 75
Hafiz, 279
Saadi, 278
Tombs of the Kings, 119
Tombstone bridges, 163
Toolahs, 306
Trade credits, 188
in Teheran, 373
Traders, economy of, 172
Trades, 197
Traffic in drink in Julfa, 141
Transit of Venus, 331
Trap-horses, 352
Travellers’ law, 132
Travelling in Persia, 413
when ill, 208
Treasure finding, 76
of Darius, 78
trove in Julfa, 361
Trebizonde, 212
to Teheran, 213
Trees, sacred, 364
Tsaritzin, 406
Tumbakū, 30
Tūmbūn, 324
Turkeys, 375
in Julfa, 144
Turkish barber, 6
chibouques, 6
coffee-houses, 6
saddle, 7
use of, 24
Turkomanchai, 27
Turkoman horses, 104
Uncleanliness of Armenians, 316

Ungrateful baker, an, 183
Uniform, I appear in, 48
in Russia, 15
Unleavened bread, 335
Unripe fruit, eating of, 168
Ussher on the Meana bug, 217
tomb of Cyrus, 355
Ussher’s description of Persepolis, 217
Usury, 192
Utū-Kesh, 191, 333
Vaccination, 363
Vails, 68
Valliāt, 366
Valley of Yezdikhast, 261
Value of land, 175
Van cats, 305
Variable climate, 339
Varieties of kabob, 297
Vassilliardes, M., 401
Vegetables, 170, 300
Vegetation near Caspian, 400
Veil, the, 325
Venus, transit of, 331
Vienna, stay in, 4
Virgin, Pass of the, 350
Virtuoso, story of a, 37
Visit to Baabis, 201
Imād-u-Dowlet, 112
Visits, Persian, 28
Viticulture, 310
Volga, the, 405
W⸺, Mr., 133

Wages of servants, 67
Walker’s road, 350
Walling up alive, wholesale, 203
Walton, Mr. H. V., 137, 167
Want of roads, 248
Washerman, the, 333
Watch-dogs, 306
Watch-towers, 177
Water-fowl, 301
Water-melons, 169
Water of Shiraz, 241
Water-pipes, 29
Wedding of Kasim, 282
We find treasure, 80
Weighing, 221
corn, 192
Weights, 220
Well of death, the, 275
Wheat, 174
White eunuch, 39
Wholesale and retail, 188
walling up alive, 203
Wild asparagus, 168
ass, the, 308
ducks, 176
flowers, 173
geese, 116
pig, 177
sow, 178
Wine, Cholar, 229
cost of, 234
jars, 230
Kerman, 235
Kishmish, 159
making, 232
mode of packing, 236
purity of, 235
sellers, Armenian, 142
Shiraz, 229
varieties of, 235
Winter room, my, 206
Wisdom of a judge, 184
Women, bastinadoed, 122
costume of, 323
educated, 339
execution of two, 122
hair of, 323
head-dress of, 131
of Shiraz, intrigues of, 276
out-door dress of, 325
Women, sentimentality of, 339
Woodcut, Persian facsimile, 287
Wrestling, 98
X⸺, Mr., 330
Yabū, 107, 348

Yakhjal, 240
Yapunjah, 319
Yari Khan, 78
Yarns, 329
Yezd, 162
marble, 114, 276
nammads, 152
Yezdikhast, 261, 357
Yezeed, 283
Yezeedis, 126
Young pigs, 178
Zalābi, 284
Zambūreks, 52
Zangi, Spring of, 241
Zenda Rūd, 135, 193
Zerejumah, 317
Zergūn, 260, 354
Zil-es-Sultan, 146, 154, 203, 205, 365
accident to, 255
and his dogs, 366
and the bear, 227
boat of, 248
character of, 366
conversation with, 155
dress of, 257
his kalāat, 258
illnesses of, 149
petition to, 155
politeness of, 366
procession of, 256
prospects of, 199
rudeness of, 367
Zinjan, 154, 272
Zoban-i-Gūngishk, 359
Zoological Gardens, 35
THE END.
WARD, LOCK AND CO., LONDON AND NEW YORK.
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
PERSIA AS IT IS.
Being Sketches of Modern Persian Life and
Character.
“Qualified by residence, knowledge, and popularity, Dr. Wills draws
for us a most interesting picture of the Persians, their outer and inner
life. This book is utterly unaffected and full of keen observation.”—
The Spectator.
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Introducing Comparative Politics

Concepts and Cases in Context 3rd

Chapter 6: Institutions of Participation and Representation

1. The collective action problem originates with

2. An electoral threshold in a proportional representation system refers to the

3. In a closed-list proportional representation system, voters select

4. Electoral systems are

5. Modern interest groups

6. In a system based on interest group pluralism

Answer Location: Single-Member Districts: “First-Past-the-Post” and Majoritarian

8. Which of the following is an SMD system?

13. Which of the following countries has a two-party system?

Answer Location: Case Study: Germany: Two-and-a-Half Party System and

15. Japan responded to corruption scandals in the 1970s–1990s by

16. In India, labor unions

17. Neocorporatism, also known as societal corporatism

19. The collective action problem faced by democratic governments is that

21. In an open-list proportional representation system, voters choose

23. Cadre parties

24. In a neocorporatist system

25. Interest groups are an example of

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension | Knowledge

a. dominant party system

32. What is an example of a party system?

34. The founding ideology of the BJP in India is

35. Attempts to organize associations to promote the rights of lower-caste Indians

36. What is a catch-all party?

2. Democratic regimes have no problems with stimulating and channeling

4. A system in which each geographical district elects a single representative to a

6. Under open-list PR systems, political parties present ranked lists of candidates

7. State corporatism is typical of fascist regimes.

8. Under closed-list PR systems, political parties present ranked lists of candidates

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Corporatism mandated by the state is known as neo-corporatism.

1. What are some distinctive characteristics of an open-list PR system?

2. Explain some of the by-products of corporatism.

5. Explain two aspects of interest-group pluralism.

6. Name and describe at least two types of electoral systems.

7. Describe at least two differences between a proportional representation and a

9. Provide two characteristics of an interest group?

1. Explain the role of geographically-based, “regional” political parties vis-à-vis

Learning Objective: 6-2: How do institutions affect the representation of ethnic,

4. What is a two-party system? How is it different from a two-and-a-half party system

6. What is the difference between closed-list proportional representation and open-

list of candidates. In open-list proportional representation the voters choose the

8. Identify the characteristic of a populist regime and apply these characteristics to a

9. Illustrate the distinctions between a dominant-party system and a single-party

Uncleanliness of Armenians, 316

W⸺, Mr., 133

X⸺, Mr., 330

Yabū, 107, 348

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