Chapter 4 Statistics

Mathematics in the Modern World

Philippine Edition
 Introduction
O US government collects data on the
population of the United States.
O Example: The “World Factbook”,
published by the Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA), in 2015
O Approximately 105 males for every 100
females between ages of 15 and 24.
O However the category of people 65 years
and older, there are approximately 79
men for every 100 women.
Source:CIA, The World
Factbook
Other Statistical Report from
The World Factbook
O In 1910, the mean annual family income
in the United States was $687
O In 2015, the mean annual family income
was approximately $68,500.
O However, the median annual family
income was approximately $51,900.
 Chapter 4: Statistics
4.1 Measure of Central Tendency
The Arithmetic Mean

Statistics involves the collection, organization,

summarization, presentation, and interpretation of
data.

Descriptive Statistics – the branch of statistics

that involves the collection, organization,
summarization and presentation of data.

Inferential Statistics – the branch that interprets

and draws conclusion of data.
Type of Central Tendency
O Salary Survey for an Landscape Artist:
O 43,750php
O 39,500php
O 38,000php
O 41,250php
O 44,000php

Three type of
average:
1. Arithmetic Mean
2. Median
3. Mode
 Arithmetic Mean
O The Arithmetic Mean (Mean)
O Most commonly used measure of central
tendency.
O Find the sum of the data values and
divide by the number of data values.

Mean = ∑ x / n

Mean =
(43,750+39,500+38,000+41,250+44,000)
5
= 206,500
5
= 41,300php
 Arithmetic Mean
Statisticians often collect data from small
portions of a larger group in order to
determine information about the group.

The entire group under consideration is

known as the population.
And any subset of the population is called
sample.

Symbol:
The mean of a sample ( x ) (x bar)
The mean of a population (μ) (lowercase mu)
Example 1 Find the Mean
O Six friends in a biology class of 20
students received test grades of

92,84, 69, 77,88, and 90

Find the Mean of these test scores

Mean = 92+84+69+77+88+90 = 500 =

83.33
6 6
 Find the Mean
O A doctor ordered 4 separate blood tests
to measure a patient’s total blood
cholesterol levels. The test results were
245, 235, 220, and 210
Find the mean of the blood cholesterol
levels.
Mean = 245+235+220+210 = 910 =
227.5
4 4
 The Median

O The median is the middle number or the

mean of the two middle numbers in a list
of numbers that have been arranged in
numerical order from the smallest to
largest of largest to smallest, (or called a
rank list).
Example 2 Find the Median
O Find the median of the following lists:
1. 4, 8, 1, 14, 9, 21, 12, 10, 23

1, 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 21, 23

2. 46, 23, 92, 89, 77, 108, 51, 110

23, 46, 51,77, 89, 92, 108, 110

77+89 = 166 =
83
2 2
 Question
O The median of a rand list
3, 4, 7, 11, 17, 29, 37 is 11
If the maximum value 37 is increased to
55, what will this have on the median?
 Mode

O Mode of a list of numbers is the number

that occurs most frequently.
 Example 3
O Find the Mode of the data in the
following list
1. 18, 15, 21, 16, 15, 14, 15, 21 Mode =
15
2. 4, 2, 6, 2, 7, 9, 2, 4, 9,8, 9, 7 Mode = 2 and
9
3. 1, 6, 8, 10, 32, 15, 49 Mode =
none
4. 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 4, 7, 23 Mode =
none
 Problem Statement
O Suppose you average 60 mph on a

X
one-way trip of 60 mi. On the return trip
you average 30 mph. Find the average
rate for the round trip?

Mean = 60+30
2
= 90
2
Mean =45
 Problem Statement
O Suppose you average 60 mph on a
one-way trip of 60 mi. On the return trip
you average 30 mph. Find the average
rate for the round trip?
Average Rate = Total
Distance
Total Time
Total distance = 60 mi + 60 mi = 120
mi
Total time = 1 hr + 2 hrs = 3
hrs
Therefore, Average Rate = 120 mi = 40
mph
3 hrs
 The Weighted Mean
O A value called the weighted mean is
often used when data values are more
important than others.
Test Score: 65, 70, 75 (1
unit)
Final Exam: 90 (2 units)
(65*1)+(70*1)+(75*1)+(90*2)
5
390 = 78
5
 Frequency Distribution
O Find the mean of the data of the table
below.
A Frequency Distribution Table
Observe Event, Frequency,
No.of Laptop No. of Household with laptop
0 5
1 12
2 14
3 3
4 2
5 3
6 0
7 1
Total 40
 Example 4
Solution:
Mean = ∑(x*f)
∑f
= (0*5)+(1*12)+(2*14)+(3*3)+(4*2)+(5*3)+(6*0)+(7*1)
40
= 79
40

=1.975
 4.2 Measures of Dispersion
Soda Dispensed (ounces) Table 4.2
The Range Machine 1 Machine 2
9.52 8.01
The range of a set of 6.41 7.99
data values is the 10.07 7.95
5.85 8.03
difference between the 8.15 8.02
greatest data value and Mean = 8.0 8.0
the least data value.

To measure the spread or dispersion of data, we must

introduce statistical values known as the range and
standard deviation.
 Example 4 Find a Range
Find the range of the numbers of ounces
dispensed by Machine 1 Table 4.2
Solution Soda Dispensed (ounces) Table 4.2
Machine 1 Machine 2
The greatest number of 9.52 8.01
ounces dispersed is 10.07 6.41 7.99
10.07 7.95
and the least is 5.85. 5.85 8.03
8.15 8.02
Mean = 8.0 8.0
10.07 – 5.85 = 4.22 oz.
 The Standard Deviation
The range is a measure that depends only on two most
extreme values.

The standard deviation of a set of

numerical data makes use of the amount
by which each individual data deviates
from the mean.
Populati Sampl
on e
 Procedure for Computing a
Standard Deviation
1. Determine the mean of the n numbers.
2. For each number, calculate the deviation
(difference) between the number and the
mean of the number of the numbers.
3. Calculate the square of each deviation and
find the sum of these squared deviations.
4. If the data is a population, then divide the
sum by n. I he data is a sample, then divide
the sum by n-1.
5. Find the square root of the quotient in
step 4.
Example 5 Find the Standard
Deviation
The following numbers were obtained by
sampling a population.
2, 4, 7, 12, 15
Find the standard deviation of the sample.

Solution:
Step 1. The mean of the number is
Mean = 2+4+7+12+15 = 40 =8
5 5
Example 5 Find the Standard
Deviation
Step 2. For each number, calculate the
deviation between the number and the
mean.
x x - mean

2 2 - 8= -6

4 4 - 8 = -4

7 7 - 8 = -1

12 12 - 8 = 4

15 15 - 8 = 7
Example 5 Find the Standard
Deviation
Step 3: Calculate the square of each
deviation in step 2. and find the sum of
these squared deviations.
x x - mean (x-mean)2
2 2 - 8= -6 (-6)2 = 36
4 4 - 8 = -4 (-4)2 = 16
7 7 - 8 = -1 (-1)2 = 1
12 12 - 8 = 4 (4)2 = 16
15 15 - 8 = 7 (7)2 = 49
118
Example 5 Find the Standard
Deviation
Step 4. Because we have a sample of n = 5
values, divide the sum 118 by n -1, which is
4.

118 = 29.5
4
Example 5 Find the Standard
Deviation
Step 5. The standard deviation of the
sample is

s=
√29.5
s=
5.43
Example 6 Standard Deviation
Seatwork:

A student has the following quiz scores: 5,

8, 16, 17, 18, 20. Find the standard
deviation for this population of quiz
scores.
4.3 Measure of relative Position
Consider a download of a certain movie in
the internet:
Data:
Estimate of mean download = 12 minutes
Standard Deviation = 4 minutes

Scenario 1: download took 20 minutes

Scenario 2: download took 6 minutes
Z - Score
Z- scores

The z-score for a given

data value x is the number
of standard deviations that
x is above the mean of the
data.
 Example 6: z - scores
Raul has taken two test in his chemistry
class. He scored 72 on the first test, for
which the mean for all scores was 65 and
the standard deviation was 8. He received
a 60 on the second test, for which the
mean of all scores was 45 and the
standard deviation 12. In comparison to
the other students, did Raul do better on
the first test or the second test?
 Example 6: z - scores
Solution:
Z72 = 72 – 65 = 0.875
8

Z60 = 60 – 45 = 1.25
12

Answer: Raul scored better on the second

test than he did on the first test.
 Example 7: z-scores
A consumer group tested a sample of 100
light bulbs. It found that the mean life
expectancy of the bulbs was 842 h, with a
standard deviation of 90. One particular
light bulb from the DuraBright Company
had a z-score of 1.2. What was the life span
of this light bulb?
 Example 7 z-scores
O Solution:

1.2 = x – 842 Zx = 1.2

90
 = 842

108 = x – 842 s = 90

Solve for x
950 = x
 Percentile pth
O A value x is called pth percentile of a
data set provided p% of the data values
are less than x.

O Percentiles are values that divide a set

of observations into 100 equal parts.
Example 8 Using Percentiles
O In a recent year, the median annual
salary for physical therapist was 74,480
php. If the 90th percentile for annual
salary of a physical therapist was
105,900 php, find the percent of
physical therapists whose annual salary
was
1. More than 74,480 php
2. Less than 105,900 php
3. Between 74,480 php and 105,900 php
 Example 8 Using Percentiles
O Solution
1. By definition, the median is the 50th percentile.
Therefore, 50% of the physical therapist earned
more than 74,480 php per year.

2. Because 105,900 php is the 90th percentile,

90% of all physical therapist made less than
105,900 php
3. From parts 1 and 2, 90% - 50% = 40% of the
therapist earned between 74,480 php and
105,900 php
Example 8 Using Percentiles
 Percentile for a Given Data
Value
O Given a set of data and a data value x,

Percentile of score x = number of data values less than x *

100
total number of data values
Example 9 Find a Percentile
O On a reading examination given to 900
students, Elaine’s score of 602 was
higher than the scores of 576 of the
students who took the examination.
What is the percentile for Elaine’s score?
Solution:

Pencentile = number of data values less than 602 *

100
total number
= 576 * 100of= data
64 values
900 Elaine’s score of 602 places
her at the 64th Percentile
 QUARTILES
O The three(3) number Q1,Q2, and Q3, that
partition a ranked data set into four
(approximately) equal group are called
the quartiles of the data.
 Quartiles

The Q1, is called the first quartile. The

quartile Q2 is called the second quartile, It
is the median of the data. The quartile Q3,
is called the third quartile.
 Quartiles
O The median Procedure for Finding
Quartiles
1. Rank the Data.

2. Find the median of the data. This is the

second quartile, Q2.

3. The first quartile, Q1, is the median of

the data values less than Q2. The third
quartile, Q3, is the median of the data
values greater than Q2.
 Example 10 Use Medians o
Find the Quartiles of a Data
Set
O The following table lists the calories per
100 milliliters of 25popular sodas. Find
the quartiles for the data
 Example 10 Use Medians o
Find the Quartiles of a Data
Set

Q Q Q
Q1 = (39 +39) Total data value = 25 Q3 = (50 +53)
1 2
Therefore, median is 13th data 3
=51.5
=39
2 value 2
 Box-and-Whisker Plot
A Box-and-Whisker Plot (sometimes
called a box plot) is often used to provide a
visual summary of a set of data.
 Construction of a
Box-and-Whisker Plot
4.
1.
2. Drawaahorizontal
3.Draw
Above
Draw avertical
thehorizontal
scale,line
drawline
scale athatsegment,
rectangle
segment extends
across called
(box)
the
whisker,
from
with its
rectangle that
theleft theextends
minimum
atside at Q
data
median,
1
and from
value
Q its
2
toQ
right
the
1
to atthe
side
minimum
maximum
Q3. and
dataanother
value. whisker that extend
from Q3 to maximum.
Stem-and-Leaf Diagram
Another graphical representation of the
relative position of each data value in a
small set of data is the Stem-and-Leaf
Diagram.
Consider the following data:

65 72 96 86 43 61 75 86 49
74 84 78 85 75 86 73 68 98
History Test Scores
Stem-and-Leaf Diagram
65 72 96 86 43 61 75 86 49
74 84 78 85 75 86 73 68 98
History Test Scores

Stems Leaves
4 39
5
6 158
7 234558
8 45666
9 68 Legend: 8|6 represents
86
 Steps in Construction of a
Stem-and-Leaf Diagram

1. Determine the stems and

list them in aa column
3. Include legend from
that
smallest
explains tothelargest or largest
meaning of the
to
2. smallest.
Stems
List and Leaves. Include
the remaining a
digit of
title
eachforstem
the diagram
as a leaf to the
right of the stem.
Back-to-Back Stem-and-Leaf
Diagram
Two sets of data can be compared by
using a back-to-back stem-and-leaf
diagram
 Reference
O Mathematics in the Modern World

ENGR. MARK CHRISTIAN

Philippine Edition pp 101 - 162

Presentation Prepared by:

S. TAGUIBAO