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1 (a) Explain three characteristics of traditional education.

1. It is mostly practical as it involves learning traditional jobs such as thatching, hunting, wood carving, basket weaving, crop
production.
2. Knowledge is passed orally e.g. Children are taught how to greet elders and how to do household chores.
3. It is gender based e.g. There are separate initiation schools for boys and girls - (bogwera) for boys and (bojale) for girls.
4. It has no age limit e.g. Learning takes place from birth until death.
5. It involves informal teachers as those who impart knowledge and skills are not certificated, they use experience they have
accumulated over the years
6. Takes place everywhere: there are no specialised buildings where learning specifically takes
7. uses local language: the media of communication is any local language which understood by people

(1 mark for a point and 1 mark for its expansion – max 6 marks)

(b) Discuss how education can promote healthy living.

1. allows people to make informed choices on issues of nutrition or a healthy diet which can help in preventing some
diseases such as hypertension, diabetes or people can learn how to treat early symptoms of diseases.

2. It is an instrument of positive behavioural change because it provides people with behavioural ethics such as being
aware of the dangers of having multiple concurrent partners and as a result helps to curb the spread of diseases such
as HIV/AIDS.

3. People can learn the importance of physical and mental fitness which reduces chances of being affected by diseases
associated with being overweight therefore reducing mortality rate/ prolong life

4. Equips people with first aid skills – In cases of emergency people know what to do before the doctor arrives and this helps
to save lives.

(1 mark for a point, 1 mark for its expansion, 1 mark for conclusion – max 6 marks)

(c) Assess the effort of Non-Governmental Organisations in the development of human

resource in Botswana.

1. Equips people with life skills e.g. Young Women Christian Association (YWCA) help in the development of manpower by
offering courses which give skills in dress making, cooking, typing and this gives people an opportunity to open their own
businesses or create self employment. However there is inadequate provision of practical skills because there are only few
NGOs providing courses on life skills and YWCA alone cannot absorb all students/ may not be able to reach rural areas

2. Give financial support/sponsorship e.g. Emang Basadi finances and facilitates educational workshops and seminars aimed
at empowering and educating women. However Emang Basadi does not create equal empowerment opportunities as their
empowerment is mostly targeting women and this may disadvantage men in the long run.

3. Provides training facilities where courses and seminars can be carried out aimed at improving performance in the work
place for both private and government employees. However most NGOs do not reach rural areas and this delays
improvement of workers in rural areas.

4. NGOs like churches inculcate positive ethical behaviour essential for daily living e.g. churches provide lessons on how to
live a positive life and become a successful person who is responsible to the society. However some spend too much at
church and thus compromising productivity at work

5. NGOs offer employment to Batswana and as such employees acquire on-job experience, skills and competences which
helps improve productivity. However some skills are not relevant to the job market.

(1 mark for a point 2 marks for expansion, 1 mark for conclusion (positive or negative) –
max 8 marks)

2 (a) Outline any six of the ten stages that a bill goes through before it becomes a law
in Botswana.
1. Approved recommendations are written in government white paper
2’. The ministry concerned writes a memorandum
3. The memorandum is taken to Attorney General Chambers where bills are drafted
4. The drafted bill is published in the Government Gazette for 30 days
5. 1st reading in the parliament – no discussion of bill at this stage
6. 2nd reading in the parliament – MPs debate principles of a bill
7. Committee stage – where MPs examine the bill in detail, clause by clause
8. 3rd reading in the parliament – where Minister responsible moves that the bill be passed and MPs vote for or against passing
of the bill
9. If voted for, the bill becomes an Act of Parliament awaiting the president to sign
10. If the president signs it becomes the law / an Act
11. If the president refuses to sign the bill, it is returned to parliament to undergo the stages again
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(1 mark for a point – max 6 marks)

(b) Explain three reasons why the National Anthem is important in nation building in Botswana.

1. Instils a sense of identity/belonging/pride e.g. It identifies Batswana who positively contribute to the development of
Botswana by representing the country during national and international events such as Olympics, World cup sports.

2. Promotes cooperation to preserve national heritage e.g. The song acknowledges that the land of Botswana was inherited
from their forefathers as a gift from God so the citizens must work together towards the country’s development.

3. Advertises the country to the international community e.g. Messages such as Botswana being known as a peaceful country
and that there is social harmony “Ka kutlwano le kagisano, e bopagantswe mmogo” are contained in the anthem.

4. Conveys important message about the nation e.g. It communicates the history of the country, its goals, ownership of the
country and reminds the nation of the important values such as peace.

5. It encourages Batswana to keep peace in the country and remain united to pave way for a conducive environment for
developments to take place.

6. Encourages self-reliance as it implores people to stand up and do things for themselves

(1 mark for a point and 1 mark for its expansion – max 6 marks)

(c) Assess the role of government in promoting economic diversification in Botswana.

POSITIVE

1. Economic empowerment of youth – Ministry of Education has introduced courses on entrepreneurship at all levels of
education to try to make the youth grow up appreciating entrepreneurship. As a result young people are venturing into
businesses such as hair salon, car wash, internet cafe and tuckshop which also create self employment/benchmarking on
other programmes

2. Provision of financial schemes for those who want to venture into business enterprises such as Local Procurement
Programme (LPP) which is an incentive for locals that reserves 30% of government purchases for local manufacturing
enterprises. Therefore many local businesses are unlikely to collapse as they will be sustained.

3. Provision of infrastructure such as tarred roads, water and electricity and with good infrastructure people are able to open
businesses of their choice anywhere they want as they will be able to operate businesses smoothly.

4. Encouraging local participation in trade and industry - Through a policy called Business Reservation Policy some small
businesses such as butcheries, bottle stores etc. are only reserved for Batswana. This has helped to reduce competition
from foreign companies/ import substitution*

5. Provision of mentorship programme e.g. Through LEA people who venture into business are equipped with
entrepreneurial skills which helps them develop viable businesses.

6. Foreign direct investment: the country embarks on policies that attempt to lure foreign investors into the country in order to
create new employment or Batswana.

7. Reinvestments of funds generated from the mining sector to promote other non-mining related industries

NEGATIVE

8. Insufficient infrastructural development especially in the remote rural areas makes it difficult for local communities to
venture into businesses of their choice. As a result they may venture into businesses which are not profit generating.

9. Lack of monitoring of projects by government e.g. No strong supervision of businesses funded by CEDA resulting in
the collapse of these projects. This has led to only a few local manufacturing enterprises operating in the country and
the local market being saturated by foreign businesses.
10. Attraction of fly by night industries which set up businesses in Botswana and then disappear to their home countries
without paying back the loans they acquired from government
11. Attempts to promote local participation in trade and industry often because of unfair awarding of tenders which ultimately
lead to substandard projects hence loss of money by the government/some local companies awarded tenders lack
professionalism or commitment, therefore do not complete projects and government ends up overspending on such
projects

(1 mark for a point identified 2 marks for expansion, 1 mark for

conclusion (positive or negative) – max 8 marks)

3 (a) Describe three factors that are necessary for the establishment of the mining industry.

1. Human Resource – Skilled people are needed to extract minerals and process them into good quality goods.
2. Stable political environment – Enables investors in the mining industry to feel comfortable to open up industries in a
peaceful environment.
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3. Availability of capital – To buy appropriate machinery, train and pay workers.

4. Corruption free country makes investors comfortable to invest in a country.
5. Availability of infrastructure – Serviced land, electricity, tarred roads attract investors to come and open mining industries in a
country.
6. Availability of minerals – Minerals such as diamonds, coal, copper are to be exploited in order to be turned into finished
products.
7. availability of markets where products can be sold
8. Entrepreneurship: need people who can invest into the new mining business
9. Appropriate technology to increase productitvity

(1 mark for a point and 1 mark for its expansion – max 6 marks)

(b) Discuss two issues that threaten to break up the family institution in Botswana and globally.

1. Natural disasters e.g. In 2004 in Indonesia many people lost family members when Tsunami killed around 200 000 people,
and in the process families lost their loved ones, breadwinners which then led to poverty.

2. Wars – Many families are separated during wars as some family members may run to peaceful countries. This eventually
break family ties as some never come back home.

3. Diseases e.g. Cancer, HIV/AIDS may lead to death of family members such as parents. This has left many children as
orphans who end up being taken to orphanage homes while some may become street children and as a result this may
break family bond.

4. Divorce - Problem such as adultery, drug and alcohol abuse may lead to divorce. When the other parent leaves home the
family is affected as the children are left with one parent and this may leave them emotionally disturbed.

5. Homosexuality – Family conflicts may arise as some members consider it immoral and unacceptable hence they will not
accept gays and lesbians in their families because they feel that it makes the family lose value. It also leads to lack of
children which may threaten continuity of family from one generation to another.

6. Migration – Family may be split geographically with one or more members migrating to find employment while the other
family members remain in the country of origin. However some members who migrated may decide not to come back
which leaves children not knowing their relatives.

7. Religious intolerance: family intolerance of other member’s religions resulting in conflicts

8. Gender based violence which may force other members to abandon the family

(1 mark for a point, 1 mark for its expansion, 1 mark for conclusion – max 6 marks)

(c) Assess the effectiveness of measures used to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS.

1. Abstinence – People are encouraged to abstain from sexual activities and this has succeeded in lowering the risks of
spreading HIV/AIDS. It may still spread to people who abstain because it can be transmitted through other ways such as use of
unsterilised needles and they may die on the other hand abstinence seems too difficult for some people to maintain.

2.Education – The government has availed literature in clinics to educate people about using condoms properly and this has
helped to reduce the rate of infection. But there is a problem of inadequate resources which prevents implementation of HIV/AIDS
awareness programmes e.g. Hospitals and clinics are poorly equipped and health workers are few to conduct awareness campaigns.
As a result such awareness campaigns may fail to reach the targeted population.

3.Implementation of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission Programme - Pregnant women can enrol in prevention of
Mother to Child Transmission Programme to avoid infecting their children. However there is shortage of knowledge and experience to
implement and sustain large scale prevention strategies such as Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission Programme. Such
initiatives may in the long run collapse because of lack of capacity for effective prevention.

4.Free provision of Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ARVs) results in diminished viral load in the body which leads to reduced chances of
infection. Provision of free ARVs is expensive so keeping people on ARVs for the rest of their lives may in the future
become unsustainable. Therefore if they stop this may result in high viral load in the body which leads to increased
chances of infection.
5.Provision of condoms to reduce the spread of the virus however some people are shy or scared to get them
6. Regular testing for the virus so that people may know their status and enrol into ARV treatment however some people are
reluctanct to go for testing and hence the spread of the virus.
(1 mark for a point 2 marks for expansion, 1 mark for
conclusion, (positive or negative) – max 8 marks)

4 (a) Describe three political effects of Mfecane Wars on the lives of Batswana.

1. Military alliances were borne – Tswana kingdoms came together for common defence against external enemies e.g.
Bangwaketse and Bakgatla helped Bakwena fight the Boers during the battle of Dimawe and this led to improved
cooperation between Tswana groups which marked the beginning of the process of nation building.

2. Introduction of Kgamelo system - e.g. Kgosi Kgari introduced Kgamelo system to give cattle to poor people who were
impoverished by the wars and this strengthened his leadership and this created unity in his morafe which was very important for
nation building.
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3.Loss of powerful leaders e.g. Kgosi Makaba II died while trying to defend his morafe and this left his morafe vulnerable to
breaking apart.

4. Loss of power by Tswana dikgosi as some groups broke up and joined stronger ones e.g. Bakaa were assimilated into Bangwato
and as a result they lost their cultural identity.

5. New military tactics were learned e.g. using mountain tops for defence helped Batswana to build larger political units that lasted to
date such as Shoshong and Kanye.

6. Emergence of strong kingdoms such as Bangwato, Bakwena, Bangwaketse who successfully defended their morafe against
enemies.

7. Realisation of the importance of guns which later proved important in resisting Boer attempts to take over the lands of Batswana

(1 mark for a point 1 mark for expansion – max 6 marks)

(b) Suggest three ways in which the government of Botswana could resolve conflict arising from the use of scarce
resources.

1. Through Legislation – The government should formulate laws that guide in the use of natural resources such as law on the
harvesting of veld products e.g. phane, sengaparile. As a result conflict between NGO’s who take care of natural
resources and the people who harvest them will be reduced as the people will not overharvest.
2. Through encouraging the establishment of Community Based Resource Management System so that they become more
responsible for their natural resources.
3. By enforcing strict government policies – Disciplinary measures should be taken against those who overharvest e.g. firewood.
4. Through encouraging sacrifice – Communities, government as well as individuals must make sacrifices on how natural
resources can be used in order to avoid unnecessary conflict between them e.g. if individuals have in their possession
land which the government may want to use for the benefit of the nation, those individuals may sacrifice that land by
opting to sell it to the government, and this will enhance peace.
5. Holding dialogue / negotiations – the government should dialogue with the communities face to face (consultation) before
deciding on how natural resources can be used so as to instil a sense of ownership to the communities. Through
consultation national unity and peace are enhanced hence reducing conflict between government and the communities.
6. Funding NGOs that are concerned with environmental conservation e.g. Funding NGOs such as Somarelang Tikologo to help
them intensify and spread out the environmental conservation projects.
7.Through equal distribution of resources such as water, land, grazing areas and to ensure speedy allocation of such
resources.
8. compensation by government to people whose property has been damaged by wildlife
9. Environmental education to teach people about appropriate ways of using the environment

(1 mark for a point 1 mark for its expansion – max 6 marks)

(c) Assess the effects of rapid population growth on resources.

1. Too much pressure on government budget which may plunge the government into debt as it may be forced to borrow
money in order to cater for many people. However increasing population reduces investment risk as greater number of
people can create a market for locally produced goods.

2. Creates shortage of employment as people compete for too few jobs and as a result people may resort to crime. This will
now force the government to put more money into fighting crime. However increasing population on the other hand may promote
establishment of more facilities and industries in order to cater for the large population and in the process people’s
lives will be improved due to better resources.

3. Also there will be a wide pool of human resource – growing population offers opportunities for development as it
leads to increased human resource / increase labour force resulting in increased productivity. However not all of
the people may be employed or others may not be having the necessary skills

4. Pressure or increased demand on the use of natural resources such as land, wood, thatching grass resulting in
extinction of natural resources/ slums or squatter settlements. However , people are encouraged tom use
environmentally friendly technology

5. Pressure on social amenities / infrastructure such as health and educational facilities this will lead to poor service
delivery hence lowering the standards of living. However higher population can lead to increased social amenities to
cater for high population.

6. Increased pollution which leads to global warming which may result in diseases such as skin cancer or eye diseases
leading to death/high mortality rate. However it will bring cooperation between countries in trying to resolve the issue

(1 mark for a point, 2 marks for expansion 1 mark for conclusion – max 8 marks) negative or
positive

5 (a) Explain three ways through which global citizenship is acquired.

1 By becoming aware of global policies and programs – learning policies and programs which have been developed to help
govern the emerging world community, these policies range in scope from international treaties that ban the spread of
nuclear weapons to administrative rules governing the internet.
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2. By engaging with the organisations that are trying to govern the world – Global citizens should try and work with different
international agencies which are making policies shaping the world community such as United Nations, IMF, International
Criminal Court in order to make sure that they are operating in accordance with the values perceived to be important.

3. By participating in an advocacy effort for global change – Global citizens join together and advocate for change e.g.
sign petitions, join demonstration, contribute funds to express the fact that people across the planet share common
views when it comes to basic values such as human rights, environmental protection etc.

4. By adopting environmentally responsible behaviour – A global citizen nurtures a lifestyle that supports sustainable
global development e.g. types of food, transport used which can have an impact on the quality of life on the planet.

5. By supporting world art, music and culture - Being a global citizen is a celebration of many different arts and cultures
of people all over the world and learning ways in which different cultures give expression to the human spirit is very
important/cultural tolerance

6. By participation in world issues or activities e.g. humanitarian assistance, poverty reduction, protection of the
environment to help improve the standard of living of world communities.

7. By diplomatic assignments / diplomatic missions – People like Ambassadors and High Commissioners working for
their countries internationally and people working for multinational companies are given the status of international
citizens.

(1 mark for a point 1 mark for its expansion – max 6 marks)

(b) Discuss two changes that have occurred in Botswana’s culture since independence.

1. Some Batswana have changed from traditional way of dress to modern clothes e.g. Some Batswana who used to wear
clothes made from animal skins now wear clothes made from cotton which they buy from shops and as a result some of
the traditional attire is slowly disappearing/ dress

2. Batswana have adopted some foreign languages. As a result they mix their local languages with foreign languages such
as English, Afrikaans. e.g. Setswana has borrowed and acquired words from English such as “motorokara” for motorcar/
can lead to disappearance/enriching of the language

3. There has been a shift from traditional foods to western foods e.g. Indigenous food such as (logodu, logala, kabu) were
made from the home but in the modern days Batswana prefer to buy imported foods from the shops such as rice, macaroni
and spaghetti. These modern foods have led to emergence of some diseases associated with obesity such as
diabetes, hypertension. However some of the modern food is healthy and help strengthen immune system/ food

4. Traditional music, games and dance have been enriched by modern music because there has been introduction of
electronic guitars and other instruments to add to the sound of traditional songs which makes it more appealing.

5. Technology has changed from simple tools to modern tools – Traditional tools such as pottery, sledges, calabash were
made from cheap local material but now they have disappeared because they have been replaced by modern gadgets
such as cars, cups and buckets which are imported and very expensive.

6. Religion/beliefs shift from ATR to modern religions

7. Human rights issues e.g. marriage practices, division of labour, leadership, education etc

(1 mark for a point, 1 mark for expansion, 1 mark for conclusion max 6 marks)

(c) Assess the effort made by the United Nations in promoting international relations.

1. UN promotes world peace by sending UN peace keeping forces to war torn countries to restore peace e.g. during
Rwandan genocide. However the use of UN peace keeping forces has in some cases led to loss of innocent lives and ill-
treatment of people and this is a clear indication of violation of right to life / human rights..Delayed intervention by UN
peacekeeping forces because of countries with Veto power

2. UN promotes world security through Security Council which ensures monitoring of manufacturing of nuclear weapons. But
there are still some countries which refuse to comply with UN resolutions e.g. North Korea is still making nuclear weapons
and this threatens world peace and this has even created a belief that UN is a toothless organisation.
3. UN ensures countries uphold human rights. E.g. through International Criminal Court it ensures that leaders who are
involved in human killings are tried. However in some cases UN does not treat issues in a fair manner e.g. ICC is quick to
try African leaders who are at fault while it does not extend the same treatment to the other world leaders and this
makes Africa lose trust on UN.

4. UN undertakes election observer missions to ensure that elections are free and fair. As a result civil wars are
prevented and lives are saved. However there are still many countries in the world which are failing to embrace
democracy as some voters still lose their lives during the voting process.
5. Humanitarian aid or assistance- through agencies such as UNHCR the UN can assist people affected by disasters
such as wars
6. Diplomacy/mediation: the UN can send a delegation of offcials to go and negotiate for peace with warring factions
however their efforts may not be successful as conflicting parties are not obliged to abide by their demands and some
may not be members of the UN.
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