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Ebook Contemporary Advertising and Integrated Marketing Communications 15Th Edition Arens Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF
Ebook Contemporary Advertising and Integrated Marketing Communications 15Th Edition Arens Solutions Manual Full Chapter PDF
CHAPTER SIX
MARKET SEGMENTATION AND THE MARKETING MIX:
DETERMINANTS OF ADVERTISING STRATEGY
To describe how marketers use behavioral characteristics to cluster prospective customers into
market segments. Because no product or service pleases everybody, marketers need to select
specific target markets that offer the greatest sales potential. Thus, they can fine-tune their
mix of product-related elements (the four Ps), including IMC, to match the needs or wants of
the target market.
Learning Objectives
What’s New?
Information on market segmentation was reorganized and edited to make it more student-
friendly. The ―My IMC Campaign‖ box helps students better understand how and why they
should assist their clients in segmenting the consumer audience.
This chapter helps educate students on the benefits of marketing segmentation and marketing
mix in advertising. This chapter helps to answer the question ―who should we target and
why?‖
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Chapter 06 - Market Segmentation and the Marketing Mix: Determinants of Advertising Strategy
Some ads seem to make little sense until you understand the market segment an advertiser is
trying to reach. For example, Hardee’s decision to sell hamburgers by showing Paris Hilton
washing a car in a skimpy swimsuit may seem odd. Some students may even find the concept
offensive. But Hardee’s had an audience in mind that was not put off by the ads: young,
male, frequent fast-food eaters. The types of messages that will resonate with these
consumers is unlikely to be effective with other segments. Consider asking your students to
contemplate a completely different market segment for Hardee’s, such as seniors, young
women aged 18-25, or homemakers with children. How would the marketing objectives
change? The advertising? The product itself? This exercise can help students better realize
the implications of target market selection.
This chapter delves into consumer behavior and how advertisers use it to influence purchasing
habits. I suggest using the lecture to convey the importance of perception in advertising.
A new product or service might be phenomenal, but the challenge is to get consumers to
understand the new product/service and to help avoid product or service failure. That is where
advertising comes in.
When I have discussions with students regarding this, they tend to be very surprised. Many
times students believe that advertising is about coming up with the jingle or the phrase that
helps the advertised product stand apart from others. That is a function of advertising, yet only
a very small one.
In relating advertising to marketing I also try to make two important points: advertising does
not always lead to marketing success and marketing success can occur without the benefit of
advertising. Great products for illustrating the first point include: New Coke, the Edsel,
Pringles potato chips, the paper dress (courtesy Scott Paper in the 1960s, Cambridge 100
cigarettes, etc.). To illustrate the second truism I point to the Snugli, which became a
successful product via an article in the Whole Earth Catalog, and illegal narcotics, which,
naturally, do not benefit from traditional advertising.
6-2
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Chapter 06 - Market Segmentation and the Marketing Mix: Determinants of Advertising Strategy
Nielsen http://www.nielsen.com/us/en.html
People behind the Ads: Tere and Joe Zubi, Zubi Advertising
Lecture Outline
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Chapter 06 - Market Segmentation and the Marketing Mix: Determinants of Advertising Strategy
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Chapter 06 - Market Segmentation and the Marketing Mix: Determinants of Advertising Strategy
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Chapter 06 - Market Segmentation and the Marketing Mix: Determinants of Advertising Strategy
Gladwell argues that certain types of people are involved in creating what he calls
social epidemics, typified by the almost overnight increase in the popularity of a
product, fashion, or idea.
1. Limitation of Consumer Segmentation Methods
a. Advocates psychographic systems claim these methods help address the l
factors that motivate consumers.
b. However, because the markets for many products comprise such a broad
cross section of consumers, psychographics may in fact offer little real
value—especially since it oversimplifies consumer personalities.
c. VALS is also criticized for being complicated and lacking the proper
theoretical underpinnings.
C. Segmenting Business and Government Markets: Understanding Organizational
Buying Behavior
Business (or industrial) markets include manufacturers, government agencies,
wholesalers, retailers, banks, and institutions that buy goods and services to help
them operate. These products may include raw materials, electronic components,
mechanical parts, office equipment, vehicles, or services used in conducting
business.
Many business marketers sell to resellers, such as retail businesses that resell to
consumer.
Identifying target markets of prospective business customers is just as challenging
as identifying consumer markets. Many of the criteria used to identify consumer
markets can also be used for business markets—for example, geography and
behavior (purchase occasion, benefits sought, user status, and usage rate).
1. Business Purchasing Procedures
a. When businesspeople evaluate new products, they use a process far more
complex than the consumer purchase process described in Chapter 5.
b. Large firms have purchasing departments that act as professional buyers.
c. Purchase decisions often depend on factors besides price or quality, among
them product demonstrations, delivery time, terms of sale, and
dependability of supply.
d. Before choosing a target market, business marketers should consider how
the purchase decision process works in various segments.
2. Industrial Classification System
a. Industrial customers need different products, depending on their business
b. The U.S. Census Bureau classifies all U.S. businesses – collects and
publishes industry statistics on them – using the North American
Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes.
c. NAICS organizes all the industries into 20 broad sectors such as mining,
manufacturing, wholesale trade, and information.
6-6
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Chapter 06 - Market Segmentation and the Marketing Mix: Determinants of Advertising Strategy
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Chapter 06 - Market Segmentation and the Marketing Mix: Determinants of Advertising Strategy
C. Product Positioning
Once an advertising person understands a product’s stage in the life cycle, how it’s
classified, and how it’s currently perceived by the marketplace, the first strategic
decision can be made: how to position the product. The basic goal of positioning
strategy is to own a word that ranks the product in the prospect’s mind.
D. Product Differentiation
1. Product differentiation creates the perception that a brand offers something
unique and desirable to a market segment.
2. So it’s not surprising that most ―new‖ products fail to impress consumers. (See
Exhibit 6–13.)
3. Differences between products may be perceptible, hidden, or induced.
4. Perceptible differences are readily apparent to the consumer.
5. Hidden differences are not so readily apparent.
6. For many product classes, such as aspirin, salt, gasoline, packaged foods,
liquor, and financial services, advertising can create induced differences.
E. Product Branding
The fundamental differentiating device for all products is the brand—that
combination of name, words, symbols, or design that identifies the product and its
source and distinguishes it from competing products.
A company might use a family brand and market different products under the
same umbrella name.
Because it is so expensive for manufacturers to market national brands (also called
manufacturer’s brands), some companies use a private-labeling strategy. Private
labels, typically sold at lower prices in large retail chain stores, include such
familiar names as Kenmore, Craftsman, Cragmont, Kroger, and Party Pride.
Imagine the value of owning a brand name such as Coca-Cola, Nike, Porsche, or
Levi’s (see Exhibit 6–14). Some companies pay a substantial fee for the right to
use another company’s brand name. Thus, we have licensed brands such as
Sunkist vitamins, Coca-Cola clothing, Porsche sunglasses, and Mickey Mouse
watches.
1. Role of branding
a. Brands are built on differences in images, meanings, and associations.
b. The goal is brand loyalty —because it serves both the consumer and the
marketer.
c. For the marketer, it builds brand equity, the totality of what consumers,
distributors, dealers—even competitors—feel and think about the brand
over an extended period of time. In short, it’s the value of the brand’s
capital.
6-10
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Chapter 06 - Market Segmentation and the Marketing Mix: Determinants of Advertising Strategy
F. Product Packaging
The product’s package is a component of the product element and is also an
exhibitive medium that can determine the outcome of retail shelf competition. The
four considerations in package design are identification; containment, protection,
and convenience; consumer appeal; and economy. These functions may even
become copy points —copywriting themes—in the product’s advertising.
1. Identification
a. Packages should offer high visibility and legibility to penetrate shoppers’
physiological screens.
b. To penetrate consumers’ psychological screens, the package d e sign must
reflect the tone, image, and personality of the product concept.
2. Containment, Protection, and Convenience
a. Retailers want packages that are easy to stack and display; they also want a
full range of sizes to fit their customers’ needs.
b. Consumers want packages that are easy to carry, open, and store, so these
are important design considerations.
3. Consumer Appeal
a. Consumer appeal in packaging is the result of many factors: size, color,
material, and shape.
b. In this age of environmental awareness, green marketing is an important
issue for companies and consumers alike.
4. Economy
Investments in identification, protection, convenience, and consumer appeal
add to basic production costs, but this increase may be more than offset by
increased customer appeal. These benefits may make a considerable difference
to the consumer and affect both the product concept and IMC messages.
V. IMC and the Price Element
The price element of the marketing mix influences consumer perceptions of the brand
dramatically.
A. Key Factors Influencing Price
1. Market Demand
a. If the supply of a product is stable but the desire (demand) for it increases,
the price tends to rise. If demand drops below available supply, the price
tends to fall. This may affect IMC messages in a major way (see Exhibit 6–
15).
b. As product experience and information spread, the risks associated with
new products diminish, which increases consumers’ willingness to
purchase at a higher price.
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Chapter 06 - Market Segmentation and the Marketing Mix: Determinants of Advertising Strategy
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Chapter 06 - Market Segmentation and the Marketing Mix: Determinants of Advertising Strategy
b. Ads in trade magazines push the product into the retail ―pipeline,‖ and in
mass media they stimulate consumers to pull the products through the
pipeline.
2. Selective Distribution
a. By limiting the number of outlets through selective distribution,
manufacturers can cut their distribution and promotion costs.
b. The manufacturer may share part of the retailer’s advertising costs through
a cooperative (co-op) advertising program, as we discussed in Chapter 4.
3. Exclusive Distribution
Under an exclusive distribution agreement, selected wholesalers or retailers
are granted exclusive rights to distribute a particular product.
D. Vertical Marketing Systems: The Growth of Franchising
1. To be efficient, members of a distribution channel need to cooperate closely.
This need gave rise to the development of vertical marketing system (VMS),
a centrally programmed and managed distribution system that serves a group
of stores or other businesses.
2. There are many types of vertical marketing systems. For the last quarter
century, the greatest growth has been in franchising —such as McDonald’s or
Mailboxes, Etc.—in which retail dealers (or franchisees) pay a fee to operate
under the guidelines and direction of the parent company or manufacturer (the
franchisor).
VII. IMC and the Communication (Promotion) Element
The communication element includes all marketing-related communications between
the seller and the buyer. A variety of marketing communications tools comprise the
communications mix. These tools can be grouped into personal and nonpersonal
communication activities.
Personal communication includes all person-to-person contact with customers.
Nonpersonal communication activities—which use some medium as an intermediary
for communicating—include advertising, direct marketing, certain public relations
activities, collateral materials, and sales promotion. Today, successful marketing
managers blend all these elements into an integrated marketing communications
program.
A. Personal Selling
Personal selling is very important in business-to-business marketing. It establishes
a face-to-face situation in which the marketer can learn firsthand about customer
wants and needs, and customers find it harder to say no.
B. Advertising
1. Advertising is sometimes called mass or nonpersonal selling. Its usual purpose
is to inform, persuade, and remind customers about particular products and
services.
6-13
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Chapter 06 - Market Segmentation and the Marketing Mix: Determinants of Advertising Strategy
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Chapter 06 - Market Segmentation and the Marketing Mix: Determinants of Advertising Strategy
Review Questions
1. How does the concept of shared characteristics relate to the market segmentation
process?
2. How could you use VALS to develop the marketing strategy for a product of your
choice?
The VALS system breaks consumers into eight groups based on their resources and
self-orientation. Each group exhibits distinctive behavior, decision-making patterns,
and product/media usage traits. After choosing a product, the students could use the
VALS classification system on p. 179 to develop their marketing strategy.
6-15
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Chapter 06 - Market Segmentation and the Marketing Mix: Determinants of Advertising Strategy
3. How does the segmentation of business markets differ from that of consumer markets?
Business (or industrial) markets may be segmented by the industries to which they
belong (SIC codes), by their purchasing system, or by geographic concentration.
4. What is the most important factor to consider when determining the elements of the
marketing mix?
Determining the product, price, place, and promotion elements comes after
determining who populates the target market.
6. What are some examples of product positioning not discussed in this chapter?
7. What effect does the product life cycle have on the advertising a company uses?
Advertising for a product depends to a great extent on where the product is in the life
cycle.
a. Introductory stage—the product concept may be very new to consumers; thus,
advertising may concentrate more on stimulating primary demand for the whole
product class.
b. Growth stage—rapid expansion in demand and growth of the market with a
growth in the competition; advertising emphasis will shift from emphasizing primary
demand to influencing selective demand for individual brands in order to take over the
number one position.
c. Maturity stage—the market is saturated with competitors; selective demand
advertising is used to maintain a profitable market position.
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Chapter 06 - Market Segmentation and the Marketing Mix: Determinants of Advertising Strategy
d. Decline stage—the majority of consumers needing the product now own all they
need or are turning to a newer technology to provide the same utility more efficiently.
Advertising may be increased to improve market position as competitors start to fall
out of the market, but, eventually, all advertising will be discontinued, as consumers
no longer seek the product.
10. What product characteristics encourage heavy advertising? Little advertising? Why?
6-17
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Chapter 06 - Market Segmentation and the Marketing Mix: Determinants of Advertising Strategy
3. From an ethical perspective, who are the stakeholders in this situation, and what values or
conception of what is right are important to consider? Are the concerns about very young
children more important than those of others?
6-18
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Chapter 06 - Market Segmentation and the Marketing Mix: Determinants of Advertising Strategy
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Chapter 06 - Market Segmentation and the Marketing Mix: Determinants of Advertising Strategy
Do you think Starbucks should advertise in more traditional mass media or stick to public
relations? What ―creative voice‖ would you suggest for Starbucks?
There is no reason to go ahead with only one option or the other; a combination would
prove to be the best approach.
a. In a good comprehensive marketing program you want to take advantage of all media
available to you.
b. A new creative voice for Starbucks would be perfect for traditional mass media.
c. As a leader in their category, Starbucks should heavily engage in public relations.
An example of a creative voice for Starbucks would be: A lifestyle image of Starbucks
customers (hip, cool, European sophistication, etc.).
People behind the Ads: Tere and Joe Zubi, Zubi Advertising
A. Coral Gables, near Miami, is home to one of the largest independent Hispanic
agencies in America, Zubi Advertising. Zubi is short for Zubizarreta, and the
agency was founded by Tere Zubi, after she and her husband fled Cuba for a
better life in the United States.
B. A commitment to learning is still a part of Zubi Advertising today.
C. CA: What is the role of a multicultural agency? JZ: The role is twofold: First, we
provide our clients with the cultural insights that can drive effective
communication platforms. Second, we partner with general market advertising
agencies to help them be more effective with campaigns that target all residents of
the United States.
D. CA: How do you keep track of all the changes that are taking place in the
demographic makeup of the United States? JZ: It’s a challenge. We regularly
consult all of the important secondary sources of information, including the U.S.
Census, Simmons Market Research Bureau reports, and research from pollsters
such as Yankelovich and Nielsen. We also examine customized proprietary
studies that are category specific. The adaptation to change is based on the
category, its competitive set, and the brand’s position in its life cycle.
E. CA: What are you looking for in the people that you will be hiring at Zubi
Advertising over the next several years? JZ: We want people who can grow
beyond their potential. People who are confident, passionate, and eager to learn.
We are looking for people who are willing to take chances.
F. CA: Is there anything else that you would like to share with students of
advertising? JZ: Yes. Don’t hesitate to take on anything that is thrown your way.
Take on any challenge, learn from your mistakes and celebrate your successes.
Life is too short to take this too seriously, have fun!
6-20
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Chapter 06 - Market Segmentation and the Marketing Mix: Determinants of Advertising Strategy
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Chapter 06 - Market Segmentation and the Marketing Mix: Determinants of Advertising Strategy
PART II: Marketing Mix. Visit the Hardee’s site (www.hardees.com) and answer the
following questions about one of its products:
a. Identify the product, price, place, and promotion (if there are multiple products,
choose one.)
b. Identify the stage in the product life cycle.
c. What is the product’s positioning?
d. What are the key elements of the product’s differentiation?
Sample Answer: Hardee’s newest sandwich
a. Product: Charbroiled BBQ Chicken sandwich
Price: About $4.00
Place: Hardee’s restaurants
Promotions: Printable coupon for free Coke with purchase, interactive menu and
nutrition guide
b. The product is in the introductory stage.
c. The product is positioned as the newest low-fat, flavorful sandwich
d. Taste & health (Hardee’s popular BBQ sandwich without the fat of a burger)
3. Marketing Segmentation and Target Marketing
Segmenting markets and generating sound demographic, geographic, psychographic, and
behavioristic profiles are critical to formulating advertising strategy. An abundance of
market segmentation data is available on the Internet from both the government and
private sector. Peruse the following sample of online resources for target market
information.
Nielsen: www.nielsen.com
Forrester Research: www.forrester.com
Market Segment Resource Locator: www.awool.com
Target Marketing: www.targetonline.com
U.S. Census Bureau American FactFinder: http://factfinder.census.gov
USA Data: www.usadata.com
Now choose a company with a website and use these online resources to answer the
following questions. Be sure to cite any online resources you used in addition to the
above.
a. What type of segmentation approach did they take (single-market, multiple-market,
aggregate market)?
b. Develop a demographic profile, including age, income, education, and gender for the
target market.
c. Describe the general geographic skew for the company’s market.
d. What consumption patterns are evident in the company’s consumers?
6-22
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Chapter 06 - Market Segmentation and the Marketing Mix: Determinants of Advertising Strategy
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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Hän oli jo kauan ollut metsässä. Hän oli käynyt tarkastamassa
saarrosta, oli pistäytynyt kotona ja lähtenyt jälleen talonpoikien
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rekeen ja läksimme matkaan.
Tämä karhu oli hyvin suuri ja sillä oli kaunis, musta turkki. Annoin
parkita sen, ja sen talja on huoneeni lattialla. Haavat otsassani ovat
parantuneet, arvet tuskin näkyvätkään.
VANKINA KAUKASIASSA
I
— On.
Aro loppui, ja nyt kulki tie kahden vuoren välisessä solassa. Žilin
virkkoi toverilleen:
Žilin huomasi, että leikki oli kaukana. Kivääri oli luisunut maahan,
eikä pelkästä sapelista ollut paljoa apua. Hän käänsi hevosensa
sotamiessaattuetta kohti ja aikoi paeta, mutta vastaan pyyhälsikin
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vielä paremmat, ja pakotie oli katkaistu. Hän koetti kääntää
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eikä sitä saanut enää millään pysähtymään, — se lensi suoraan
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selässä hänen luokseen ja ulvoi virnistellen ilkeästi ja pyssy
valmiina.
Žilin ei ollut ruumiiltaan roteva, mutta hän oli uljas ja sisukas. Hän
tempasi sapelinsa ja karautti suoraan punapartaa kohti ajatellen:
»Minä survon hänet hevosen jalkoihin tai silvon kappaleiksi
sapelillani.»
Mutta ennenkuin hän vielä ehti perille, koetettiin häntä takaa
ampua. Laukaus sattui hevoseen, joka kaatui hänen allaan. Se
suistui päistikkaa maahan, ja sen lysähtäessä kumoon jäi Žilinin
jalka hevosen alle.
Žilin koetti painaa mieleensä tien, jota kuljettiin, — mutta silmille oli
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Žilin ei saanut koko yönä unta silmiinsä. Yöt olivat lyhyet. Valojuova
tunkeutui seinänraosta vajaan — aamu siis valkeni. Žilin nousi ylös
ja paremmin nähdäkseen kaiversi rakoa suuremmaksi.
Raosta näkyi tie, joka kulki vuoren juurta pitkin; oikealla oli
tatarilaismaja, ja sen vieressä kasvoi kaksi puuta. Musta koira loikoi
tiellä, ja vuohi vuonineen tepasteli pihalla hännäntynkäänsä
heilutellen. Vuoren rinnettä nousi nuori tatarilaisvaimo. Kirjava paita
oli vyötäisiltä sidottu, hänellä oli jalassa housut ja saappaat. Pää oli
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vesiruukussa. Lanteet notkahtelivat hänen käydessään — ja hän
talutti kädestä paitasillaan tepsuttelevaa keropäistä poikavekaraa.
Vaimo astui vesiastioineen tupaan, josta tuli ulos eilinen
punapartainen tatari, yllään silkkinen pusero; miehen vyöstä riippui
hopeainen väkipuukko, jalassa hänellä oli paljaat matalat kengät ja
päässä korkea, musta, taaksepäin kallistuva lammasnahkalakki. Hän
venytteli jäseniään ja siveli punaista partaansa siinä seisoessaan.
Hetkisen kuluttua hän virkkoi jotakin rengilleen ja poistui.
Mutta Žilinin oli kova jano, kieli oli ihan tarttua kiinni kitalakeen.
»Tulisivat edes katsomaan», toivoi hän. Samassa hän kuuli ovea
avattavan. Punapartainen tatari astui vajaan päin, seurassaan toinen
lyhyempi, mustaverinen mies, jolla oli kirkkaat, tummat silmät ja
parta lyhyeksi ajeltu. Suu tällä seuralaisella oli iloisessa hymyssä ja
kasvoilla väikkyi hilpeä hyvätuulisuus. Tämä tummaverinen oli vielä
uljaammassa asussa: puseropaita oli sinistä silkkiä ja reunuksilla
koristettu. Vyöllä riippui suuri hopeainen väkipuukko ja jalassa oli
punaiset, hopeasuiset sahviaanikengät. Näiden ohuiden kenkien
päällä oli vielä toiset paksummat kengät. Päässä oli korkea valkea
lammasnahkalakki.
— Kolmetuhatta ruplaa.
Žilin vastasi: