2003 Poultry Science Association, Inc.

Pearl Millet as an Alternative Feed

Ingredient in Broiler Diets
A. J. Davis,1 N. M. Dale, and F. J. Ferreira

Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georiga 30602

Primary Audience: Nutritionists, Researchers, and Extension Specialists

SUMMARY
Widespread cultivation of pearl millet for grain production in parts of the United States has
been limited due to its susceptibility to rust disease. Over the last 3 yr, grain from a recently
developed rust-resistant hybrid of pearl millet was evaluated for its potential use in poultry broiler
diets. The evaluated grain from each year had a comparable TMEn value (3,300 to 3,448 kcal/kg)
and higher protein content (12 to 14%) than corn. In two battery studies (2 to 16 d of age) and
two floor pen experiments (1 to 42 d of age) varying levels of pearl millet replaced yellow corn
and a portion of soybean meal in isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets. The performance and carcass
yield of broilers fed diets containing up to 50% pearl millet were equivalent or better than those
of broilers fed typical corn-soybean diets. The results clearly indicate that this new hybrid of pearl
millet could be a successful alternative grain for poultry production. Because pearl millet can be
successfully cultivated in regions where corn production is marginal, this grain may prove to be
economically beneficial to the grain and poultry producers in such areas.

Key words: pearl millet, broiler, carcass yield

2003 J. Appl. Poult. Res. 12:137–144

DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM in the Sahelian region of West Africa would

Pearl millet grain could potentially be suc-
cessfully incorporated into poultry diets. The
protein content of pearl millet, although variable,
is higher than corn [1, 2, 3, 4] and the essential
amino acid profile is more balanced than corn
[1, 2, 4]. Pearl millet also has higher oil content
than other common cereal grains [1, 4, 5, 6] and
is a better source of linolenic acid [6]. Based on
the performance of broilers [2, 7, 8, 9] and laying
hens [10, 11, 12, 13] fed pearl millet, it appears
that pearl millet is equivalent or superior to corn
as a grain source for poultry rations.
Pearl millet is native to the western edges
of the Sahara Desert. The agronomic characteris-
tics that allow millet to be successfully grown
allow it to grow well in the coastal plain of the
southern United States where the soils are also
acidic and low in natural fertility, and droughts
are common. In addition, pearl millet matures
quickly, which makes it a potentially ideal com-
ponent of traditional double-cropping and rota-
tional cropping systems.
Even though pearl millet has favorable agro-
nomic characteristics and the grain can be used
in poultry feeds, commercial production of pearl
millet grain has been limited due to its suscepti-
bility to rust disease. This fungal disease can
cause significant losses of yield and grain weight
[14]. Under proper conditions, however, pearl
millet has certain competitive advantages over
other grains.

1
To whom correspondence should be addressed: ajdavis@arches.uga.edu.
138
The goal of the present research was to eval-
uate grains from a rust-resistant hybrid of pearl
millet (TifGrain 102) recently developed by
Wayne Hanna at the Coastal Plain Experiment
Station at Tifton, Georgia, for its potential as a
dietary ingredient in broiler production.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Grain from pearl millet harvested in 1999,
2000, and 2001 was ground using a Fitzmill
grinder fitted with size 3 screens (3-mm diameter
hole size). Proximate composition [15], amino
acids [16], and TMEn [17, 18, 19] were deter-
mined for the freshly harvested grain from each
year. The grain from the 1999 harvest was used
for experiments 1 and 2, and the grain from the
2000 and 2001 harvests were used for experi-
ments 3 and 4, respectively.
Experiment 1
Three hundred twenty-five unsexed, 1-d-old
Ross-by-Ross broiler chicks hatched at the Uni-
versity of Georgia Poultry Research Center were
housed in electrically heated battery brooders.
The chicks were given constant illumination and
had free access to water and a standard broiler
starter diet. At 2 d of age, the chicks were
weighed and sorted, and those with extreme
weights discarded. The remaining chicks were
randomly allocated to 32 battery brooder pens
each consisting of eight chicks. The 32 pens
were then randomly divided into four dietary
treatments. The treatments consisted of a stan-
dard corn-soybean diet, and this diet in which
the corn was replaced by 50, 75, or 100% millet
while keeping the diets isocaloric and isonitro-
genous (Table 1). The experimental period was
14 d (2 to 16 d posthatching). Weight gain and
feed consumption were measured for each pen
at the end of the experimental period.
Experiment 2
This experiment followed the same protocol
as experiment 1, except that the dietary treat-
ments were altered slightly (Table 1). In this
experiment, the metabolizable energy, protein,
lysine, and methionine contents of each of the
diets was lowered from 3,080 to 3,000 kcal/kg,
22.50 to 21.00%, 1.22 to 1.15%, and 0.92 to
JAPR: Research Report
0.85%, respectively, to make treatments more
sensitive to differences in feeding value.
Experiment 3
Day-old Cobb-by-Cobb mixed-sex chicks
were randomly assigned to 20 floor pens in an
environmentally controlled broiler house. Each
pen contained 30 birds (1.3 ft2/bird). Half of the
pens were fed millet-based diets, whereas the
other half were fed corn-soybean-based diets
(Table 2). The dietary concentration of pearl
millet in this experiment was dictated by the
limited supply of pearl millet grain. The birds
were fed the starter diets for 3 wk and then
switched to the finisher diets and fed these diets
for 3 more wk. Total weight gain and feed con-
sumption were determined for each pen for the
starter and finisher periods and at the conclusion
of the experiment. At the end of the experiment,
the males and females from each pen were
weighed individually. Finally, 10 birds (five
male and five female) were randomly selected
from each pen and processed to obtain fresh
prechilled carcass weights.
Experiment 4
The protocol for Experiment 4 was very sim-
ilar to Experiment 3, except that there were three
dietary treatments instead of two. The composi-
tions of the diets for this experiment are pre-
sented in Table 3. There were eight replicate
floor pens of 30 birds for the 0 and 25% millet
dietary treatments and six replicate floor pens
of 30 birds for the 50% millet treatment. The
number of replicate pens was reduced for the
50% millet treatment due to a limited quantity
of millet grain. The birds were fed and processed
in this experiment as they were in experiment
3. The only additional procedure conducted in
this experiment was an analysis of shank color-
ing. The right shank was collected from 10 ran-
domly selected birds per treatment at the end of
the experiment. The color of the scales removed
from over the spurling was then assessed for
each shank using a colorimeter.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The energy content of the grain from this
newly developed rust-resistant hybrid of pearl
millet was comparable to corn, but the protein
TABLE 1. Compositions of diets for experiments 1 and 2 (2 to 16 d)

Experiment 1 Experiment 2

0% 34.0% 51.0% 67.5% 0% 34.0% 48.0% 66.2%

Pearl millet Pearl millet Pearl millet Pearl millet Pearl millet Pearl millet Pearl millet Pearl millet
Item (g/100 g) (g/100 g) (g/100 g) (g/100 g) (g/100 g) (g/100 g) (g/100 g) (g/100 g)

Ingredient
Corn 55.09 27.34 13.48 — 61.64 34.01 16.78 —
Soybean meal (48% CP) 38.35 32.83 30.03 27.31 34.15 28.53 25.25 21.91
Pearl millet — 34.00 51.00 67.53 — 34.00 48.00 66.24
Poultry fat 3.26 2.55 2.21 1.88 — — 5.52 7.40
Dicalcium phosphateA 1.71 1.74 1.75 1.76 1.74 1.76 1.73 1.73
Limestone 0.75 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.91 0.15 1.00 1.00
Salt 0.32 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.76 0.74 0.81 0.81
Vitamin mixB 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.32 0.29 0.33 0.32
DL-Methionine 0.21 0.16 0.13 0.10 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
L-Lysine, HCl — 0.05 0.09 0.14 0.17 0.12 0.11 0.09
Mineral mixC 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06
Calculated analysisD
DAVIS ET AL.: PEARL MILLET IN BROILER DIETS

ME (kcal/kg) 3,080 3,080 3,080 3,080 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000

Protein (%) 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 21.00 21.00 21.00 21.00
Calcium (%) 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.97 0.97
Total phosphorus (%) 0.68 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.68 0.70 0.71
Nonphytate phosphorus (%) 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45
Methionine + cystine (%) 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
Lysine (%) 1.26 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15
Sodium (%) 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.23 0.23
A
The dicalcium phosphate contained 23% calcium and 17.5% phosphorus.
B
Vitamin mix provided the following per 100 g of diet: vitamin A, 551 IU; vitamin D3, 110 IU; vitamin E, 1.1 IU; vitamin B12, 0.001 mg; riboflavin, 0.44 mg; niacin, 4.41 mg; D-
pantothenic, 1.12 mg; choline, 19.13 mg; menadione sodium bisulfate, 0.33 mg; folic acid, 0.55 mg; pyridoxine HCl, 0.47 mg; thiamine, 2.2 mg; D-biotin, 0.011 mg; and ethoxyquin,
12.5 mg.
C
Mineral mix provided the following in milligrams per 100 g of diet: Mn, 6.0; Zn, 5.0; Fe, 3.0; I, 1.5; and Se, 0.5.
D
Diets were formulated based on the determined crude protein content of corn, millet and soybean meal. Calculated analysis was based on Feedstuffs ingredient analysis table values [20].
139
140 JAPR: Research Report

TABLE 2. Compositions of diets for experiment 3 (0 to 42 d)

Diets

Starter Finisher

Corn Pearl millet Corn Pearl millet

Item (% of diet) (% of diet) (% of diet) (% of diet)

Ingredient
Corn 57.18 29.43 62.22 34.45
Soybean meal (48% CP) 36.90 31.97 30.82 25.88
Pearl millet 0 33.30 0 33.30
Poultry fat 2.48 1.80 3.97 3.30
Dicalcium phosphateA 1.72 1.74 1.50 1.52
Limestone 0.75 0.73 0.58 0.57
Salt 0.32 0.29 0.29 0.26
Vitamin mixB 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
DL-Methionine 0.22 0.21 0.146 0.135
Mineral mixC 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.060
L-Lysine, HCl 0.004 0.114 0.065 0.175
Calculated analysisD
ME (kcal/kg) 3,050 3,050 3,200 3,200
Protein (%) 22.00 22.00 19.50 19.50
Calcium (%) 0.95 0.95 0.80 0.80
Total phosphorus (%) 0.68 0.69 0.62 0.62
Nonphytate phosphorus (%) 0.45 0.45 0.40 0.40
Methionine + cystine (%) 0.92 0.92 0.78 0.78
Lysine (%) 1.22 1.22 1.10 1.10
Sodium (%) 0.21 0.21 0.19 0.19
A
The dicalcium phosphate contained 23% calcium and 17.5% phosphorus.
B
Vitamin mix provided the following per 100 g of diet: vitamin A, 551 IU; vitamin D3, 110 IU; vitamin E, 1.1 IU; vitamin
B12, 0.001 mg; riboflavin, 0.44 mg; niacin, 4.41 mg; D-pantothenic, 1.12 mg; choline, 19.13 mg; menadione sodium bisulfate,
0.33 mg; folic acid, 0.55 mg; pyridoxine HCl, 0.47 mg; thiamine, 2.2 mg; D-biotin, 0.011 mg; and ethoxyquin, 12.5 mg.
C
Mineral mix provided the following in milligrams per 100 g of diet: Mn, 6.0; Zn, 5.0; Fe, 3.0; I, 1.5; and Se, 0.5.
D
Diets were formulated based on the determined crude protein content of corn, millet, and soybean meal. Calculated analysis
was based on Feedstuffs ingredient analysis table values [20].

content was consistently greater than corn (Table
4). The protein content of the pearl millet grain
varied from harvest to harvest. This variation
might have been due to agronomic differences
or related to the amount of nitrogen fertilization
of the fields used to grow the millet.
Although the length of experiments 1 and 2
was limited by the availability of pearl millet
grain, the results (Table 5) from these experi-
ments clearly indicate that incorporating pearl
millet into broiler starter diets did not adversely
affect performance during the 2-wk experiment.
Even when the energy and protein content of
the diets was reduced in experiment 2 to more
stringently evaluate the feeding value of pearl
millet, performance of the millet-fed birds was
equivalent to the corn-soybean-fed birds. Be-
cause the protein content of millet is higher than
corn, replacement of all the corn by millet in
the diet had the side benefit of reducing over a
quarter of the soybean meal that was needed
as well.
In experiment 3, at 21 d of age there were no
differences in weight gain and feed conversions
between the broilers fed the control or millet
diets (Table 6). At 42 d of age the broilers fed
the millet diet had gained more weight (P <
0.05) than the control-fed birds, and this was
largely based on the better performance of the
female birds fed the millet diets compared to
the females fed the control diet (Table 6). Nu-
merically the 42-d feed conversion was slightly
higher (P = 0.12) for the millet-fed birds than
the control-fed birds; however, this result is not
surprising given the millet-fed birds had signifi-
cantly greater (P < 0.05) body weight gains.
Percentage carcass yield was not different be-
tween the millet and control birds (Table 6).
DAVIS ET AL.: PEARL MILLET IN BROILER DIETS 141

TABLE 3. Compositions of diets for experiment 4 (0 to 42 d)

Starter Finisher

0% 25% 50% 0% 25% 50%

Item Pearl millet Pearl millet Pearl millet Pearl millet Pearl millet Pearl millet

Ingredient
Corn 56.75 33.81 10.89 61.64 38.71 15.79
Soybean meal (48% CP) 37.42 35.16 32.87 32.07 29.80 27.50
Pearl millet 0 25.00 50.00 0 25.00 50.00
Poultry fat 2.51 2.78 3.04 3.25 3.51 3.77
Dicalcium phosphorusA 1.72 1.72 1.73 1.49 1.49 1.50
Limestone 0.75 0.74 0.72 0.75 0.73 0.71
Salt 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.35 0.33 0.31
Vitamin mixB 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
DL-Methionine 0.22 0.18 0.13 0.15 0.11 0.07
Mineral mixC 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06
L-Lysine, HCl 0 0.01 0.04 0 0.02 0.04
Calculated analysisD
ME (kcal/kg) 3,050 3,050 3,050 3,150 3,150 3,150
Protein (%) 22.20 22.20 22.20 20.00 20.00 20.00
Calcium (%) 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.86 0.86 0.86
Total phosphorus (%) 0.68 0.69 0.69 0.62 0.63 0.63
Nonphytate phosphorus (%) 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.40 0.40 0.40
Methionine + cystine (%) 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.80 0.80 0.80
Lysine (%) 1.23 1.22 1.22 1.08 1.08 1.08
Sodium (%) 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21
A
The dicalcium phosphate contained 23% calcium and 17.5% phosphorus.
B
Vitamin mix provided the following per 100 g of diet: vitamin A, 551 IU; vitamin D3, 110 IU; vitamin E, 1.1 IU; vitamin
B12, 0.001 mg; riboflavin, 0.44 mg; niacin, 4.41 mg; D-pantothenic, 1.12 mg; choline, 19.13 mg; menadione sodium bisulfate,
0.33 mg; folic acid, 0.55 mg; pyridoxine HCl, 0.47 mg; thiamine, 2.2 mg; D-biotin, 0.011 mg; and ethoxyquin, 12.5 mg.
C
Mineral mix provided the following in milligrams per 100 g of diet: Mn, 6.0; Zn, 5.0; Fe, 3.0; I, 1.5; and Se, 0.5.
D
Diets were formulated based on the determined crude protein content of corn, millet and soybean meal. Calculated analysis
was based on Feedstuffs ingredient analysis table values [20].

TABLE 4. Protein and energy composition of pearl milletA

Year of harvest

Nutrient 1999 2000 2001

Total protein (g/100 g) 14.07 12.03 11.30

Essential amino acids (g/100 g)
Arginine 0.65 0.57 0.57
Histidine 0.33 0.30 0.28
Isoleucine 0.59 0.52 0.46
Leucine 1.46 1.28 1.14
Lysine 0.45 0.36 0.37
Methionine 0.37 0.27 0.26
Phenylalanine 0.71 0.64 0.56
Threonine 0.55 0.44 0.43
Tryptophan 0.25 0.23 0.21
Valine 0.78 0.70 0.61
TMEn (kcal/kg) 3,305 3,300 3,448
A
All values based on an 88% DM basis. The protein and TMEn values were determined within one month of harvesting the
pearl millet grain for each year.
142 JAPR: Research Report

TABLE 5. Performance of broiler chicks from 2 to 16 d of age fed different dietary levels of pearl millet (experiments
1 and 2)A

Experiment 1 Experiment 2

Weight Dietary Weight

Dietary millet gain Feed millet gain Feed
(%) (g) conversion (%) (g) conversion

0 439 ± 8 1.46 ± 0.05 0 409 ± 18 1.44 ± 0.04

34.0 415 ± 8 1.40 ± 0.02 34.0 418 ± 8 1.42 ± 0.02
51.0 427 ± 7 1.38 ± 0.02 48.0 435 ± 12 1.41 ± 0.01
67.5 408 ± 17 1.41 ± 0.03 66.2 419 ± 7 1.44 ± 0.01
A
Values for weight gain and feed conversion are means ± SEM per chick for the experiment from 2 to 16 d of age, with
eight replicates of eight chicks for each dietary treatment.

There was no difference in the mortality rate
between the two treatments, with mortality being
less than 2.5% in both groups.
Broilers fed diets containing 25 or 50% mil-
let (experiment 4) had final body weights equal
to those fed the control diet (Table 7). The males
fed the 25% millet diet had a slightly higher
percentage carcass yield than the control-fed
males (Table 7). The yellowness of the shanks
was significantly less (P < 0.001) in the millet-
fed birds than the control-fed birds (data not
shown). When compared to the shanks from the
control-fed birds, the reduction in yellowness
was 24 and 28% in the shanks of birds fed the
diets with 25 and 50% millet, respectively. The
degree of yellow pigmentation in the shanks was
not different between the two millet treatments.
Birds fed pearl-millet-based diets will need addi-
tional dietary sources of xanthophylls to obtain
the degree of yellow pigmentation associated
with feeding corn-based diets. Mortality was less
than 2.5% for all of the treatments in this ex-
periment.

TABLE 6. Performance and carcass yields of broilers fed a corn or millet based diet from 0 to 42 d of age (experiment
3)

Item Control Millet

A
0 to 21 d of age
Weight gain (g/bird) 617 ± 9 629 ± 10
Feed conversion 1.29 ± 0.01 1.30 ± 0.01
0 to 42 d of ageA
Total weight gain (g/bird) 2,069 ± 38 2,172 ± 24*
Feed conversion 1.65 ± 0.01 1.69 ± 0.02
Final live-weightA
Males (g/bird) 2,320 ± 45 2,409 ± 32
Females (g/bird) 1,932 ± 35 2,048 ± 24*
Processed birdsB
Males
Live weight (g/bird) 2,343 ± 72 2,436 ± 59
Carcass weight (g/bird) 1,734 ± 60 1,800 ± 47
Percentage yield 73.92 ± 0.81 73.89 ± 0.77
Females
Live weight (g/bird) 1,931 ± 61 2,034 ± 55*
Carcass weight (g/bird) 1,430 ± 52 1,491 ± 45
Percentage yield 74.02 ± 0.94 73.30 ± 0.82
A
Values are means ± SEM for 10 replicate pens of 30 chicks per pen for each dietary treatment.
B
Live and prechilled processed carcass weights for five male and five female broilers randomly selected from each of the
10 replicate pens for each dietary treatment. Values are means ± SEM for 10 replicate pens per treatment.
*Significantly different from the corresponding control value (P < 0.05) [21].
DAVIS ET AL.: PEARL MILLET IN BROILER DIETS 143

TABLE 7. Performance and carcass yields of broilers from 0 to 42 d of age fed different dietary levels of pearl
millet (experiment 4)

Item Control 25% Millet 50% Millet

0 to 21 d of ageA
Weight gain (g/bird) 570 ± 19 583 ± 13 582 ± 21
Feed conversion 1.37 ± 0.01 1.39 ± 0.01 1.42 ± 0.01*
0 to 42 d of ageA
Total weight gain (g/bird) 1,876 ± 56 1,975 ± 64 1,918 ± 38
Feed conversion 1.53 ± 0.01 1.52 ± 0.02 1.58 ± 0.03
Final live weightA
Males (g/bird) 2,079 ± 74 2,174 ± 34 2,060 ± 65
Females (g/bird) 1,813 ± 40 1,891 ± 37 1,881 ± 54
Processed birdsB
Males
Live weight (g/bird) 2,014 ± 69 2,104 ± 35 2,030 ± 53
Carcass weight (g/bird) 1,426 ± 43 1,519 ± 27 1,451 ± 38
Percentage yield 70.91 ± 0.45 72.23 ± 0.25* 71.48 ± 0.26
Females
Live weight (g/bird) 1,746 ± 51 1,833 ± 25 1,802 ± 49
Carcass weight (g/bird) 1,245 ± 39 1,317 ± 20 1,278 ± 37
Percentage yield 71.26 ± 0.37 71.87 ± 0.30 70.85 ± 0.34
A
Values are means ± SEM for eight replicate pens (control and 25% millet) or six replicate pens (50% millet) of 30 chicks
per pen.
B
Live and prechilled processed carcass weights for five male and five female broilers randomly selected from each of the
replicate pens for each dietary treatment.
*Significantly different from the corresponding control value (P < 0.05) [21].

CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS

1. Grain from this newly developed pearl millet hybrid (TifGrain 102) has a comparable TMEn
value to corn and a more favorable protein content.
2. A complete replacement of corn with pearl millet to 16 d was accomplished without any effects
on performance. In addition, use of soybean meal was substantially reduced in diets based on
pearl millet.
3. In floor pen studies (0 to 42 d of age), up to 50% pearl millet grain was incorporated into
broiler diets without adversely affecting body weight gains or carcass yields. Testing of higher
levels of inclusion was precluded by a limited quantity of grain from this new pearl millet
hybrid, but the results clearly suggest that grain from this new pearl millet hybrid could be a
successful alternative grain for poultry production.
4. Because the new rust-resistant cultivar has been shown to be an acceptable alternative to other
grains, intensive efforts to increase production and initiate marketing are justified.

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20. Feedstuffs Ingredient Analysis Table. 2001. Miller Publish-
ing Co., Minnetonka, MN.
21. Analysis of variance was performed using the general linear
model procedure of Minitab (Release 8. 2, State College, PA). Tu-
key’s multiple-comparison procedure was used to detect significant
differences between the diets in experiment 4.