GEOLOGIC PROCESS AND SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

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1. Geologic processes are broken down into two cate- 1. Endogenous

gories: Process
2. Exogenous
Process

2. -takes place within or in the interior of Earth Endogenous

-responsible for earthquakes, development of conti- Process
nents, mountain building, volcanic activities and other
movements related to Earth's crust

3. driving force of endogenous process THERMAL ENER-

GY of the mantle
and crust

4. -they create a relief Endogenous

-large-scale landform building and transforming Process
processes

5. Volcanism and Plutonism Igneous Process

6. Volcanic Eruptions (Volcanoes) Volcanism

7. Igneous intrusions Plutonism

8. Also called Diastrophism Tectonic Process-

es

9. Folding, Faulting, Lateral Faulting Tectonic Process-

es

10. Anticlines, synclines, and mountains Folding

11. Rift valleys, graben, and escarpments Faulting

12. strike-slip faults Lateral Faulting

13. Evidence of present day tectonic activities Earthquakes

14. The endogenous energy process has positive effects 1. An erupting

such as the following: mountain will re-
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lease magma in
lava.
When this lava is
frozen for several
years, it becomes
fertile farmland.
2. A shift in the
earth, it can create
a beautiful shape
of the earth's sur-
face and become
a tourist attraction.
3. Magma re-
leased by frozen
volcanoes turns
into rock. From
these rocks,
stones of great val-
ue such as gold,
silver, diamonds,
etc. can be found.

15. -occur on or near the surface of Earth Exogenous

-They are usually influenced or driven by gravity, wa- Process
ter, wind or organism.

16. the disintegration of rocks, soil and minerals together Weathering

with other materials through contact with Earth's sub-
systems

17. breakdown of rocks by mechanical forces concentrat- Physical Weather-

ed along rock fractures ing

18. process by which rocks break down by chemical reac- Chemical Weath-
tions. ering

19. - the reaction of a substance with oxygen (important Oxidation

in iron-rich rocks - reddish coloration like rust)

20. Hydrolysis
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the chemical breakdown of substance when com-
bines
with water

21. plants and animals contribute to weathering. biological weath-

ering

22. Biological Weathering - Roots physical-

ly break or wedge
rock
-Lichens (algae
and fungi living
as single unit),
remove minerals
and weaken rock
by releasing acids
-Burrowing ani-
mals can increase
weathering.

23. -the process by which Earth's surface is worn away by Erosion

wind, water or ice
-process of erosion moves rock debris or soil from
one place to another
-takes place when there is rainfall, surface runoff,
flowing rivers, seawater intrusion, flooding, freezing
and thawing, hurricanes, wind, etc.

24. -refers to the movement of large masses of materials Mass Wasting

(rock, debris, soil, mud) down a slope or a steep-sided
hill or mountain due to the pull of gravity

25. the accumulation of materials such as soil, rock frag- Sedimentation

ments and soil particles settling on the ground

26. 1. Weathering Exogenous

2. Erosion Processes
3. Mass Wasting
4. Sedimentation

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27. are those which form during (or shortly after) deposi- Primary sedimen-
tion of the sediment tary structures

28. Importance of Primary sedimentary structures It can provide

information about
the environmental
conditions under
which the sedi-
ment was deposit-
ed; certain struc-
tures form in qui-
et water under
low energy con-
ditions, whereas
others form in
moving water or
high energy condi-
tions.

29. These are features which form on the surface of a bed Bed Forms And
of sediment Surface Markings

30. undulations of the sediment surface produced as Ripples

wind or water moves across sand

31. -Ripples which form in unidirectional currents (such Asymmetrical Rip-

as in streams or rivers) ples
-Crests may be straight, sinuous, or lobe-like (lingoid
ripples), depending on water velocity.

32. -produced in waves or oscillating water Symmetrical Rip-

-Crests tend to be relatively straight, but may bifurcate ples
(or fork).

33. Interactions between waves and currents may pro- interference rip-
duce a more complex pattern ples

34. polygonal pattern of cracks produced on the surface Mudracks

of mud as it dries

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35. circular pits on the sediment surface produced by the Raindrop Prints
impact of raindrops on soft mud

36. -most obvious feature of sedimentary rocks Stratification (or

layering)

37. are visible because of differences in the color or tex- Layers or Strata
ture of adjacent beds

38. Strata thicker than 1 cm Beds

39. Thinner layers laminations or

laminae

40. upper and lower surfaces of these layers bedding planes

41. result when a sediment-laden current (such as a tur- Graded Bedding

bidity current) begins to slow down

42. individual inclined layers are thicker than 1 cm, the Cross bedding
cross-stratification may be referred to as

43. Thinner inclined layering is called Cross Lamination

44. bedding plane structures preserved on the bottom Sole Marks

surfaces of beds

45. produced as "tools" (objects such as sticks, shells, Tool marks

bones, or pebbles) carried by a current bounce, skip,
roll, or drag along the sediment surface

46. produced by erosion or scouring of muddy sediment, Flute marks

forming "scoop-shaped" depressions

47. These are structures which are formed by living or- Organic or bio-
ganisms interacting with the sediment. genic sedimentary
structures

48. include tracks, trails, burrows, borings, root marks Trace fossils or
and other marks made in the sediment by organisms. ichnofossils

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49. formed as the activities of organisms disrupt the sed- bioturbation struc-
iment. tures

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