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When the abolitionists of Rhode Island were seeking to defeat
the restricted constitution of the Dorr party, already referred to in this
volume, Abby Kelley was more than once mobbed in the old Town
Hall in the city of Providence, and pelted with bad eggs.
And what can be said of the gifted authoress of “Uncle Tom’s
Cabin,” Harriet Beecher Stowe? Happy woman must she be, that to
her was given the power, in such unstinted measure, to touch and
move the popular heart! More than to reason or religion are we
indebted to the influence which this wonderful delineation of
American chattel slavery produced on the public mind.
Nor must I omit to name the daughter of the excellent Myron
Holley, who in her youth and beauty espoused the cause of the
slave; nor of Lucy Stone, and Antoinette Brown; for when the slave
had few friends and advocates they were noble enough to speak
their best word in his behalf.
Others there were, who, though they were not known on the
platform, were none the less earnest and effective for anti-slavery in
their more retired lives. There were many such to greet me, and
welcome me to my newly found heritage of freedom. They met me
as a brother, and by their kind consideration did much to make
endurable the rebuffs I encountered elsewhere. At the anti-slavery
office in Providence, Rhode Island, I remember with a peculiar
interest Lucinda Wilmarth, whose acceptance of life’s duties and
labors, and whose heroic struggle with sickness and death, taught
me more than one lesson; and Amorancy Paine, never weary in
performing any service, however arduous, which fidelity to the slave
demanded of her. Then there was Phebe Jackson, Elizabeth Chace,
the Sisson sisters, the Chases, the Greenes, the Browns, the
Goolds, the Shoves, the Anthonys, the Roses, the Fayerweathers,
the Motts, the Earles, the Spooners, the Southwicks, the Buffums,
the Fords, the Wilburs, the Henshaws, the Burgesses, and others
whose names are lost, but whose deeds are living yet in the
regenerated life of our new Republic, cleansed from the curse and
sin of slavery.
Observing woman’s agency, devotion, and efficiency in pleading
the cause of the slave, gratitude for this high service early moved me
to give favorable attention to the subject of what is called “Woman’s
Rights,” and caused me to be denominated a woman’s-rights-man. I
am glad to say I have never been ashamed to be thus designated.
Recognizing not sex, nor physical strength, but moral intelligence
and the ability to discern right from wrong, good from evil, and the
power to choose between them, as the true basis of Republican
government, to which all are alike subject, and bound alike to obey, I
was not long in reaching the conclusion that there was no foundation
in reason or justice for woman’s exclusion from the right of choice in
the selection of the persons who should frame the laws, and thus
shape the destiny of all the people, irrespective of sex.
In a conversation with Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, when she
was yet a young lady, and an earnest abolitionist, she was at the
pains of setting before me, in a very strong light, the wrong and
injustice of this exclusion. I could not meet her arguments except
with the shallow plea of “custom,” “natural division of duties,”
“indelicacy of woman’s taking part in politics,” the common talk of
“woman’s sphere,” and the like, all of which that able woman, who
was then no less logical than now, brushed away by those
arguments which she has so often and effectively used since, and
which no man has yet successfully refuted. If intelligence is the only
true and rational basis of government, it follows that that is the best
government which draws its life and power from the largest sources
of wisdom, energy, and goodness at its command. The force of this
reasoning would be easily comprehended and readily assented to in
any case involving the employment of physical strength. We should
all see the folly and madness of attempting to accomplish with a part
what could only be done with the united strength of the whole.
Though this folly may be less apparent, it is just as real, when one-
half of the moral and intellectual power of the world is excluded from
any voice or vote in civil government. In this denial of the right to
participate in government, not merely the degradation of woman and
the perpetuation of a great injustice happens, but the maiming and
repudiation of one-half of the moral and intellectual power for the
government of the world. Thus far all human governments have
been failures, for none have secured, except in a partial degree, the
ends for which governments are instituted.
War, slavery, injustice, and oppression, and the idea that might
makes right, have been uppermost in all such governments; and the
weak, for whose protection governments are ostensibly created,
have had practically no rights which the strong have felt bound to
respect. The slayers of thousands have been exalted into heroes,
and the worship of mere physical force has been considered
glorious. Nations have been and still are but armed camps,
expending their wealth and strength and ingenuity in forging
weapons of destruction against each other; and while it may not be
contended that the introduction of the feminine element in
government would entirely cure this tendency to exalt might over
right, many reasons can be given to show that woman’s influence
would greatly tend to check and modify this barbarous and
destructive tendency. At any rate, seeing that the male governments
of the world have failed, it can do no harm to try the experiment of a
government by man and woman united. But it is not my purpose to
argue the question here, but simply to state, in a brief way, the
ground of my espousal of the cause of woman’s suffrage. I believed
that the exclusion of my race from participation in government was
not only a wrong, but a great mistake, because it took from that race
motives for high thought and endeavor, and degraded them in the
eyes of the world around them. Man derives a sense of his
consequence in the world not merely subjectively, but objectively. If
from the cradle through life the outside world brands a class as unfit
for this or that work, the character of the class will come to resemble
and conform to the character described. To find valuable qualities in
our fellows, such qualities must be presumed and expected. I would
give woman a vote, give her a motive to qualify herself to vote,
precisely as I insisted upon giving the colored man the right to vote,
in order that he should have the same motives for making himself a
useful citizen as those in force in the case of other citizens. In a
word, I have never yet been able to find one consideration, one
argument, or suggestion in favor of man’s right to participate in civil
government which did not equally apply to the right of woman.
CHAPTER XIX.
RETROSPECTION.
conclusion.
As far as this volume can reach that point I have now brought my
readers to the end of my story. What may remain of life to me,
through what experiences I may pass, what heights I may attain, into
what depths I may fall, what good or ill may come to me, or proceed
from me in this breathing world, where all is change, uncertainty, and
largely at the mercy of powers over which the individual man has no
absolute control, if thought worthy and useful, will probably be told by
others when I have passed from the busy stage of life. I am not
looking for any great changes in my fortunes or achievements in the
future. The most of the space of life is behind me, and the sun of my
day is nearing the horizon. Notwithstanding all that is contained in
this book my day has been a pleasant one. My joys have far
exceeded my sorrows, and my friends have brought me far more
than my enemies have taken from me. I have written out my
experience here, not to exhibit my wounds and bruises to awaken
and attract sympathy to myself personally, but as a part of the history
of a profoundly interesting period in American life and progress. I
have meant it to be a small individual contribution to the sum of
knowledge of this special period, to be handed down to after-coming
generations which may want to know what things were allowed and
what prohibited; what moral, social, and political relations subsisted
between the different varieties of the American people down to the
last quarter of the nineteenth century; and by what means they were
modified and changed. The time is at hand when the last American
slave, and the last American slaveholder will disappear behind the
curtain which separates the living from the dead, and when neither
master nor slave will be left to tell the story of their respective
relations, and what happened in those relations to either. My part
has been to tell the story of the slave. The story of the master never
wanted for narrators. They have had all the talent and genius that
wealth and influence could command to tell their story. They have
had their full day in court. Literature, theology, philosophy, law, and
learning, have come willingly to their service, and if condemned they
have not been condemned unheard.
It will be seen in these pages that I have lived several lives in
one. First, the life of slavery; secondly, the life of a fugitive from
slavery; thirdly, the life of comparative freedom; fourthly, the life of
conflict and battle; and, fifthly, the life of victory, if not complete, at
least assured. To those who have suffered in slavery, I can say I too
have suffered. To those who have taken some risks and encountered
hardships in the flight from bondage, I can say I too have endured
and risked. To those who have battled for liberty, brotherhood, and
citizenship, I can say I too have battled; and to those who have lived
to enjoy the fruits of victory, I can say I too live and rejoice. If I have
pushed my example too prominently for the good taste of my
Caucasian readers I beg them to remember that I have written in
part for the encouragement of a class whose aspirations need the
stimulus of success.
I have aimed to assure them that knowledge can be obtained
under difficulties; that poverty may give place to competency; that
obscurity is not an absolute bar to distinction, and that a way is open
to welfare and happiness to all who will resolutely and wisely pursue
that way; that neither slavery, stripes, imprisonment, or proscription,
need extinguish self-respect, crush manly ambition, or paralyze
effort; that no power outside of himself can prevent a man from
sustaining an honorable character and a useful relation to his day
and generation; that neither institutions nor friends can make a race
to stand unless it has strength in its own legs; that there is no power
in the world which can be relied upon to help the weak against the
strong—the simple against the wise; that races like individuals must
stand or fall by their own merits; that all the prayers of Christendom
cannot stop the force of a single bullet, divest arsenic of poison, or
suspend any law of nature. In my communication with the colored
people I have endeavored to deliver them from the power of
superstition, bigotry, and priest-craft. In theology I have found them
strutting about in the old clothes of the masters, just as the masters
strut about in the old clothes of the past. The falling power remains
among them long since it has ceased to be the religious fashion of
our refined and elegant white churches. I have taught that the “fault
is not in our stars but in ourselves that we are underlings,” that “who
would be free, themselves must strike the blow.” I have urged upon
them self-reliance, self-respect, industry, perseverance, and
economy—to make the best of both worlds—but to make the best of
this world first because it comes first, and that he who does not
improve himself by the motives and opportunities afforded by this
world gives the best evidence that he would not improve in any other
world. Schooled as I have been among the abolitionists of New
England, I recognize that the universe is governed by laws which are
unchangeable and eternal, that what men sow they will reap, and
that there is no way to dodge or circumvent the consequences of any
act or deed. My views at this point receive but limited endorsement
among my people. They for the most part think they have means of
procuring special favor and help from the Almighty, and as their “faith
is the substance of things hoped for and the evidence of things not
seen,” they find much in this expression which is true to faith but
utterly false to fact. But I meant here only to say a word in
conclusion. Forty years of my life have been given to the cause of
my people, and if I had forty years more they should all be sacredly
given to the great cause. If I have done something for that cause, I
am after all more a debtor to it than it is debtor to me.
APPENDIX.
ORATION BY FREDERICK DOUGLASS, DELIVERED ON THE OCCASION
OF THE UNVEILING OF THE FREEDMEN’S MONUMENT, IN MEMORY
OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN, IN LINCOLN PARK, WASHINGTON, D. C.,
APRIL 14, 1876.
E
“I am naturally anti-slavery. If slavery is not
wrong, nothing is wrong. I cannot remember
when I did not so think and feel.”—Letter of Mr.
Lincoln to Mr. Hodges, of Kentucky, April 4,
1864.
All day long he could split heavy rails in the woods, and half the
night long he could study his English Grammar by the uncertain flare
and glare of the light made by a pine-knot. He was at home on the
land with his axe, with his maul, with gluts, and his wedges; and he
was equally at home on water, with his oars, with his poles, with his
planks, and with his boat-hooks. And whether in his flat-boat on the
Mississipi river, or on the fireside of his frontier cabin, he was a man
of work. A son of toil himself, he was linked in brotherly sympathy
with the sons of toil in every loyal part of the republic. This very fact
gave him tremendous power with the American people, and
materially contributed not only to selecting him to the Presidency, but
in sustaining his administration of the government.
Upon his inauguration as President of the United States, an
office, even where assumed under the most favorable conditions,
fitted to tax and strain the largest abilities, Abraham Lincoln was met
by a tremendous crisis. He was called upon not merely to administer
the government, but to decide, in the face of terrible odds, the fate of
the Republic.
A formidable rebellion rose in his path before him; the Union was
practically dissolved; his country was torn and rent asunder at the
center. Hostile armies were already organized against the republic,
armed with the munitions of war which the republic had provided for
its own defence. The tremendous question for him to decide was
whether his country should survive the crisis and flourish, or be
dismembered and perish. His predecessor in office had already
decided the question in favor of national dismemberment, by denying
to it the right of self-defence and self-preservation—a right which
belongs to the meanest insect.
Happily for the country, happily for you and for me, the judgment
of James Buchanan, the patrician, was not the judgment of Abraham
Lincoln, the plebeian. He brought his strong common sense,
sharpened in the school of adversity, to bear upon the question. He
did not hesitate, he did not doubt, he did not falter; but at once
resolved at whatever peril, at whatever cost, the union of the States
should be preserved. A patriot himself, his faith was strong and
unwavering in the patriotism of his countrymen. Timid men said
before Mr. Lincoln’s inauguration, that we had seen the last
President of the United States. A voice in influential quarters said
“Let the Union slide.” Some said that a Union maintained by the
sword was worthless. Others said a rebellion of 8,000,000 cannot be
suppressed; but in the midst of all this tumult and timidity, and
against all this, Abraham Lincoln was clear in his duty, and had an