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UNIT II

Lesson 4

Art and the Perception of Reality

“To the best of my knowledge, I don't believe it's possible to learn art without
learning realism."
- Kevin Murphy
“While we look to the dramatist to give romance to realism, we ask of the actor to
give realism to romance.”
- Oscar Wilde

Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, students must have:

• discussed the meaning of art and how reality was viewed in art;
• elaborated Realism in the Renaissance style, Cubism, de stilj, and ready-
made art.
• appreciated the different artworks depicting current realities happening in
the world today through slide analysis;
• created an artwork related to COVID-19 pandemic applying realism
techniques from any of the following: Renaissance style, cubism, de stilj,
and ready-made.

Materials:

Drawing and coloring materials e.g. Crayon, colored pens, paint, and canvass

Duration: 1.5 hours

Key concepts and ideas:

Realism cubism

Romantic Realism de stilj ready-made art

Let’s ponder about these!

• Realism is the movement about depicting the world as we find it,
rather than as we want it to be. However, illustrating a part of our world or
reality through art in a photographically hyper-realistic way does not depict
Realism but rather portrays Naturalism.

• Realism expresses a message that realistically illustrates situations whereas

Romanticism conveys message by using fiction. Romanticism focuses on plot
hyperbolic metaphor and feelings. In contrast, Realism concentrates on
characters, details, objectivity, and separation of an artist.
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• To be an artist, you must start making things. You do not need to be touched
by the divine gods of inspiration nor do you need to be the type of person
that other people or even you consider creative or “artsy”, the latter as one of
my least favorite words in the English language. But what you might need is
a prompt, and that is where these assignments come in.

References:

The Art Assignment Retrieved July 2020 at

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Os6i6fneV-E

The Art Assignment. Transcript Retrieved at

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQDlxJF9tvs

College Choice. (June 4, 2020).What are the Arts and Humanities. Retrieved at
https://www.collegechoice.net/faq/what-are-the-arts-humanities/

I. You can do this!

Read or watch any of these videos and study the following slides to be able to
answer well to the proceeding questions.

1. What is the Treachery of Images? (Appendix 4.1)

Link: https:// www.you tube.com/watch?v=atH QpANmHCE
2. What Is Art? Plato VS Aristotle (Appendix 4.2)
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HopuAGaycaE
3. Is Beauty in the Eye of the Beholder? (Appendix 4.3)
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G1UsGWxDPKA

Figure 1

How do you define art base on your personal experience? (5 points)

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Figure 2

slides from https://www.coursehero.com/file/43035321/Lecture-2pptx/

Figure 3

Retrieved from: https://arthearty.com/different-forms-of-art

II. Analysis

1. What is Realism in art? (5 points)

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2. How do artists present these realities in the following art forms? What style or
period does the art created? (5 points each) Give at least one example for each of
the following art forms:

Ex. Painting - Painters use real or true-to-life objects or events as their

subjects and present realistically through different mediums like Monalisa by
Leonardo Da Vinci used oil as binder and wood as canvas (Renaissance
Period-probably painted between 1503 and 1519).

A. Painting:________________________________________________________
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B. Sculpture:______________________________________________________
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C. Architecture:____________________________________________________
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D. Music:__________________________________________________________
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E. Dance:_________________________________________________________
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F. Drama:_________________________________________________________
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3. Analyze the photos/paintings and discuss whether these arts look real or not?
(5 points each)

Figure 1

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Post-Impressionist style
Retrieved from: https://www.vincentvangogh.org/van-goghs-chair.jsp

Figure 2

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Renaissance Art
Retrieved from: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mona-Lisa-painting
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Figure 3

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Cubism Art
Retrieved from: https://www.pablopicasso.org/the-weeping-woman.jsp

Figure 4

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De Stijl, Dutch for "The Style" also known as Neoplasticism

Retrieved from https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/composition-with-red-blue-
andyellow/xwERWaqDyIcZ9w?hl=en-GB
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Figure 5
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Kazimir Malevich Suprematist Composition: White on White (1918)

Retrieved from: https://www.wikiart.org
Figure 6
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Fountain R. Mutt, 1917

Retrieved from: https://www.moma.org/collection/works/80385
III. Highlights of the Lesson

• There are different forms of arts depending on the medium or materials uses. Visual
arts include painting, sculpture, architecture, as well as performing arts that
comprised of music, dance, and drama. The beauty of art is its capacity to
communicate, impart experience, induce relief, and leave a legacy.
• Art provide many ways of communicating and expressing one thoughts, ideas and
feelings. The beauty of Realism in art is the fact that it is based on absolute
detail and truthful representation of people, events, places or a political
statement. It is both a means and an end.
 78

• Nonetheless, Realism has also some debatable points. First, who are we going to
believe about the nature of form and reality? Is it Plato who said that ignorant and
incapable people are unwilling to accept the truth of a reality beyond their own or
Aristotle who believe in the potential of a person to know reality through conscious
effort? Second, is the view about reality as unnecessary prerequisite in abstract art,
and that it cannot be a foundation of abstract art.

• Art and philosophy are interrelated by way of usage and functionality. A finished
artwork conveys what we believe and what we think of the reality, thus our own
philosophy. Art depicts the values that we believe, and the ideals and visions that we
dream and advocate for. Similarly, our knowledge and perception of reality is
influence by the things our sensory senses. One is moved, stirred and inspired by an
art mainly because the observer and the art itself shared a common denomination of
values and ideals and delivers the same state of emotions. Primarily, what can be the
greatest and most beautiful art that can influence and refine our philosophy than
nature created by God himself?

IV. Application

The COVID-19 pandemic is one reality confronting all people today. It

brought a worldwide negative impact to all sectors or institutions in the world. It
affects the global health as well as the personal wellbeing of people. As one reality
that we must face or adopt, make at least two (2) artworks from any of the
following. The finished outputs should depict your thoughts or feelings about
possible triumph/coping over COVID-19-stricken situation. Document yourself while
doing your chosen artworks.

1. Korona corona artsy challenge (compulsory) - Take a photo of yourself with

any corona/crown made from any material available in your immediate
environment (reuse, reduce, and recycle).

2. Choose one from any of the following Personal protective equipment (PPE)

▪ Personalized facemask (handmade or sewn from any usable material at

home) that should depict your own concept/idea/feelings about the COVID 19
pandemic.
▪ Face shield design or drawing only
▪ Headcap or safety shoes for medical workers with your own design or
decoration
▪ Drawing on a bond paper or actual PPE design of gown/apron using any
recyclable material at home
 79

Rubrics for rating your work:

Needs
Excellent Very Good Good
CRITERIA Improvem
(94-100 (86-93 points) (78-85
ent (below
points) points)
78)

The application
The application The concept is The concept is
Application of of the concept is
of the concept is correctly applied wrongly applied
the concept of correct but only
correct in the to the large part to the whole of
Realism in the small part
whole of the the composition
of the
composition composition.
composition

The
The Some instructions No instruction
Following composition
composition are not followed are followed in
the does not
follows all the in the composition the
instructi follow many of
instructions. composition.
on the
instructions.
There are some
The whole Many parts of The whole
Aesthetic parts of the
composition is the composition composition is
value of the composition that
very pleasing to are not pleasing not pleasing to
composition are not pleasing
look at. to see. look at.
to see.

References:

Is Beauty in the Eye of the Beholder? Retrieved on August 4, 2020 at

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G1UsGWxDPKA

Padilla, EJ.(2020). What Is Art? Plato VS Aristotle. Retrieved on August 4, 2020 at

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HopuAGaycaE

What is the Treachery of Images? Transcript from https://www.you

tube.com/watch? v=atH QpANmHCE
 80

APPENDIX 4.1

What is the Treachery of Images?

I started analyzing paintings

to confront the problem of not
engaging with certain forms and
genres of art. I mean, you stand at
a museum, look at a Kandinsky or
a Monet or a Seurat and wonder:
What exactly am I supposed to feel
here? Certain paintings seem
particularly stubborn, unwilling to
move even an inch in your direction, leaving you with a massive void to fill with
unanchored interpretation. But what about paintings that do the opposite?

Rene Magritte's The Treachery of Images moves more than an inch in the
direction of the viewer. It goes all the way. The painting speaks in a language that
we can understand, which is to say language itself. "Ceci n'est pas une pipe." This is
not a pipe. The painting actually says something, it engages, it talks. So, what's it
trying to say? First, let's talk for a moment about Rene Magritte, one of the most
famous and lasting of the surrealist artists, a man who never really thought of
himself as a painter, more a thinker that used images to express himself.

Once he landed on an aesthetic style, it never really changed or evolved

throughout his career. Well versed in philosophical writing from Plato to Foucault, he
used that style to investigate ideas. His program was to confuse, to evoke mystery,
to show us that what we want is always behind the thing we see. And that the
obstruction can never be removed completely because it is not in the object. It is in
vision and thought itself.

The Treachery of Images approaches these themes directly. The painting at

first is obvious in its message. It shows an image of a pipe and then underneath the
image it tells, or reminds the viewer, that this not a pipe and we can infer the rest.
Obviously, that's not a pipe, it's a representation of a pipe and Magritte means to
show us that representations are not the real thing. They only resemble the real
thing. But of course, that's common sense.

Who in the world would argue the opposite position? But a curious question
comes out of this. If someone showed you this image and asked you what is was,
what would you say? Probably you would say, "It's an apple," right? Or, what about
this image? It is a man. Or this, this is a train. This is a house. This is a dog. This is a
hand. This is a-pipe.

The little accident of language is not really an accident at all. For many
hundreds of years, human beings have supposed that language and reality had an
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organic relationship, that the names of things, in a way, arose out of the things
themselves, that a tree was, in fact, a tree. That Kanye West is, in fact, Kanye West,
and that a pipe is really a pipe. All of that was challenged by the famous linguist
Ferdinand de Saussure, an extremely influential figure who saw that a thing and its
name have a totally arbitrary relationship, that we don't really know things; but only
access their shadow through language in which everything has a meaning in the
context of the system.

After so many centuries of trusting the word implicitly, these insights were
hard-won. So hard-won, that Magritte saw that the old wrongheaded ways of
thinking about language were still hiding in the way we thought and talked about
images. Realistic painting plays on resemblance and resemblance suggests a
hierarchy, that the image of a pipe resembles, that is points outside language to the
thing. The falseness of this claim is what inspired the abstract artists to move beyond
resemblance into a field in which painting had no referent as such.

Magritte, on the other hand, makes this point using the false premises of
resemblance and shatters them from within. The visual secret dependence on
language is laid bare in The Treachery of Images. Indeed, that dependence is the
treachery of images. Here was have an image and a sentence, laid out like a page
from a botanical textbook, begging to be connected. But why should we connect
them? Why should the sentence and the image refer to one another? How do we
know that the word "This" points upward? Of course, we do not know, but the
pronoun, the resemblance, and the name all make that connection inevitable. And it
is that inevitability that's made real in every aspect of our lives.

We go about our days confident that everything we see could be said and
that the images we say could be seen. But if you have ever used the phrase, "You
had to be there," you know that these are two realities that do not overlap in the
way we act like they do. This is not a pipe, yes. But this is not a pipe either. And if
this is not a pipe, then the sentence scrawled in its cute schoolboy cursive is a
contradiction, a contradiction that pulls the whole painting apart at the seams and
makes it utter nonsense. I do not know if Magritte laughed about that, but I hope he
did. Because what is more forceful? Not moving an inch in the direction of the viewer
or moving a question all the way into the center of the viewer's mind, that on the
slightest prodding and examination implodes?

Reference:

Transcript from https:// www.youtube.com/watch? v=atH QpANmHCE

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APPENDIX 4.2

What Is Art? Plato VS Aristotle

by Edward John Padilla

What is art? Actually that question is the very first one I always ask my
students in USD whenever I'll begin my art appreciation course. And you
know what? Believe me defining what art is, has been a constant human
endeavor and up until now my friends, there is no definitive answer to that
very enigmatic question. Yet so the question still remains what is art 3d allow battle
Agra unarmed? I think to answer that question we need to go back in time
specifically the Classical period cosign about high and two of the greatest Greek
philosophers ever. What did they say about art, we'll find out well.

What is Plato saying about art well very simple. He said that art is an
imitation of an invitation-only Plato's actually assign philosophy 101. First well
according to Plato, my friends, there is a world of ideas. According to him, our lives
here on earth are just imitations of the ideal world and since he would say that life is
an imitation of what is ideal and art is an imitation of life. Therefore art is an
imitation of an imitation. I think Plato would have problems about artists and poets
because he would say that what the poets and artists are actually producing her
things are thrice removed from what is actually true and I think that is as the basis
why he called poets or artists in general as liars.

Synonym on what the poets and artists are actually saying are twice
removed from what is true but no basis normally and because of that I think Plato
has this disdain towards artists particularly poets and he even suggested that poets
be banned from the society. Plato's Island theories about art and his hatred towards
poets or artists, well actually to understand it better let's put it into a more modern
context. Helia, our film for example, you're watching a horror film now we all know
that while watching that film monsters or ghosts are not actually present inside the
cinema but if the part form is good.

If the film is good we would feel that we're actually part of the film and
because of that we would be scared. We would fear the monsters would fear the
ghosts even though those features are not actually there. You're not dying in an
artist and into believing even monsters and ghosts even though they are not right
the bottom we are bound to do crazy things for something not that is not actually
there. How about Aristotle? Does he agree with the concepts of Plato? Well actually
not really if Plato said that poets are not useful in society. Aristotle thinks otherwise,
for him poets or artists are important. For a person to function in the best way
possible, can endow experienced. Not enough all sorts of emotions and feelings
experiences but as human beings, my friends, it is impossible for us to experience
everything like not everybody would be a soldier and experience like a torturer or
maybe a fear or anger.
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Indeed Admiral Ahsan Hatton and according to Aristotle that is a job of art. A
piranhas happen experience at an Amana and we would never actually experienced
while watching a film, we would cry our hearts out but afterwards we feel okay. I
say we would realize that you know we experience the sadness, we experience fear,
we experience anger but that's not actually us but the characters in a particular play
or an art form. It was civilian even us not doing the act itself still we were able to
experience it thus making us a person who could function the best way that we can.
Well my friends, about Aristotle and Plato gave great definitions about art but how
about you? Which team do you belong to: are you team Aristotle or Plato now?

Reference:

Padilla, E.J. What Is Art? Plato VS Aristotle. Retrieved on August 15, 2020 at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HopuAGaycaE
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APPENDIX 4.3

Is Beauty in the Eye of the Beholder?

You may have heard it said that beauty is in the eye of the beholder which is
to say that aesthetic judgments about the value of art are subjective if somebody
asks which is better? Da Vinci's Mona Lisa or Van Gaal's Sunflowers. There isn't really
an objective correct answer to that. The way that there's an objective correct answer
to say a scientific or mathematical question, someone might say i like pop music and
somebody else prefers dubstep. Somebody might like poetry and somebody else
prefers dance. Somebody might say they like home and melville and somebody else
prefers Mark Twain. And that's all fine whatever floats your boat, whether or not you
like a work of art is to do with a relation between the work of art and the person and
every person is different so every judgment will be different.

Art in all of its forms is subjective right. But although we say that beauty is in
the eye of the beholder, certain aesthetic judgments just seem objectively wrong.
Like if I was to say that Stephanie Meyer is a better author than Shakespeare. I
mean whatever you think of Maya's writing surely it can't beat the bard or if I were
to say that Sharknado is a better film than citizen Kane. I mean that just seems
wrong furthermore, we don't act like art is entirely subjective because when
somebody asks you what you think of a work of art you give reasons for what you
think. You don't just say I like it or I don't like it and leave it at that. You say things
like I liked the use of juxtaposition or I liked the use of colors or the pacing was off
and there were too many tracking shots or the screenplay was just so so dumb.

I god in other words you point to facts about the work and claim they are
aesthetically relevant in fact there is a whole industry built around trying to give
objective reasoned critiques of works of art as an interesting side note. The one form
of artistic expression which in my experience lots of people do think is 100 subjective
is stand-up comedy. I've been doing stand-up for a few years now and people get
upset when I say things like certain comics are better than certain others. They say
as long as it makes you laugh then it's all totally equal, I'm like no, it's not certain.
Comics are technically better than certain others and you should not be laughing at
certain others.

I mean nobody would say that every horror film which scares you even a little
bit is totally equal so I don't know why people think that stand-up comedy admits of
no objective technical criticism anyway comedy rant aside there does seem to be a
bit of a tension between the idea that beauty is in the eye of the beholder and the
reality of the way we judge art and can't call this tension the antinomy of taste now
viewers who are familiar with count will be unsurprised to learn that he used this as
a jumping off point to develop a very weird and complex system of aesthetic
judgment because couldn't even order breakfast in the morning without developing a
complex and weird system about the nominal status of bacon and eggs but an
interesting and elegant solution was proposed by our old friend David Hume.

Suppose two people disagree on which is better, Stephanie Meyer or William

Shakespeare. What do we do? Well Hume says, “We do the same thing we always
do when we think we have a disagreement about an apparent matter of fact we ask
an expert,” in his essay on the standard of taste. Hume tries to put forward a list of
criteria that somebody must fulfil in order to be considered the ideal critic somebody
capable of acting as an artistic judge with the final word in any aesthetic dispute.Sso
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let's have a look at the list the ideal critic: must have delicacy of taste; the ideal art
critic must be able to look at a work of art and see all the details take it all in not
miss anything.

We can objectively test whether somebody has delicate enough taste by

asking them questions about features of the work of art that we observed. So for
example, if we say what did you think about that little tree in the corner and they
say what tree in the corner then that might indicate that their taste is not delicate
enough. Practice the critic must have an experienced eye and that might mean
seeing the same work of art multiple times or it might mean seeing lots of different
works of art and judging those exactly. How much practice it takes to become an
ideal critic might seem like a subjective matter which is a problem because we're
going for objectivity here. But potential critics who have way more than just enough
practice will be obvious whenever there's a gray area people at either extremes of
that gray area will be pretty clear.

Comparisons the critic mustn't just be practiced at viewing one work of art.
If you've seen the same production of lame as arabler 200 times but you've never
seen anything else then you're not really in a position to say whether or not that's
any good. At the very least you need to see somebody else do this show or maybe
see some other musicals and compare them again. Exactly how many comparisons
you need to make might seem like a bit of a gray area but again people at either
extremes of that gray area will likely be pretty obvious. No prejudice and this one is
a bit more of a problem it's a matter of extreme debate how much you need to
remove yourself from your own personal values when judging a work of art for
instance.

If you got mugged by JJ Abrams then it's obvious that you might not judge
the new star wars films to be particularly good but we can also see how that's not
really relevant to the question of whether or not they are. But should you overlook
the ethical and personal concerns behind, say the Nazi Propaganda Film, The Eternal
Jew. Presumably you have a personal and moral distaste for the Nazis and what they
were trying to do with that film but should that affect your judgment of it? As a piece
of film we saw this most recently with ender's game ,people were saying that it
should be boycotted because of the homophobic and transphobic views of its
creator. Exactly what counts as personal prejudice and what counts as relevant
context is quite difficult to say.

This one is a little bit more nebulous hume seems to use it to mean an
awareness of yourself and also what the work of art is trying to do. So it's knowing
whether you have any prejudices and whether you have enough practice and
delicacy of taste and comparisons but also knowing what the themes of the work
are, what it's trying to get across, and what's its message. This can be a problem
because it can be difficult to determine whether somebody is actually aware of their
own strengths and weaknesses as a critic and it can be difficult to know what the
themes of a work of art. Definitively are consider something like Samuel Beckett's
waiting for Godot which people have interpreted very variously in text at least.

Although Beckett himself was always notoriously stunned as to what the play
was really about and the Becket Estate is very controlling of the way in which it is
allowed to be performed. So hume has some good ideas about resolving the
antinomy of taste but some of them seem to be a little weak but we need to
remember the most important thing here. Hume isn't saying that there really is an
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objective correct answer which only the ideal critic can access; he still thinks artistic
judgments are subjective.

He's offering us a means for judging judgment. He's trying to solve the
Stephanie Meyer Shakespeare situation so it's not the case that there really is a
correct answer. Hume's just saying that we have reasons to prefer certain opinions
over certain others particularly when they come from ideal critics with those five
attributes. What do you guys think? How would you resolve the antinomy of taste? Is
hume onto something here with his model of the ideal critic does he leave out any
features? Which you think the ideal critic should have?

Reference:

Transcript retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G1UsGWxDPKA

 87

Unit II- Lesson 4

ANSWER SHEET

NAME:__________________________________ Cr., YR.& SEC:_____________________

LESSON NO. & TITLE: _______________________________________________________
DATE: ___________________________________ SCORE:___________

1) How do you define art base on your personal experience?

(5 points)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________

2) What is Realism in art? (5 points)

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

3) How do artists present reality in the following art forms. What style or period
does the art created? (5 points each) Give at least one example for each of
the following art forms:

a) Painting:__________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

b) Sculpture:________________________________________________
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c) Architecture:______________________________________________
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d) Music:____________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________

e) Dance:___________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

f) Drama:___________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

4) 3. Analyze the photos/paintings (refer to Figures 1-6, pp. 5-7) and discuss
whether these arts look real or not? (5 points each)

a. Figure 1
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b. Figure 2
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c. Figure 3
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d. Figure 4
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e. Figure 5
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f. Figure 6
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