6.1 INTRODUCTION ‘The subject Applied Mechanics has occupied a very sig- nificant position in every branch of engineering. Analysis of structures, motion of projectiles, satellites plane, motion along, straight and curved tracks and so many other related topics, are directly based on the fundamentals of Applied Mechanics Broadly speaking, Applied Mechanics is the science which describes or predicts the conditions of rest or motion ‘of bodies under the action of applied forces. Applied mechanics may be divided into two branches ie, statics and dynamic, Statics. The branch of the Applied Mechanics which deals with the effect of the forees acting upon the bodies at rest, is called ‘statics’ Dynamics. The branch ofthe Applied Mechanics which ‘deals with the effects ofthe forces acting upon the bodies in ‘aotion, is called dynamics. 6.2 FORCE An agent which either produces or tends to produce or de- stroysor to tends to destroy the motion ofa body, is called force 6.3 PARALLELOGRAM LAW OF FORCES estates, “Tf t fores acting simultaneously on a particle, be represented in magnitude and direction bythe two adjacent sides ofa parallelogram, then the resultant maybe represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal ofthe paralleto- ‘gram which passes through their point of intersection” Let Pand Q be two forces (Fig. 6.1. PG Pig 61. lelogram law of forces, PQ. Quind tan 8 Bs Qeosd ceanTitin, 0 ane of isiation and Re the reliant 6.4 RESOLUTION OF A FORCE (FIG. 6.2) "The resolved part of a foree F along X-axis = Fos 6, along Y-axis = F sin 0 where 0s the angle between the force F and X-axis x “ a Fig. 6.2. Resolution of a force. 6.5 RESULTANT OF A NUMBER OF FORCES ACTINGH APOINT Let. 3H= algebraic s u m of resolved parts of the fores along X axis 2V= Algebraic s u m of resolved parts of the forces along Y-axis Ww The rosultant R= Y(SHF GEV and tan = 2 6.8 TRIANGLE LAW OF FORCES It states “If two forces acting simultaneously on apart acting simultaneously on op be represented in magnitude and direction by the two sit ‘agin ken inorder, their reultant may be in magnitude and directi id side of the t taken in opposite order See ape of 6.7 MOMENT OF A FORCE ‘Turning effect product all aa ed by & force on the body, see tee: The numerical value of the mom!" the force and dis ar dt between the point and enc 8 the perpendicul 8.8 LAW OF MOMENTS, fect. of, H.2 point remains in’ equilibrium und moments mute rg eoPlanar forces, the sum of this bout any point aa the sum of enti clockse m2 im the same, ” wae me plane: Two equal and on-collinear, formic BPOste forces whose lines of A couple. Tt states, “Ie th, then eqn planar forces acting on # wed he other gece Proportional to the eh 7 pea t= Ts i= 27 x TA MrFig. 6.3. Lami’s theorem. e PQ Rk Maibematicaly, io ain ~ sing #12 THE CONDITIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM OF A BODY Forthe equilibrium of a body, 2H=0,5V=0, and=M=0 {9 CENTRE OF GRAVITY ‘The pointin a body at which the whole mass of the body, esumed to act, is called centre of gravity. 44 CENTROID ‘he point in a plane figure at which whole area of the js assumed to act, is called centroid, Table 6. C.G. or Centroid of Common Figures mm Figure Area/Volume — | Distance of C.G ls res 7 my ae | ae eee 2 3 oc => 6.15 CENTROID OF COMPOSITE FIGURES. Ifa,, dz, @5..... a, be the areas of individual figures. ____ Si Fafa ow Hy be the distances of centroids from any given axis X,, the distance of the composite figure. Paty +O4E, Hot Oy +3, then ¥ G40, +45 +. Similarly, Fa Wty ayy +4 Oy, +0; + Gy + 05 tony The equations for the centre of gravity of composite bodies are : a MRE Vay Oty tt Oak UU, Fyre FD Pa Bt tae Hay Ho ty Ue +04 Uy tUy where, letters carry their usual meanings. 6.16 MOMENT OF INERTIA OF IMPORTANT FIGURES (FIG. 6.4) ph 1, Rectangular section ZI is pee Ate Ag: — 2, Hollow rectangular section . = an Tng= 75(BD" — ab") 1,= 5B" -as) @rAtelanaslar section I phe bh? =< ee Pe ye he M86. Fran 12 4. Circular section ah, 2 4 = Iy=ly= x = ade eS IE where, ZZis an axis perpendicular to both XX and Y¥ axea 5, Hollow circular section y pee ER a2 Ia=Iy= E(D'-a") = Fay 6.17 MJ. BY ROUTH'S RULE AxS. T= > for rectangular or square sections AxS T= 4 forcireular oF elliptical sectionsand S: section by Routh’s rule. AS Solution. L.= a 6.18 LAWS OF FRICTION A, Laws of statie friction Following are the laws of static friction 1. The force of friction acts in a direction, opposite to that in which, the body tends to move. 2, The magnitude of the force of friction, is always equal to the applied force. 3. The magnitude of the limiting friction, bears a con- stant ratio to the normal reaction between the body and the surface, ie. 4, The force of friction depends upon the roughness of the surface. 65. The force of friction is independent of the area of contact between the bodies. B. Laws of dynamic friction Following are the laws of dynamic friction : 1. The foree of friction always acts in a direction opposite ‘to that on which the body is moving, ‘The magnitude of the dynamic friction bears a con- stant ratio to the normal reaction between the surface, tis slightly loss than that in case of static friction. For moderate speeds; the foree of friction remains constant and decreases with a slow rate with the increase of speed. 6-19 LIMITING EQUILIBRIUM AND LIMITING FRICTION ‘The stage when the body acted upon by an external fore, is just on the point of moving, is called limiting equilibrium of the body. “The force of friction which is offered by the rough surface at the stage of limiting equilibrium, is called limiting friction, "When a body starts moving, the force of fiction offered by the surface, is called the dynamic friction, 6.20 ANGLE OF FRICTION ‘When a body is atthe point of limiting equilibrium, the {force of friction is maximum. The angle which the resultant of the maximum force of friction and the normal reaction makes with the normal reaction, is called the angle of friction. Ie is denoted by 4 F ‘a constant. sximum for of friction ‘Normal reaction 6.21 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION ‘The ratio ofthe limiting friction and the normal reaction fs called coefiient of friction. 6.22 ANGLE OF REPOSE ‘The angle which an inclined rough surface makes with the horizontal when a body placed on it, is on the point of moving down, is called Anzle of Repose. tank= CIVIL ENGINEERING | (eRe eco SO ~ he ange of repose is always eal to theang, tion. 6.23 EQUILIBRIUM OF A BODY ONAN INCLINED, PLANE ae f 1. The force acting at angle 0 to the inclined plan 1 ing angle alpha with horizontal and having. a friction 2. (Fig. 6. 5) ott Th orton tbody ie, «20TH ‘Th aecler: ie, the body tends to move down, 629EQ 2, The force acting along the inclined plane (Fig if) ata : i 3 ther Ae | a vs Fig. 66. hs pa Wesina+2) tne 1 mie cone > the body tends to move uP Wesin( Por _ Wrsin(a + Pe TAEEG*2 ene body tends to move dow? oe 3. The force acting horizontally (Fig: 6) Fig. 6.7 (@+2), the body tends to move UP. (a-2), the body tends t o move do" Penis Powen rast cients of iti’ ar nyc"2, where pis the piteh 6.34 THE EQUATION OF THE TRAJECTORY The equation ofthe path traversed by a projectile, is eFFICIENCY OF A SCREW JACK a os yeetan a -Hi8__, where lambda is coefficient of friction ee 1° fanaa) 6.35 TIME OF FLIGHT OF A PROJECTILE yor maximum efficiency, angle of helix a= 48° 2 _2usina gg7 THE VELOCITY ‘he rate of change of displacement with respect to its qroundings in a particular direction, is called the velocity Ss afb. iis a 2 ie, VE ae un THE ACCELERATION e ibn ate canesiofithe velocity bf'a body, ts Called @ Fig. 6,9 6.36 HORIZONTAL RANGE OF A PROJECTILE _wsin2a @ 6.37 FOR MAXIMUM RANGE, ANGLE OF PROJECTION a=45° 29 EQUATIONS OF PLANE MOTION ; HE PROJECTILE, Suz initial velocity; v= final velocity 6.38 MAXIMUM HEIGHT ATTAINED BY TI fF acceleration, t= time taken for the displacement wsin?a = distance travelled, 2 then v= u+ ft 6.39THE VELOCITY OF PROJECTILE AFTER t SECONDS aut oe, where, 9 = usina=gt cron OF ABODY UNDER THE FORCE OF GRAV- bsg 6.40 THE VELOCITY AND DIRECTION OF MOTION OF A Forthe motion along the direction of the force of gravity. | PROJECTILE AT A GIVEN HEIGHT H, ABOVE THE POINT OF PROJECTION veut at h=utt 1 gt 2 fi —2gh vae42 gh ames jini mation sin opposite direction, the value of PROS Sropasgqeras tot 6.41 TIME OF FLIGHT OF APROJECTILE UP AN INCLINED Ts ee TRAVELLED BY A BODY IN nth SECOND | PLANE, = 2usin"(a-B) soos : where, « is angle of projection and fis angle of inclined ation and u is the initial velocity . | plane. curl t $n) here fis the acceler SET Progr g CVEN EQUATION OF MOTION IS IN TERMS | 6,42 TIME OF FLIGHT OF A PROJECTILE DOWN AN IN- CEMENT SAND TIME f, CLINED PLANE BPs ae ar 9 dy Pen velocity Wras 2 Acceleration “204g PRos ECTH 1m ECTILE. Path: Re visa paee by 4 projectile in air (neglecting air 6.43 THE RANGE OF A PROJECTILE ON AN INCLINED PLANE, pa 2 sinlaB)cosa ae Beos"B 6.44 FOR MAXIMUM RANGE UP AN INCLINED PLANE, mB. a6.45 FOR MAXIMUM RANGE DOWN AN INCLINED PLANE, 6.46 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION The to and fro motion of the foot of perpendicular of 8 Point moving along the circumference of a circle, on any di- ameter, is called Simple Motion. 6.47 AMPLITUDE, ‘The maximum displacement of a body from its mean position, is called amplitude. 6.48 OSCILLATION One complete vibration of a body moving in Simple Har- ‘monic Motion is called oscillation, 6.49 PERIODIC TIME ‘The time taken by the body for one complete oscillation is called Periodic time. on where, T= Periodic time ; ‘© = Angular velocity in radians/see. 6.50 EQUATION OF A PARTICLE MOVING WITH S.H.M. ‘The equation for velocity ofa particle moving with simple ‘harmonic motion, is v= of 9? ‘where, r= the amplitude and {y= distance fom mean position 6.51 ACCELERATION OF A PARTICLE MOVING WITH SHM. The acceleration of a particle moving with simple har- ‘monic motion f= oy, siggt 2 Maximum when the particle is st its extreme po- 6.52 DEFINITION OF ANGULAR VELOCITY The rate of change of angular displacement of is called angular abet itiealmau expend a eae 6.53 ANGULAR VELOCITY ocieg’ MAY MANE N r.m. is sud to posses angular ves locity; 2nn, 2A sndioe 6.54 ANGULAR ACCELERATION ‘The rate of chango of angular velocity is called angular acceleration. [tis expressed in radianslsec? Shes 6.55 LAWS OF ANGULAR MOTION If 99 = initial angular velocity inal angular velocity {time taken by the particle to change its velocity from 90 0, ‘@= constant angular acceleration in rad/eec? 0= total angular displacement in radians, ‘Then o = @ + ati 1 0= ut + 5a of = 0,2 +208. 6.56 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LINEAR ay, GULAR VELOCITIES 4 v=rw. where, sradiusf the circular path ofthe mig 6.57 INSTANTANEOUS CENTRE ‘The point about which a combined motion ova translation, may be assumed as a motion of pure ria called instantaneous centre. y 6.58 VELOCITY OF A RECIPROCATING PUMP ‘The velocity of the piston of a reciprocating punp v,= 0 (Isin 6 + rcos 0 tan 9) where o = angular velocity of the crank in radi, 1= length of the connecting rod. = obliquity of the connecting rod. r= radius of the crank (0 angle the crank makes with minimum deadoai 6.59 THE LOSS OF KINETIC ENERGY DUE TO INPICT Bye tt tau -) where, m, = mass of first body; mass of second body initial velocity of the first body; ‘initial velocity of the second body final velocity of the first body ; final velocity of the second body = coeflicient of resistance. 6.60 NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION There are three laws of motion : | 1. First Law. Every today continues in its #3 or of uniform motion in a straight line, unless it by some external force. i 2. Second Law. The rate of change of mom directly proportional to the impressed force and ‘25 in the same direction in which the force acts ie.P 7" . Third Law. To every action, there is alw=* and opposite reaction. “tom here S61 D/ALEMBERT'S PRINCIPLE td It states, “If a rigid body is acted upon bY 4 fr ten mig ee el whose magnitude, direction and line of action, "2 ‘ut by the method of araphic statics” = mf=0, a qk 6.62 TON OF LIFT MOVING UPWARD of weight Wig is ard with accelerato : ea sreclration £ The tension in th cable support wt Af : cijyoTiON OF LIFT MOVING DOWNWARD “ulitof weight Wkgis moving downward with a uniform seseaon/ Te tension inthe cable supporting the ie jen s wi aa: é ut ACCELERATION OF A BODY ON AN INCLINED BLANE re Tye eoceleration fwith which a load Wg slides along a ped snot surface, making an angle 0 with horizontal, ge bY PE pe gain ®. se5RECOIL OF AGUN ‘he velocity of recoil Vof a gun of mass M from which a pull of mass, is fred with velocity v, ie related by “MV = mv ¢66. MOTION OF TWO BODIES CONNECTED BY A STRING 1 Forthe system of two bodies connected by a string and ‘assingover a smooth pulley as shown in Fig. 6.10. 663 |r img my Fig. 6.10 Acceleration, f= A=") metrelsec? 1 mm WP tension, 7= 222g Newtons i Sst 2 = acceleration f developed in a body of mass m; ‘nging freely and is connected by a string to other iy of mass Wlying on izontal plane, Tipe rns ving on a emoath horizontal plan k “a Smooth surface i W my Fig. 6.11 f= Gi mete! 3. Abody of mass m, is hanging freely and is connected by a string passing over a pulley, to an other body of mass Wlying on a smooth horizontal plane. Tension Tin the string is given by = a6 Newton T ™m+W 8, Newtons 4. A body of mass m, is hanging freely and is connected by a string passing over a pulley, to an other body of mass Wlying on a rough horizontal plane. The tension Tis the string. F mR z Rough surfers a ny 1 BHD, 4 Nowe 5. Abody of mass m, is hanging freely and is connected by a string passing over a pulley to another body of mass m lying on a rough horizontal plane. ‘The acceleration of the system f= SAW) mmotrosec?, +My 6. A body of mass m, is hanging freely and is connected bya string pasting over a pulley, to an other body of mass ms, (Fig. 6:13). The acceleration of the system elm —mysind) 2 mma Head, Ae {AT Fig. 6.13 The tension in the string T= ™-™20+8iNO) No pon, m, +g 7. Abody ofmass m, is hanging freely and another body of mase m, is lying on a rough inclined plane. y and being coefficient of friction and angle of inclination respectively. = slim, = sin cosa) p= Slory =mysina =m, cosa) ae (m+)? ae ‘r= my ma HL*SiNG+Heo8a) 2 mg ef.(Rend oe 6.1. A retarding force on a body does not (@) change the motion of the body (®) retard the motion of the body. (© introduce the motion of the body @ none of these. 6.2. The force acting on a point on the surface of a rigid body may be considered to act (@) at the contre of gravity of the body (©) on the periphery of the body (©) onany point on the line of action of the force (@ at any point on the surface normal tothe line of action of the foree, 6.3. A number of forces acting simultaneously on a particle ofa body (@) may not be replaces by a single force (®) may be replaced by a single force (©) may be replaced by a single force through C.C. of the ‘body (@ may be replaced by a couple (© none of these. 64. Parallelogram law of forces states, aaa 9. If two forees of 3 kg and 4 kg act at right an Se ata eta lbeomalic (@) 7kg © tke © 5k @ Urkg (©) none of these. 6.10. Two forces act an angle of 120°. Ifthe greater ay kg and their resultant is perpendicular tothe sala the smaller force is les oes (@ 20kg © 25 ke (©) 30kg @ 35kg © 40kg. 6.11. The resolved part of the resultant of two forces ina at an angle 0 in a given direction is (@) algebraic sum of the resolved parts of the form: the direction (®) arithmetical sum of the resolved parts of the fa in the direction (©) difference of the forces multiplied by cosine ® (@ sum of the forces multiplied by the sine 6° (©) sum of the forces multiplied by the tangent f eto forees acting | 6.12. The resultant of two forces acting at right angss i 1 Saat ha Partie be rbrownied iz magnitude | kg and adingat GO ie Tog theta elit may berepretal in magntedoaettenieae | © 1Keand kg ©) 2kg and 3 ke (@) its longer side” e mr] © Skeand VB ke @) VS kg and Ske J (©) its shorter side” © Skgand 5 kg. (© thediagonalof the parallelogram which doe not pass | :13:A point subjected to a mumber Of forces will be inev# through the point of intersection of the forces” hbrium, if © The digeenal of the parallelogram which passes | (@) Sum of resolved parts in any two direction 1 through the point of intersection of the forces” angles, are both z¢ (©) half the sum of the diagonals”. © algebraic es ‘is zero 65. TheresultanoftwofarcesPand @acingatsnandet,ig| © are oped parts in any two directions ait?" @ P+ @+2Psind P+ @4+2PQ con 6 ae @ algebraic sum of the ses about © P+ @+27Qtan8 @) IPG rapQeab Poke Sum of the moments ofthe fore ( © \FiGaPGans saartucre ct ate ] 86. Ifthe ronultantof two frees Pand @ acting at an an ion i ampTtic meet at one point and have i ™ Fag f_tmsicempeneeewithP hen toga 2 PA | atin in diferent planes are ated & Pind Qaind coplaner non 8 @ pane © eae © non-coplaner concur fay bee i {© non-coplaner non erento 1 ope, @ Asin (@ intersecting forces oree® ats ie P= Qeos0 O+Peosd* © none of these ang cee ncere Sue roe of magnitude Pact at an angls 6 heig | ©18- Lamia tuercee “he Beesliart willbe i ee te toem states that oth (@) Pecos 0/2 @) 2P sin oe ©) if three foackttiP6 ata point are always in eau) (© Piano © 2Peos era memes, e°HNE On. point can be Pre % pines hemittedeand dieting tactics Pg G8. Iftwo forces Pand @(P> @) act on the sam, © three cop gall be in the state of equiibriui® outle __ butin opposite direction, their resultant, js T%8ht line Tibriun fens frees acting at a point vill be at @ PQ OPQ Angle botyane® tis proportional tothe 8 © QP @P-@ ( three coplanes se ther two aren — OOP. Norium i eaep geet Aeting ata point wilt |G ree is inversely proportion)ciple of Transmissibility of Forces states that, when Posse Pa spon a body, its effect is ee #/%) maximum fit acts at the centre of gravity of the body (#) cifferent at different points on its line of action (@) same at every point on its line of action {@ minimum if it acts at the C.G, of the body {@ none of these. | grr According to Law of Triangle of Forces (@) three forees acting at a point, can be represented by the sides of a triangle, each side being in proportion tothe force (@ three forces acting along the sides of a triangle are always in equ (0 if three forces acting on a point can be represented inmagnitude and direction, by the sides of a triangle taken in order, these will be in equilibrium {@ ifthree forces acting at a point are in equilibrium each force is proportional to the sine of the angle between the other two (0) if the forces acting on a particle be represented in magnitude and direction by the two sides of a triangle taken in order, their resultant will be represented in magnitude and direction by the third side of the triangle, taken in opposite order. 648, The Law of Polygon of Forces states that (0) ifa polygen representing the forces acting at point in body is closed, the forces are in equilibrium (© ifforees acting on a point can be represented in mag- nitde and direction by the sides of a polygon taken in ‘order, then the resultant of the forces will be repre- santein magnitude and direction by th closing side (0 ifforees acting on a point can be represented in ‘nagnitude and direction by the sides of a polygon taken in order, their resultant will be represented ‘nmagnitude and direction by the closing side of the polygon taken in opposite order itforces acting on a point ean be represented in mag- ‘tude and direction by the sides of a polygon in order, Pr ne forces are in equilibrium ssa frweons gh dome es its e ee @ all the above. othe ees each equal to Tin magnitude act at right Abog tha feet may be neutralised by a third force acting Nilje ” bseetor in opposite direction whose magnitude 2p 8 Bn r° 889th toc utete upon by a number of coplaner non-con- it may ® aa about itself without moving © move 9 RY One direction many one direction rotating about itself 6 ane at rest @ 127 @ ar 6.22. The necessary condition of equilibrium of a body, is (@) algebraic sum of horizontal components of all the forces must: be zero (©) algebraic sum of vertical components of all the forces must be zero (©) algebraic sum of the moments of the forces about a point must be zero (@) all (a), (6) and (0). A smooth cylinder lying on its convex surface remains (@) in stable equilibrium () in unstable equilibrium. (©) in neutral equilibrium @) out of equilibrium: (© none of these. 6.24. The height at which the end of a rope of length | should 6.23, ba tie eo that a mapulap ne tha ocho end eytatea he ‘rates tendency to overture plan 3 1 @ 7 (6) = L 2 © B @ Bet © none of these. 6.25. A heavy ladder resting on a floor and against a vertical wall may not be in equilibrium, if (@) floor is smooth and the wall is rough (@®) floor is rough and the wall is smooth © floor and wall both are smooth surfaces @ floor and wall both are rough surfaces. 6.26. Varigon’s theorem of moments states @ arithmetical sum of the moments of two forces about ny point, is equal to the moments of their resultant about that point (®) algebraic sum of the moments of two forces about any ‘point, is equal to the moment of their resultant about that point (©) arithmetical sum of the moments of the forces about any point in their plane, is equal to the moment of their resultant about that point (@ algebraic sum of the moments of the forces about any point in their plane, is equal to the moment of their resulant about that point. 6.27. A uniform rod 91m long weighing 40 kg is pivoted at a point 2 m from one end where a weight of 120 kg is suspended. ‘The required force acting at the end in a direction perpendie. ular to rod to keep it equilibrium, at an inclination 60° with horizontal, is @) 40 kg © 10kg 6.28. The centre of gravity of a geometrical contre ifit is a (@) circle (©) rectangle (© right angled triangle, 6.29. The centre of ‘at which the whole (@) volume ofthe body is assumed to be concentrated (®) 60 ke @ 100 kg. plane lamina will not be at its (®) equilateral triangle @ square ravity of & homogenous body is the pointSe (®) area of the surface of the body is assumed to be con- centrated (©) weight of the body is assumed to be concentrated @ all the above. 6.30. Pick up the incorrect statement from the following, (a) The C.G. of a circle is at its centre (®) The C.G. ofa triangle is at the intersecton of its me- dians (© The C.G. of a rectangle is at the intersection of its diagonals (@ The C.G. of a semicircle is at a distance of 1/2 from the centre (© The CG. of an ecllipse is at the intersection of axes. 681. The centre of gravity of a quadrant of a circle lies along its contral radius at a distance of @ 02R (©) 03R © 04R @ 05R © 06R, 6.82, The C.G. of a right circular cone lies on its axis of sym: metry at a height of @ hz ® his © hi @ his © hi. 6.33. The C.G. of a hemisphere from its base measured along, the vertical radius is at-a distance of @) 8 SR o2 oe oR ar o® oe (© R2. 6.34. Centre of gravity of a thin hollow cone lies on the axis of symmmetry at a height of (@) one-half ofthe total height above base (©) one-third of the total height above base (©) one-fourth of the total height ahove base (@ none of these, 3 6.85. Contre of gravity of a trpezium of height hand pay Sides cand, measure fom eae ee nepal! oi) wee 2\b+a e 2\ Bea «12) glee eo pete @ 3 b+a = es (©) none of above. diagonal of the square | Ati any cies cirele.Ifris tho ¥adius ofthe circle, the C.G. ofthe remainder from near ‘6f the square on the circumference will he (@ 740.25) 7-05 fo 15-025) 705 (@) HE#0.26) 405 38, From a circular plate of a diameter 6 em is cy diameter is equal tothe radius ofthe circle whose CG, of the remainder from the centre of cire a distance of @ 2.0cm (© 15cm © 10cm @ 0.5em. 6.39. The unit of moment of inertia of an area, is @ kein © kgim? © mé @ m © kg-m®. 6:40. The unit of inertia of mass, is © ken (8) kg/m? © m* @ ms © kg-m*. 6,1, If'a spherical body is'symmetrical about its perpen ular axes, the moment of inertia of the body about 1m passing thtough its centre of gravity as given by Roithn is obtained by dividing the product of the mass and thay of the squares of two semi-axes by n where n is @2 @3 @4 @ 5. 6.42, Moment of interia of a squares of side b about nas through its centre of gravity, is @ bus © wie © b48 @ v8 © 6436, 6.43, The moment of inertia of a hollow circular sectim is external diameters 8 cm and internal diameter is Gen. ah centroidal axis, is (@) 437.5 cm‘ © 397.5 cm‘ (© 2875 em‘ (@ 187.5 em* (© 87.5 ema, 6.44. The moment of inertia of a triangular scetion *™B & Height) about controidat axis parallel to the bas ah one : @ > wy be Bp OF © % Cierra 6.46. MLL ofta thin ring (external diameter D, inter" 8. terd) about an axis perpendiculat to the plane ofthe" fey @ Zora © Zo'-2 © £0tsa @ Zoe!) 8.46. The moment of inertia oft ft i ‘of inertia of the shaded portion shown in Big 6.1 about the Xana, is (@) 229.34 emt ©) 529,34em" © 429.34 emt (@ 629,94 cm‘. | te ane bu 4 tfop TheNEL ofa thin spherical shel is ono Mr Mr ( 23Mr (d) 215Mr2 (@ s/8Ma?. MLL of solid sphere, is EO aM? (b) 2/5Mr2 Me @ arh2 @ fur y,i8 known 4 (o) sliding friction (© limiting frietion 50. The angle of friction is (@) The ratio of the friction and the normal reaction (0) The foree of friction when the body is in motion (©) rolling friction @ none of these. sultant of normal reaction and limiting friction move. 51. The following is not a law of static friction to that in which the body tends to move contact the surface ratio to the normal reaction between two surfaces. 4852. Kinetic friction may be defined as move (friction foree acting when the body is in motion (© angle between normal reaction and resultant of nor ‘mal reaction and limiting friction (@) ratio of limiting friction and normal reaction. oy ulistin which a body is moving tatio to the normal reaction between two surfaces. 3 , opie fiction {fot moderate speeds the force of friction remains mstant but decreases slightly with the increase of he Ae All the above, The’ ang ‘oriaontal ae which an inclined surface makes with the on ise abody placed on iis onthe point of moving angle of 2 © ee) (®) angle of friction 4 yet titsination (4) none ofthese 0 The i the following statements is true? Seat ote the angle of friction is equal o coef gap. The maximum frictional force which comes into play, sven body just begins to slide over the surface of aan other (0 The angle between the normal reaction and the re- {@) The force of friction at which the body is just about to (@) Theforce of friction always acts in a direction opposite @ The force of friction is dependent upon the area of (9 The foree of friction depends upon the roughness of (@ The magnitude of the limiting friction bears a constant (@ fiction foree acting when the body is just about to joi Be flowing statement is one of the laws af dynamic (©) The force of friction always acta in a direction opposite magnitude of the kinetic friction bears a constant: ha zetio being slightly legs than that in the case of 235 (b) The angle of repose is equal to angle of friction (©) The tangent of the angle of repose is equal to coeffi- cient of friction @ All the above, 6.56, On a ladder resisting on a smooth ground and leaning against a rough vertical wall, the forve of friction acts (@) towards the wall at its upper end (0) away from the wall at its upper end (©) upwards at its upper end (@) downwards at its upper end © none of these. 6.57. On a ladder resting on a rough ground and leaning against a smooth vertical wall, the force of friction acts (@) downwards at its upper end (®) upwards at its upper end (©) perpendicular to the wall atits upper end (d) zero at its upper end (© none of these. 6.58, A block of weight 50 kg is placed on a horizontal plane. When a horizontal force of 18 kg is applied, the block is just on the point of motion. The angle of friction is (a) 17° 48" (®) 18°48" (© 19° 48 (@ 20° 48° © 21° 48 6.59. A body of weight w placed on an inclined plane is acted upon by a force P parallel to the plane which causes the body just to move up the plane. If the angle of inclination of the plane is @and angle of friction is , the minimum value of P, is, wsin(—6) oe © a weos(@+@) wsindoos(0~4) ict oak 6.60. In order to keep a body in equilibritim, the foree acting along the inclined plane must he weos(0+ 4) oor oritsin(@+4) cose 6.61. The velocity of a moving body, is. (@) avector quantity (6) a scalar quantity © aconstant quantity (d) none of these, 6.62, Ifa body moves in such a way that its velocity increases by equal amount in equal intervals of time, it is said to be moving with (@ a uniform retardation (®) a uniform acceleration (©) avariable acceleration (@) a variable retardation (© none of these. 6.63, Equation of motion of a point in a straight line, is ® S=ut+ 1,2, ) S= us Latye (© all the above,6.64. Time required to stop a car moving with a velocity 20 o® m/sec within a distance of 40 m, is uh (@) sec (© 8 sec if @ none of these, (©) 4 sec @ 5 sec Ole © 6 esec. 6.74, Ifrain falls in the opposite direction of the moren, £65. The velocity of boy fallon from eighth onseaching | 674 TT noid his umbrella ; the ground is given by _ “~ (a) more inclined when moving Pp (yo 2eh. ins aa @ less inclined when moving b (© v= Reh (@ v= Week (© more inclined when standing re (@ less inclined when standing. Oo 6.75. To a cyclist riding west at 20 kg per hour, the rizy, G66. A partic moves witha velocity of m/ecin a straight | ponrs to meet him atanvangle of 45° with the verti Why fs 2 quired | he rides at 12 km per hour, the rain meets him at an Tine with a negative acceleration of 0.1 mise. Time required | he a [ton i 119° 48} with the vertical, the actual direction of rayerse a distance of L6 m, = of Y ee is | (@ 40 see (@) 30sec (@) 13 oy pn | © 20 see (@) 18 sec ar @ 70°. © 10sec. 6.76, A train moving at.30 kilometres per hour is struck y 6.67. A particle moves along a straight line such that distance x | a bullet moving 500 misec at right angles to the train Th ‘traversed in t seconds is given by x= {*(¢+ 1), the acceleration | direction with which the bullet appears to strike the trains 6a of the particle, will be @ 30° © 60° tion (@) 30-2 () 38 +24 (© 60° @ 90° ott (© 61-2 @ 6142 6.77, A ship is moving N 48° 30’ W at 20 knots/hour m la © 3-2. second ship is moving Z 90° at 10 knots/hour, the reste 6.68, A bal is dropped from the top ofa vertical tower 60 m | velocity ofthe second ship with respect to first, i high and another ball is projected from the foot of the same (a) 15 knots (6) 10 knots | Worerupwards at tho same time they meet a height of (© 23 knots @ 13 hnots, 1m, the velocity of projection ofthe second ball is 6.78. fighter plane fying horiz itd aes pot ss Sra A plan fying horizontally avanalttadeott gay (© 20.48 misee (@) 48:20 misee ee eee Ones Trordes ol the camp, the caact distance afte ph Fy 6.69. A lift descends with an acceleration of 0.5 m/sec? from @ 2770m (6) 3770m Proj, ‘he ta Boor of & mllsoreved ullding, The tne required © 4770 m @ 5770 m. | to travel a distance of 25 m, will be 1 le. : Pie al 9:79 he pat raced by «projet n the sh: © 10see © ise Ogle (©) parabolic \ © 15 sec. © ce @ catenary 6.70. A stone is projected upyarda fom te fat ofa towae | 680, Coctcinn cn ; 50 m high with a velocity of 25 mlsee and at the same time En eastion of tralectory, io 88, sn other stone is dropped from the top of the'tower.'The two |. (@) = M,) are con- nected by a light inextensible string passing over a smooth pulley, the tension in the string, will be eee by ; = 8 =Ms) gp ECM +) Oran Maat, (@ 7=80G—M) @ 7-8 +My) om M,+ Mz, M,-M, 6.170, When a body of mass M; is hanging freely and an other of mass M, lying on a smooth inclined plane (a) are connected bya light inextonsiblo string passing over a smooth pulley, the acceleration of the body of mass M,, will be given by @ aM, MS) ince: MM, (My Mysina) 2 0S ee, me ) SMy=My sing) 2 ee, me a(M,xMysina) 0 ame 6.171. The unit of moment in M.K.S system, is (@) kgm (©) kgim? © kglsec? @ kgisee. 6.172, The characteristic of a couple, is: @) algebraic sum of forces, constituting a couple is zero (©) algebraic sum of moments of the forces, constituting ‘a couple, about any point, is same © a couple can be balanced only by a couple but of op- posite sense (@ a couple can be never the balanced by (©) all the above. 6.178, The unit of moment of Inertia of a body, is @ m @) m? (©) m* (© none of these, 6.174, The velocity of a moving body, is (@) avector quantity ""() wscaler quantity (© a scalar as well as a vector @) none of these, ae a single force @ mtspect to its surrounding, is known @ velocity (@) acceleration © speed @ none of these. 6.176, A stone is whirled in a vertical circle, the tension in the string, is maximum (@) when the string is horizontal () when the stone is at the highest position © when the stone is at the lowest position (@) atall the positions. 6.177. Ifthe linear velocity of a point on the rim of a wheel of 10 m diameter, is 50 misee, its angular velocity will be @ 20radisec (©) 15 rad/see (© 10 radisee @ 5 radisec. 6.178, The resultant of the forces acting on a body will be ‘zero if the body (@) rotates (®) moves with variable velocity in a straight line (© moves along a curved path @ does not move at all. 6.179. The apparent weight of a man in a moving lift is less than his real weight when it is going down with. (@) uniform speed (®) an acceleration (© linear momentum —_(@) retardation, 6.180. When a body falls freely under gravitational force, it ‘possesses, (@ maximum weight — (0) minimum weight + © no weight @ no effect on its weight. 6.181. The foree which produces an acceleration of 1 m/sec? ina mass of one ke, is called @ dyne (®) Netwon © joule (@) erg. 6.182. Two forees of 6 Newtons and 8 Newtons which arc ‘acting at right angles to each other, will have a resultant of (@ 5 Newtons (@) 8Newtons (©) 10 Newtons @ 12 Newtons, 6.183. A satellite goes on moving along its orbit round the earth due to (@) gravitational force (contig fxe (© centripital force fee © none of these, 6.184, A ball which is thrown upwards, returns to the groun describing a parabolic path during its Might sie (@) vertical component of velocity remains constant (b) horizontal component of velocity remains eon {@) speci of the ball remsaiaa contact oe (G) Kinetic energy ofthe ball remains cosstant 6.185. Work may be defined as (@) force x distance (6) force x velocity (© force x acceleration (d) none ofthese, 61189, Bucréy maybe defined an (@) power of doing work (6) capacity of doing work (© rate of doing work (2) all the above 6.187, Power can be expressed as (@) worklenorsy @) worktime (©) work x time ©) workddistance. GIVI, ENGINEERING OB ECT. 5.188, The practical unit of work, is ee io (2) joule (©) Newton @) dyne. 6.189, The product of mass and velocity of a moving 4, is called i (a) moment (6) momentum (© power (d) impulse. 6.190; The unit of impulse, is @) kg.misec (®) kg.misec (© kg.m/sec? @ kg.m/sec. 6.191. According to Kennedy’s theorem, if three bodies plane motion, their instantaneous centres lie on (@) a point (0) a straight line (© twostraight lines (d) a triangle. 6,192, Total no of instantaneous centres of a machine bay n links, is @ ne On © @-» @ 6.193, When a body in equilibrium undergoes an inti small displacement, work imagined to be done, is knomaa (@ imaginary work (6) negative work (© virtual work (@) none of these, 6.194. Ifthe angle between the applied force and the dinstit ‘of motion of a body, is between 90° and 180°, tho work de Bg i called 5 (@) virtual work (6) imaginary work (© zero work (d) negative work. 6.195, If Vis the span of a light suspension bridge what cable carries total weight (w) and the central dip is. pertasl pall at each support, is 6 @a za ay ® 8y wl © By. @ wl. 6.196.The aah 6. The maximum pull in & eable at supports of) Pension bridge of snan J, dip () and total weight («) by each cable, is Eee eed mie) weit | w z 8a ee wht | < z @® 2 f+ the a ayy wh » © Fy wht 2y" Te? © FPF 4 S107 tthe distance hoween end sipports of ith a is Land maxim is te sidragsga ov alinedstvence 2 Ft 8b “ By? , is ! Qatsgnar wtf Say! St A gable loeded with 0.8 tonne per boriaon'® line 400 m apart. Ifce; dipie20m rhe minim ( line 400m apar-entral dips mi i (@) 200 tonnes at the centre |00 tonnes at the centre eh 00tonnes at the right support: ° 900 tonnes at the left support. ‘Toavoid bending action at the base of a pier, iM suspension and anchor cables are kept at the same Jevel | mspension and anchor cables are fixed to pior top {g suspension cable and anchor cables are attached to a Riddle mounted on rollers on top of the pier (@ none the these. , sc up the incorrect statement from the following. In pei ridge due to rise in temperature, (a) dip ofthe cable increases {t) length of the cable increases (o dip ofthe cable decreases _(@) none of the these. {201 The shape ofa suspended cable under its own weight, is (a) parabolic: (0) circular (0 catenary (@ elliptical 202. The intrinsic equation of catenary is T+sin@ 4. Pick up the correct statement from the following : (0) Nature plays an important role in the Iaunch of a Teens ‘earth's gravity reduces the 82 km per second ‘0 The gravitational force relent tellite climbs é mn as the sa jeed of a satellite by 40 The pavttanion 6 Allee tional intensity declines with height Yi caih eitational force make Ai id euth inne es a satellite go roun Meciy og" * Sula orbit, if it is projected with an initial a (rik at a height of 285 km inleee at a height of 37,400 km the satellite escapes the pull ofthe earth Ai es Selie 5g rita atipage yt OW ina synchronous omit i it hat ‘of 36,000 kim with a maximum velocity: 7000 (9 sop KBE hour (6) 8,000 kim per hour ® “ange Doe (@ 10,000 per hour sis gettin the ‘ iff a itor nous orbit, the launch of a satel- (®) on 30° latitude (@) on 60° latitude 6.208. The rotational velocity ofa satellite is increased by 450 m per second if its launch is done from equator @ eastward (6) northward (©) westward @ southward © upward. 6.209. The following factor affects the orbit of a satellite up to an altitude of 720 km from the earth's surface (@) uneven distribution of the gravitational field (®) gravity of the sun and the moon (© aerodynamic forces (d) none of these. 6.210.'The moment of intertia ofa circular lamina of diameter d, about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the lamina and passing through its centre, is xa zat oF oF Oe nd Gre 6.211, A sphere is resting on two planes BA and BC which are inclined at 45° and 60° respectively with the horizontal, The reaction on the plane BA will be @) less than that on BC (b) more than that of BC (©) equal to that on BC (d) zero (©) none of these, 6.212. A weight W is suspended at the free end of a light member hinged to a vertical wall. If the angle of inclination of the member with the upper wall is 0°, the force introduced in the member, is (a) Wsec 6 ® Weose © Wsind @ Weosec 0 © Wrand, 6.218, At a given instant ship A is travelling at 6 km/h due east and ship Bis travelling at 8 km/h due north. The velocity. of B relative to A is, (@) Tkm/h @®) 2 km/h © Lkmh @ 10km/h © km/s. 6.214. One newton force, is (@) 10° dynes (®) 108 dynes (© 10° dynes (@ 10° dynes 6.215. Joule is the unit of (@) work () force (© power (@) energy (©) none of these. 6.216.A georstationary satelite is one which or witha velocity of rotation of hich orbits the earth, @) moon (© sun () earth (d) pole. 6.217. Ifthe horizontal ranges 2.5 times the the angle of projection of the projectile, is se height, @ or PO cat © 59° @ 60°, 6.218, Two particles have been tothe horizontal Tete reen Proiected at angles 64° and 45° ‘velocity of projection of first is 10 sy)‘ee, the velocity of projection of the other for equal horizontal ranges is (@) 9.3 misec (®) 83 misec (© 7.8 misec @ 6.3 misec. 6.219. The velocity ratio of the differential wheel and axle is R aR @ o> hy Hi 3R aR 2S nth 6.220. jis coefficient of friction. A wheeled vehicle travelling ona circular level track will slip and overturn simultaneously ifthe ratio ofits wheel distance to the height ofits centroid, is @e ©) 2 1 © 3 @ oe 6.221, If two forces acting at a point are in equilibrium, they ‘must be equal in magnitude and their line of action must be along ) the same line in the same sense (©) the same tine in opposite sense (© the perpendicular to both the lines (@) none ofthese, 8.222, The resultant of two forces acting at right angles is 8 ‘kgf and if they act at an angle of 60°, itis 27 kgf. The mag: nitudes ofthe forces are @ 2kei, Skgr (©) Siege, 4 ket (© Akg, Sgt @ Best, ket. (@) 100. 6,224. Two parallel forces 20 kg and 16 ke act. In order that he astane or the esultant from 20 kg force may be the same as that of the former resultant was fro e ‘kg force is diminished by ee @ 5.5 ke () 6.25 ke © 87 kg (@ 105 kg. 6.225. The ends ofa string weighing wimetre ate attached to tho pints at the same harzntal vel. the tee gee very small, the horizontal tension of the string throughoue ig (a) wh wl On Oo” wt uP lore © Fea 26: Atle wire weighs 1k per mete length, Thoend favs areainched ono ples mapa herent fension 51000. theconral dioolhensbn @ Sem o)3em (0 4am @ bem 6.221. The centre of gravity ofa tea {op widths 9 aH a trapezoidal dam section whose fron its veiean gm Witt is b andthe vertical sas te 2 (9 maar @ none of these, ware) 6.228. The og. of the shaded area of the Fig. 62 ni,, a parabola from y-axis, is OMis a parabol = Parapola, Ot 3b 10 3a oF 6.229. The eg. of the shaded area of the Fig. 62 h © a 3a Ey @) 7 () are © 4 ae 3a @# @ % 6-280, From the circular plate of a diameter 6 em isa Gireular plate whose diameter is equal to radius of te ihe cg: of the remainder shifts from the original P= through (OO 26 ca ©) 0.50em © 0.750m Cat. The distance of the c.g. ofa semi-circular oxo) «from ite diameter along the radius of symmetry. 8 ar @ = ) = w= eee: @ = Has The. ofa thin hollow cone af night b abo Mes on the axis, at a height of iz @ 4% h 3 (b) 7 © % oi 6.283, Rx z ust] . From a dor of height & em and 748 a Eht circular con. cr in m/sec. The train : ef traveling gat i Stain «veo of 96