V.

100 CASEWORK TERMINOLOGIES WITH DEFINITION (USE CASEWORK and

other SOCIAL WORK BOOKS AS REFERENCE)

1. WELFARE POLICY

Definition: It is a system of interrelated principles and courses of action by

the State to determine the nature of social relationships between
individuals, groups and communities. It involves the allocation,
distribution and regulation of resources to promote the wellbeing
of people. What this means in practice is that welfare policy is
determined by the State and is therefore mainly politically
inspired.

Reference: Engelbercht L. K. (1999). Introduction to social work. Wellington:

Lanzo

2. SOCIAL WORK POLICY

Definition: It is a system of interrelated principles and courses of action by a

welfare agency to

- determine the nature and range of social work intervention,

- formulate programmes for service delivery,
- maintain and improve the expertise of social workers and
other service workers,
and promote social work research.

Reference: Engelbercht L. K. (1999). Introduction to social work. Wellington:

Lanzo
 11
3. SOCIAL POLICY

Definition: It is an accepted guideline for the change, maintenance or creation

of living conditions conducive to human welfare. Social policy is therefore the
term that is used when referring in the broader sense
to welfare policy (of the state) and/or social work policy (of a
welfare agency).

Reference: Engelbercht L. K. (1999). Introduction to social work. Wellington:

Lanzo

4. CROSS CULTURAL SOCIAL WORK

Definition: This implies the interaction that takes place during intervention
between a social worker of one culture and a client of another culture

Reference: Brown JA. 1992. Handbook of Social Work Practice. Illinois:

Charles C Thomas Publisher.

5. SYSTEMS THEORY

Definition: A system as a whole of complex units in a specific interactional

relationship in which mutual influencing takes place and which is characterised
by a measure of regularity and orderliness. In social work the systems theory
focuses on the configuration (the arrangement of elements in a specific form)
client-environment-social problem as a unit.
Reference: Terminology Comitee for Social Work. 1995. Nuwe Woordeboek vir
Maatskaplike Werk/New Dictionary of Social Work. Cape Town: CTP
 Book Printers.
12
6. HUMAN ECOLOGY

Definition: In social work it is referred to as “human ecology”, which is a study

of human beings in their environments, the processes and interaction taking
place between them and their environments and the way in which the social
equilibrium is achieved and maintained.

Reference: Engelbercht L. K. (1999). Introduction to social work. Wellington:

Lanzo

7. THE BEHAVIOUR MODIFICATION APPROACH

Definition: The psychodynamic approaches dominated social work for quite

some while in the history of the profession‟s development. The behaviour
modification approach started taking root as a reaction to the validity of the
psychoanalytic approach in social work.

Reference: Engelbercht L. K. (1999). Introduction to social work. Wellington:

Lanzo

8. THE CLIENT CENTRED APPROACH

Definition: When utilising this approach the social worker acts in a non-
directive manner. The client becomes the centre of attention and
 is accepted unconditionally. The relationship between the worker and the client
deserves special attention, as this needs to be a warm relationship in which the
client can feel free to discuss his/her problem.

Reference: Engelbercht L. K. (1999). Introduction to social work. Wellington:

Lanzo
13
9. THE TASK CENTRED APPROACH

Definition: This approach makes use of the contents of the systems theory,
role theory, psychoanalysis, learning theories and communication theory. It
focuses on specific target problems and the goals, which stipulate what change
is required, are formulated specifically.

Reference: Engelbercht L. K. (1999). Introduction to social work. Wellington:

Lanzo

10. THE PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACH

Definition: The basic problem is the manner in which the client solves his/her
problems. The client‟s problem solving capacity must therefore be improved.
For this reason the client him/herself is regarded as the problem solver. The
worker-client relationship and the process are regarded as the medium of
intervention, as this experience will enable the client to manage existing and
future problems. The client must be motivated to engage in intervention and
must present a rational understanding of his/her problem. Techniques of the
problem solving approach focus on practical steps that can improve the client‟s
problem solving skills.
Reference: Engelbercht L. K. (1999). Introduction to social work. Wellington:
Lanzo
11. THE EMPOWERMENT APPROACH

Definition: This approach is based on a concern for people and their

environments. This implies that people, who experience poverty, stigmatisation
and oppression, should be assisted in their endeavours to empower
themselves.
14
This means that people‟s individual capacity to adapt must be developed and
that attempts should be made to change oppressive environmental conditions
and circumstances.

Reference: Engelbercht L. K. (1999). Introduction to social work. Wellington:

Lanzo

12. MODELLING

Definition: The change of behaviour in the client by observing and

copying the behaviour of others.

Reference: Engelbercht L. K. (1999). Introduction to social work. Wellington:

Lanzo

13. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

Definition: disapproval that is shown to a client when he/she exhibits

behaviour that is unacceptable in the environment

Reference: Engelbercht L. K. (1999). Introduction to social work. Wellington:

Lanzo

14. LINKAGE
 Definition: all the communicative actions on the part of the social worker that
are aimed at establishing productive co-operation and mutual satisfaction of
needs between various systems.Lobbying: endeavours to change the point of
view of legislators, decision makers, as well as public opinion in favour of
issues affecting specific groups and communities.
Reference: Engelbercht L. K. (1999). Introduction to social work. Wellington:
Lanzo
15
15. ENABLER
Definition: to encourage or facilitate self-sufficient action of client systems,
which will promote the interaction between individuals and the environment.

Reference: Engelbercht L. K. (1999). Introduction to social work. Wellington:

Lanzo

16. FACILITATOR

Definition: to expedite the process of social change by bringing together

people and communication structures, stimulating activities, developing and
channelling resources and ensuring access to expertise.

Reference: Engelbercht L. K. (1999). Introduction to social work. Wellington:

Lanzo

17. ADVOCATE

Definition: to champion the rights of the individual, groups and communities,

either directly or through community action.
 Reference: Engelbercht L. K. (1999). Introduction to social work. Wellington:
Lanzo

18. BROKER

Definition: helping clients and potential clients to identify and locate available
community resources as well as bringing together various segments of the
community in order to promote mutual interests.
Reference: Engelbercht L. K. (1999). Introduction to social work. Wellington:
Lanzo
16
19. COUNSELLOR

Definition: to guide the client, by means of interviewing, towards insight with a

view to modifying behaviour, empowerment and the acquisition of skills to cope
with problem situations.

Reference: Engelbercht L. K. (1999). Introduction to social work. Wellington:

Lanzo

20. PROFESSIONAL PERSON

Definition: to be involved in the rendering of competent social work

intervention which meets the ethical, practice and theoretical requirements by
contributing to the development of the social work profession.

Reference: Engelbercht L. K. (1999). Introduction to social work. Wellington:

Lanzo

21. ASSESSMENT
 Definition: assessment is a process that includes the analysis of factors that
influence or determine the social functioning of the individual, family, group or
community. (From here on reference will only be made to “the person”, as if
including the individual, family, group and community).

Reference: Engelbercht L. K. (1999). Introduction to social work. Wellington:

Lanzo

17
22. SOCIAL FUNCTIONING

Definition: the individual‟s role performance in its entirety at all levels of

existence in interaction with other individuals, families, groups, communities or
situations. This implies that certain roles are fulfilled.

Reference: Terminology Comitee for Social Work. 1995. Nuwe Woordeboek vir
Maatskaplike Werk/New Dictionary of Social Work. Cape Town: CTP
Book Printers.

23. CAPACITY BUILDING

Definition: Ways of improving the abilities, skills and related resources of

individuals, groups, organizations, and communities, to enable people to take
part to meet their own needs and those of other people.

Reference: Adams R. (2008). Empowerment, participation & social work. New

York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan
24. COMMUNITY CAPACITY BUILDING

Definition: the means by which communities build on their existing knowledge,

skills and expertise and develop so as to meet their needs and priorities
perceived as necessary by community members.

Reference: Adams R. (2008). Empowerment, participation & social work. New

York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan

18
25. COMMUNITY WORK

Definition : working with people in communities on goals they define to enable

them to achieve them.

Reference: Adams R. (2008). Empowerment, participation & social work. New

York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan

26. SELF-HELP

Definition: This means by which people help themselves.

Reference: Adams R. (2008). Empowerment, participation & social work. New

York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan

27. SERVICE USER

 Definition : People who is eligible to receive social care and social work
services either from professionals or through direct payments, which enable
him/her to buy these services.

Reference: Adams R. (2008). Empowerment, participation & social work. New

York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan

28. STRESSOR

Definition: A stressor is an event or process which, because of its demands on

people, brings about a change in their biopsychosocial condition and influences
their social functioning, should internal and external resources not be able to
provide for their needs. It is therefore a demand, event or circumstances in the
environment or person (or both) which disturbs the equilibrium.

19
Reference: Engelbercht L. K. (1999). Introduction to social work. Wellington:
Lanzo

29. THE PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH

Definition: Psychoanalysis refers to a frame of reference of the human psyche.

It focuses on the unconscious and the influence that the past has had on a
person‟s present functioning. Circumstances must therefore be created to work
through the unresolved problems. Resistance must be broken down by
managing defence mechanisms in an acceptable manner.

Reference: Engelbercht L. K. (1999). Introduction to social work. Wellington:

Lanzo

30. ADVANCED GENERALIST PRACTICE

 Definition: A more inclusive paradigm of social work practice, building upon
the generalist approach, in which the practitioner uses a multi-system and
multi-level approach, and exercises increased specification and integration of
theory, research, and methods to assessment and intervention in practice
situations.

References: Derezotes, D.S. (2000). Advanced generalist social work practice.

Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Gibbs, P., Locke, B.L., Lohmann, R.
(1990). Paradigm for the generalist-advanced generalist continuum. Journal of
Social Work Education, 26(3), 232-243. Schatz, M.S., Jenkins, L.E., & Sheafor,
B.W. (1990). Milford redefined: A model of initial and advanced generalist social
work. Journal of Social Work Education, 26(3), 217-231.

20
31. ADVOCACY

Definition: The act of intervening on behalf of an individual, group, or

community to represent, defend, and support access to resources and/or
services, and to address structural obstacles or barriers that restrict civil rights
and principles of social justice; a distinction is often made between case
advocacy (advocacy for individual rights), and class advocacy (advocacy for
rights of a group or specific segment of the population).
References: Freeman, I.C. (2005). Advocacy in aging: Notes for the next
generation. Families in Society, 86(3), 419-423. McGowan, B.G. (1987).
Advocacy. In A. Minahan (Ed.-in-Chief), Encyclopedia of social work (18th ed.,
Vol. 1, pp.89-94). Silver Spring, MD: National Association of Social Workers.
Sheafor, B.W., & Horejsi, C.R. (2006). Techniques and guidelines for social
work practice (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.
32. BENEFICENCE

Definition: A primary ethical concern of social research. It refers to both doing

no harm to people you are studying and at the same time promoting a common
good for individuals in the research community because of your study. Its origin
in present day social research in America can be traced back to the Belmont
Report of 1978.

References: Antle, B. J., & Regehr, C. (2003). Beyond individual rights and
freedoms: Metaethics in social work research. Social Work, 48(1), 135-144.
Murdach, A. D. (1996). Beneficence re-examined: Protective intervention in
mental health. Social Work, 41(1), 26-32. Sasson, S. (2000). Beneficence
versus respect for autonomy: An ethical dilemma in social work practice.
Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 33(1), 5-16. National Commission for
the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research.
(1978).
21
The Belmont report: Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of
human subjects of research. Washington, DC: Author and Belmont
Guidelines.

33. CASE MANAGEMENT

Definition: A process by which resources and services are assessed and

coordinated at both the client and systems levels, involving assessment for
health and social services, coordination and planning, monitoring of service
delivery, and advocacy for client rights and entitlements.

References: Lillquist, P.P. (2004). Can case management be used to facilitate

diagnostic testing in publicly funded breast cancer screening programs? Social
Work in Health Care, 40(2), 55-71. National Association of Social Workers.
(1992). NASW standards for social work case management. Retrieved March
 31, 2008 from www.socialworkers.org Noel, P.E. (2006). The impact of
therapeutic case management on participation in adolescent substance abuse
treatment. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 32, 311-327.
Woodside, M. R., & McClam, T. (2005). Generalist case management: A
method for human service delivery (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Publishing.

34. CLINICAL SOCIAL WORK

Definition: A specialized form of direct social work practice requiring at least

two years of post-graduate supervision, in which the goal of improving the bio-
psycho-social functioning of clients is achieved using a person-in-environment
perspective, through application of practice models and techniques informed by
the practitioners’ broad knowledge base (i.e., a comprehensive understanding
of multiple
22
theories and interventions, professional values and ethics, and clinical
methods).

References: Goldstein, E.G. (2007). Social work education and clinical

learning: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Clinical Social Work Journal, 35(1),
15-23. Rullo, D. (2001). The profession of clinical social work. Research on
Social Work Practice, 11(2), 210-216. Simpson, G.A., Williams, J.C., & Segall,
A.B. (2007). Social work education and clinical learning. Clinical Social Work
Journal, 35, 3-14.

35. CODE OF ETHICS

Definition: NASW publication that directs the professional conduct of social

workers. The Code identifies core values and establishes ethical principles and
standards that guide social workers’ decision making and conduct when ethical
dilemmas arise.
 References: Dodd, S. J. (2007). Identifying the discomfort: An examination of
ethical issues encountered by MSW students during field placement. Journal of
Teaching in Social Work, 27(1/2), 1-19. Freud, S., & Krug, S. (2002). Beyond
the code of ethics, part I: Complexities of ethical decision making in social work
practice. Families in Society, 83(5/6), 474-482. Lens, V. (2004). Social work
and the supreme court: A clash of values; a time for action. Social Work, 49(2),
327-330. National Association of Social Workers. (1999). Code of Ethics.
Washington, DC: Author. National Commission for the Protection of Human
Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (1978). The Belmont report:
Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of
research. Washington, DC: Author and Belmont Guidelines.

23
36. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Definition: A method by which social workers assist community members in

resource development and network promotion to encourage growth of the
community as a source of social, economic, political, and cultural support to its
people.

References: Brueggemann, W.G. (2002). The practice of macro social work

(2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Group. Austin, C.D., Camp, E.D., Flux, D.,
McClelland, R.W, & Sieppert, J. (2005). Community development with older
adults in their neighborhoods: The elder friendly communities program.
Families in Society, 86(3), 401-409.
37. CONFIDENTIALITY

Definition: An ethical standard that guides social work. Confidentiality refers to

the protection of clients’ private information unless the client has given valid,
informed consent for disclosure of said information. The expectation that
information will be kept confidential does not apply when professional
disclosure is necessary to prevent foreseeable, immediate, and serious harm to
the client or to another identifiable individual.

References: National Association of Social Workers. (1999). Code of Ethics.

Washington, DC: Author. Saxon, C., Jacinto, G. A., & Dziegielewski, S. F.
(2006). Self-determination and confidentiality: The ambiguous nature of
decision-making in social work practice. Journal of Human Behavior in the
Social Environment, 13(4), 55-72.

25
38. CORE FOUNDATION COURSE

Definition: Accredited courses providing essential knowledge and skills

needed for beginning and advanced study in the social work field, minimally
including: values and ethics, diversity, populations-at-risk and social and
economic justice, human behavior and the social environment, social welfare
policy and services, social work practice, research, and field education.

References: Council on Social Work Education. (2004). Educational Policy and

Accreditation Standards. Retrieved April 1, 2008 from
http://www.cswe.org/NR/rdonlyres/111833A0-C4F5-475C-8FEB-
EA740FF4D9F1/0/EPAS.pdf Kolomer, S.R., Lewinson, T., Kropf, N.P., & Wilks,
S.E. (2006). Increasing aging content in social work curriculum: Perceptions of
 key constituents. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 48(1/2), 97-111. The
University of Georgia. (2005-2006). M.S.W. Program Student Handbook.

39. CORE SOCIAL WORK VALUES

Definition: The framework for the social work profession, consisting of: a
commitment to service, social justice, dignity and worth of the person, self-
determination, importance of human relationships, integrity, and competence.
References: Kirst-Ashman, K.K., & Hull, G.H. (2002). Understanding generalist
practice (3rd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning. Reamer,
F.G. (2006). Social work values and ethics (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Columbia
University Press. Sheafor, B.W., & Horejsi, C.R. (2006). Techniques and
guidelines for social work practice (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education
Inc.

26
40. CONCENTRATION

Definition: Curriculum consisting of advanced courses and practicum,

designed to provide the social work student with more in- depth knowledge and
skills in specific areas of professional concern.

References: Barker, R.L. (1999). The social work dictionary (4th ed.)
Washington, DC: NASW Press. Council on Social Work Education. (2004).
Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards. Retrieved April 1, 2008 from
http://www.cswe.org/NR/rdonlyres/111833A0-C4F5-475C-8FEB-
EA740FF4D9F1/0/EPAS.pdf The University of Georgia. (2005-2006). M.S.W.
Program Student Handbook.
41. CRITICAL THINKING

Definition: Assessing, analyzing, appraising, and evaluating a situation, issue,

or idea, by challenging underlying assumptions, considering multiple
perspectives, and applying reason, judgment, and knowledge, to make an
informed decision about it; process requires objectivity, intelligent skepticism,
open-mindedness, persistence, and decisiveness.

References: Coleman, H., Rogers, G., & King, J. (2002). Using portfolios to
stimulate critical thinking in social work education. Social Work Education,
21(5), 583-595. Gambrill, E. (1997). Social work practice: A critical thinker’s
guide. New York: Oxford University Press. Gibbons, J., & Gray, M. (2004).
Critical thinking as integral to social work practice. Journal of Teaching in Social
Work, 24(1/2), 19-38. Holosko, M. J. (2005). Primer for critiquing social
research: A student guide. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.

27
42. CULTURAL COMPETENCE

Definition: One of social work’s core ethical responsibilities to clients. It refers

to a social worker’s responsibilities in understanding the relationship between
culture and personal identity, recognizing the uniqueness and strengths within
varying cultures, and experiencing and studying cultural and ethnic diversity.

References: Allen-Meares, P. (2007). Cultural competence: An ethical

requirement. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity, 16(3/4), 83-92. Guy-
Walls, P. (2007). Exploring cultural competence practice in undergraduate
social work education. Education, 127(4), 569-580. National Association of
Social Workers. (1999). Code of Ethics. Washington, DC: Author. Simmons, C.,
Diaz, L., Jackson, V., & Takahashi, R. (2008). NASW cultural competence
indicators: A new tool for the social work profession. Journal of Ethnic and
 Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 17(1), 4-20.

43. DIRECT PRACTICE

Definition: A domain of social work, in which practitioners interact personally

with clients, typically face-to face using a range of professional skills and
methods, to help them achieve their desired goals.

References: Franklin, C. (2001). Coming to terms with the business of direct

practice social work. Research on Social Work Practice, 11(2), 235-244. Feit,
M.D. (2003). Toward a definition of social work practice: Re-framing the
dichotomy. Research on Social Work Practice, 13(3), 357-365.

28
44. DIVERSITY

Definition: Respecting and safeguarding the individuality of all people resulting

from differences in factors such as race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, socio-
economic level, age, gender, disability, among others.

References: Kohli, H.K., & Faul, A.C. (2005). Cross-cultural differences

towards diversity issues in attitudes of graduating social work students in India
and the United States. International Social Work, 48(6), 809-822. Maidment, J.,
& Cooper, L. (2002). Acknowledgement of client diversity and oppression in
social work student supervision. Social Work Education, 21(4), 399-407.

45. EMPATHY

Definition: The ability to identify with or vicariously experience the feelings,

thoughts, situation, or attitude of another individual.
 References: Freedberg, S. (2007). Re-examining empathy: A rational-feminist
point of view. Social Work, 52(3), 251-259. Lu, Y. E., Dane, B., & Gellman, A.
(2005). An experiential model: Teaching empathy and cultural sensitivity.
Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 25 (3/4), 89-103. Tempel, L. R. (2007).
Pathways to the clinician’s experience of empathy in engaging single mothers
at risk for physical abuse of their children. Clinical Social Work Journal, 35(4),
257-265.

46. EMPOWERMENT

Definition: An increase in perceived self-efficacy, resulting from a belief in the

ability to positively influence ones’ environment and improve personal
circumstances.

29

References: Holosko, M., Leslie, D., & Cassano, D.R. (2001). How service
users become empowered in human service organizations: The Empowerment
model. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 14(2), 126-132.
Lee, J. A. B. (2001). The empowerment approach to social work practice. (2nd
ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. Sparks, A, Peterson, N.A., &
Tangenberg, K. (2005). Belief in personal control among low-income African
American, Puerto Rican, and European American single mothers. Affilia:
Journal of Women & Social Work, 20(4), 401-415. Van Voorhis, R.M., &
Hostetter, C. (2006). The impact of MSW education on social worker
empowerment and commitment to client empowerment through social justice
advocacy. Journal of Social Work Education, 42(1), 105-121.
47. EMPOWERMENT-ORIENTED PRACTICE

Definition: A paradigm of social work practice that addresses power inequities

on organizational, political, and personal levels by emphasizing client strengths,
increasing self-efficacy, encouraging advocacy, safeguarding self- determinism
and delivering education in the form of a collaborative and egalitarian helping
relationship.

References: Chapin, R., & Cox, E. O. (2001). Changing the paradigm:

Strengths-based and empowerment-oriented social work with frail elders.
Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 36(3/4), 165-178. Gutierrez, L. (2003).
Empowerment in social work practice: A sourcebook. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Rose, S. M. (2000). Reflections on empowerment-based practice. Social Work,
45(5), 403-412.

30
48. ETHICAL PRACTICE DILEMMAS

Definition: Situations in social work practice requiring that decisions be made

under circumstances where core values of the profession are in conflict.

References: Kadushin, G., & Egan, M. (2001). Ethical dilemmas in home

health care: A social work perspective. Health and Social Work, 26(3), 136-149.
Kirst-Ashman, K.K., & Hull, G.H. (2002). Understanding generalist practice (3rd
ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning. Reamer, F.G. (2006).
Social work values and ethics (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Columbia University
Press.
49. EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE

Definition: The systematic use of available empirical evidence to better inform

and direct interventions and treatment methods to ensure their effectiveness.

References: Gambrill, E. (2006). Evidence-based practice and policy: Choices

ahead. Research on Social Work Practice, 16(3), 338-357. Gibbs, L., &
Gambrill, E. (2002). Evidence-based practice: Counterargument to objections.
Research on Social Work Practice, 12(3), 452-476. Pollio, D.E. (2006). The art
of evidence-based practice. Research on Social Work Practice, 16(2), 224-232.
Rosen, A. (2003). Evidence-based social work practice: challenges and
promise. Social Work Research, 27(4), 197-208. Webb, S.A. (2001). Some
considerations on the validity of evidence-based practice in social work. British
Journal of Social Work, 31, 57-79.

31
50. FIELDS OF

Definition: The diverse range of social work practice settings of the profession,
including, but not limited to, mental health, healthcare, school social work,
gerontology, international/global social work, occupational social work, child
and family services, and criminal justice.

References: Barker, R.L. (1999). The social work dictionary (4th ed.)
Washington, DC: NASW Press. Hopps, J.G., & Pinderhuges, E.B. (1987).
Profession of social work: Contemporary characteristics. In A. Minahan (Ed.-in-
Chief), Encyclopedia of social work (18th ed., Vol. II, pp. 351-366). Silver
Spring, MD: National Association of Social Workers. Raymond, G.T. (1996). Is
 “field of practice” a relevant organizing principle for the MSW curriculum?
Journal of Social Work Education, 32(1), 19-30.

51. GENERALIST PRACTICE

Definition: The ability to assess issues of practice from a broad perspective, and
to exercise the necessary skills and knowledge to intervene at multiple levels,
and in a range of situations. Generalist problem solving-approach consists of the
following steps: interaction and engagement, assessment, planning,
implementation of direct and indirect practice actions, evaluation, and
termination.
References: Johnson, L.C., & Yanca, S. J. (2006). Social work practice: A
generalist approach (9th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Kirst-
Ashman, K.K., & Hull, G.H. (2002). Understanding generalist practice (3rd ed.).
Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning. Sheafor, B.W., & Landon,
P.S. (1987). International social work education. In A. Minahan (Ed.-in-Chief),
Encyclopedia of social work (18th ed.,Vol.I, pp. 660-669). Silver Spring, MD:
National Association of Social Workers.
32
52. GLOBALIZATION

Definition: The increasing interaction and interdependence of countries in

international economic, technological, and cultural realms, leading to shifts in
social policy, social justice, and power distribution, often to the detriment of
vulnerable and oppressed populations.

References: Findlay, M, & McCormack, J. (2005). Globalisation and social

work: A snapshot of Australian practitioners’ views. Australian Social Work,
58(3), 231-243. Lyons, K. (2006). Globalization and social work: International
and local implications. British Journal of Social Work, 36(3), 365-380. Polack,
R.J. (2004). Social justice and the global economy: New challenges for social
work in the 21st century. Social Work, 49(2), 281-290. Rowe, W. (2000). Social
 work and globalization (Special Issue) July, Volume 2. Ottawa, ON: Canadian
Association of Social Workers.

53. INDIRECT PRACTICE

Definition: Areas of social work practice, mainly, administration, supervision,

research, evaluation, policy development, planning, community development,
consulting, and education that do not necessarily involve immediate or personal
contact with clients, but facilitate client change, often at the meso and macro
level.

References: Barker, R.L. (1999). The social work dictionary (4th ed.)
Washington, DC: NASW Press. Brueggemann, W. G. (2005). The practice of
macro social work. (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Feit, M.D. (2003).
Toward a definition of social work practice: Re-framing the dichotomy.
Research on Social Work Practice, 13(3), 357-365. Netting, F. E., Kettner, P.
M., & McMurtry, S. L. (2003). Social work macro practice. (3rd ed.). Boston:
Allyn & Bacon.
33
54. INDIVIDUALIZATION

Definition: The process of identity formation whereby a person differentiates

from others in order to develop an autonomous and unique self.

References: Barth, F.D. (2003). Separate but not alone: Separation-

individuation issues in college students with eating disorders. Clinical Social
Work Journal, 31(2), 139-153. Moody, H.R. (2005). Dreams for the second half
of life. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 45(3), 271-292.
Identifying Terms: Self-actualization; ego integrity; differentiation; separation-
individuation process; development of independent identity; individualized
assessment and intervention.
55. INFORMED CONSENT

Definition: A guideline of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) when conducting

research involving human subjects. Obtaining informed consent is a process
that involves the researcher explaining the research project to the subject(s),
answering any relevant questions, and debriefing after completion of the study,
if necessary.

References: National Association of Social Workers. (1999). Code of Ethics.

Washington, DC: Author. Palmer, N. & Kaufman, M. (2003). The ethics of
informed consent: Implications for multicultural practice. Journal of Ethnic &
Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 12(1), 1-26. Pollack, D. (2004). Getting
informed consent—more than just a signature. Policy & Practice of Public
Human Services, 62(2), 28-28. Zayas, L. H., Cabassa, L. J., & Perez, M. C.
(2005). Capacity-to-consent in psychiatric research: Development and
preliminary testing of a screening tool. Research on Social Work Practice,
15(6), 545-556.
34

56. POLICY ADVOCACY

Definition: Conscious efforts to change and/or develop legislative, agency, and

community policies for the purpose of improving powerless and oppressed
groups’ access to resources and opportunities, in an effort to improve their
quality of life and well-being.

References: Jansson, B.S. (2007). Becoming an effective policy advocate:

From policy practice to social justice (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Publishing. Sherraden, M.S., Slosar, B., & Sherraden, M. (2002). Innovation in
social policy: Collaborative policy advocacy. Social Work, 47(3), 209-221.
Identifying Terms: Legislative advocacy; reform through litigation; social
 action; social policy analysis; community organization; social problem analysis;
political social work; giving voice to clients.

57. POLICY ANALYSIS

Definition: The systematic examination of policy and its development, using

specific evaluation criteria to assess its impact on the social problem it seeks to
address, uncover inconsistencies among its parts, identify its effect on other
areas of social concern, and make an informed judgment as to its effectiveness
and appropriateness.

References: Chambers, D.E. (2000). Social policy and social programs: A

method for the practical public policy analyst (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn and
Bacon. Ginsberg, L. (1999). Understanding social problems and social issues
(3rd ed.). Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.

35
58. POLICY PRACTICE

Definition: Direct involvement in organizational, legislative, agency, and

community setting policy, through the establishment of new policies, the
improvement of existing ones, or the defeating of policy initiatives of other
people.

References: Chapin, R.K. (2006). Social policy for effective practice. Boston:
McGraw Hill. Figueira-McDonough, J. (1993). Policy practice: The neglected
side of social work intervention. Social Work, 38(2), 179-188. Janson, B.S.
(2007). Becoming an effective policy advocate: From policy practice to social
justice (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.
59. PRACTICE EVALUATION

Definition: This involves assessing interventions and outcomes used by social

work practitioners. Interventions refer to the helping strategies or activities we
use to assist clients. Outcomes refer to the changes in behaviors or attitudes
that are a result of the intervention. Practice evaluation involves the clients as
partners with workers and uses targets of desired change to direct the
interventions.

References: Bloom, M., Fisher, J., & Orm, J. G. (2005). Evaluating practice:
Guidelines for the accountable professional (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson Allyn &
Bacon. Royse, D., Thyer, B. A., Padgett, D. K., & Logan, T. K. (2006). Program
evaluation: An introduction. (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson/Brooks Cole.
Thyer, B. A. & Myers, L. (2007). A social worker’s guide to evaluating practice
outcomes. Alexandria, VA: Council on Social Work Education Press.

36
60. PRACTITIONER-RESEARCHER MODEL

Definition: An approach involving the use of, and/or generating of empirical

knowledge by the practitioner on, or with clients, to render more effective
practice decisions and interventions.

References: Jacobson, W. (1998). Defining the quality of practitioner research.

Adult Education Quarterly, 48(3), 125-139. McCrystal, P. (2000). Developing
the social work researcher through a practitioner research training program.
Social Work Education, 19(4), 359-373. Pritchard, I.A. (2002). Travelers and
trolls: Practitioner research and institutional review boards. Educational
Researcher, 31(3), 3-13. Shaw, I. (2005). Practitioner research: Evidence or
 critique? British Journal of Social Work, 35(8), 1231-1248.

61. PROGRAM EVALUATION

Definition: Using research and evaluation methods to assess the

effectiveness, efficiency, and pragmatism of a health or human service, to
ensure that goals and objectives are being met, and that targeted problems are
being addressed.

References: Mulroy, E.A., & Lauber, H. (2004). A user-friendly approach to

program evaluation and effective community interventions for families at-risk of
homelessness. Social Work, 49(4), 573-586. Royse, D., Thyer, B.A., Padgett,
D.K., & Logan, T.K. (2006). Program evaluation: An introduction. Belmont, CA:
Thomson Brooks/Cole.

37
62. SELF-DETERMINATION

Definition: One of social work’s core ethical responsibilities to clients. It refers

to the right of clients to identify, define, and clarify their own goals and make
decisions for themselves in the helping relationship.

References: Bergeron, L. R. (2006). Self-determination and elder abuse: Do

we know enough? Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 46(3/4), 81-102. Mo,
Y. L., Uken, A., & Sebold, J. (2007). Role of self-determined goals in predicting
recidivism in domestic violence offenders. Research on Social Work Practice,
17(1), 30-41, National Association of Social Workers. (1999). Code of Ethics.
 Washington, DC: Author.

63. SERVICE LEARNING

Definition: Experiential learning obtained through organized service

experiences that meet societal needs through collaboration between the school
and community where both students and society mutually benefit.

References: Doel, M., & Best, L. (2008). Experiencing social work: Learning
from service users. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Dreuth, L., &
Dreuth-Fewell, M. (2002). A model of student learning in community service
field placements: Voices from the field. Active Learning in Higher Education,
3(3), 251-264. Williams, N.R., & Reeves, P.M. (2004). MSW students go to
burn camp: Exploring social work values through service-learning. Social Work
Education, 23(4), 383-398. Wells, M. (2006). Teaching notes: Making statistics
“real” for social work students. Journal of Social Work Education, 42(2), 397-
404.

38
64. SOCIAL JUSTICE

Definition: A more equal distribution of societal rights and resources to all

members of society, including allocation of social benefits and opportunities, as
well as provision of basic citizen rights and protection of them.

References: Chapin, R.K. (2007). Social policy for effective practice: a

strengths approach. Boston: McGraw-Hill. Loncres, J.F., & Scanlon, E. (2001).
Social justice and the research curriculum. Journal of Social Work Education,
37(3), 447-463. Wakefield, J. (2001). Social work as the pursuit of minimal
distributive justice. Paper presented at the Kentucky conference, Lexington:
 KY.

65. SPECIALIZATION

Definition: Focus of knowledge and skill on a specific social problem, target

population, practice setting, or range of direct and indirect practice skill areas—
assessment, treatment individual counseling, group work, family work,
community development, research, evaluation, education, global social work.

References: Briar, S. (1987). Direct practice: Trends and issues. In A. Minahan

(Ed.-in-Chief), Encyclopedia of social work (18th ed., Vol. I, pp.393-396). Silver
Spring, MD: National Association of Social Workers. Haynes, K.S., &
Mickelson, J.S. (2002). Affecting change: Social workers in the political arena.
Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Hopps, J.G., & Pinderhuges, E.B. (1987).
Profession of social work: Contemporary characteristics. In A. Minahan (Ed.-in-
Chief), Encyclopedia of social work (18th ed., Vol. II, pp.351-366). Silver
Spring, MD: National Association of Social Workers.

39
66. VULNERABLE POPULATION

Definition: Groups of people who, as a result of life conditions and circumstances,

are at increased risk for being harmed by specific social, environmental, and/or
health problems, making them more susceptible to disempowerment, social
injustice, and a lower quality of life.

References: Corey, G. (2009). Theory and practice of counseling and

psychotherapy. (8th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks Cole. Sharf, R. S. (2008).
Theories of psychotherapy and counseling: Concepts and cases (4th ed.). Pacific
Grove, CA: Brooks Cole. Walsh, J. (2005). Theories for direct social work practice.
Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks Cole

67. ABSOLUTE POVERTY

Definition: The lack of income and/or assets which prevents one from
obtaining a subsistence level of functioning

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.
68. ACCESSIBILITY

Definition : The opportunity to obtain or receive services.

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.

69. ACTIVE LISTENING

Definition : The process of attending to a client through the use of clinical skills
inorder to understand the client’s concerns
Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University
of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.
40
70. ACTIVIST

Definition : A social worker or other person whose goal is to achieve social

change.

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.
71. CHILD WELFARE

Definition: The field of practice responsible for monitoring and promoting the
rights and welfare of children and youth.

72. CASELOAD

Definition: The group of clients or client systems for which a social worker is
responsible to serve.

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.

73. CIVIL RIGHTS

Definition: Rights of citizens given by a government that protect them from

abuse by individuals, organizations, social policies, or governments.

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.

41
74. CLIENT

Definition:
Micro
Individual or family which is seeking or being provided social services
Mezzo
 Group, organization or community that is seeking or being provided social
services
Macro
Society, social policy, social change, or research as the entity being
served or targeted

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.

75. CLIENT CENTERED MODEL

Definition: The model of social work practice that assumes clients are capable
of dealing
with their problems in social functioning, and in which the social worker partners
with the client to encourage him/her to take the lead in devising interventions.

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.

76. COMMUNITY

Definition: A group of individuals, families, or groups that share geographic

location, identity, values, experiences or interests.
42

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.

77. CLOSED SYSTEM

 Definition: A social system that is not open to feedback or input from other
sources, has rigid boundaries, is self-contained, and tends to resist change.

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.

78. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Definition: A way of organizing ideas, concepts, and theories of social work

practice. Includes perspectives, orienting / explanatory theories, and practice
theories models.

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.

79. COMPETENCY

Definition: Possession of the knowledge, skills, and values necessary for

social work practice, as measured against the University of Montana School of
Social Work Competency Catalogue, NASW standards for practice, and the
Council on Social Work Education’s Educational Policies and Academic
Standards core competencies.

43
Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University
of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.

80. CONFIDENTIALITY
 Definition: The ethical stance that a professional can only release or share
information about a client with their consent.

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.

81. CONTINUUM OF CARE

Definition: The spectrum of services available to clients which should ideally fill
all gaps and minimize duplication.

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.

82. COUNTER-TRANSFERENCE

Definition: Emotional reactions by a professional toward a client that originate

in the professional’s personal experience and which may be projected onto a
client

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.

44
83. CRISIS INTERVENTION MODEL
 Definition: The practice theory / model which focuses on helping clients deal
with
overwhelming crisis situations by drawing upon their strengths and resources to
get them through the crisis and return to a normal level of functioning, and in
which a professional may take a more directive role because of the client’s
inability to proceed.

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.

84. CRISIS THEORY

Definition: Orienting / explanatory theory about how individuals and families

who experience significant crises may exhibit fairly predictable behaviors,
responses and patterns of recovery.

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.

85. CRITICAL INCIDENT STRESS DEBRIEFING

Definition: The process of debriefing with those who have experienced a crisis,
conducted
with the goal of allowing individuals and groups to express their feelings, gain
support, and use coping skills to deal with the crisis. Often done with
professionals who have experienced a trauma or crisis in their work.

45
Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University
of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.
86. CRITICAL THEORY

Definition: The orienting / explanatory theory that critiques positivism as the

only accepted
way of knowing, questions underlying assumptions of individual, theoretical and
scientific understandings, recognizes structural and political contributors to
social problems and oppression, and suggests that personal choice and power
can transform the social environment.

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.

87. EQUILIBRIUM

Definition: The tendency of a social system to maintain balance, and which

can be either positive or negative.

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.

88. FEMINIST SOCIAL WORK MODEL

Definition: Practice theory / model that advocates for gender equality and
addresses gender discrimination of the micro to macro levels.
46

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.
89. GATEKEEPER

Definition: An individual in a community or other social system who is in a

position to allow or obstruct access to the community by someone from outside
the community, or an individual other than a social worker who can observe the
welfare of clients.

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.

90. GENDER EQUITY

Definition: The fair distribution of income, resources, and responsibilities

among men and women.

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.

91. GENDER ROLE

Definition: Societal expectations for behavior and social roles based on

gender.

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.

47
92. GENERALIST
 Definition: A social worker who possesses a broad range of knowledge and
skills for work in
various fields of practice, who can move from one level of practice to another
as needed, draws from a variety of theories and perspectives, and uses a
variety of models and techniques in interventions.

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.

93. GENERATIONAL EQUITY

Definition: The fair distribution of income, resources, and responsibilities

among all age groups.

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.

94. GROUP WORK

Definition: Group work with clients—The realm of social work practice in which
a small number of clients work together toward a common goal.

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.

48
95. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
 Definition: The biological, social, cultural, emotional, and spiritual changes in
individuals which occur over time, are somewhat predictable, but which are also
subject to individual variation.

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.

96. IMMIGRANT

Definition: An individual who has voluntarily moved to another country.

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.

97. IMPLIED CONSENT

Definition: Statements, actions, or silence by a client that make them appear

to be giving consent to treatment.

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.

98. INFORMED CONSENT

Definition: Permission given by a client to a social worker or agency to provide

intervention or treatment, based on full disclosure of the efficacy and risks of
treatment as well as on the client’s understanding of the intervention.
49
 Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University
of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.

99. ENGAGEMENT

Definition: The therapeutic technique of aligning oneself to clients and

bringing them into the helping relationship.

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.

100. INTERVENTION

Definition: The overall term used to describe all activities by social workers on
behalf of and in collaboration with their clients, including activities at the
following levels of practice.

Reference: Garthwait, C. (2012). Dictionary of social work. Montana: University

of Montana School of Social Work, 6(16), 2020.