Conceptual Integrated Science 2nd

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Conceptual Integrated Science, 2e (Hewitt et al.)
Chapter 7 Electricity and Magnetism

Multiple-Choice Questions

1) Which force binds atoms together to form molecules?

A) gravitational
B) nuclear
C) electrical
D) centripetal
E) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.1

2) The fundamental force underlying all chemical reactions is

A) gravitational.
B) nuclear.
C) centripetal.
D) electrical.
E) none of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.1

3) In an electrically neutral atom the number of protons in the nucleus is equal to the number of
A) electrons that surround the nucleus.
B) neutrons in the nucleus.
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.1

4) A positive ion has more

A) electrons than neutrons.
B) electrons than protons.
C) protons than electrons.
D) protons than neutrons.
E) neutrons than protons.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.1

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5) Strip electrons from an atom and the atom becomes a
A) positive ion.
B) negative ion.
C) different element.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.1

6) To say that electric charge is conserved is to say that electric charge

A) may occur in an infinite variety of quantities.
B) is a whole-number multiple of the charge of one electron.
C) will interact with neighboring electric charges.
D) can neither be created nor destroyed.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.1

7) The unit of electric charge, the coulomb, is the charge on

A) one electron.
B) a specific large number of electrons.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.2

8) A main difference between gravitational and electric forces is that electrical forces
A) attract.
B) repel or attract.
C) obey the inverse-square law.
D) act over shorter distances.
E) are weaker.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.2

9) The electrical force between charges is strongest when the

A) charges are close together.
B) charges are far apart.
C) electric force is constant everywhere.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.2

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10) The electrical forces between charges depends on the
A) magnitude of electric charges.
B) separation distance between electric charges.
C) both A and B
D) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.2

11) Rub electrons from your hair with a comb and the comb becomes
A) negatively charged.
B) positively charged.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.1

12) An electron and a proton

A) attract each other.
B) repel each other.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.1

13) To say that an object is electrically polarized is to say

A) it is electrically charged.
B) its charges have been rearranged.
C) its internal electric field is zero.
D) it is only partially conducting.
E) it is to some degree magnetic.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.2

14) A balloon will stick to a wooden wall if the balloon is charged

A) negatively.
B) positively.
C) either negatively or positively.
D) neither negatively nor positively.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.2

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15) When the distance between two charges is halved, the electrical force between the charges
A) quadruples.
B) doubles.
C) halves.
D) is reduced by one-quarter.
E) none of the above
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.2

16) To say that electric charge is conserved means that no case has ever been found where
A) the total charge on an object has changed.
B) the net amount of negative charge on an object is unbalanced by a positive charge on another
object.
C) the total amount of charge on an object has increased.
D) net charge has been created or destroyed.
E) none of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.2

17) A difference between electric forces and gravitational forces is that electrical forces include
A) separation distance.
B) repulsive interactions.
C) the inverse-square law.
D) infinite range.
E) none of the above
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.2

18) A conductor differs from an insulator in that a conductor has

A) more electrons than protons.
B) more protons than electrons.
C) more energy than an insulator.
D) faster moving molecules.
E) none of the above
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.5

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19) A negatively charged rod is brought near a metal can that rests on a wood table. You touch
the opposite side of the can momentarily with your finger. The can is then
A) positively charged.
B) negatively charged.
C) uncharged.
D) charged the same as it was.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.2

20) Every proton in the universe is surrounded by its own

A) electric field.
B) gravitational field.
C) both A and B
D) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.2

21) The electric field around an isolated electron has a certain strength 1 cm from the electron.
The electric field strength 2 cm from the electron is
A) half as much.
B) the same.
C) twice as much.
D) four times as much.
E) none of the above
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.2

22) If you use 10 J of work to push a coulomb of charge into an electric field, its voltage with
respect to its starting position is
A) less than 10 V.
B) 10 V.
C) more than 10 V.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.4

23) If you use 10 J of work to push a charge into an electric field and then release the charge, as
it flies past its starting position, its kinetic energy is
A) less than 10 J.
B) 10 J.
C) more than 10 J.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.4

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24) An electroscope is charged positively as shown by foil leaves that stand apart. As a negative
charge is brought close to the electroscope, the leaves
A) fall closer together.
B) spread farther apart.
C) do not move.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.3

25) Charge carriers in a metal are electrons rather than protons because electrons are
A) negative.
B) smaller.
C) loosely bound.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.5

26) To be safe in the unlikely case of a lightning strike, it is best to be inside a building framed
with
A) steel.
B) wood.
C) both the same
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.3

27) A charged balloon neatly illustrates that something can have a great amount of
A) potential energy and a low voltage.
B) voltage and a small potential energy.
C) both voltage and potential energy.
D) none of the above
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.4

28) Normally a balloon charged to several thousand volts has a relatively small amount of
A) charge.
B) energy.
C) both
D) neither
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.4

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29) Two charges separated by one meter exert a 1-N force on each other. If the charges are
pushed to 0.25-m separation, the force on each charge will be
A) 1 N.
B) 2 N.
C) 4 N.
D) 8 N.
E) 16 N.
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.2

30) Two charges separated by 1 m exert a 1-N force on each other. If the charges are pulled to a
3-m separation distance, the force on each charge will be
A) 0.33 N.
B) 0.11 N.
C) 0 N.
D) 3 N.
E) 9 N.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.2

31) Two charges separated by 1 m exert a 1-N force on each other. If the magnitude of each
charge is doubled, the force on each charge is
A) 1 N.
B) 2 N.
C) 4 N.
D) 8 N.
E) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.2

32) The electrical force on a 2-C charge is 60 N. What is the value of the electric field at the
place where the charge is located?
A) 20 N/C
B) 30 N/C
C) 60 N/C
D) 120 N/C
E) 240 N/C
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.2

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33) An electron is pushed into an electric field where it acquires a 1-V electrical potential. If two
electrons are pushed the same distance into the same electric field, the electrical potential of the
two electrons is
A) 0.25 V.
B) 0.5 V.
C) 1 V.
D) 2 V.
E) 4 V.
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Objective: 7.4

34) A proton and an electron are placed in an electric field. Which undergoes the greater
acceleration?
A) the electron
B) the proton
C) Both accelerate equally.
D) Neither accelerates.
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Objective: 7.3

35) Electrons are made to flow in a wire when there is

A) an imbalance of charges in the wire.
B) more potential energy at one end of the wire than the other.
C) a potential difference across its ends.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.5

36) An ampere is a unit of electrical

A) pressure.
B) current.
C) resistance.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.7

37) A wire that carries an electric current

A) is electrically charged.
B) may be electrically charged.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.5

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38) The units used to measure electrical resistance are called
A) volts.
B) AC.
C) ohms.
D) watts.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.8

39) About how much electrical resistance does the human body have?
A) 200,000 ohms
B) 300,000 ohms
C) 400,000 ohms
D) 500,000 ohms
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.8

40) A coulomb of charge that passes through a 6-V battery is given

A) 6 joules.
B) 6 amperes.
C) 6 ohms.
D) 6 watts.
E) 6 newtons.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.9

41) Which statement is correct?

A) Current flows through a circuit.
B) Voltage flows through a circuit.
C) Resistance is established across a circuit.
D) Current causes voltage.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.7

42) Electrons move in an electrical circuit

A) by being bumped by other electrons.
B) by colliding with molecules.
C) by interacting with an established electric field.
D) because the wires are so thin.
E) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.7

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43) A wire carrying a current is normally charged
A) negatively.
B) positively.
C) not at all.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.7

44) The current in a 100-W bulb connected to a 120-V source is

A) 0.5 A.
B) 1.2 A.
C) 12,000 A.
D) none of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.9

45) When a battery does 24 J of work on 10 C of charge, the voltage it supplies is

A) 2.4 V.
B) 4.2 V.
C) 24 V.
D) 240 V.
E) none of the above
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.9

46) The current through a 10 ohm resistor connected to a 120-V power supply is
A) 1 A.
B) 10 A.
C) 12 A.
D) 120 A.
E) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.9

47) A 10 ohm resistor has 5 A current in it. What is the voltage across the resistor?
A) 5 V
B) 10 V
C) 15 V
D) 20 V
E) more than 20 V
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.9

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48) When a 10-V battery is connected to a resistor, 2 A of current flow in the resistor. What is
the resistor's value?
A) 2 ohms
B) 5 ohms
C) 10 ohms
D) 20 ohms
E) more than 20 ohms
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.9

49) The source of electrons in an ordinary electrical circuit is

A) a dry cell, wet cell, or battery.
B) the back emf of motors.
C) the power station generator.
D) the electrical conductor itself.
E) none of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.10

50) The source of electrons lighting an incandescent AC light bulb is

A) the power company.
B) electrical outlet.
C) atoms in the light bulb filament.
D) the wire leading to the lamp.
E) the source voltage.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.10

51) A woman experiences an electrical shock. The electrons making the shock come from the
A) woman's body.
B) ground.
C) power plant.
D) hair dryer.
E) electric field in the air.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.10

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52) In a common DC circuit, electrons move at the speed of
A) a fraction of a centimeter per second.
B) many centimeters per second.
C) a sound wave.
D) light.
E) none of the above
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.10

53) When a light switch is turned on in a DC circuit, the average speed of electrons in the lamp is
A) the speed of sound waves in metal.
B) the speed of light.
C) 1000 cm/s.
D) less than 1 cm/s.
E) dependent on how quickly each electron bumps into the next electron.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.10

54) Alternating current is normally produced by a

A) battery.
B) generator.
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.14

55) The electric power of a lamp that carries 2 A at 120 V is

A) 1/6 W.
B) 2 W.
C) 60 W.
D) 20 W.
E) 240 W.
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.11

56) When two lamps are connected in parallel to a battery, the electrical resistance that the
battery senses is
A) more than the resistance of either lamp.
B) less than the resistance of either lamp.
C) neither A nor B
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.10
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57) When two lamps are connected in series to a battery, the electrical resistance that the battery
senses is
A) more than the resistance of either lamp.
B) less than the resistance of either lamp.
C) neither A nor B
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.10

58) There are electrons in the filament of the AC lamp in your bedroom. When you turn on the
lamp and it glows, the glowing comes from
A) different electrons; the ones that flow in the circuit to your lamp.
B) the same electrons.
C) the positive charges that flow in the filament.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.10

59) In an electric circuit, the safety fuse is connected to the circuit in

A) series.
B) parallel.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.10

60) When a pair of 1 ohm resistors are connected in series, their combined resistance is
A) 1 ohm, and when connected in parallel, 2 ohms.
B) 2 ohms, and when in parallel, 1 ohm.
C) 1/2 ohm, and when in parallel, 2 ohms.
D) 2 ohms, and when in parallel, 1/2 ohm.
E) none of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.10

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61)

In the 110-V circuit shown,

A) 110 C of charge flow through the lamp every second.
B) 110 J of energy are converted to heat and light in the circuit every second.
C) 110 J of energy are given to each coulomb of charge making up the current in the circuit.
D) 110 J of energy are shared among all the coulombs in the circuit at any instant.
E) none of the above.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.10

62) The number of electrons delivered daily to an average American home by an average power
utility in the mid-1980s was
A) zero.
B) 110.
C) 220.
D) billions of billions.
E) none of the above
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.10

63) As more lamps are put into a series circuit, the overall current in the power source
A) increases.
B) decreases.
C) stays the same.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.10

64) As more lamps are put into a parallel circuit, the overall current in the power source
A) increases.
B) decreases.
C) stays the same.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.10

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65) When we say an appliance "uses up" electricity, we really are saying that
A) current disappears.
B) electric charges are dissipated.
C) the main power supply voltage is lowered.
D) electrons are taken out of the circuit and put somewhere else.
E) electron kinetic energy is changed into heat.
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.10

66) Compared to the resistance of two resistors connected in series, the same two resistors
connected in parallel have
A) more resistance.
B) less resistance.
C) the same resistance.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.10

67) If you plug an electric toaster rated at 110-V into a 220-V outlet, current in the toaster will be
about
A) half what is should be.
B) the same as if it were plugged into 110-V.
C) more than twice what it should be.
D) twice what it should be.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.10

68) What is the power rating of a light bulb when 0.8 A flow through it when connected to a
120-V outlet?
A) 12 W
B) 15 W
C) 60 W
D) 96 W
E) 120 W
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.11

69) The headlights, radio, and defroster fan in an automobile are connected in
A) series.
B) parallel.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.10

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70) The power dissipated in a 4 ohm resistor carrying 3 A is
A) 7 W.
B) 18 W.
C) 36 W.
D) 48 W.
E) not enough information given
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.11

71) The source of all magnetism is

A) tiny pieces of iron.
B) tiny domains of aligned atoms.
C) ferromagnetic materials.
D) moving electric charge.
E) none of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.12

72) Moving electric charges will interact with

A) an electric field.
B) a magnetic field.
C) both A and B
D) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.13

73) An iron rod becomes magnetic when

A) positive ions accumulate at one end and negative ions at the other end.
B) its atoms are aligned having plus charges on one side and negative charges on the other.
C) the net spins of its electrons are in the same direction.
D) its electrons stop moving and point in the same direction.
E) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.12

74) Like kinds of magnetic poles repel while unlike kinds of magnetic poles
A) attract.
B) repel also.
C) may attract or repel.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.13

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75) Several paper clips dangle from the north pole of a magnet. The induced pole in the bottom
of the lowermost paper clip is a
A) north pole.
B) south pole.
C) north or south pole—no difference really.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.3

76) An iron nail is more strongly attracted to the

A) north pole of a magnet.
B) south pole of a magnet.
C) north or south pole—no difference really.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.13

77) Surrounding every moving electron is

A) a magnetic field.
B) an electric field.
C) both A and B
D) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.14

78) Magnetism is due to the motion of electrons as they

A) move around the nucleus.
B) spin on their axes.
C) both A and B
D) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.14

79) Magnetic domains normally occur in

A) iron.
B) copper.
C) silver.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.13

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80) Magnetic field lines about a current-carrying wire
A) extend radially from the wire.
B) circle the wire in closed loops.
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.13

81) The force on an electron moving in a magnetic field will be the largest when its direction is
A) the same as the magnetic field direction.
B) exactly opposite to the magnetic field direction.
C) perpendicular to the magnetic field direction.
D) at an angle other than 90° to the magnetic field direction.
E) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.14

82) The intensity of cosmic rays bombarding Earth's surface is largest at the
A) poles.
B) midlatitudes.
C) equator.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.14

83) Which pole of a compass needle points to a south pole of magnet?

A) north pole
B) south pole
C) both A and B
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.14

84) An electric motor and electric generator are

A) very similar devices.
B) entirely different devices.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.14

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85) Magnet A has twice the magnetic field strength of magnet B, and at a certain distance pulls
on magnet B with a force of 100 N. The amount of force that magnet A exerts on magnet B is
A) at or about 50 N.
B) exactly 100 N.
C) not enough information given
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.12

86) Compared to the huge force that attracts an iron tack to a strong magnet, the force that the
tack exerts on the magnet is
A) relatively small.
B) equally huge.
C) not enough information given
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.12

87) If a compass is moved from the northern hemisphere to the southern hemisphere, its
magnetic needle will change direction
A) by 180°.
B) depending on where the measurement is taken.
C) by 90°.
D) hardly at all.
E) none of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.13

88) A likely cause for the existence of Earth's magnetic field is

A) moving charges in the liquid part of Earth's core.
B) great numbers of very slow moving charges in the Earth.
C) convection currents in the liquid part of Earth's core.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Objective: IS 7B

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89) When there is a change in the magnetic field in a closed loop of wire,
A) a voltage is induced in the wire.
B) current is made to flow in the loop of wire.
C) electromagnetic induction occurs.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.13

90) Thrust a magnet into a coil of wire and the coil

A) becomes an electromagnet.
B) has a current in it.
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.15

91) When a magnet is thrust into a coil of wire, the coil tends to
A) attract the magnet as it enters.
B) repel the magnet as it enters.
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.15

92) Electromagnetic induction occurs in a coil when there is a change in

A) electric field intensity in the coil.
B) magnetic field intensity in the coil.
C) voltage in the coil.
D) the coil's polarity.
E) electromagnetic polarity.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.15

93) Voltage can be induced in a wire by

A) moving the wire near a magnet.
B) moving a magnet near the wire.
C) changing the current in a nearby wire.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.15

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94) A device that transforms electrical energy to mechanical energy is a
A) generator.
B) motor.
C) transformer.
D) magnet.
E) none of the above
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.15

95) Rapid changes of a magnetic field induces

A) a magnetic field of greater magnitude.
B) a magnetic field of the same magnitude.
C) an electric field.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.15

96) The metal detectors that people walk through at airports operate via
A) Ohm's Law.
B) Faraday's Law.
C) Coulomb's Law.
D) Newton's laws.
E) civil laws.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.15

Essay Questions

1) What are the similarities and differences between Coulomb's Law and Newton's Law of
gravitation?
Answer: Both laws are inverse-square laws and both are directly dependent on the quantities
involved: electric charge for electrical force, and mass for gravitational force. The coulomb force
between a pair of electrons is many billions of times greater than the gravitational force between
them. Whereas the gravitational force is only attractive, the coulomb force can be attractive or
repulsive, depending on whether like or unlike charges are involved.
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.2

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2) What is the difference between an insulator and a conductor of electricity? Give examples of
each.
Answer: A good electrical conductor is any material composed of atoms with "loose" outer
electrons that are free to move about in the material. Any metal is an example, most notably
silver and copper. An insulator is any material composed of atoms with tightly bound outer
electrons, such as wood, rubber, glass, and distilled water.
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.5

3) What is an electric current, how does it flow in a wire, and about how fast do the electrons
move?
Answer: Electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge in a circuit. In a wire, current is the
flow of electrons through the wire. They move at extremely high speeds about the atomic
nucleus and through empty space, but in a wire or other conductor they have so many collisions
each second that their overall headway is only a small fraction of a centimeter per second. If the
current is AC, then electrons don't have any net flow—they vibrate to and fro about relatively
fixed positions.
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.7

4) Distinguish between AC and DC. When you plug a light bulb into a wall socket, where do the
electrons come from?
Answer: AC is alternating current, where electrons do not migrate but simply alternate about
relatively fixed positions. In DC, the flow of electrons is in one direction only. Migration does
occur, but the source of electrons, whether in a DC or AC circuit, is the electrical conductor
itself. You can buy a water pipe in a hardware store with no water inside, but you can't buy an
electron pipe without its store of electrons. Wires and all materials come with electrons in them.
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.7

5) What is the cause of a magnetic field about a permanent magnet, and about a current-carrying
wire?
Answer: All magnetic fields have their origin in moving electric charges. About a permanent
magnet the moving charges are the electrons in the atoms making up the magnet—most
commonly iron atoms. About a current-carrying wire, the moving electrons produce the magnetic
field.
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.13

22
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
6) What happens to a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field? How does orientation of the wire
make a difference?
Answer: Properly oriented, a current-carrying wire experiences a force when it is in a magnetic
field. The force is proportional to the magnetic field strength, the current in the wire, and the
orientation of the wire. When the wire is perpendicular to the magnetic field, force is maximum.
When the wire is parallel to the magnetic field, force is minimum—that is, zero. In between
parallel and perpendicular, the field varies between minimum and maximum.
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.14

7) Can an electron be set into motion and speeded up by a magnetic field? By an electric field?
Answer: An electron or any charged particle can be set into motion by an electric field. In fact,
the presence of an electric field is responsible for electric currents in general. But a magnetic
field exerts no force on a stationary electron, and even on a moving electron the force is always
perpendicular to the motion of the electron, so no work is done. A magnetic field can deflect a
moving electron, but it cannot change its speed.
Diff: 3
Objective: 7.14

8) Distinguish between a common bar magnet and an electromagnet.

Answer: A common bar magnet is composed of iron atoms, which produce the magnetic field
via the motion of their electrons. An electromagnet is a coil of wire, usually wrapped around a
piece of iron, that gets its magnetism from the electric current in the coil.
Diff: 1
Objective: 7.13

9) State Faraday's Law of Induction and explain what it means.

Answer: Faraday's Law states that voltage induced across a coil is proportional to the rate at
which the magnetic field strength through the coil changes. It is also proportional to the number
of turns on the coil. This change can be brought about by rotating the coil, changing its shape, or
changing the magnetic field strength. Because of Faraday's Law, current need not be restricted to
batteries, but can be induced in a wire by any of the changes stated. Faraday's Law underlies
generators.
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.15

10) What correction do you make to a friend who states that a step-up transformer boosts energy,
while a step-down transformer reduces energy in a circuit.
Answer: You remind your friend of the conservation of energy. Although a transformer can step
up or step down voltages and currents, no way can it do the same with energy. Energy can
neither be created nor destroyed.
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.15

23
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
11) What is the connection, if any, between electromagnetic induction and sunshine?
Answer: Sunshine is light, which is part of the electromagnetic spectrum, all of which is
produced by accelerating electric charges. Vibrating charges in the Sun or any body constitute
vibrating electric currents, which induce vibrating magnetic fields, which induce . . . and so on.
All light is electromagnetic waves, the result of electromagnetic induction.
Diff: 2
Objective: 7.15

24
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
CHAPTER VI.
SECOND CONTACT OF AFRICANDER AND BRITON—NORTH
OF THE ORANGE RIVER.

The Africanders who had trekked into the spreading uplands lying between the
Orange River and the Limpopo, west of Natal, were not exempt from the tribulations
experienced by their brethren who had turned eastward to the coast. Like them they
were forced to wage incessant war with the natives; but the enemies they had to
encounter were less formidable than the Zulus. One tribe, however, and their
historic chief, Moshesh, were foemen worthy of their steel. In the nineteenth century
there were three men of the Kaffir race who were vastly superior to any of their own
people, and measured up evenly with the ablest white opponents they met in
diplomacy and war. These men were Tshaka the Zulu, Khama of the Bechuanos,
and Moshesh the Basuto. It was the fortune of the Orange River emigrants to meet
this Moshesh and the Basutos in many a hard-fought battle for the possession of
the country. [99]Moshesh differed from other Kaffir leaders in that he was merciful to
his wounded and captive enemies and ruled his own people with mildness and
equity. As early as 1832 he opened the way for, and even invited, missionaries to
teach the Basutos a better way of life, and they exerted a powerful formative
influence on the Basuto nation. The missionaries were all European—some of them
were British—which latter fact was made apparent in the result of their work. When
the unavoidable conflict between the Basutos and the whites came, the Basutos,
guided by their missionaries, were careful to avoid any fatal breach with the British
government. Several times Moshesh engaged in war with the Orange River
emigrants, but only once with the English.

In 1843 the Africanders of this region were widely scattered over a vast spread of
country measuring seven hundred miles in length and three hundred in width. To
the southeast it was bounded by the Quathlamba mountains, but on the north and
west there were no natural features to delimitate it from the plain which extends to
the Zambesi on the north and to the Atlantic Ocean on the west. Within this territory
the Africander population, in 1843, was not much more than 15,000. This seems a
small [100]number in view of the fact that the pioneer emigrants of 1836 to 1838 had
been largely re-enforced from the Cape colony. But it must be remembered their life
was precarious in the extreme; many had died—some from disease, some in
conflict with wild beasts, and a still greater number in their frequent wars with the
natives. The white population was further recruited between 1843 and 1847 by a
second Africander trek from Natal—which will be described in another chapter.
So small a body of people, of whom not more than 4,000 were adult males,
occupying so vast a territory, experienced serious difficulties in establishing an
efficient government. The difficulties growing out of that cause were enhanced by
the very qualities in the Africanders which had led to their emigration from the old
colony, and which had made them successful in their wars of conquest in the
interior. To an excessive degree they were possessed by a spirit of individual poise
and independence. They desired isolation—even from one another. They chafed
and grew restive under control of any kind, so much so that they were indisposed to
obey even the authorities created by themselves. For warlike expeditions, which
yielded them a pleasant excitement, enlarged their territory by [101]conquest, and
enriched them with captured cattle and other spoil, they readily united under their
military leaders and rendered them obedience, but any other form of control they
found irksome. This predilection towards solitary independence was constantly
strengthened by the circumstances in which they lived. The soil, being dry and
parched in most places, did not invite agriculture to any considerable extent. Most
of the people turned to stock-farming, and the nomadic life it necessitated in
seeking change of pasture for the flocks and herds confirmed the disposition to live
separate from other people.

Out of these causes grew the determination to make their civil government
absolutely popular, and conditioned, entirely, on the will of the governed. But unity
of some kind must be had, for their very existence depended on acting together
against the natives, and against the repeated claims of the British government to
exercise sovereignty over the region they occupied. The first steps towards
instituting civil government were taken in the organizing of several small republican
communities, the design being that each should manage its own affairs by a
general meeting of all the citizens. It was found, however, as the population spread
over the country, that such independent neighborhood governments [102]failed to
secure the necessary unity of the whole people in any matter requiring the
aggregate strength of the whole people. To remedy this element of weakness and
danger, the Africanders instituted a kind of federal bond between the little
republican communities, in an elective assembly called the Volksraad—a Council of
the People composed of delegates from all the sectional governments. This
federative tie was of the weakest—its authority resting upon an unwritten
understanding and common consent rather than upon formal articles of
confederation, and its meaning being always subject to such interpretation as might
be suggested by the error or the passion of the passing moment.

The territory beyond the Vaal River, to the far northeast from Cape Colony, was left
undisturbed by the British government. The Africanders living there were hundreds
of miles from the nearest British outpost. Their wars with the natives projected no
disturbing influence upon the tribes with whom the colonial government was in
touch and for whose peace and prosperity it felt responsible. Moreover, the British
authorities at the Cape were under instructions from the Colonial Office of the home
government to rather contract than expand the scope of British influence in South
Africa. For these [103]reasons the Cape government cared nothing for what took
place in the outlying regions beyond the Vaal, unless, indeed, it was some event
calculated to disturb the natives dwelling next the colonial borders.

Altogether different, in the esteem of the Cape authorities and of the Colonial office,
were the affairs of the region extending southwestward from the Vaal River to the
borders of Cape Colony. Within that territory there had been frequent dissensions
between Africander communities. And there had been a rapid increase of
dangerous elements in the native population. The Basutos had grown powerful.
Intermixed with the whites were the Griquas, a half-breed hunting people, sprung
from Africander fathers and Hottentot mothers, and partially civilized. The possibility
of serious native wars growing out of quarrels between the white emigrants
themselves and between them and the mixed colored population was a constant
distress to both colonial governors and the home authorities.

At this time the Cape was regarded the least prosperous of all the British colonies,
and there was a growing indisposition to annex any more territory in South Africa.
The soil was mostly arid. The Africander population was alien. The [104]Kaffir wars
threatened to be endless and very costly in men and in money. This reluctance to
enlarge had been overcome in the case of Natal; but Natal was the garden of South
Africa and the possession of it gave the British command of the east coast almost to
Delagoa Bay. But to the north there seemed to be nothing sufficiently inviting to
justify the taking up of new responsibility and expense.

The problem of how to safeguard the peace of the old Cape Colony without
undertaking the burdens involved in governing and holding the whole Africander
territory to the northeast, including the region beyond the Vaal River, was thought to
have been solved by Doctor Philip, an English missionary, who had some influence
with the government. The scheme recommended by Doctor Philip was that the
government should create a line of native states under British control along the
northeast border of Cape Colony. These would act, he claimed, as a barrier to
break the influence of the more turbulent Africanders in the regions north of that line
on those of their blood who were yet citizens of the old colony, and they would, in
like manner, separate between the native tribes in the colony and those in the
interior.
Doctor Philip’s plan was adopted with much [105]enthusiasm. A treaty suitable to the
purpose contemplated had already been made with a northern Griqua leader
named Waterboer. In 1843 two other treaties were made, one with Moshesh of the
Basutos and the other with Adam Kok, a leader of the Orange River Griquas. It was
fondly believed that these three states, recognized by and in treaty with Great
Britain, would isolate the colony from the disturbing and dangerous people to the
north of them.

Doctor Philip’s promising arrangement disappointed every one. The Africanders

living in the territory of the Griquas refused to be bound in any sense by a treaty
made by the despised half-breeds, and the former troubles continued. A further
effort was made to give effect to the doctor’s statesmanship by establishing a
military post at Bloemfontein, about half way between the Orange River and the
Vaal, for the purpose of enforcing order and of carrying out the provisions of the
treaty. This step was followed up in 1848 by the formal annexation to the British
dominions in South Africa of the entire country lying between the Orange and the
Vaal, under the name of the Orange River Sovereignty. The second contact of Boer
and Briton, begun in [106]Natal in 1842, was thus extended into the Orange River
territory.

The Africanders rose up to assert their independence, encouraged and re-enforced

by their brethren from beyond the Vaal. Under the able and energetic leadership of
Mr. Pretorius, who had opposed the British in Natal, they attacked Bloemfontein,
captured the garrison posted there and advanced to the south as far as Orange
River.

The governor of Cape Colony, Sir Harry Smith, hastily dispatched a sufficient force,
which met and defeated the Africanders at Bloomplats, about seventy-five miles
north of the Orange River, on the 29th of August, 1848. The sole result of this battle
was the restoration of British authority over the Orange River Sovereignty. The
territory was not incorporated with that of Cape Colony, neither were the Africanders
dwelling north of the Vaal River further interfered with.

The old conditions of unrest continued. Fresh quarrels among the native tribes
seemed to call for British interference, and led them into war with the Basutos under
Moshesh. Out of this conflict and its threatened complications grew a deliberate
change of imperial policy in [107]South Africa, which the English have never ceased
to regret.

The situation, so pregnant with far-reaching results, may be stated thus, in brief:
The British resident at Bloemfontein had no force at his command that could cope
with the Basutos under the masterly leadership of Moshesh. The Africanders living
in the district were disaffected—even hostile—to the British government. They
therefore refused to support the resident, preferring to fight only their own battles
and to make their own terms with the Basutos. The situation of the British grew still
more critical when Mr. Pretorius—yet a leading spirit among the Africanders north of
the Vaal—threatened to make common cause with the Basutos. As for the old
colony at the Cape, it was already involved in a fierce conflict with the south coast
Kaffirs, and could not spare a man to aid in quieting the northern disturbances.

At this juncture of circumstances Mr. Pretorius made overtures to the colonial

authorities, intimating that he and the northern Africanders desired to make some
permanent pacific arrangement with Great Britain. The British authorities,
disavowing all right to control the territory north of the Vaal, but still claiming the
allegiance [108]of the Africanders resident therein, appointed commissioners to
negotiate with Mr. Pretorius and other representatives of the Transvaal group of
emigrants. Subsequently the home authorities of the British government appointed
and sent out Sir George R. Clark, K. C. B., as “Her Majesty’s Special Commissioner
for settling the affairs of the Orange River Sovereignty.” Having conferred with all
who were concerned personally in the affairs of the Sovereignty, Sir George, in a
meeting held at Sand River in 1852, concluded a convention with the commandant
and delegates of the Africanders living north of the Vaal.

In the provisions of this convention the British government expressly “guaranteed to

the emigrant-farmers beyond the Vaal River the right to manage their own affairs
and to govern themselves according to their own laws, without any interference on
the part of the British government,” and it permitted the emigrants to purchase
ammunition in the British colonies in South Africa. It also disclaimed “all alliances
with any of the colored nations north of the Vaal River,” and stipulated that “no
slavery is or shall be permitted or practiced by the farmers north of the Vaal River.”
[109]

The Transvaal Republic, called, later, the South African Republic, dates its
independence from this convention, concluded at Sand River in 1852. It also, by the
same instrument, severed itself and its interests from the Africander emigrants living
in the Sovereignty south of the Vaal—an act which their southern brethren deemed
little short of a betrayal.

For a few months after the convention of 1852 the Sovereignty continued British,
and might have done so for many years but for a serious defeat of the British arms
in that territory by the Basutos. General Cathcart, who had just been installed as
governor of the Cape, rashly attacked the Basutos with a strong force of regulars,
was led into an ambush and suffered so great a disaster that further hostile
operations were impossible without a new and larger army. The politic Moshesh
saw in the situation an opportunity to make peace with the English on favorable
terms, which he at once proceeded to do.

This crushing reverse called out a report to the British ministers relative to the
condition of affairs in the Sovereignty, and a statement of the policy he favored in
reference to that part of her majesty’s dominions, from Sir George Clark, the
[110]special commissioner appointed to settle the affairs thereof. The closing
paragraphs of that report read as follows:

“The more I consider the position, relative both to the Cape colony and its (the
Sovereignty’s) own internal circumstances, the more I feel assured of its inutility as
an acquisition, and am impressed with a sense of the vain conceit of continuing to
supply it with civil and military establishments in a manner becoming the character
of the British Government, and advantageous to our resources.

“It is a vast territory, possessing nothing that can sanction its being permanently
added to a frontier already inconveniently extended. It secures no genuine interests;
it is recommended by no prudent or justifiable motive; it answers no really beneficial
purpose; it imparts no strength to the British Government, no credit to its character,
no lustre to the crown. To remain here, therefore, to superintend or to countenance
this extension of British dominion, or to take part in any administrative measure for
the furtherance of so unessential an object, would, I conceive, be tantamount to my
encouraging a serious evil, and participating in one of the most signal fallacies
which has ever come under my notice in the [111]course of nearly thirty years
devoted to the public service.”

The British Government, weary of the perpetual native wars, disgusted at the late
defeat of the British regulars by Moshesh and his Basutos, and influenced by the
emphatic and very significant report of their special commissioner, which report was
heartily indorsed by Governor Cathcart, decided to abandon the Orange River
Sovereignty altogether. An act of parliament in accordance with that decision was
passed. Later, when there were vehement protests against the abandonment—
protests from the missionaries who feared for the welfare of the natives, and from
English settlers in the Sovereignty who desired to remain subject to the British
crown—a motion was made in the House of Commons begging the Queen to
reconsider the renunciation of her sovereignty over the Orange River territory, but
the motion found no support at all, and had to be withdrawn. Instead, parliament
voted £48,000 to compensate any who might suffer loss in the coming change, so
eager were the authorities to be rid of this large territory with its constant vexations
and its costliness. And thus it was that independence was literally forced upon the
Orange River country. [112]

By the convention of the 23d of February, 1854, signed at Bloemfontein, the British
government “guaranteed the future independence of the country and its
government,” and covenanted that they should be, “to all intents and purposes, a
free and independent people.” It further provided that the Orange River government
was to be free to purchase ammunition in the British South African colonies, and
that liberal privileges were to be granted it in connection with import duties. As in
the case of the Transvaal, so in this convention it was stipulated, that no slavery or
trade in slaves was to be permitted north of the Orange River. The name given to
the new nation was “The Orange River Free State.”

It cannot be denied that these conventions of 1852 and 1854 created two new and
independent states. Nor can it be denied that in consenting to their creation the
action of the British government was taken under no pressure of war, under no
powerful foreign interference, but altogether of its own free will, and with the
conviction that in cutting loose from undesirable and disputed territory it was acting
for the good of the empire.
 DOCTOR JAMESON.

Canon Knox Little, in his “South Africa,” calls this action of the British government “a
serious blunder.” Be that as it may, the Africanders [113]acted in perfect consistency
with all their former aspirations and claims, and they made no blunders in the
negotiations that secured to them independent national existence. The British
“blunder”—if blunder it was—was written in a formal official document, and
subscribed by the authorised representatives of the government, appointed
expressly to give effect to imperial legislation, and can no more be repudiated
righteously than can a written contract between private individuals. [114]
[Contents]
CHAPTER VII.
 THE AFRICANDERS’ SECOND TREK TO THE NORTH.

The purview intended to be given in these pages requires that we now look back
to Natal, and to the condition and movements of the Africanders living in that
region after it became British territory. As has been stated in chapter V., the
English took forcible possession of Natal in 1843. Two years later it was made a
dependency of the older colony at the Cape; in 1856 it was constituted a
separate colony, and so remains to this day.

A small minority of the Africanders—about five hundred families—being greatly

attached to the homes they had founded in that most attractive part of South
Africa, reconciled themselves to the British administration and remained. But the
majority, including all the fiercer and more restless spirits, took their families and
goods, their flocks and herds, and once more trekked in [115]search of
independence. Their course lay northwestward across the mountains to the
elevated plateaus of the Orange River district and the Transvaal.

Very reluctantly the Africanders abandoned sunny and fruitful Natal, and the one
hold they had ever gained of a part of the coast. But a goodly land and access to
the sea, to be of great value in their esteem, must be associated with freedom to
govern themselves and to deal with the native population as an inferior and
servile race not entitled to civil equality with the whites.

The Africander love of independence, and their reasonable objection to be civilly

on a level with the ignorant and savage blacks, command respect and
admiration; but their treatment of the natives, where unrestrained by British rule,
was anything but creditable. They may be excused for many wars with Bushmen
and Kaffirs, for their very lives depended on either reducing these to submission
or driving them to a safe distance from the white settlements. But the enslaving
of men and women, and, later, of children under the subterfuge of
apprenticeship for a term of years, cannot be justified; it was monstrously
incompatible with the insistent demand for personal freedom for themselves so
conspicuous [116]in the Africander race. The one extenuating circumstance is the
fact that, leading an isolated life, they were slower than other civilized peoples in
catching the spirit of the age—a spirit that makes for freedom, and a growing
betterment in the condition of every man.
The exodus of Natal Africanders between 1843 and 1848 encouraged an
immense influx of Kaffirs, who repopulated the country so plentifully that the
proportion of blacks to whites has been as ten to one ever since.

The emigrants who settled north of the Vaal, both those of the Great Trek and
those from Natal who began to join them in 1843, were rude and uneducated as
compared to their brethren of the Orange River region. The northern group had
less of English blood in their veins, and because of distance and difficulty of
communication they were not at all affected by intercourse with the more
cultured people of Cape Colony.

Lacking the upward lead that contact with a progressive civilization would have
given, there took place a marked degeneration of character in these more
northern emigrants. Their love of independence was developed into a spirit of
faction and dissension among themselves. Their lionlike bravery was perverted
into a too great [117]readiness to fight on the smallest provocation, and a
disposition to prey upon their weaker native neighbors. Through a desire to
enlarge their grazing lands they became greedy as to territory, and were almost
constantly engaged in bloody strife with the native occupants of the regions they
insisted on annexing.

The almost patriarchal mode of life they followed had the effect of segregating
them into family groups widely separated from one another, largely exempted
from any control of magistrates and law courts, and susceptible to family feuds
and bitter personal rivalries between faction leaders. This absence of efficient
control was a cause of further evil in encouraging an influx of unprincipled
adventurers from other parts of South Africa. These went about through the
more unsettled parts and along the border, cheating and often violently illtreating
the natives to the great peril of peace both in the Transvaal and in the
contiguous British provinces. As an example of the turmoil in which the people
lived and participated, the following account is introduced of an Africander
expedition under Acting Commandant-General Scholtz against Secheli, chief of
the Baquaines, a tribe of Zulus. It also covers the incident of the plundering of
Doctor [118]Livingstone’s house by the force under General Scholtz.

The matter of complaint was that the Baquaines had been constantly disturbing
the country by thefts and threatenings, and that they were sheltering a turbulent
chief named Mosolele. In order to punish and reduce them to obedience a
commando was sent against them. After some petty encounters with scouts the
Africander force drew near to Secheli’s town, in the direction of the Great Lake,
on the 25th of August, 1852. Two days’ further march brought them so near that
the Africander scouts discovered and reported that Secheli was making every
preparation for defense.

On the 28th Scholtz marched close by the town where Secheli was fortified, and
camped beside the town-water, a little distance from the intrenchments. It being
Saturday Scholtz resolved to do nothing to provoke a battle before Monday,
being desirous of keeping the Lord’s Day in quiet. He did, however, dispatch a
letter to Secheli demanding the surrender of Mosolele, in the following terms:

“Friend Secheli: As an upright friend, I would advise you not to allow yourself to
be misled by Mosolele, who has fled to you because [119]he has done wrong.
Rather give him back to me, that he may answer for his offense. I am also
prepared to enter into the best arrangements with you. Come over to me, and
we shall arrange everything for the best, even were it this evening. Your friend,

“P. E. SCHOLTZ, Act. Com.-Gen.”

To this Secheli replied:

“Wait till Monday. I shall not deliver up Mosolele. * * * But I challenge you on
Monday to show which is the strongest man. I am, like yourself, provided with
arms and ammunition, and have more fighting people than you. I should not
have allowed you thus to come in, and would assuredly have fired upon you; but
I have looked in the book, upon which I reserved my fire. I am myself provided
with cannon. Keep yourself quiet to-morrow, and do not quarrel for water till
Monday; then we shall see who is the strongest man. You are already in my pot;
I shall only have to put the lid on it on Monday.”

On Sunday Secheli sent two men to the camp to borrow some sugar—which
Scholtz regarded as bravado. The messengers also brought word from Secheli
directing Scholtz to take good care that the oxen did not pasture on the
poisonous [120]grass in the neighborhood of his camp, for he now looked upon
them as his own.

On Monday Scholtz sent messengers to Secheli to ascertain his intentions and

to renew the offers of peace. The Zulu chieftain replied that he required no
peace, that he now challenged Scholtz to fight, and added, “If you have not
sufficient ammunition, I will lend you some.”

MAJUBA HILL.

After some further exchanges of diplomatic courtesies between the African and
the Africander the battle began. By six hours of hard fighting Scholtz carried all
the native intrenchments, killed a large number of the warriors, and captured
many guns and prisoners. The Zulus still held one fortified ridge of rocks when
nightfall put an end to the battle. In the morning it was found that Secheli had
retreated from his stronghold under cover of night. Scholtz sent out a force in
pursuit, who inflicted further punishment on the fugitives and returned the next
day without loss of a man.

General Scholtz’s official report of this expedition contains the following

remarkable statement regarding the looting of Doctor Livingstone’s house:

“On the 1st of September I dispatched Commandant P. Schutte with a patrol to

Secheli’s [121]old town; but he found it evacuated, and the missionary residence
broken open by the Kaffirs. The commandant found, however, two percussion
rifles; and the Kaffir prisoners declared that Livingstone’s house, which was still
locked, contained ammunition, and that shortly before he had exchanged
thirteen guns with Secheli, which I had also learnt two weeks previously, the
missionaries Inglis and Edwards having related it to the burghers, A. Bytel and J.
Synman; and that Livingstone’s house had been broken open by Secheli to get
powder and lead. I therefore resolved to open the house that was still locked, in
which we found several half-finished guns and a gunmaker’s shop with
abundance of tools. We here found more guns and tools than Bibles, so that the
place had more the appearance of a gunmaker’s shop than a mission-station,
and more of a smuggling-shop than a school place.”

Doctor Livingstone’s character is too well known in all the civilized world to need
even a word of vindication. General Scholtz, being taken as sincere in his
statements, fell into an egregious and well-nigh inexcusable error concerning the
tools found in the doctor’s house and the guns in various stages of
completeness. In those parts, so distant from carpenters, wagon-makers [122]and
smiths, it was absolutely necessary for the explorer to have with him all tools
required in making or repairing wagons, harness, guns, and whatever else
belonged to his outfit. It is impossible to account for General Scholtz’s
statements concerning the altogether blameless Doctor Livingstone in any other
way than to ascribe them to prejudice. It is well known that there was in the
Africander mind a deep-rooted hostility against the missionaries, of whom David
Livingstone was chief, because they denounced the practice of slavery and
reported the cruelties incident to it. Had General Scholtz been entirely free from
the prejudice due to this cause he would have seen on Doctor Livingstone’s
premises not an illicit gun factory, but an honest repair shop such as any pioneer
in those parts must have. [123]
[Contents]
CHAPTER VIII.
THE INDEPENDENT AFRICANDER AND SLAVERY.

It will be remembered that the conventions of 1852 and 1854, by

which the absolute independence of the Africanders living beyond
the Vaal River and of those resident in the Orange River district was
guaranteed, bound them to renounce the practice of slavery. They
did not find it easy, however, to keep either the letter or the spirit of
that covenant. For generations both the men and the women had
been accustomed to immunity from the more severe and
disagreeable work of life. Twice had they trekked, largely to get away
from British power because it would no longer tolerate slavery on
British soil. But now they had accepted independent national life, and
were in honor bound to carry out the stipulation of the treaties which
guaranteed their independence, by liberating such slaves as they
possessed and by acquiring no more. It is next in order, therefore, to
consider the manner in which these obligations were carried out. [124]

Whatever outward appearances there may have been of ceasing to

enforce servitude from the blacks, there is indubitable evidence that
little more than a change of name for it was effected—the thing went
on. A new system of virtual slavery was invented and prevailed
extensively under the plausible name of “apprenticeship,” and
“registration” of prisoners taken in war with the natives; and it is to be
feared that many predatory expeditions were undertaken chiefly to
secure fresh victims for this new method of enforcing unpaid service
—all of which was in flagrant violation of the treaties by which the
republics were established and guaranteed independence.

The new system was defended by those who devised it and profited
by it, as a benevolent institution, because it took the orphan children
of the Kaffirs—for whom their own people made no provision—and
apprenticed them to Africander masters for a limited period, to
terminate in every case at twenty-one years of age. But when it is
understood that in many cases the Kaffir bond-children had been
made orphans by Africander bullets the benevolence of the
institution becomes a vanishing quantity. And it is to be remembered,
in judging of this matter, that these ignorant [125]Kaffir apprentices
had no means of knowing their own age, nor was there any one to
speak and act for them when the proper time for their release from
bondage came. The new system was slavery under a less repulsive
name, and was so regarded by its victims.

It is only fair to the Africanders to trace their conduct in this matter

back to the convictions and principles honestly held by them, and by
which they justified to themselves their practices toward the natives.
Almost without exception they were men of intense religiousness
and devout regard for the Bible. It was a great misfortune to
themselves and to the natives of South Africa that they found their
standard of ethics, not in any of the moral precepts of the New
Testament or the Old, but in their own deductions from scraps of Old
Testament history which were never intended to furnish ideals and
standards of virtue and righteousness for later generations. Thus,
they looked upon the dark races about them as the yet “accursed”
sons of Canaan the son of Ham, doomed by heaven to perpetual
servitude to any people who might care to enslave them, because of
the sin of their forefather, Ham. They seem to have forgotten, too
easily, that the divine entail of evil consequences to follow [126]certain
sins was limited to “the third and fourth generation,” and insisted
without warrant of any kind on bringing it over to and enforcing it
upon the one hundred and thirtieth generation. Holding such views,
they considered themselves as doing service to God when they
inflicted the degradations, hardships and cruelties of slavery upon
the offspring of Ham. It was their custom to meet for prayer before
going on one of their forays, to implore the help and protection of the