3 Signal Space Representation of Waveforms

Linear combination of orthogonal basis functions: we consider M dierent energy signals si (t), i = 1, 2, . . . , M we assume that the duration of each signal is restricted to the time interval [0, T ], i.e., si (t) = 0 for t < 0 and t > T each of the M signals si (t) can be represented as a linear combination of N M orthonormal basis functions j (t) si (t) = si 1 1 (t) + si 2 2 (t) + + siN N (t).

Dr. Mike Wolf, Fachgebiet Nachrichtentechnik

Communications Engineering

32

3 Signal Space Representation of Waveforms

Orthonormal basis: the N basis functions built an orthogonal basis dierent j (t) are orthogonal, each j (t) has a unit energy
T

j (t) k (t) dt =
0

1 for j = k . 0 for j = k

an orthonormal basis may be obtained by means of the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization algorithm with respect to the M waveforms used for M-ary digital modulation, an appropriate orthonormal basis is of often visible, see following examples

Dr. Mike Wolf, Fachgebiet Nachrichtentechnik

Communications Engineering

33

3 Signal Space Representation of Waveforms

Signal (coordinate) vector: for a given orthonormal basis j (t), j = 1, 2, . . . , N, each signal is fully described by its coecients sij or its signal coordinate vector si = [si 1 si 2 . . . siN ]T the coecients are just the inner products (or correlation coecients)
T

sij = the signal energies Ei = the coecient squares

0 T 0

si (t)j (t) dt. s 2 (t) dt are equal to the sum of

N

Ei =
j=1
Dr. Mike Wolf, Fachgebiet Nachrichtentechnik

2 sij .

Communications Engineering

34

3 Signal Space Representation of Waveforms

Example 1: (E = s1 (t) U0 U0 s2 (t) T Tt t
T 2 0 si (t) dt, i

= 1, 2, 3, 4) s4 (t) T t Tt

s3 (t)

2 (t) 1 (t)
q q
1 T

2 (t)
q
1 T

T t
E

s3 s2
E

1 T

Tt

1 T

s1 s4

1 (t)

Dr. Mike Wolf, Fachgebiet Nachrichtentechnik

Communications Engineering

35

3 Signal Space Representation of Waveforms

Example 2: same signal set si (t) as in example 1 but alternative orthonormal basis 2 (t)
p E /2

1 (t)
q q
2 T

2 (t)
q
2 T

2 T

Tt

2 T

Tt

p E /2

s1
p E /2

s2

p E /2

s4

1 (t)

s3

Dr. Mike Wolf, Fachgebiet Nachrichtentechnik

Communications Engineering

36